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1.1
Welcome to
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Prof. Farhat Anwar
ECE
Phone Ext: 4578
h/p: 0129076896
email: [email protected]
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1.2
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
IntroductionReading Assignment: Chapter 1
Based on slides of Data Communications and Networking
by Behrouz A. Forouzan (4th ed), McGraw Hill, 2007
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1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Tele CommunicationsData
Data CommunicationsComputer Networks
Components
Data Representation
Data Flow
Topics discussed in this section:Top
ics discussed in this section:
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Telecommunication/Data/Data communicationsTelecommunication/Data/Data communications
The termThe term telecommunicationtelecommunication means communication at ameans communication at a
distance.distance.
The wordThe worddatadata refers to information presented in whateverrefers to information presented in whatever
form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using theform is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the
data.data.
Data communicationsData communications are the exchange of data betweenare the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium suchtwo devices via some form of transmission medium suchas a wire cable.as a wire cable.
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1.5
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Definitions ofdata communications on the Web: The transmission of information between computers by means of a network such as an Ethernet,
a telephone system, or a satellite link.www.rcnp.osaka-u.ac.jp/unix/DOCUMENTATION/HTML/AA-QTM6A-TET1_html/reader5.html
transmission of data and information over a communications channel,www.jegsworks.com/Lessons/reference/glossary-d.htm
The electronic transmission of data, usually in computer readable form, using a variety oftransmission vehicles and paths.www.returncentral.com/Glossary.asp
(1) Transfer of information between a source and a destination via one or more data links,according to appropriate protocols. (2) Transmission and reception of data, often includingoperations such as coding, decoding and validation.www.itcom.itd.umich.edu/glossary.html
The transfer by electronic means of data from the point of origin to a computer, from computerto a user, or between two or more computers.www.disa.mil/cio/darmp/appadef.html
The transmission of data between computer systems using communication links such as phonelines or microwaves. Also involves the use of modems.www.encodasystems.com/resource_library/glossary/broadcast_glossary/d_glossary.htm
The reception, transmission & validation of data. The transfer of data between a data source &data link via one or more links.www.connectworld.net/iec/Browse02/GLSD.html
http://www.rcnp.osaka-u.ac.jp/unix/DOCUMENTATION/HTML/AA-QTM6A-TET1_html/reader5.htmlhttp://www.jegsworks.com/Lessons/reference/glossary-d.htmhttp://www.returncentral.com/Glossary.asphttp://www.itcom.itd.umich.edu/glossary.htmlhttp://www.disa.mil/cio/darmp/appadef.htmlhttp://www.encodasystems.com/resource_library/glossary/broadcast_glossary/d_glossary.htmhttp://www.connectworld.net/iec/Browse02/GLSD.htmlhttp://www.connectworld.net/iec/Browse02/GLSD.htmlhttp://www.encodasystems.com/resource_library/glossary/broadcast_glossary/d_glossary.htmhttp://www.disa.mil/cio/darmp/appadef.htmlhttp://www.itcom.itd.umich.edu/glossary.htmlhttp://www.returncentral.com/Glossary.asphttp://www.jegsworks.com/Lessons/reference/glossary-d.htmhttp://www.rcnp.osaka-u.ac.jp/unix/DOCUMENTATION/HTML/AA-QTM6A-TET1_html/reader5.html8/2/2019 ch01 13-12-2010
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1.6
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS (cont.)1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS (cont.)
The movement of coded information by means of electronic transmission systems.www.utcg.com/glossary.htm
The transfer of informations from one location to another via electrical transmission systems.www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-D.htm
The transmission of data between a sender and a receiver. (See 131)highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072315326/student_view0/chapter4/glossary.html
A type of communications in which computers and terminals are able to exchange data over anelectronic medium.
