BYZANTINE EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND EASTERN AND EASTERN

EUROPE:EUROPE:

FROM CLASSICAL FROM CLASSICAL SURVIVOR TO SURVIVOR TO ORTHODOX ORTHODOX

CHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANITY

FROM ROMAN EMPIRE TO FROM ROMAN EMPIRE TO BYZANTINE EMPIREBYZANTINE EMPIRE

The later Roman empire The later Roman empire • Western half crumbled, eastern half remained intact Western half crumbled, eastern half remained intact

Eastern half was largely Christian and Greek speakingEastern half was largely Christian and Greek speaking Eastern half also contained different Christian sectsEastern half also contained different Christian sects Great wealth and large populationGreat wealth and large population

• The Byzantine emperors faced different challenges The Byzantine emperors faced different challenges Conflict with Sasanid dynasty (226-641 C.E.) in Persia Conflict with Sasanid dynasty (226-641 C.E.) in Persia Invasions of migratory peoples from the north and east Invasions of migratory peoples from the north and east

The early Byzantine State The early Byzantine State • Tightly centralized rule of a highly exalted emperor Tightly centralized rule of a highly exalted emperor • Caesaropapism: Emperor is both caesar and popeCaesaropapism: Emperor is both caesar and pope

The state and church are separateThe state and church are separate Emperor appoints patriarchs, influence over pope Emperor appoints patriarchs, influence over pope

• Emperors also stood above the law Emperors also stood above the law Dress and court etiquette designed to enhance rulers' Dress and court etiquette designed to enhance rulers'

status status Adopted Oriental style monarchy with all the symbolsAdopted Oriental style monarchy with all the symbols

JUSTINIAN AND THEODORAJUSTINIAN AND THEODORA

From 476 to late 6From 476 to late 6thth Century CE Century CE• Empire was weak in EuropeEmpire was weak in Europe• Dealt with invasionsDealt with invasions

Justinian and Theodora Justinian and Theodora • Couple came from obscure origins Couple came from obscure origins • Seized power through bureaucracy Seized power through bureaucracy • Theodora was a strong advisor Theodora was a strong advisor

Justinian Code Justinian Code • Issued Issued Corpus iuris civilis Corpus iuris civilis ((The Body of the Civil LawThe Body of the Civil Law) ) • The code influenced civil law codes of western Europe The code influenced civil law codes of western Europe

Bzantine conquests Bzantine conquests • Belisarius, Narses reconquered part of western EmpireBelisarius, Narses reconquered part of western Empire• North Africa, Italy, coast of Southern SpainNorth Africa, Italy, coast of Southern Spain

Threats from Sasanids and Slavic peoplesThreats from Sasanids and Slavic peoples• Persians were a constant threatPersians were a constant threat• Slavs migrated into Balkans; settled in interior lands Slavs migrated into Balkans; settled in interior lands

BYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CEBYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CE

THREAT OF ISLAMTHREAT OF ISLAM The emergence of the Islamic state The emergence of the Islamic state

• Arab peoples conquered Sasanids, part of ByzantiumArab peoples conquered Sasanids, part of Byzantium Lost Egypt, North Africa, Fertile Cresent, Crete, Cyprus Lost Egypt, North Africa, Fertile Cresent, Crete, Cyprus

• Prolonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armies Prolonged sieges of Constantinople by Islamic armies • Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire" Byzantine survived partly because of "Greek fire"

Imperial organization Imperial organization • Government run by trained bureaucracy, professional armyGovernment run by trained bureaucracy, professional army• The The themetheme system strengthened Byzantine society system strengthened Byzantine society

Under rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracyUnder rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracy Responsible for protecting peasantsResponsible for protecting peasants Themes were provinces organized on a military basisThemes were provinces organized on a military basis Local officials recruited troops from within themeLocal officials recruited troops from within theme

• Aristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracy Aristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracy The revival of the empire The revival of the empire

• Reconquered Syria, Crete, Cyprus: 10Reconquered Syria, Crete, Cyprus: 10thth century century • "Basil the Bulgar Slayer," crushed Bulgars in Balkans"Basil the Bulgar Slayer," crushed Bulgars in Balkans

