CAE COMPLET

8/7/2019 CAE COMPLET

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Types of writing tasksTypes of writing tasks

Newspaper and magazine articlesNewspaper and magazine articles

Competition EntriesCompetition Entries

EssaysEssays

Contributions to guidebooks and brochuresContributions to guidebooks and brochures

Formal lettersFormal letters

Informal lettersInformal lettersReportsReports

ProposalsProposals

ReviewsReviews

LeafletsLeaflets


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AIMS OF DIFFERENTAIMS OF DIFFERENT

FUNCTIONAL TEXTSFUNCTIONAL TEXTS


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Newspaper andNewspaper andmagazine articlesmagazine articles

Competition EntriesCompetition Entries

EssaysEssays

Contributions toContributions toguidebooks andguidebooks andbrochuresbrochures

Formal lettersFormal letters

To narrate, persuade,To narrate, persuade,

argument, reflect on,argument, reflect on,

describe etc.describe etc.

Inform and persuadeInform and persuade

Apply for, inquireApply for, inquireabout, apologize forabout, apologize for

etcetc


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ReportsReports

ProposalsProposals

ReviewsReviews

LeafletsLeafletsMemosMemos

NoticesNotices

AnnouncementsAnnouncements

Personal notes andPersonal notes andmessagesmessages

Inform and suggestInform and suggest

Inform and persuadeInform and persuade

Inform and suggestInform and suggest

Inform and persuadeInform and persuadeInformInform

InformInform

InformInform

informinform


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WHAT IS ASSESSED?WHAT IS ASSESSED?

Task achievementTask achievement-- equal coverage of allequal coverage of all

task pointstask points

Layout and structureLayout and structureRegister and vocabularyRegister and vocabulary

Effect on the target readerEffect on the target reader

AccuracyAccuracy-- is checked and markedis checked and marked

separatelyseparately


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Task achievement

Do not leave out any of the task points required

Do not treat one more extensively than the other

Make a plan of action prior to writing your answer

Layout and structure

Mind the rules of functional texts in terms of

paragraphing, subtitles, tabs, length, introductory and

ending formulae, titles and text organizers (linkers)

Register and vocabulary

Formal, semi-formal or informal, depending on the type

of text and on the target-reader

Avoid repetitions and use a wide variety of words

Effect on the reader

What is the purpose of the text? Is it to inform, to

persuade, to criticize, to apologize? Did you manage to

achieve it?


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Accuracy

Refers to:

- spelling- punctuation

- word-order

- misuse of words

- grammar structures- correctness

and variety


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DosDos

Read the opening paragraphs and instructions in Part 1Read the opening paragraphs and instructions in Part 1very carefully to make sure you know what your role isvery carefully to make sure you know what your role isand who you are writing to. (register and effect)and who you are writing to. (register and effect)

Plan your answer to Part 1. Remember you do notPlan your answer to Part 1. Remember you do notnecessarily need to use all the input information. Usuallynecessarily need to use all the input information. Usuallypart of the task is to select the appropriate information.part of the task is to select the appropriate information.(task achievement)(task achievement)

Try to use your own words when using information fromTry to use your own words when using information fromthe input in Part 1. (vocabulary and effect)the input in Part 1. (vocabulary and effect)

Select your Part 2 question carefully. Consider theSelect your Part 2 question carefully. Consider thevocabulary, grammatical structures and register requiredvocabulary, grammatical structures and register requiredby the task. (vocabulary, register, layout etc)by the task. (vocabulary, register, layout etc)


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Remember that, in order to get a good mark at CAE level, younot only need to write accurately but also to demonstrate agood range of vocabulary and structures. Vocabulary rangeand structure)

Consider who the 'target reader' is and the genre (e.g.newspaper article, formal letter) for each question and try towrite in an appropriate style and tone. (layout, content, effect,register)

Think carefully about whether the task requires you to

persuade or justify your opinion and make sure you do this inyour answer. (effect)

Allow time to check through what you have written.(accuracy)

Read the task carefully and plan an answer which addresses allthe content points of the task. Try to develop each point fully. (taskachievement)


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DontsDonts

Don't write answers that are much longer thanDon't write answers that are much longer than

the 250 word limit as this means you may havethe 250 word limit as this means you may have

included a lot of irrelevant material. Plan yourincluded a lot of irrelevant material. Plan your

answer carefully to avoid this.answer carefully to avoid this.

Don't attempt the workDon't attempt the work--related questionrelated question

(Question 5) unless you have the appropriate(Question 5) unless you have the appropriateexperience of a work situation.experience of a work situation.

Don't use a pencil.Don't use a pencil.


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RecognizeRecognize

thethe

layoutlayout


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REPORTSREPORTS


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TO:

FROM:SUBJECT:

HEADING1

PARAGRAPH 1

HEADING 3

HEADING2

HEADING 4

HEADING 5

PARAGRAPH 2

PARAGRAPH 3

PARAGRAPH 5

PARAGRAPH 4


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Sample IntroductionSample Introduction

The present report is aimed at highlightingThe present report is aimed at highlighting

certain aspects related to advertising incertain aspects related to advertising in

Romania. It begins by showing theRomania. It begins by showing the

advantages and drawbacks of two formsadvantages and drawbacks of two forms

of advertising. Subsequently, it mentionsof advertising. Subsequently, it mentions

their effectiveness, ending with sometheir effectiveness, ending with some

suggestions as to how and what to changesuggestions as to how and what to changein this field in order to outweigh thein this field in order to outweigh the

disadvantages. (52 words)disadvantages. (52 words)


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TV ads and commercialsTV ads and commercials

The most popular way of advertising is onThe most popular way of advertising is on

television, because this form of masstelevision, because this form of mass

media enjoys the highest rate of viewers,media enjoys the highest rate of viewers,

thus for businesses it is the easiest way tothus for businesses it is the easiest way to

get their message across. A vast numberget their message across. A vast number

of people consider it annoying, however,of people consider it annoying, however,

saying that it interrupts movies, shows andsaying that it interrupts movies, shows andother favorite programs in the mostother favorite programs in the most

unpleasant way.unpleasant way.


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FlyersFlyers

More than 34 % of small businessesMore than 34 % of small businesses

advertise their products by hiringadvertise their products by hiring

youngsters to give away flyers in theyoungsters to give away flyers in the

street. This form of advertising is effectivestreet. This form of advertising is effective

for the moment, as the target customerfor the moment, as the target customer

reads it and usually keeps the message inreads it and usually keeps the message in

mind; it also provides those youngstersmind; it also provides those youngsterswith a job. Still, environmentalists claimwith a job. Still, environmentalists claim

that the amount of paper used and thrownthat the amount of paper used and thrown

away immediately is outrageously large.away immediately is outrageously large.


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Sample ParagraphSample Paragraph

In light of the feedback received fromIn light of the feedback received fromthose asked, the aforementionedthose asked, the aforementionedadvertising types prove effective, in thatadvertising types prove effective, in that

they attract the attention of the passerthey attract the attention of the passer--by,by,they seem to be enjoyed as original and tothey seem to be enjoyed as original and tobe boosting sales. They are, in fact,be boosting sales. They are, in fact,becoming more popular with the averagebecoming more popular with the average

citizen, fact indicated by an averagecitizen, fact indicated by an averageincrease of 6.5 in the sales of productsincrease of 6.5 in the sales of productsadvertised in these ways. (64 words)advertised in these ways. (64 words)


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WRITE A REPORT ON PUBLICWRITE A REPORT ON PUBLIC

TRANSPORT IN YOUR CITY. YOUTRANSPORT IN YOUR CITY. YOU

SHOULD INCLUDE INFORMATIONSHOULD INCLUDE INFORMATION

REGARDING TIMETABLES, CONDITIONS,REGARDING TIMETABLES, CONDITIONS,FACILITIES, STAFF, SAFETY ISSUESFACILITIES, STAFF, SAFETY ISSUES

AND SOME RECOMMENDATION TOAND SOME RECOMMENDATION TO

SOLVE EXISTING PROBLEMS.SOLVE EXISTING PROBLEMS.


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TO:TO:FROM:FROM:

SUBJECT: PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE CITY OF CLUJSUBJECT: PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE CITY OF CLUJ

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

THE AIM OF THE PRESENT REPORT IS TO DISCUSS THE CURRENT SITUATION OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE CITY OF CLUJTHE AIM OF THE PRESENT REPORT IS TO DISCUSS THE CURRENT SITUATION OF THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE CITY OF CLUJ

AND WAYS OF IMPROVING IT. IT BEGINS BY PRESENTING THE ASPECT OF TIMETABLING,AND SUBSEQUENTLY IT DEALS WITHAND WAYS OF IMPROVING IT. IT BEGINS BY PRESENTING THE ASPECT OF TIMETABLING,AND SUBSEQUENTLY IT DEALS WITH

CONDITIONS AND FACILITIES ON THE VEHICLES. NEXT, IT DISCUSSES THE QUALITY OF STAFF AND IT ENDS WITH THE ISSUE OF SAFETYCONDITIONS AND FACILITIES ON THE VEHICLES. NEXT, IT DISCUSSES THE QUALITY OF STAFF AND IT ENDS WITH THE ISSUE OF SAFETY

OF THE PASSENGERS.OF THE PASSENGERS.

