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Presentation On:
Tallest Skyscraper inthe world.
BURJ KHALIFA (828m)In Dubai.
Presented By:Rohit Arora
(BE Final yr BCE)M.B.M Engineering
College Jodhpur
Contents2
Introduction
Site Plan
Records
Challenges
Excavation
Foundation
Casting of Structure
Concrete Used
Casting of RCC walls.
Structural System
Shape
Buttressed core
The Spire
Mechanical Rooms
Elevators
Cladding
Test for Cladding
Glass Panels
Evacuation and Fire Safety
Environment friendly
Introduction3
The Burj Khalifa is the ever built tallest
man made structure.
Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Project Completion: 2010
Site Area: 104,210 m2
Project Area: 454,249 m2
Number of Stories: 162
Building Height: 828 m
Use: Commercial + Office,
Hospitality, Mixed Use,
Residential
Architect : Adrian Smith
Structural Engineer: Bill Baker
The tower was constructed by a UAE based construction company EMAAR.
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SITEPLAN
Records
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Tallest existing structure : 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) Tallest structure ever built : 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft) Building with the most floors : 163 Highest vertical concrete pumping( for a building) :
606 m building with world’s highest occupied floor World’s highest elevator installation World’s longest travel distance elevators : 504 m World’s tallest structure that includes residential
space World’s highest installation of an aluminum and
glass facade : 512 m World’s highest night club : 144th floor World’s highest restaurant (At.mosphere) : 122nd
floor at 442 m World’s second highest swimming pool: 76th floor
Challenges Faced
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High Temperature of Dubai resulted in shorter setting time.
Devastating sandstorms in the area.
Wind Velocity at such a height.
Loose and weak soil in the region.
Formation of vortex.
Heat resistance of structure.
Speed of construction.
Excavation
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The soil stratum of Dubai is very week so they had to excavate up to 50m deep to get a hard rock structure
But the rock that they found was fragile and saturated with ground water
So that any hole made will be cured immediately
The engineers filled this with a viscous polymer slurry
This pushes the rock and the ground water to the edges of the boreholes to keep it open
This slurry is denser than water and liter than
concrete, so that when concrete is pumped the
concrete displaces the fluid and forms the
foundation.
194 piles were constructed
for avoiding the sinking of this
structure.
Foundation
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The superstructure is supported by a large reinforced concrete mat, which is in turn supported by bored reinforced concrete piles. The design was based on extensive geotechnical and seismic studies.
The 1.5 meter diameter x 43 meter long piles represent the largest and longest piles conventionally available in the region.
A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations.
Cathodic protection system
under the mat, to minimize
any detrimental effects form
corrosive chemicals in local
ground water.
Casting of the structure
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The casting of the whole structure is mainly done by two materials
1. Concrete
2. Steel
Over 30,000 tons of steel were used
About 250,000 m3 concrete was also used
The reinforced concrete acts as the backbone of the whole structure.
The pump needs 630HP to pump about 25000 tons of concrete
It had took about 14mints for reaching the concrete to the 150th floor
They completed every new floor in 3 day .
Concrete used 10
High performance concrete(HPC)
Low permeability
High durability
C80-C60 cube strength concrete was used
It includes fly ash, Portland cement
Two largest concrete pumping machines in the world were used for this purpose
For reducing cracks due to high temperature concreting was done only at night
Casting of RCC walls11
For simplicity and speed the engineers made no. of steel cages
These cages were inserted to the formworks that can be moved easily
After installation of cages concrete was filled in these formworks
Only took 12hrs for the setting of concrete.
After setting the concrete the formworks would move to the next level with in 2hrs.
Structural System
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The spiraling “Y” shaped plan was utilized to shape the structural core of Burj Khalifa.
This design helps to reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructability.
The structural system can be described as a “buttressed core”, and consists of high performance concrete wall construction.
At mechanical floors, outrigger walls are provided to link the perimeter columns to the interior wall system, allowing the perimeter columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure
Shape 13
They made a study on the Sears tower at Chicago.