THE THREAT OF ISLAMTHE THREAT OF ISLAM

MAP OF THE EMPIREMAP OF THE EMPIRE

BYZANTIUM & WESTERN EUROPEBYZANTIUM & WESTERN EUROPE Tensions between Greeks and LatinsTensions between Greeks and Latins

• Ecclesiastical tensions Ecclesiastical tensions ConstantinopleConstantinople

• Greek was religious languageGreek was religious language• Caesaropapist emperors Caesaropapist emperors

RomeRome• Latin was chief languageLatin was chief language• Autonomy from imperial authoritiesAutonomy from imperial authorities

Rivalry for conversion of Slavs Rivalry for conversion of Slavs Political grievances Political grievances

• First Franks then Germans claimed imperial First Franks then Germans claimed imperial authority authority

• Charlemagne received imperial crown in 800 Charlemagne received imperial crown in 800 • Otto of Saxony claimed himself an emperor in 962 Otto of Saxony claimed himself an emperor in 962

• Byzantines felt they were only legitimate emperorByzantines felt they were only legitimate emperor• Rivalry over Southern Italy and SicilyRivalry over Southern Italy and Sicily

BYZANTINE ECONOMYBYZANTINE ECONOMY The Agricultural Economy The Agricultural Economy

• The peasantry The peasantry The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Invasions of 6Invasions of 6thth, 7th century led to , 7th century led to themetheme system system Since 11th century, free peasants declined Since 11th century, free peasants declined

• Consequences of the peasantry's decline Consequences of the peasantry's decline Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners raised forces on estates Landowners raised forces on estates Pool of military recruits shrankPool of military recruits shrank

Industry and Trade Industry and Trade

• Manufacturing enterprises Manufacturing enterprises Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries High-quality silk became important industry; imperial monopoly High-quality silk became important industry; imperial monopoly

• Trade Trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade SolidusSolidus was the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin was the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade

• Banks and partnerships supported commercial economyBanks and partnerships supported commercial economy

URBAN LIFEURBAN LIFE Urban Life Urban Life

• The capital was the heart of the empireThe capital was the heart of the empire• Housing in Constantinople Housing in Constantinople

Enormous palaces owned by aristocrats Enormous palaces owned by aristocrats Less splendid dwellings owned by less privileged classes Less splendid dwellings owned by less privileged classes

• Attractions of Constantinople Attractions of Constantinople City of baths, taverns, restaurants, theaters, City of baths, taverns, restaurants, theaters,

Hippodrome Hippodrome The most popular game - chariot races The most popular game - chariot races

Greens and Blues Greens and Blues • The two factions of fans for chariot races The two factions of fans for chariot races • Frequent fights in the street between them Frequent fights in the street between them • Joined together in a popular uprising, 532 Joined together in a popular uprising, 532 • The riot left Constantinople in shamblesThe riot left Constantinople in shambles

THE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLETHE CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE

TWIN LEGACIESTWIN LEGACIES Byzantine education Byzantine education

State-organized school system, State-organized school system, Schools trained government bureaucrats Schools trained government bureaucrats Private education for aristocratic families Private education for aristocratic families Basic literacy was widespread even among lower Basic literacy was widespread even among lower

classesclasses Citizens constantly engaged in intellectual Citizens constantly engaged in intellectual

disputes disputes Scholarship Scholarship

Emphasis on humanities, classicsEmphasis on humanities, classics Arts, architecture important for state, church Arts, architecture important for state, church Natural science generally ignoredNatural science generally ignored Educated considered heirs of classical GreeceEducated considered heirs of classical Greece

Christianity (Church) was other legacyChristianity (Church) was other legacy

HAGIA SOFIAHAGIA SOFIA

BYZANTINE CHURCHBYZANTINE CHURCH Church and state Church and state

• Church's close relationship with the imperial government Church's close relationship with the imperial government • Constantine actively participated in religious debate Constantine actively participated in religious debate • Under emperors, church was department of state Under emperors, church was department of state