TIMETABLESTIMETABLES

THERE ARE ON AVERAGE FOUR BUSES PER ROUTE, WHICH SHOULD MEAN THAT ONE BUS ARRIVES EVERY SIX MINUTES. IN REALITY,THERE ARE ON AVERAGE FOUR BUSES PER ROUTE, WHICH SHOULD MEAN THAT ONE BUS ARRIVES EVERY SIX MINUTES. IN REALITY,

DUE TO THE HEAVY TRAFFIC, THE BAD STATE OF VEHICLES AND THE UNRELIABILITY OF SOME OF THE CONDUCTORS, THE SERVICESDUE TO THE HEAVY TRAFFIC, THE BAD STATE OF VEHICLES AND THE UNRELIABILITY OF SOME OF THE CONDUCTORS, THE SERVICES

RUN LATE AND THE STATIONS ARE FILLED WITH DISSATISFIED CUSTOMERS. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT MORE BUSES SHOULD BERUN LATE AND THE STATIONS ARE FILLED WITH DISSATISFIED CUSTOMERS. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT MORE BUSES SHOULD BE

INTRODUCED, THAT THERE BE SPECIAL ROUTES AND THAT NEW LAWS AND REGULATIONS BE ENFORCED TO ENSURE THE FLUENCYINTRODUCED, THAT THERE BE SPECIAL ROUTES AND THAT NEW LAWS AND REGULATIONS BE ENFORCED TO ENSURE THE FLUENCY

AND PUNCTUALITY OF SERVICES.AND PUNCTUALITY OF SERVICES.

CONDITIONS AND FACILITIESCONDITIONS AND FACILITIES

MOST VEHICLES ARE OLD AND BATTERED, THUS THE ONLY SOLUTION WOULD BE REPLACING THEM, AS REFURBISHING THEM WOULDMOST VEHICLES ARE OLD AND BATTERED, THUS THE ONLY SOLUTION WOULD BE REPLACING THEM, AS REFURBISHING THEM WOULD

AMOUNT TO TOO MUCH. ALSO, WHILE THERE ARE DISCOUNTS FOR THE ELDERLY, THERE ARE NO FACILITIES FOR THE DISABLEDAMOUNT TO TOO MUCH. ALSO, WHILE THERE ARE DISCOUNTS FOR THE ELDERLY, THERE ARE NO FACILITIES FOR THE DISABLED

WHATSOEVER. AS MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, ROMANIA SHOULD RETHINK THE ENTIRE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION WITH THISWHATSOEVER. AS MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, ROMANIA SHOULD RETHINK THE ENTIRE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION WITH THIS

IN MIND.IN MIND.

PERSONNEL QUALITYPERSONNEL QUALITY

ACCORDING TO A RECENT SURVEY, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF PEOPLE DECLARE THEMSELVES DISSATISFIED BY THE ATTINTUDE OFACCORDING TO A RECENT SURVEY, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF PEOPLE DECLARE THEMSELVES DISSATISFIED BY THE ATTINTUDE OF

THE CONDUCTORS AND CONTROLLERS ABOARD. THIS CLEARLY SUGGESTS THE NEED FOR PR TRAINING COURSES FOR THETHE CONDUCTORS AND CONTROLLERS ABOARD. THIS CLEARLY SUGGESTS THE NEED FOR PR TRAINING COURSES FOR THEPERSONNEL, AS WELL AS INCREASING WAGES AS AWAY TO MOTIVATE THEM, AS IT IS WELLPERSONNEL, AS WELL AS INCREASING WAGES AS AWAY TO MOTIVATE THEM, AS IT IS WELL--KNOWN THAT THE SALARIES ARE VERYKNOWN THAT THE SALARIES ARE VERY

LOW IN THE PROFESSION.LOW IN THE PROFESSION.

SAFETYSAFETY

IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT THE NUMBER OF ATTACKS AND MUGGINGS ON PUBLIC TRASPORT HAS INCREASED. IN ADDITION, THEIT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT THE NUMBER OF ATTACKS AND MUGGINGS ON PUBLIC TRASPORT HAS INCREASED. IN ADDITION, THE

CARELESSNESS OF DRIVERS HAS AMOUNTED TO A GREAT NUMBER OF INJURIES, DUE TO ABRUPT BRAKING OR STARTING, OR TOCARELESSNESS OF DRIVERS HAS AMOUNTED TO A GREAT NUMBER OF INJURIES, DUE TO ABRUPT BRAKING OR STARTING, OR TO

LEAVING THE STATION WITHOUT CLOSING THE DOORS OF THE VEHICLE. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT A POLICE OFFICER SHOULDLEAVING THE STATION WITHOUT CLOSING THE DOORS OF THE VEHICLE. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT A POLICE OFFICER SHOULD

BE ALLOCATED FOR EACH BUS AND THAT HARSHER LAWS SHOULD BE IMPOSED ON RECKLESS DRIVERS TO PREVENT ACCIDENTSBE ALLOCATED FOR EACH BUS AND THAT HARSHER LAWS SHOULD BE IMPOSED ON RECKLESS DRIVERS TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS

FROM HAPPENING.FROM HAPPENING.


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Report about means ofReport about means of

entertainment in your cityentertainment in your cityRefer to:Refer to:

-- Sports centers and other sporting facilitiesSports centers and other sporting facilities-- Entertainment by dayEntertainment by day

-- Evening and nightEvening and night--timetime


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P1:P1: --aim of the report; what eachaim of the report; what each

paragraph contains; how it endsparagraph contains; how it ends

P2:P2: --sports centers and other facilities:sports centers and other facilities:

where/ what they are, conditions, howwhere/ what they are, conditions, how

popular they are; expensive/ cheap,popular they are; expensive/ cheap,

equipment, facilities etcequipment, facilities etcP3:P3: --entertainment by day: cinema,entertainment by day: cinema,

theatre, cafes, circus, internet cafes etctheatre, cafes, circus, internet cafes etc

P4:P4: --entertainment by night: bars, pubs,entertainment by night: bars, pubs,restaurants, clubs and concertsrestaurants, clubs and concerts

P5:P5:-- conclusions and prospects for theconclusions and prospects for the

futurefuture


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IntroductionIntroduction

The aim of the present report is to present what the cityThe aim of the present report is to present what the city

ofof ClujCluj offers the citizens in terms of entertainment. Itoffers the citizens in terms of entertainment. It

covers several aspects, such as sports centers, daytimecovers several aspects, such as sports centers, daytime

entertainment and night life. The report ends withentertainment and night life. The report ends with

conclusions and prospects for the future.conclusions and prospects for the future.

OROR

The present report is aimed at presenting ways ofThe present report is aimed at presenting ways of

entertainment in the city ofentertainment in the city of ClujCluj. It begins by showing. It begins by showing

the various sports centers and similar facilities.the various sports centers and similar facilities.Subsequently, it highlights entertainment possibilities bySubsequently, it highlights entertainment possibilities by

day and it continues with presenting the choices theday and it continues with presenting the choices the

citizens have by night. It ends with conclusions andcitizens have by night. It ends with conclusions and

future prospects.future prospects.


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USEFUL LANGUAGEUSEFUL LANGUAGE

It presentsIt presents

It highlightsIt highlights

It covers the aspects ofIt covers the aspects ofIt showsIt shows

It focuses onIt focuses on

It describesIt describesIt explainsIt explains

etcetc


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ConclusionConclusion

To sum up all the aforementioned, it clearly results thatTo sum up all the aforementioned, it clearly results that

the city ofthe city of ClujCluj offers a wide range of opportunities foroffers a wide range of opportunities for

both residents and tourists and that it basically caters forboth residents and tourists and that it basically caters for

all needs. In addition, the City Hall is currentlyall needs. In addition, the City Hall is currently

encouraging investment projects for a new mall, a sportsencouraging investment projects for a new mall, a sports

center, a new cultural center that will house a theatrecenter, a new cultural center that will house a theatre

and an German opera and several new restaurantsand an German opera and several new restaurants

offering international cuisine, to make the city moreoffering international cuisine, to make the city more

comfortable for its residents and more attractive tocomfortable for its residents and more attractive tovisitors.visitors.


