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BREAST CANCER
Presented by:-
Nikita DavidManali DeshmukhMrunal AmbadeMukesh SarojCRM Prist 42009-11
ContentsIntroduction
Breast Anatomy
Breast cancer - types and causes
Statistics
Risk factors
Signs and Symptoms
Staging
Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Prevention
Cancer
Cancer is uncontrolled division of cells because of abnormal changes and mutation leading to formation of tumors.
Types of tumor
I.Benign 2. Malignant
Common types:
• Bladder Cancer
• Melanoma
• Breast Cancer
• Colorectal Cancer • Oral cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Skin Cancer
• Leukemia
• Lung Cancer
Introduction
It is the most common form of cancer
1 out of 10 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year
86% of women with breast cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis
70% of breast cancer cases occur in women with no identifiable risk factors
Second leading cause of death among women after lung cancer
Incidence of male breast cancer is 1 in 100
Anatomy of Breast
A Ducts
B Lobules
C Dilated section of duct to hold milk
D Nipple
E Fat
F Pectoralis major muscle
G Chest wall/rib cage
Breast cancer - types
Breast cancer may originate from either the glands or the ducts of the breast
Ducts – ductal carcinoma
Glands – lobular carcinoma
Cancer extends beyond its surrounding – infiltrating, invasive cancer
More than one member of the family – familial carcinoma
Cancer that has not crossed the involved lobule – in situ carcinoma
Cancer and its causes
Gender – women at a higher risk
Age – highest risk at 60-70 years
Race – white women at a higher risk
Personal history of cancer
Genetic causes
Hormonal causes
Environmental causes
Statistics
0
50
100
150
200
250
1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
Cancer Incidence Rates* Among Women, US, 1975-2005
Breast cancer
Colorectal cancerLung and bronchus cancer
Risk Factors
Family History Personal History
Lifestyle
Additional risk factors
Women who start menstruation at a young age (before 12 years)
If a woman has children at the age of 30 or older or in women who do not have children
If a woman menopauses at 55 or older
If one takes Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
A higher risk is associated with women having higher estrogen levels
Birth control pills
Obesity
Signs and Symptoms
Lump in the breast or underarm that persists after menstrual cycle
Swelling in the armpit
Flattening or indentation
Pain or tenderness
Change in size, contour, texture and temperature
Itching, burning sensation or ulceration
Unusual discharge
Marble like area under the skin surface
Diagnosis
• Mammogram
• Ultrasound
• MRI
• Biopsy :
a. Fine-needle aspirationb. Core Biopsyc. Skin Biopsyd. Surgical Biopsy :
• Lab tests :
I.Hormone receptor testsII.HER2/neu test
- specks of calcium
- Shows lump
- detailed pictures
- Thin needle to remove cell or fluid from breast lump- Wide needle to remove a sample of breast tissue- A small sample of skin of breast is taken
Incisional biopsy
Excisional biopsy
- A part of the lump or abnormal area is taken
- Entire lump or abnormal area is taken
- To detect of Estrogen & Progesterone
- To detect HER2/neu protein
• Self examine - Examined by self
Stages
• Stage 0
- Not invasive
• Stage I
- Early stage of invasive breast cancer
• Stage II
•Stage III
- Locally advanced
- Spread to lymph nodes under the arm (< 2 cm)
- Not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)
- Spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)
- Spread to the lymph nodes the underarm (> 5 cm)
Ductal carcinoma
•Stage IIIA
- Attached to each other or other structures (< 5 cm)
- Spread to underarm lymph nodes
• Stage IIIB
Stages
- Either alone or attached to each other or other structures (> 5 cm)
- Any size, grow into chest wall or skin of breast
- Tumor may have spread to :◊ Lymph nodes under the arm ◊ Underarm Lymph nodes attached to each other or other structures ◊ Inflammatory breast caner
• Stage IV
- Spread to other parts of the bodyCancer cells spreading outside the duct
• Stage IIIC
- Spread to above or below the collarbone
Non invasive
Early stage breast cancer
Treatment Therapies for Breast Cancer
Local Therapy Systemic Therapy
Surgery Radiation
Chemotherapy hormone therapy
biological therapy
Breast-sparing surgery
Mastectomy
External radiation Internal radiation (implant radiation)
Surgery - It is the most common treatment for Breast Cancer
- Breast-sparing surgery: o An operation to remove the cancer but not the breasto It is also called breast-conserving surgery, lumpectomy,
segmental mastectomy, and partial mastectomyo The underarm lymph nodes is removed – this procedure is called
an axillary lymph node dissectiono Radiation treatment destroys cancer cells that may remain in the
breast- Mastectomy:o An operation to remove the breast is a mastectomyo removes the underarm lymph nodes
Studies have found equal survival rates for breast-sparing surgery (with radiation therapy) and mastectomy for Stage I and Stage II breast cancer
Radiation Therapy –
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Some women receive radiation therapy after a mastectomy. Radiation destroys breast cancer cells that may remain in the area
External radiation: The radiation comes from a large machine outside the body. Treatments are usually 5 days a week for several weeks
Internal radiation (implant radiation): Thin plastic tubes (implants) that hold a radioactive substance are put directly in the breast. The implants stay in place for several days. The implant is removed before discharge
Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals that interfere with the cell division process - damaging proteins or DNA - so that cancer cells will commit suicide
Hormone therapy - Hormone therapy keeps cancer cells from getting or using the natural hormones they need. These hormones are estrogen and progesterone
Biological therapy - Biological therapy helps the immune system fight cancer. Women with breast cancer receive a biological therapy called Herceptin. It is a monoclonal antibody
Many more patients use CAM in addition to conventional treatment, and many use CAM primarily to treat symptoms or side effects or to maintain general health and well-being
Patients are rationally concerned about the effect of any such measures on their prospects for survival and disease-free survival
Although CAM practitioners may distinguish healing from curing, most patients with cancer want a cure
Many women say that CAM helps them feel better. However, some types of CAM may change the way standard treatment works
Prevention
Tamoxifen for high risk women
For consideration:
Early childbearing
Prolonged lactation
Weight reduction
Regular exercise, especially during adolescence
LATEST NEWS• Multivitamin pills lead to breast cancer
(Published on 8th April 2010, Times of India)
• Simple blood test can now help detect breast cancer
(Published on 5th April 2010, Times of India)
• Chemicals in food can trigger early puberty in girls increasing risk of breast cancer
(Published on 8nd April 2010, Reuters)
•Younger women with mutation at high risk of breast cancer(Published on April 6th 2010, Reuters)
http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/understanding-breast-cancer-symptoms
http://www.slideworld.org/slideshow.aspx/Breast-Cancer-ppt-3248
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/breastcancer/htm/_yes_50_no_0.htm
http://www.slideworld.org/slideshow.aspx/Risk-factors-for-Breast-Cancer-ppt-3249
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/breast_cancer/page9_em.htm
www.breastcancer.gov
References
NATIONAL BREAST CANCER MONTH IS OCTOBER