Iconoclasm Iconoclasm • Controversy over use of icons in religious servicesControversy over use of icons in religious services

Old Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influencesOld Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influences Iconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of iconsIconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of icons

• Ban inaugurated by Emperor Leo III in 726 C.E. Ban inaugurated by Emperor Leo III in 726 C.E. Unpopular policy sparked protests, riots throughout the empireUnpopular policy sparked protests, riots throughout the empire Opposed by Western Christians, Pope Opposed by Western Christians, Pope

• The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E.The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E. Much protest, excommunications from popeMuch protest, excommunications from pope Emperors worried Emperors worried

Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology • Examine theology from philosophical point of view Examine theology from philosophical point of view • Debate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issueDebate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issue

Arian HeresyArian Heresy Monophysite ControversyMonophysite Controversy

ICONSICONSThe word of God in The word of God in art used for prayer:art used for prayer:

IconographersIconographersread Bible passage, read Bible passage,

paint as a paint as a prayer. Iconsprayer. Iconsfollow certain follow certain styles using styles using

specific colors, specific colors, images.images.

MONASTICISM AND PIETYMONASTICISM AND PIETY Asceticism Asceticism

• Extreme asceticism, self-denial by some ChristiansExtreme asceticism, self-denial by some Christians• Many famous, wealthy retreated to monasteries Many famous, wealthy retreated to monasteries • "Pillar saints" "Pillar saints"

Byzantine monasticism and St. Basil Byzantine monasticism and St. Basil • Earliest monasteries of dedicated hermits, ascetics Earliest monasteries of dedicated hermits, ascetics • Monasticism began in Egypt areaMonasticism began in Egypt area• Reforms urged by St. Basil, 4th century C.E. Reforms urged by St. Basil, 4th century C.E.

Monasteries provided local social servicesMonasteries provided local social services• Hospitals, orphanages, poor reliefHospitals, orphanages, poor relief• Heavily endowed by wealthy Heavily endowed by wealthy

Not centers of learningNot centers of learning

THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM Constantinople and RomeConstantinople and Rome

• Political rivalry in Central Europe, Balkans, Southern ItalyPolitical rivalry in Central Europe, Balkans, Southern Italy Popes supported anti-Byzantine Normans, HungariansPopes supported anti-Byzantine Normans, Hungarians Papal missionaries active in Greek areas Papal missionaries active in Greek areas

• Iconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the westIconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the west Emperors vs. PopesEmperors vs. Popes Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor

• Ritual, doctrinal differencesRitual, doctrinal differences Leavened vs. unleavened breadLeavened vs. unleavened bread Marriage of priestsMarriage of priests Liturgy in the vernacularLiturgy in the vernacular Council rule versus the monarchical style of the popeCouncil rule versus the monarchical style of the pope Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed?Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed?

Schism Schism

• Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054 Rivalry between pope, patriarchRivalry between pope, patriarch Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa

• Origins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churchesOrigins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churches• It was really post-1054 actions were made split permanentIt was really post-1054 actions were made split permanent

DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND FOREIGN CHALLENGESFOREIGN CHALLENGES

Social problems Social problems • Generals, local aristocrats allied, a challenge to imperial power Generals, local aristocrats allied, a challenge to imperial power • Free peasants were declining in number and prosperity Free peasants were declining in number and prosperity • Imperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problems Imperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problems

Challenges from the east Challenges from the east • Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071• Also took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in Jerusalem Also took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in Jerusalem • The loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire The loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire

Challenges from the west Challenges from the west • Norman army expelled Byzantine authorities in southern Italy Norman army expelled Byzantine authorities in southern Italy • Normans, western Europeans mounted a series of crusades Normans, western Europeans mounted a series of crusades • The fourth crusade sacked Constantinople The fourth crusade sacked Constantinople • Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261• Byzantines never recoveredByzantines never recovered

Turks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into EuropeTurks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into Europe