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LEAFLETSLEAFLETS


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Name Of Club + attractive logo

Introduction

Heading 1

Answer Paragraph 1

Answer Paragraph 2

Answer Paragraph 3

Heading 2

Heading 3

Conclusion, attractive ending


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Sample titlesSample titles

UndubbedUndubbed--the Exclusively English Filmthe Exclusively English Film

ClubClub

Helping

Hands

Helping

Hands--

AFair Share of Sharing

AFair Share of Sharing

Tips and TricksTips and Tricks-- Teaching is SuddenlyTeaching is Suddenly

Fun!!!Fun!!!

TherapeuticaTherapeutica--W

ith Us, You Can FinallyW

ith Us, You Can FinallyMeet John Doe!!Meet John Doe!!


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Sample IntroductionSample Introduction

Have you always liked sharing experienceHave you always liked sharing experience

and exchanging opinions? Do you have aand exchanging opinions? Do you have a

special thing for the English language?special thing for the English language?

Has it always been your pleasure to spendHas it always been your pleasure to spend

time socializing and getting to knowtime socializing and getting to know

different people? Well, thendifferent people? Well, then WellingsWellings isis

definitely the right place for you!definitely the right place for you!


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Sample conclusionSample conclusion

So, what are you waiting for? If team workSo, what are you waiting for? If team work

and professionalism, as well as a goodand professionalism, as well as a good

chance to speak English is what you arechance to speak English is what you are

looking for, join us! You wont regret it!looking for, join us! You wont regret it!

Your spare time will never be dull again!Your spare time will never be dull again!


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Where can I find you?

We have found the perfect place to host

you while you are

endulging in the various things we offer.

Our club is located

downtown, next door to the famousJazz Club. Just go down the

stairs and you will see our logo shining

right above the

entrance. The first room hosts the

drama and debate club, then

you enter the world of movies anddiscussion and last there is

the entertainment area


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What can I do there?

Oh! This is a tough question, as we

don't know where to begin,

since there are so many things on out

schedule. Twice a week

we work on plays and learn how to act

and direct under thesupervision of pros. Three afternoons

you can watch oscar

movies with our natives and discuss all

there is to them.

Debates are held on a daily basis and

the entertainment areais open as long as the club is. You can

find the exact days on

our website


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How can I become a member?

All you need to do is be at least 14,

provide proof of your

age, bring a passport-sized photo and

10 Ron- yes, you haveheard us right, that is all you need to

pay for a month! And

if you prove to be a regular atender, we

will have occasional

discounts and surprises for you. No

smart clothes required,but a smart and responsible attitude.


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Alternate: The ultimate language booster clubAlternate: The ultimate language booster club

Are you looking for an alternative to spend your free time? Have you grown tired of the same boring things, day in,Are you looking for an alternative to spend your free time? Have you grown tired of the same boring things, day in,day out? Do you want to meet new people, do new things that will challenge your skills, speak to natives andday out? Do you want to meet new people, do new things that will challenge your skills, speak to natives andrelax in a joyful and welcoming spot? Well, if this is what you want, search no more. We are the answer for you.relax in a joyful and welcoming spot? Well, if this is what you want, search no more. We are the answer for you.

Where can I find you?

We have found the perfect place to host you while you are ndulging in the various things we offer. Our club is

located downtown, next door to the famous Jazz Club. Just go down the stairs and you will see our logo

shining right above the entrance. The first room hosts the drama and debate club, then you enter the world of

movies and discussion and last there is the entertainment area.

What can I do there?

Oh! This is a tough question, as we don't know where to begin, since there are so many things on out schedule.

Twice a week we work on plays and learn how to act and direct under the supervision of pros. Three afternoons you

can watch Oscar movies with our natives and discuss all there is to them. Debates are held on a daily basis and the

entertainment area is open as long as the club is. You can find the exact days on our website

How can I become a member?

All you need to do is be at least 14, provide proof of your age, bring a passport-sized photo and 10 Ron- yes,

you have heard us right, that is all you need to pay for a month! And if you prove to be a regular atender, we

will have occasional discounts and surprises for you. No smart clothes required, but a smart and responsibleattitude.

So, are you still hesitating? We have everything, from language boosters to socializing tools in our fun factory.

Oh, and one more thing: the first 50 members will get three months free of charge. Bring your friends along for

the perfect alternative!


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FORMAL LETTERSFORMAL LETTERS


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BODY

BODY

BODY

Dear Sir/Madam,

I hope you will give my letter thorough consideration,

I look forward to hearing from you soon,

Date

Addr. Of recipient

SIGNATURE

Addr. Of sender

Yours faithfully,

John Smith


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Number of paragraphs andNumber of paragraphs and

purpose of each paragraphpurpose of each paragraphParagraph 1: INTRODUCTION (aim of the letter,Paragraph 1: INTRODUCTION (aim of the letter,situation, introducing yourself, linking sentence)situation, introducing yourself, linking sentence)

Paragraph 2: TASK POINT1 (linker to introduce the firstParagraph 2: TASK POINT1 (linker to introduce the first

idea)idea)

Paragraph 3: TASK POINT 2 (linker to introduce theParagraph 3: TASK POINT 2 (linker to introduce the

second idea)second idea)

Paragraph 4: TASK POINT 3 (linker to introduce the thirdParagraph 4: TASK POINT 3 (linker to introduce the third

idea)idea)

Paragraph 5: CONCLUSION (sum up the main ideas,Paragraph 5: CONCLUSION (sum up the main ideas,

express hope to have achieved the purpose/ willingnessexpress hope to have achieved the purpose/ willingness

to meet/ openness to suggestions etc depending on theto meet/ openness to suggestions etc depending on the

situation)situation)


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Letter of complaintLetter of complaintI am writing to you to complain about a holidayI am writing to you to complain about a holidaywhich I booked with your company and whichwhich I booked with your company and whichproved to be utterly dissatisfying. I signed aproved to be utterly dissatisfying. I signed acontract with your firm on July 15contract with your firm on July 15thth 20082008

regarding a seaside holiday in Crete, which Iregarding a seaside holiday in Crete, which Ifound advertised in you brochure earlier thisfound advertised in you brochure earlier thisyear. I am Jane Evans, mother of three, and Iyear. I am Jane Evans, mother of three, and Iwork as editorwork as editor--inin--chief for The Guardian. In thechief for The Guardian. In thefollowing paragraphs, I will bring to yourfollowing paragraphs, I will bring to your

attention the aspects which caused myattention the aspects which caused mydisappointment with your services.disappointment with your services.


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In your brochure, you promised a greatIn your brochure, you promised a great

number of facilities that proved to be nonnumber of facilities that proved to be non--

existing. To begin with, it was stated thatexisting. To begin with, it was stated that

tourists would betourists would be accomodatedaccomodated in a fourin a four--

star hotel with roomstar hotel with room--service and childcareservice and childcare

facilities. Furthermore, we were promisedfacilities. Furthermore, we were promised

a clean beach with fine sand about 100a clean beach with fine sand about 100meters form the hotel. Unfortunately,meters form the hotel. Unfortunately,

most of these claims were false.most of these claims were false.


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In reality, upon arriving at the location, weIn reality, upon arriving at the location, we

were shocked to find out that the hotel waswere shocked to find out that the hotel was

in fact a threein fact a three--star hotel lacking thestar hotel lacking the

promised childcare facilities. There waspromised childcare facilities. There was

roomroom--service, but of an extremely poorservice, but of an extremely poor

quality. Apparently, the personnel of thequality. Apparently, the personnel of the

hotel found it annoying when the guestshotel found it annoying when the guestshad the exaggerated pretention of beinghad the exaggerated pretention of being

attended in their rooms in the morning.attended in their rooms in the morning.


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In addition, being directed towards theIn addition, being directed towards the

beach pertaining to the hotel, imagine outbeach pertaining to the hotel, imagine out

surprise when the pristine sandy beachsurprise when the pristine sandy beachproved to be a littered pebbled beach withproved to be a littered pebbled beach with

refuse floating in the waters of the bay.refuse floating in the waters of the bay.

We could not allow our children to get into

We could not allow our children to get intothe water there, so we had to pay forthe water there, so we had to pay for

entrance to a neighboring beach, whichentrance to a neighboring beach, which

was, indeed, clean and sandy, but, and letwas, indeed, clean and sandy, but, and let

me say this again, we had to pay for it,me say this again, we had to pay for it,which was by no means part of ourwhich was by no means part of our

agreement.agreement.


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As you must admit, we cannot possiblyAs you must admit, we cannot possibly

declare ourselves satisfied with thedeclare ourselves satisfied with the

treatment we received, which is why wetreatment we received, which is why wemust ask your company for a full refund onmust ask your company for a full refund on

our holiday, as well as cover for theour holiday, as well as cover for the

additional expenses we were forced toadditional expenses we were forced tomake. We regret to inform you that,make. We regret to inform you that,

unless you comply with our demands in aunless you comply with our demands in a

month time, we will see ourselves forcedmonth time, we will see ourselves forced

to take legal action. I will also see to theto take legal action. I will also see to thefact that the newspaper I work for publishfact that the newspaper I work for publish

an article describing the reality regardingan article describing the reality regarding

the services of your company.the services of your company.