Burj Khalifa was designed in triangular shape because it was suitable to deflect the wind to different ways.
Triangular shape reduces vortex effect.
Buttressed core14
The three wings allow for greater building height by buttressing one another by a central core hence it is called buttressed core structural system
This buttressed core is a six sided central piece
So that it is called a Hexagonal Hub
This hub is surrounded by the three wings
These three wings afford the torsional resistance and the twisting of the tower
This hub encloses the elevators
The Spire
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The crowning touch of Burj Khalifa is its telescopic spire comprised of more than 4,000 tons of structural steel.
The spire was constructed from inside the building and jacked to its full height of over 200 metres (700 feet) using a hydraulic pump.
Creates a sense of completion for the landmark.
Also houses communications equipment.
Mechanical Floors
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Seven double-storey height mechanical floors house the equipment that bring Burj Khalifa to life.
Distributed around every 30 storeys.
house the electrical sub-stations, water tanks and pumps, air-handling units etc, that are essential for the operation of the tower and the comfort of its occupants.
Elevators and Escalators 17
The Burj can accommodate about 35,000 people at a time
Consist of 57 elevators and 8 escalators
The biggest elevator carries about 46 people at a time
These elevators travel at a speed of 35km/hr
The Burj has a service/firemanselevator which have a capacity to hold about 5,500kg
And this is the worlds tallest service elevator.
Cladding of the tower18
The Burj is claded with high-tech glass which forms as a curtain wall.
The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels and stainless steel vertical tubular fins.
If the whole cladding has to be done with high-tech glass which will cost about 100 million dollars.
Test for the Cladding against Storm
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The cladding should withstand the heavy sand storms that with in include water and dust
Prototypes were selected and with the help of propellers artificially created storm was allowed to hit the glass panels at a greater speed
The glass panels withstands the storm up to 75km/hr .
Glass panel20
The outer layer of panel is coated with a thin layer of metal so that it reflects the UV radiations
The inner layer of panel is coated with thin layer of silver so that it reflects the IR radiations.
The exterior cladding is comprised of reflective glazing with aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels and stainless steel vertical tubular fins.
Close to 26,000 glass
panels, each individually
hand-cut, were used in
the exterior cladding of
Burj Khalifa.
Speed of construction and Cranes
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For erecting such a structure in the sky steel and glass panels have to be raised
The cranes consist of two plates on the two sides
It could jump from one floor to the another
So that they were called the kangaroo cranes
So as to speed up the construction the RCC walls was done in a simple and clever engineering way
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The Burj is naturally fire resistant as the concrete backbone is already fire resistant
More than that the Burj consist of refuge rooms
These refuge rooms are made of RCC and fire proof sheets that resist the heat up to 2hrs
These refuge rooms has a special supply of air which pumps through fire resistant pipes
There are 9 refuge rooms, one in every 30 floors.
The Burj fire safety system mainly consist of 3 components
i. A smoke detector
ii. Water sprinkler
iii. High power fans
As the water is sprinkled the fire gets extinguished and
the high power fans supplies fresh air by pushing the
smoke out
Evacuation and Fire Safety
Environment Friendly 23
Water heating
The Burj utilizes solar power
378 panels each with an area of 2.7sq.m were installed
These panels have the
ability to heat 140,000 lit
of water when supplied
with just 7hrs of day light.
This is equal to
32,000KW of energy
provided .
Environment Friendly 24
Condensate recovery system
Collects water condensate from the air conditioning system
And diverts it to an irrigation tank
It provides about 15 million gallons of water per year
This water is used for irrigation of landscape around the Burj
Reduces water related expenses
Environment Friendly25
Air ventilation
Air ventilation provided at the top reduces the energy consumption
Air at the top of the building is cooler, has low density and relatively humid
Its ideal for ventilation
Less energy is required to maintain the comfortable condition
References26
www.Burjkhalifa.ae
www.wikipedia.com
www.slideshare.net
www.som.com