MAP OF BYZANTINE PROBLEMSMAP OF BYZANTINE PROBLEMS

EASTERN EUROPEEASTERN EUROPE Slavs, Avars, Magyars (Hungarians), Vlachs (Rumanians)Slavs, Avars, Magyars (Hungarians), Vlachs (Rumanians)

• As Germans moved west, Slavs moved into vacuumAs Germans moved west, Slavs moved into vacuum Pushed into Balkans, Greece, Central EuropePushed into Balkans, Greece, Central Europe Generally agriculturalists, favored tradeGenerally agriculturalists, favored trade

• Avars and Magyars were pastoral nomads who invaded areaAvars and Magyars were pastoral nomads who invaded area Settled in Pannonia, area of Danube plain outside Byzantine controlSettled in Pannonia, area of Danube plain outside Byzantine control Split Northern or Western Slavs from Southern of Jugo-slavsSplit Northern or Western Slavs from Southern of Jugo-slavs

• Vlachs: Latin speaking agriculturalists, herders in TransylvaniaVlachs: Latin speaking agriculturalists, herders in Transylvania Eastern Europe Eastern Europe

• Byzantine ruled area up to Danube, into BosniaByzantine ruled area up to Danube, into Bosnia Slavs settled inside imperial boundariesSlavs settled inside imperial boundaries Maintained close contact with Byzantium from the 6th century Maintained close contact with Byzantium from the 6th century The peoples included Serbs, Croats, Macedonians The peoples included Serbs, Croats, Macedonians

• Rise BulgarsRise Bulgars Bulgars were Turkish pastoralistsBulgars were Turkish pastoralists Conquered, settled in Danube area; adopted Slavic traditionsConquered, settled in Danube area; adopted Slavic traditions Formed very powerful kingdom, threat to Byzantines Formed very powerful kingdom, threat to Byzantines

Missions to the Slavs Missions to the Slavs • Byzantium sent missionaries to Central Europe, Balkans Byzantium sent missionaries to Central Europe, Balkans • The mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius, mid-9th century The mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius, mid-9th century • Cyrillic writing stimulated conversion to Orthodox ChristianityCyrillic writing stimulated conversion to Orthodox Christianity• Split Allegiance of Eastern EuropeSplit Allegiance of Eastern Europe

Pope: Magyars, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Croats, SlovenesPope: Magyars, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Croats, Slovenes Patriarch: Serbs, Bulgars, Macedonians, Russians, RomaniansPatriarch: Serbs, Bulgars, Macedonians, Russians, Romanians

SLAVIC MIGRATIONSSLAVIC MIGRATIONS

RUSSIARUSSIA Rise of RussiaRise of Russia

• Area inhabited by SlavsArea inhabited by Slavs• Varangians (Vikings) arrived, used river systemVarangians (Vikings) arrived, used river system• Set up state based on trade, conquest around 9Set up state based on trade, conquest around 9thth Century Century• State founded by Rurik, people called Rus; capital KievState founded by Rurik, people called Rus; capital Kiev

The conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 The conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 • Converted for trade, commercial reasonsConverted for trade, commercial reasons• Elites baptized by order of prince, often against willElites baptized by order of prince, often against will• Served as conduit for spread of Byzantine culture, religionServed as conduit for spread of Byzantine culture, religion• Conversion led to literacy, use of Slavonic; Greek traditions Conversion led to literacy, use of Slavonic; Greek traditions • Byzantine art and architecture dominated Kiev Byzantine art and architecture dominated Kiev

The growth of Kiev The growth of Kiev • Princes established caesaropapist control of church Princes established caesaropapist control of church • After 1453 claimed to inherit imperial crown of ByzantiumAfter 1453 claimed to inherit imperial crown of Byzantium• State divided into provinces ruled by princes/boyarsState divided into provinces ruled by princes/boyars• Landed nobles called boyars, constant strife with princesLanded nobles called boyars, constant strife with princes• Kievan rule was very decentralizedKievan rule was very decentralized• Constant threat, war with steppe nomads Constant threat, war with steppe nomads

MEDIEVAL RUSSIAMEDIEVAL RUSSIA