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LETTER OF APOLOGYLETTER OF APOLOGY

Dear Sir,Dear Sir,I am writing to you with reference to yourI am writing to you with reference to your

letter of complaint regarding the Creteletter of complaint regarding the Crete

family holiday which you booked with ourfamily holiday which you booked with ourcompany on June 15, 2008. My name iscompany on June 15, 2008. My name is

VerneVerne GyulaGyula and I am the PR officer of theand I am the PR officer of the

tourist company which caused you dismal.tourist company which caused you dismal.

On behalf of the company, I would like toOn behalf of the company, I would like to

express my sincere regrets for theexpress my sincere regrets for the

inconveniences which occurred duringinconveniences which occurred during

your stay in Crete.your stay in Crete.


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To begin with, I would like to specificallyTo begin with, I would like to specifically

insist on the fact that we deeply regret this,insist on the fact that we deeply regret this,

as it is not our practice to make vainas it is not our practice to make vainpromises. There is, however, one detailpromises. There is, however, one detail

which I need to bring to your attention sowhich I need to bring to your attention so

as to make you understand whatas to make you understand whathappened in reality. In the summer, ourhappened in reality. In the summer, our

company underwent dramatic changes incompany underwent dramatic changes in

personnel and the board of directors alsopersonnel and the board of directors also

changed completely. This is why wechanged completely. This is why weexperienced a period of imbalance and,experienced a period of imbalance and,

naturally, quality had to suffer.naturally, quality had to suffer.


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As for the beach you paid for, this was aAs for the beach you paid for, this was a

misunderstanding, as that particular stripemisunderstanding, as that particular stripe

of beach was part of the agreementof beach was part of the agreement

between the hotel and the local authoritiesbetween the hotel and the local authorities

and you should not haveand you should not have paid for it.paid for it.


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Sample paragraph forSample paragraph for

letter of applicationletter of application

I am writing to you to apply for the positionI am writing to you to apply for the position

of sales manager which I saw advertisedof sales manager which I saw advertised

in The Guardian on June 5in The Guardian on June 5thth, this year. My, this year. My

name is John Doe and I am a 23 yearname is John Doe and I am a 23 year--oldold

university graduate fromuniversity graduate from ClujCluj-- NapocaNapoca,,

Romania. I firmly believe that I amRomania. I firmly believe that I am

suitable for the job which is offered by yoursuitable for the job which is offered by yourcompany.company.


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To begin with, I have always consideredTo begin with, I have always considered

that a good education is the key to athat a good education is the key to a

successful life. With this in mind, Isuccessful life. With this in mind, I

obtained my Masters Degree inobtained my Masters Degree in

Management in July 2008. Previously, IManagement in July 2008. Previously, I

was a student at the Faculty for Economicwas a student at the Faculty for EconomicSciences inSciences in ClujCluj-- NapocaNapoca, where from I, where from I

graduated with top results, thus becominggraduated with top results, thus becoming

a Bachelor of Science in 2007. I alsoa Bachelor of Science in 2007. I also

enrolled in a number of courses whichenrolled in a number of courses which

helped me boost my knowledge and skills.helped me boost my knowledge and skills.


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Furthermore, with reference to my workFurthermore, with reference to my work

experience, I have constantly sought toexperience, I have constantly sought to

train and expose myself to the real worldtrain and expose myself to the real worldof work; thus, when I had the chance in myof work; thus, when I had the chance in my

freshmans year to volunteer for a localfreshmans year to volunteer for a local

organization that helped new investorsorganization that helped new investorswith management techniques, I did notwith management techniques, I did not

hesitate to take on the challenge. Ihesitate to take on the challenge. I

worked in that field for four years and,worked in that field for four years and,

immediately upon graduation, I applied forimmediately upon graduation, I applied for

a job in a small company, where I stilla job in a small company, where I still

work. However, I now feel it is time for mework. However, I now feel it is time for me

to move on.to move on.


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I firmly believe I have benefited from everyI firmly believe I have benefited from every

course attended and from every single daycourse attended and from every single day

of work so far. My personal andof work so far. My personal andprofessional qualities have surfaced andprofessional qualities have surfaced and

greatly improved and presently I believegreatly improved and presently I believe

myself to be aware of the new trends,myself to be aware of the new trends,flexible, willing to improve, hardflexible, willing to improve, hard-- workingworking

and a team player. I have also becomeand a team player. I have also become

more aware of the necessity to bemore aware of the necessity to be

punctual, polite and serious in everypunctual, polite and serious in every

endeavor. I believe in sharing and helpingendeavor. I believe in sharing and helping

people, as well as in constant personalpeople, as well as in constant personal

and professional development.and professional development.


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I am writing to you to apply for the position of sales manager which I saw advertised in The Guardian on June 5th, this year.

My name is John Doe and I am a 23 year-old university graduate from Cluj- Napoca, Romania. I firmly believe that I am

suitable for the job which is offered by your company.

To begin with, I have always considered that a good education is the key to a successful life. With this in mind, I obtained my

Masters Degree in Management in July 2008. Previously, I was a student at the Faculty for Economic Sciences in Cluj-Napoca, where from I graduated with top results, thus becoming a Bachelor ofScience in 2007. I also enrolled in a number of

courses which helped me boost my knowledge and skills.

Furthermore, with reference to my work experience, I have constantly sought to train and expose myself to the real world of

work; thus, when I had the chance in my freshmans year to volunteer for a local organization that helped new investors with

management techniques, I did not hesitate to take on the challenge. I worked in that field for four years and, immediately

upon graduation, I applied for a job in a small company, where I still work. However, I now feel it is time for me to move on.

I firmly believe I have benefited from every course attended and from every single day of work so far. My personal andprofessional qualities have surfaced and greatly improved and presently I believe myself to be aware of the new trends,

flexible, willing to improve, hard- working and a team player. I have also become more aware of the necessity to be

punctual, polite and serious in every endeavor. I believe in sharing and helping people, as well as in constant personal and

professional development.

Due to all the aforementioned, I honestly believe that I possess the necessary skills and abilities that are needed by your

company and I also believe that working for you would offer me the chance of a lifetime, as I am ready to commit and

contribute to the development of your enterprise. I enclose with my letter copies of my diplomas and certificates, aEuropean CV and letters of reference from my former employers and professors. I would be more than happy to be called

for an interview at any time convenient to you.


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LETTER OF INQUIRYLETTER OF INQUIRY

I am writing to you to inquire about an apartmentI am writing to you to inquire about an apartmentfor let which I saw advertised in The Jet, datedfor let which I saw advertised in The Jet, datedJune 4, this year. My name is NorbertJune 4, this year. My name is Norbert NorbertNorbertand I am a nineteenand I am a nineteen--year old student at theyear old student at the

Faculty for Computer Science in London. IFaculty for Computer Science in London. Ihave just been admitted to university and I amhave just been admitted to university and I amlooking for a flat, and yours seems to fit mylooking for a flat, and yours seems to fit myneeds. However, if you were so kind as toneeds. However, if you were so kind as toclarify certain aspects which I would like to knowclarify certain aspects which I would like to know

more about, as they were not specificallymore about, as they were not specificallydetailed by the newspaper notice.detailed by the newspaper notice.


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First of all, in your notice you stated thatFirst of all, in your notice you stated thatthe location of the apartment was ideal. Ithe location of the apartment was ideal. Iwould appreciate it if you were morewould appreciate it if you were morespecific about this matter, as I would be inspecific about this matter, as I would be inneed of renting an apartment which isneed of renting an apartment which islocated not very far from the faculty. Also,located not very far from the faculty. Also,I would like to know whether it is close toI would like to know whether it is close toany subway station, and if so, to whichany subway station, and if so, to which

specifically, as I do not own a car and I willspecifically, as I do not own a car and I willneed to use public transport to travelneed to use public transport to travellocally.locally.


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Moreover, you also stated that the flat wasMoreover, you also stated that the flat was

partly furnished. It is important for me topartly furnished. It is important for me to

know what kind of furniture there is, as Iknow what kind of furniture there is, as I

will be in need of bringing a computer andwill be in need of bringing a computer andseveral other items of equipment, as wellseveral other items of equipment, as well

as some pieces of furniture from my oldas some pieces of furniture from my old

apartment. Thus, space and utility wouldapartment. Thus, space and utility wouldbe an issue worth taking into account.be an issue worth taking into account.


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Last, but not least, another issue thatLast, but not least, another issue that

draws my attention is the fact that youdraws my attention is the fact that you

stated in your notice that the rental pricestated in your notice that the rental price

was good. I would like to know what youwas good. I would like to know what youmean by that, since I will be supportingmean by that, since I will be supporting

myself through university and I need tomyself through university and I need to

plan my expenses carefully.plan my expenses carefully.


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To sum up, I would appreciate it if yourTo sum up, I would appreciate it if your

answer letter contained details regardinganswer letter contained details regarding

my questions. I would like to underline themy questions. I would like to underline the

fact that I am seriously interested infact that I am seriously interested inrenting the flat for a long period and I amrenting the flat for a long period and I am

also a serious person, so if you decide toalso a serious person, so if you decide to

consider me as your tenant, you will beconsider me as your tenant, you will besafe in this respect.safe in this respect.


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Dear Sir/ Madam,Dear Sir/ Madam,


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I am writing to you toI am writing to you to apply for the position of sales manager which I saw advertised in The Guardian onapply for the position of sales manager which I saw advertised in The Guardian on

June 5June 5thth, this year., this year. My name isMy name is John Doe and I am a 23 yearJohn Doe and I am a 23 year--old university graduate fromold university graduate from ClujCluj-- NapocaNapoca,,

Romania.Romania. I firmly believe that I am suitable for the job which is offered by your company.I firmly believe that I am suitable for the job which is offered by your company.

To begin withTo begin with, I have always considered that, I have always considered that a good educationa good education is the key to a successful life. With this inis the key to a successful life. With this in

mind, I obtained my Masters Degree in Management in July 2008. Previously, I was a student at the Facultymind, I obtained my Masters Degree in Management in July 2008. Previously, I was a student at the Faculty

for Economic Sciences infor Economic Sciences in ClujCluj-- NapocaNapoca, where from I graduated with top results, thus becoming a Bachelor of, where from I graduated with top results, thus becoming a Bachelor of

Science in 2007. I also enrolled in a number of courses which helped me boost my knowledge and skills.Science in 2007. I also enrolled in a number of courses which helped me boost my knowledge and skills.

FurthermoreFurthermore, with reference to my, with reference to my work experiencework experience, I have constantly sought to train and expose myself to, I have constantly sought to train and expose myself to

the real world of work; thus, when I had the chance in my freshmans year to volunteer for a local organizationthe real world of work; thus, when I had the chance in my freshmans year to volunteer for a local organization

that helped new investors with management techniques, I did not hesitate to take on the challenge. I workedthat helped new investors with management techniques, I did not hesitate to take on the challenge. I worked

in that field for four years and, immediately upon graduation, I applied for a job in a small company, where Iin that field for four years and, immediately upon graduation, I applied for a job in a small company, where I

still work. However, I now feel it is time for me to move on.still work. However, I now feel it is time for me to move on.

I firmly believe I have benefited from every course attended and from every single day of work so far. MyI firmly believe I have benefited from every course attended and from every single day of work so far. My

personal and professional qualitiespersonal and professional qualities have surfaced and greatly improved and presently I believe myself tohave surfaced and greatly improved and presently I believe myself tobe aware of the new trends, flexible, willing to improve, hardbe aware of the new trends, flexible, willing to improve, hard-- working and a team player. I have also becomeworking and a team player. I have also become

more aware of the necessity to be punctual, polite and serious in every endeavor. I believe in sharing andmore aware of the necessity to be punctual, polite and serious in every endeavor. I believe in sharing and

helping people, as well as in constant personal and professional development.helping people, as well as in constant personal and professional development.

Due to all the aforementionedDue to all the aforementioned, I honestly believe that I possess the necessary skills and abilities that are, I honestly believe that I possess the necessary skills and abilities that areneeded by your company and I also believe that working for you would offer me the chance of a lifetime, as Ineeded by your company and I also believe that working for you would offer me the chance of a lifetime, as I

am ready to commit and contribute to the development of your enterprise.am ready to commit and contribute to the development of your enterprise. I encloseI enclose with my letter copies ofwith my letter copies of

my diplomas and certificates, a European CV and letters of reference from my former employers andmy diplomas and certificates, a European CV and letters of reference from my former employers and

professors. I would be more than happy to be called for anprofessors. I would be more than happy to be called for an interviewinterview at any time convenient to you.at any time convenient to you.

Sincerely yours,Sincerely yours,

John DoeJohn Doe



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I am writing to you to complain about a holiday which I booked with your company and which proved to beI am writing to you to complain about a holiday which I booked with your company and which proved to be

utterly dissatisfying. I signed a contract with your firm on July 15utterly dissatisfying. I signed a contract with your firm on July 15thth 2008 regarding a seaside holiday in Crete,2008 regarding a seaside holiday in Crete,

which I found advertised in you brochure earlier this year. I am Jane Evans, mother of three, and I work aswhich I found advertised in you brochure earlier this year. I am Jane Evans, mother of three, and I work as

editoreditor--inin--chief for The Guardian. In the following paragraphs, I will bring to your attention the aspects whichchief for The Guardian. In the following paragraphs, I will bring to your attention the aspects which

caused my disappointment with your services.caused my disappointment with your services.

In your brochure, you promised a great number of facilities that proved to be nonIn your brochure, you promised a great number of facilities that proved to be non--existing. To begin with, itexisting. To begin with, it

was stated that tourists would be accommodated in a fourwas stated that tourists would be accommodated in a four--star hotel with roomstar hotel with room--service and childcare facilities.service and childcare facilities.

Furthermore, we were promised a clean beach with fine sand about 100 meters form the hotel.Furthermore, we were promised a clean beach with fine sand about 100 meters form the hotel.

Unfortunately, most of these claims were false.Unfortunately, most of these claims were false.

In reality, upon arriving at the location, we were shocked to find out that the hotel was in fact a threeIn reality, upon arriving at the location, we were shocked to find out that the hotel was in fact a three--star hotelstar hotel

lacking the promised childcare facilities. There was roomlacking the promised childcare facilities. There was room--service, but of an extremely poor quality.service, but of an extremely poor quality.

Apparently, the personnel of the hotel found it annoying when the guests had the exaggerated pretention ofApparently, the personnel of the hotel found it annoying when the guests had the exaggerated pretention ofbeing attended in their rooms in the morning.being attended in their rooms in the morning.

In addition, being directed towards the beach pertaining to the hotel, imagine out surprise when the pristineIn addition, being directed towards the beach pertaining to the hotel, imagine out surprise when the pristine

sandy beach proved to be a littered pebbled beach with refuse floating in the waters of the bay. We could notsandy beach proved to be a littered pebbled beach with refuse floating in the waters of the bay. We could not

allow our children to get into the water there, so we had to pay for entrance to a neighboring beach, whichallow our children to get into the water there, so we had to pay for entrance to a neighboring beach, which

was, indeed, clean and sandy, but, and let me say this again, we had to pay for it, which was by no meanswas, indeed, clean and sandy, but, and let me say this again, we had to pay for it, which was by no meanspart of our agreement.part of our agreement.

As you must admit, we cannot possibly declare ourselves satisfied with the treatment we received, which isAs you must admit, we cannot possibly declare ourselves satisfied with the treatment we received, which is

why we must ask your company for a full refund on our holiday, as well as cover for the additional expenseswhy we must ask your company for a full refund on our holiday, as well as cover for the additional expenses

we were forced to make. We regret to inform you that, unless you comply with our demands in a month time,we were forced to make. We regret to inform you that, unless you comply with our demands in a month time,we will see ourselves forced to take legal action. I will also see to the fact that the newspaper I work forwe will see ourselves forced to take legal action. I will also see to the fact that the newspaper I work for

publish an article describing the reality regarding the services of your company.publish an article describing the reality regarding the services of your company.

Sincerely yours,Sincerely yours,

Jane EvansJane Evans

Dear Sir,Dear Sir,


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Dear Sir,Dear Sir,

I am writing to you with reference to your letter of complaint regarding the Crete family holiday which youI am writing to you with reference to your letter of complaint regarding the Crete family holiday which you

booked with our company on June 15, 2008. My name is Verne Gyula and I am the PR officer of the touristbooked with our company on June 15, 2008. My name is Verne Gyula and I am the PR officer of the tourist

company which caused you dismal. On behalf of the company, I would like to express my sincere regrets forcompany which caused you dismal. On behalf of the company, I would like to express my sincere regrets for

the inconveniences which occurred during your stay in Crete.the inconveniences which occurred during your stay in Crete.

To begin with, I would like to specifically insist on the fact that we deeply regret this, as it is not our practice toTo begin with, I would like to specifically insist on the fact that we deeply regret this, as it is not our practice to

make vain promises. There is, however, one detail which I need to bring to your attention so as to make youmake vain promises. There is, however, one detail which I need to bring to your attention so as to make you

understand what happened in reality. In the summer, our company underwent dramatic changes in personnelunderstand what happened in reality. In the summer, our company underwent dramatic changes in personnel

and the board of directors also changed completely. This is why we experienced a period of imbalance and,and the board of directors also changed completely. This is why we experienced a period of imbalance and,

naturally, quality had to suffer.naturally, quality had to suffer.

Furthermore, wFurthermore, withith reference to the problems mentioned in your letter, we feel you are right to be disappointed.reference to the problems mentioned in your letter, we feel you are right to be disappointed.

We would like to explain what happened, however. Firstly, the fourWe would like to explain what happened, however. Firstly, the four--star hotel advertised in our brochure wasstar hotel advertised in our brochure was

subject to arson, thus all tourists were relocated to the neighboring hotel, where unfortunately there were nosubject to arson, thus all tourists were relocated to the neighboring hotel, where unfortunately there were nochildcare facilities, but similar conditions. With regard to the impoliteness of the personnel, we apologize onchildcare facilities, but similar conditions. With regard to the impoliteness of the personnel, we apologize on

behalf of the hotel management, and we assure you that we will see to it momentarily.behalf of the hotel management, and we assure you that we will see to it momentarily.

As for the beach you paid for, this was a misunderstanding, as that particular stripe of beach was part of theAs for the beach you paid for, this was a misunderstanding, as that particular stripe of beach was part of the

agreement between the hotel and the local authorities and you should not have paid for it. We will contact theagreement between the hotel and the local authorities and you should not have paid for it. We will contact the

hotel management and settle the matter as soon as possible.hotel management and settle the matter as soon as possible.

Taking into account all the aforementioned, we believe that you are right to claim a holiday which would be inTaking into account all the aforementioned, we believe that you are right to claim a holiday which would be inaccordance with what was initially promised to you, therefore, upon discussing the matter with the board, weaccordance with what was initially promised to you, therefore, upon discussing the matter with the board, we

concluded that we will be expecting you at the headquarters of the company where we invite you to sign aconcluded that we will be expecting you at the headquarters of the company where we invite you to sign a

new contract for a holiday/. As well as this, we will solve the rest of your requirements when you arrive. Wenew contract for a holiday/. As well as this, we will solve the rest of your requirements when you arrive. We

apologize again for the inconvenience we caused.apologize again for the inconvenience we caused.

Faithfully yours,Faithfully yours,

VerneVerne GyulaGyula


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I am writing to you to inquire about an apartment for let which I saw advertised in The Jet, dated June 4, thisI am writing to you to inquire about an apartment for let which I saw advertised in The Jet, dated June 4, this

year. My name is Norbertyear. My name is Norbert NorbertNorbert and I am a nineteenand I am a nineteen--year old student at the Faculty for Computer Scienceyear old student at the Faculty for Computer Science

in London. I have just been admitted to university and I am looking for a flat, and yours seems to fit myin London. I have just been admitted to university and I am looking for a flat, and yours seems to fit my

needs. However, if you were so kind as to clarify certain aspects which I would like to know more about, asneeds. However, if you were so kind as to clarify certain aspects which I would like to know more about, asthey were not specifically detailed by the newspaper notice.they were not specifically detailed by the newspaper notice.

First of all, in your notice you stated that the location of the apartment was ideal. I would appreciate it if youFirst of all, in your notice you stated that the location of the apartment was ideal. I would appreciate it if you

were more specific about this matter, as I would be in need of renting an apartment which is located not verywere more specific about this matter, as I would be in need of renting an apartment which is located not very

far from the faculty. Also, I would like to know whether it is close to any subway station, and if so, to whichfar from the faculty. Also, I would like to know whether it is close to any subway station, and if so, to whichspecifically, as I do not own a car and I will need to use public transport to travel locally.specifically, as I do not own a car and I will need to use public transport to travel locally.

Moreover, you also stated that the flat was partly furnished. It is important for me to know what kind ofMoreover, you also stated that the flat was partly furnished. It is important for me to know what kind of

furniture there is, as I will be in need of bringing a computer and several other items of equipment, as well asfurniture there is, as I will be in need of bringing a computer and several other items of equipment, as well as

some pieces of furniture from my old apartment. Thus, space and utility would be an issue worth taking intosome pieces of furniture from my old apartment. Thus, space and utility would be an issue worth taking into

account.account.

Last, but not least, another issue that draws my attention is the fact that you stated in your notice that theLast, but not least, another issue that draws my attention is the fact that you stated in your notice that the

rental price was good. I would like to know what you mean by that, since I will be supporting myself throughrental price was good. I would like to know what you mean by that, since I will be supporting myself through

university and I need to plan my expenses carefully.university and I need to plan my expenses carefully.

To sum up, I would appreciate it if your answer letter contained details regarding my questions. I would like toTo sum up, I would appreciate it if your answer letter contained details regarding my questions. I would like tounderline the fact that I am seriously interested in renting the flat for a long period and I am also a seriousunderline the fact that I am seriously interested in renting the flat for a long period and I am also a serious

person, so if you decide to consider me as your tenant, you will be safe in this respect.person, so if you decide to consider me as your tenant, you will be safe in this respect.

Yours sincerely,Yours sincerely,

NorbertNorbert NorbertNorbert


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REVIEWSREVIEWS


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Review for

Introductory paragraph

-Rhetoric questions aimed at highlighting the strong points/ the

theme and genre of the book/ film/ festival etc-Information regarding the author, type, theme, any other general

data

Middle paragraph

- short plot

- atmosphere

-characters

- special effects

- style of writing

Pay attention: you should just give the reader of your review an

idea about the book/ film/ place/ event, so as to stir their curiosity

about it.

Closing paragraph

-strong and weak points

-cover the weak points

-recommendation for a certain type of reader/ viewer, reasons for

recommendation


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Review forReview forHarry Potter and the PhilosophersHarry Potter and the Philosophers

StoneStone


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Written by British novelist

J.K. Rowling, this fabulous

adventure and fantasy book is

the first of what the author

promised to be a series ofseven novels following the

fortune of a young orphan in

a world of magic, where

sorcerers match their powers

against the greatest evil that

ever roamed the face of the

earth.


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Articles, competition entries and

essays:

Narratives (accounts)

Descriptions

Argumentatives of opinionArgumentatives giving advantages and

disadvantages or presenting pros and

cons

Reflectives


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NARRATIVE ARTICLESNARRATIVE ARTICLES

TITLETITLE

PARAGRAPHS, no tab, free linesPARAGRAPHS, no tab, free lines

SEMISEMI--FORMA

L LA

NGUA

GEFORMA

L LA

NGUA

GEPAST TENSES USED (Past Simple andPAST TENSES USED (Past Simple and

Continuous for the story line, Past PerfectContinuous for the story line, Past Perfect

for anteriority and Future in the Past forfor anteriority and Future in the Past for

posteriorityposteriority))


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NarrativesNarratives

You can be asked to narrate/ account theYou can be asked to narrate/ account the

plot of a book/ film/ play/ an experienceplot of a book/ film/ play/ an experience

you lived as part of a group, and whichyou lived as part of a group, and which

taught you important things such as loyaltytaught you important things such as loyaltyor honesty/ a frightening experience, etcor honesty/ a frightening experience, etc


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Structure:Structure:

Intro: reflect on the topicIntro: reflect on the topic

Body:Body:

Setting the sceneSetting the scene

Initiating actionInitiating action

Rising actionRising action

ClimaxClimax

resolutionresolution

ConclusionConclusion

Setting the scene: present time, place,Setting the scene: present time, place,


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g p , p ,g p , p ,

characters, status quocharacters, status quo

Initiating action: something which happensInitiating action: something which happenssuddenly and triggers a change in thesuddenly and triggers a change in the

state of factsstate of facts

Rising action: the unfolding of the storyRising action: the unfolding of the story

from this moment to the moment offrom this moment to the moment of

highest intensity, the:highest intensity, the:

Climax:Climax: --the moment of crisis, when athe moment of crisis, when a

solution must be found or a decision madesolution must be found or a decision madeResolution: the solution to the crisis (youResolution: the solution to the crisis (you

can leave it open)can leave it open)

Example: narrate an experienceExample: narrate an experience


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p pp p

you lived as part of a group, andyou lived as part of a group, and

which taught you important thingswhich taught you important thingssuch as loyalty or honestysuch as loyalty or honesty

Intro; reflect on the importance ofIntro; reflect on the importance of

experience and being part of a groupexperience and being part of a group

Set the scene: it all began on a beautifulSet the scene: it all began on a beautiful

summer morning when we decided to.summer morning when we decided to.

Suddenly, there was a loud bang behindSuddenly, there was a loud bang behindus.. (initiating action)us.. (initiating action)


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Rising action: unfold the storyRising action: unfold the story

Climax: What crisis did you landClimax: What crisis did you land

yourselves in?yourselves in?

Resolution: how did you solve the conflict?Resolution: how did you solve the conflict?

Conclusion:Conclusion:

What did you learn?What did you learn?

How did

How did it change you?it change you?

What would you do differently if you couldWhat would you do differently if you could

turn back time?turn back time?


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Example of tense usage:Example of tense usage:

As IAs I enteredentered the room Ithe room I could seecould see all thoseall those

people whopeople who were talkingwere talking about how theyabout how they

would gowould go out there andout there and (would) hunt down(would) hunt down

those elephants andthose elephants and (would) take(would) take theirtheirivoryand as Iivoryand as I was listeningwas listening, I, I

rememberedremembered the sight from some yearsthe sight from some years

before, when Ibefore, when I had stoodhad stood at the edge of aat the edge of afield andfield and (had) seen(had) seen hundreds of thesehundreds of these

animals lying dead, killed by humans.animals lying dead, killed by humans.


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How is a narrative constructed?How is a narrative constructed?

1.1. Getting the atmosphere right (through rhetoricGetting the atmosphere right (through rhetoricquestions)questions)

2.2. Setting the scene (time, place, atmosphere,Setting the scene (time, place, atmosphere,

characters)characters)

3.3. Initiating action (something that disturbs theInitiating action (something that disturbs the

balance, the initial state of things)balance, the initial state of things)

4.4. Rising action (the story itselfRising action (the story itself-- the longest part ofthe longest part of

the essay)the essay)5.5. The climax (the moment of highest intensity, aThe climax (the moment of highest intensity, a

moment of crisis)moment of crisis)

6.6. The resolution (where the crisis is solvedThe resolution (where the crisis is solved-- in ain a

ositive, ne ative or o en waositive, ne ative or o en wa


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TOPIC AND TITLETOPIC AND TITLE

The most frightening experience I haveThe most frightening experience I have

ever hadever had

FateFate--struckstruck


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GETTING STARTEDGETTING STARTED

When was the last time you felt that youWhen was the last time you felt that you

were powerless against the pranks lifewere powerless against the pranks life

plays on you when you feel you areplays on you when you feel you are

happiest? Have you ever experienced ahappiest? Have you ever experienced anormal day turn into the most terriblenormal day turn into the most terrible

nightmare? I have, and I would certainlynightmare? I have, and I would certainly

not want to live it again!not want to live it again!


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SETTING THE SCENESETTING THE SCENE

It was a normal morning, one of those warm SeptemberIt was a normal morning, one of those warm SeptemberSaturdays when you have no care in the world. I hadSaturdays when you have no care in the world. I had

just woken up to the smell of freshly brewed coffee andjust woken up to the smell of freshly brewed coffee and

the sound of the morning news, and I was getting readythe sound of the morning news, and I was getting ready

for a shower.for a shower. Just as I was slipping into my towel, IJust as I was slipping into my towel, I

heard some newsflash about a series of avalanches thatheard some newsflash about a series of avalanches that

had struck in different parts of the world, and a slighthad struck in different parts of the world, and a slight

feeling of uneasiness seized mefeeling of uneasiness seized me. Oh, well, I said,. Oh, well, I said,

shrugged and opened the door to the bathroomshrugged and opened the door to the bathroom. Just. Just

then, the doorbell rang.then, the doorbell rang. And the very instant I lookedAnd the very instant I lookedthrough the peep hole and saw Andys face, I knew thatthrough the peep hole and saw Andys face, I knew that

something had gone terribly wrong. I let him in, mysomething had gone terribly wrong. I let him in, my

hands shaking, my mind gone blank. It was abouthands shaking, my mind gone blank. It was about

Travis, I just knew itTravis, I just knew it


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INITIATING ACTIONINITIATING ACTION

Sit down, he said, and I obeyed blindly. ISit down, he said, and I obeyed blindly. I

felt numb, my heart sunken. Theyve lostfelt numb, my heart sunken. Theyve lost

contact with them an hour ago. Therescontact with them an hour ago. Theres

been an avalanche there. We dont havebeen an avalanche there. We dont havea clue as to whether theyre alive or not..a clue as to whether theyre alive or not..

RISING ACTIONRISING ACTION


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RISING ACTIONRISING ACTION

(FLASHBACK)(FLASHBACK)Travis, my husband, an accomplishedTravis, my husband, an accomplished

mountain climber and a keen extrememountain climber and a keen extreme

sportsman, had finally managed to get asportsman, had finally managed to get a

sponsorship to climb one of the mostsponsorship to climb one of the mostdangerous spots in the world, thedangerous spots in the world, the

HungagaHungaga Rocks. 8 years he had yearnedRocks. 8 years he had yearned

to go there, a yearning that had literallyto go there, a yearning that had literallyturned into a deep obsession andturned into a deep obsession and

eventually had had a chance to come true.eventually had had a chance to come true.


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RISING ACTIONRISING ACTION + CLIMAX+ CLIMAX

I dont really remember how I pulled myself together and howI dont really remember how I pulled myself together and how

I got on my way to the place of the disaster..All I know is that,I got on my way to the place of the disaster..All I know is that,

as I got out of the car that had brought us there, I felt utteras I got out of the car that had brought us there, I felt utter

shock at the view.. Tens of paramedics and rescue teams,shock at the view.. Tens of paramedics and rescue teams,

cars, ambulances, choppers, wounded people, even coveredcars, ambulances, choppers, wounded people, even coveredcorpses. And any of them could have been him! Just then,corpses. And any of them could have been him! Just then,

Andy came towards me and said: Annie, I think we will needAndy came towards me and said: Annie, I think we will need

to have a look at a body. It matches the description ofto have a look at a body. It matches the description of

Travis.Travis.

What I felt then? I dont know, I just know that my kneesWhat I felt then? I dont know, I just know that my kneeswouldnt listen, that my head started spinning, that an unheardwouldnt listen, that my head started spinning, that an unheard

prayer stuck on my lips and mindprayer stuck on my lips and mind as the paramedic startedas the paramedic started

unzipping the bag where the body lay coveredunzipping the bag where the body lay covered


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RESOLUTIONRESOLUTION

POSITIVE SOLUTIONPOSITIVE SOLUTION

And just a split second before the body lay uncoveredAnd just a split second before the body lay uncovered

before my eyes, I heard Travis voice behindbefore my eyes, I heard Travis voice behind

mefeeble, almost whispering, but it was the mostmefeeble, almost whispering, but it was the most

beautiful sound Id ever heard. I turned slowly around..beautiful sound Id ever heard. I turned slowly around..

NEGATIVE SOLUTIONNEGATIVE SOLUTION

And before I even looked at it, I heard Andy grasp for air,And before I even looked at it, I heard Andy grasp for air,

and I knew that, there and then, my life had turned aand I knew that, there and then, my life had turned acorner in the most terrible way imaginable. I cast mycorner in the most terrible way imaginable. I cast my

eyes on the body. There he was, frozen in death, andeyes on the body. There he was, frozen in death, and

but for the paleness of his face, he seemed to bebut for the paleness of his face, he seemed to be

sleeping..sleeping..

The most frightening experience I have ever hadThe most frightening experience I have ever had


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The most frightening experience I have ever hadThe most frightening experience I have ever had

FateFate--struckstruck

When was the last time you felt that you were powerless against the pranks life plays on you when you feel you areWhen was the last time you felt that you were powerless against the pranks life plays on you when you feel you are

happiest? Have you ever experienced a normal day turn into the most terrible nightmare? I have, and I would certainly nothappiest? Have you ever experienced a normal day turn into the most terrible nightmare? I have, and I would certainly not

want to live it again!want to live it again!

It was a normal morning, one of those warm September Saturdays when you have no care in the world. I had just woken upIt was a normal morning, one of those warm September Saturdays when you have no care in the world. I had just woken up

to the smell of freshly brewed coffee and the sound of the morning news, and I was getting ready for a shower. Just as I wasto the smell of freshly brewed coffee and the sound of the morning news, and I was getting ready for a shower. Just as I was

slipping into my towel, I heard some newsflash about a series of avalanches that had struck in different parts of the world,slipping into my towel, I heard some newsflash about a series of avalanches that had struck in different parts of the world,

and a slight feeling of uneasiness seized me. Oh, well, I said, shrugged and opened the door to the bathroom. Just then,and a slight feeling of uneasiness seized me. Oh, well, I said, shrugged and opened the door to the bathroom. Just then,

the doorbell rang. And the very instant I looked through the peep hole and saw Andys face, I knew that something had gonethe doorbell rang. And the very instant I looked through the peep hole and saw Andys face, I knew that something had gone

terribly wrong. I let him in, my hands shaking, my mind gone blank. It was about Travis, I just knew itterribly wrong. I let him in, my hands shaking, my mind gone blank. It was about Travis, I just knew it

Sit down, he said, and I obeyed blindly. I felt numb, my heart sunken. Theyve lost contact with them an hour ago.Sit down, he said, and I obeyed blindly. I felt numb, my heart sunken. Theyve lost contact with them an hour ago.Theres been an avalanche there. We dont have a clue as to whether theyre alive or not..Theres been an avalanche there. We dont have a clue as to whether theyre alive or not..

Travis, my husband, an accomplished mountain climber and a keen extreme sportsman, had finally managed to get aTravis, my husband, an accomplished mountain climber and a keen extreme sportsman, had finally managed to get a

sponsorship to climb one of the most dangerous spots in the world, thesponsorship to climb one of the most dangerous spots in the world, the HungagaHungaga Rocks. 8 years he had yearned to goRocks. 8 years he had yearned to go

there, a yearning that had literally turned into a deep obsession and eventually had had a chance to come true.there, a yearning that had literally turned into a deep obsession and eventually had had a chance to come true.

I dont really remember how I pulled myself together and how I got on my way to the place of the disaster..All I know is thatI dont really remember how I pulled myself together and how I got on my way to the place of the disaster..All I know is that,,

as I got out of the car that had brought us there, I felt utter shock at the view.. Tens of paramedics and rescue teams, carsas I got out of the car that had brought us there, I felt utter shock at the view.. Tens of paramedics and rescue teams, cars,,

ambulances, choppers, wounded people, even covered corpses. And any of them could have been him! Just then, Andyambulances, choppers, wounded people, even covered corpses. And any of them could have been him! Just then, Andycame towards me and said: Annie, I think we will need to have a look at a body. It matches the description of Travis.came towards me and said: Annie, I think we will need to have a look at a body. It matches the description of Travis.

What I felt then? I dont know, I just know that my knees wouldnt listen, that my head started spinning, that an unheardWhat I felt then? I dont know, I just know that my knees wouldnt listen, that my head started spinning, that an unheard

prayer stuck on my lips and mind as the paramedic started unzipping the bag where the body lay coveredprayer stuck on my lips and mind as the paramedic started unzipping the bag where the body lay covered

Descriptive articles/ competitionDescriptive articles/ competition


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Descriptive articles/ competitionDescriptive articles/ competition

entriesentries

General format andGeneral format and

contentcontent

Y i ht b k d t d ibY i ht b k d t d ib


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You might be asked to describe:You might be asked to describe:

PEOPLEPEOPLE

OBJECTSOBJECTS

EVENTSEVENTS

PLACESPLACES


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Descriptions of people:Descriptions of people:

Describe a person that has had a positive/Describe a person that has had a positive/

negative influence on younegative influence on you

Describe your favorite singer/ actorDescribe your favorite singer/ actor

Describe your favorite writer/ fictionalDescribe your favorite writer/ fictional

charactercharacter

Describe your ideal teacherDescribe your ideal teacher

Describe your favorite news presenterDescribe your favorite news presenter

Describe a historical personality that hasDescribe a historical personality that has

greatly influenced their timegreatly influenced their time


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Descriptions of objectsDescriptions of objects

Describe an object that has been in yourDescribe an object that has been in your

family for generationsfamily for generations

Describe an object you fancy very muchDescribe an object you fancy very much

Describe the greatest gift that you haveDescribe the greatest gift that you have

ever made/ receivedever made/ received


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D i i fD i i f


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Descriptions of eventsDescriptions of events

Describe a visit to a concertDescribe a visit to a concert

Describe a national, regional orDescribe a national, regional or

international festivalinternational festival

Describe an anniversary that you attendedDescribe an anniversary that you attended

Describe a visit to an art gallery/ exhibitionDescribe a visit to an art gallery/ exhibition

G l t t i tG l t t i t


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General content pointsGeneral content points

Introduction: a general reflection on theIntroduction: a general reflection on the

topictopic

Body:Body:

when/ where/ how you met the person/ sawwhen/ where/ how you met the person/ saw

the place etcthe place etc

Physical descriptionPhysical description

Moral portraitMoral portrait Narrative supporting your main pointsNarrative supporting your main points

Ending: admit weaknesses, but coverEnding: admit weaknesses, but cover

them, sum up your main pointsthem, sum up your main points


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The character is described directly/The character is described directly/

indirectly by the author, and from theindirectly by the author, and from the

description I gather that he / she isdescription I gather that he / she is

(description are made from general to(description are made from general toparticularparticular-- size, height, build, hair color,size, height, build, hair color,

then the more particular characteristics)then the more particular characteristics)

Morally speaking, (mention a number ofMorally speaking, (mention a number of

characteristics that the hero displayscharacteristics that the hero displays

morally, intellectually and emotionallymorally, intellectually and emotionally


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The two/ three most importantThe two/ three most important

characteristics, however, are/ Icharacteristics, however, are/ I

discovered them when, for example, thediscovered them when, for example, the

character was at one time faced with acharacter was at one time faced with asituation when he/ she had tosituation when he/ she had to

I do admit that there are flaws to thisI do admit that there are flaws to this

character, because, as any human, he ischaracter, because, as any human, he isnot perfect, which makes him even morenot perfect, which makes him even more

realistic. For instance, he is at times..,realistic. For instance, he is at times..,

but this is really unimportant taking intobut this is really unimportant taking into


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Therefore, due to his many positiveTherefore, due to his many positive

qualities, due to the fact that I havequalities, due to the fact that I have

learned a great deal from him/ her in termslearned a great deal from him/ her in terms

of.. and due to the fact that my way ofof.. and due to the fact that my way of

thinking has changed because of him/ her,thinking has changed because of him/ her,

I consider to be the best fictionalI consider to be the best fictionalcharacter evercharacter ever

DESCRIBE YOUR FAVORITEDESCRIBE YOUR FAVORITE


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DESCRIBE YOUR FAVORITEDESCRIBE YOUR FAVORITE

WINTER LANDSCAPEWINTER LANDSCAPE

By Cristina RusuBy Cristina Rusu

How often do we rush by, so engrossed in our thoughts and worries, completely oblivious to what life offers us?How often do we rush by, so engrossed in our thoughts and worries, completely oblivious to what life offers us?

Funny how we call the mostFunny how we call the most grandosegrandose and immensely beautiful instances the simple and little things in life.and immensely beautiful instances the simple and little things in life.

W i t l t l i th l ki t it b i f l i i th f t th t t h bW i t l t l i th l ki t it b i f l i i th f t th t t h b


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We ignore nature completely, or, in the luckier cases, we cast it a brief glance, ignoring the fact that nature has beenWe ignore nature completely, or, in the luckier cases, we cast it a brief glance, ignoring the fact that nature has been

the ultimate inspiration for poets and artists alike and the refuge and haven for all humanity.the ultimate inspiration for poets and artists alike and the refuge and haven for all humanity.

A moment of natural perfection, changing Man in an incredibly powerful wayTHAT, I had experienced more thanA moment of natural perfection, changing Man in an incredibly powerful wayTHAT, I had experienced more than

once, but perhaps the most breathtaking sight was the one that lay before my eyes some three years ago, on the top ofonce, but perhaps the most breathtaking sight was the one that lay before my eyes some three years ago, on the top of

a glacier in theA

ustrianA

lps.a glacier in theA

ustrianA

lps.NOT that I had not expected splendor NOT that I had not wanted to relive a winter just like the ones I used to know as a chiNOT that I had not expected splendor NOT that I had not wanted to relive a winter just like the ones I used to know as a childld..

After all, those were the reasons I had chosen to go there. But never had I imagined that heaven can, indeed, be found on earAfter all, those were the reasons I had chosen to go there. But never had I imagined that heaven can, indeed, be found on earthth..

An incredibly clear morning lay ahead of us, as we started our ascent in the ski lift towards the top of the glacier,An incredibly clear morning lay ahead of us, as we started our ascent in the ski lift towards the top of the glacier,

some 3000 meters above sea level.some 3000 meters above sea level.

No cloud in the skies, not a gust of wind to stir the motionless fir trees, no mark in the spotless wintry layer. Just aNo cloud in the skies, not a gust of wind to stir the motionless fir trees, no mark in the spotless wintry layer. Just a

thick blanket of blindingly white snow, the peaks, the sheer cliffs and the alpine void against the immense blue of thethick blanket of blindingly white snow, the peaks, the sheer cliffs and the alpine void against the immense blue of the

sky.sky.

I felt almost angry at the screeching sound of the ski lift, almost indignant at the thought that it was disturbing this peacI felt almost angry at the screeching sound of the ski lift, almost indignant at the thought that it was disturbing this peacee

and quiet. It was as if we had n

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