www.novastars.com/modems.htm The transmission of data and information between two or more computers using a
communications channel such as a standard telephone line; also called communications, ortelecommunications. 1.8, 6.2-35www.scsite.com/dc/main_glossary_d.htm
The interchange of data messages from one point to another over communications circuits.homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/d.html
The capacity of a computer to exchange information with another computer.www.geos-infobase.de/ND_DOCS/268.HTM
The transmission or sharing of data between computers via an electronic medium.www.brivers.com/ua/modems/other/usr_analog_glossary.htm
http://www.utcg.com/glossary.htmhttp://www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-D.htmhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072315326/student_view0/chapter4/glossary.htmlhttp://www.novastars.com/modems.htmhttp://www.scsite.com/dc/main_glossary_d.htmhttp://homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/d.htmlhttp://www.geos-infobase.de/ND_DOCS/268.HTMhttp://www.brivers.com/ua/modems/other/usr_analog_glossary.htmhttp://www.brivers.com/ua/modems/other/usr_analog_glossary.htmhttp://www.geos-infobase.de/ND_DOCS/268.HTMhttp://homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/d.htmlhttp://www.scsite.com/dc/main_glossary_d.htmhttp://www.novastars.com/modems.htmhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072315326/student_view0/chapter4/glossary.htmlhttp://www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-D.htmhttp://www.utcg.com/glossary.htm8/2/2019 ch01 13-12-2010
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Effectiveness of Data Communications SystemEffectiveness of Data Communications System
Depends on three fundamental characteristics:
Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness
Jitter
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Data CommunicationsData Communications
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Components
Data Representation Data Flow
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Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication
1
2 34
5
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Data CommunicationsData Communications
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Components Data Representation Data Flow
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Data RepresentationData Representation
Information comes in different forms:Information comes in different forms:
TextTextNumbersNumbers
ImagesImagesAudioAudioVideoVideo
Etcetera, Etcetera, EtceteraEtcetera, Etcetera, Etcetera
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Data CommunicationsData Communications
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Components
Data Representation Data Flow
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Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
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1-2 NETWORKS1-2 NETWORKS
AA
networknetwork
is a set of devices (often referred to asis a set of devices (often referred to as
nodesnodes
))
connected by communicationconnected by communication linkslinks. A node can be a. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sendingcomputer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on theand/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.network.
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Definitions ofComputer network on the Web: A set of computers that are connected and able to exchange data.
www.ciao.gov/ciao_document_library/glossary/C.htm A computer network is two or more computers that are connected together to share resources,
such as hardware, data, and/or software. A network that covers a small geographical area, suchas a room or a building, is called a local area network or LAN. See LANwww.menominee.nsn.us/MIS/Pages/MISGlossary.htm
a group of computers that are connected by cables or telephone lines that share the sameresources such as databaseslibrary.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/hookele/susan/glossary.html
A data communication system that interconnects computer systems at different sites. DukeNet isthe Duke University computer network. The Common Services Network (CSN) is Duke HealthSystems computer network.www.aas.duke.edu/comp/security/definitions.html
Two or more computers connected together to share resources.www.marketconscious.com/dict.htm
A computer network can be defined as: a communications system that links two or morecomputers and peripheral devices and enables transfer of data between the components.wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/505/517554/glossary.html
A hardware mechanism that computers use to communicate. A network is classified as a LocalArea Network or Wide Area Network, depending on the hardware capabilities.www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~antonio/glossary.html
Interconnection of two or more CPUs with associated memories, peripheral devices, etc.www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-C.htm
http://www.ciao.gov/ciao_document_library/glossary/C.htmhttp://www.menominee.nsn.us/MIS/Pages/MISGlossary.htmhttp://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/hookele/susan/glossary.htmlhttp://www.aas.duke.edu/comp/security/definitions.htmlhttp://www.marketconscious.com/dict.htmhttp://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/505/517554/glossary.htmlhttp://www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~antonio/glossary.htmlhttp://www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-C.htmhttp://www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-C.htmhttp://www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~antonio/glossary.htmlhttp://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/505/517554/glossary.htmlhttp://www.marketconscious.com/dict.htmhttp://www.aas.duke.edu/comp/security/definitions.htmlhttp://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/hookele/susan/glossary.htmlhttp://www.menominee.nsn.us/MIS/Pages/MISGlossary.htmhttp://www.ciao.gov/ciao_document_library/glossary/C.htm8/2/2019 ch01 13-12-2010
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Computer Network (cont.)Computer Network (cont.)
A collection of computers and other devices that use a common network protocol to shareresources with each other over a network medium.www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~paraga/books/1555582141/glossary.html
is two or more computers connected so that they can communicate with each other and shareinformation, software, peripheral devices, and/or processing power.highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072464011/student_view0/chapter6/glossary.html
Communications system connecting two or more computers and their peripheral devices.www.mhhe.com/it/oleary/ce01-02/student/olc/glo_ch09.mhtml
A collection of computers, connected by wires, that can exchange data with each other.www.ncu.edu.jm/infosci/courses/cptr250/glossary.htm An interconnection of computer systems, terminals, communications facilities, and data collecting
devices.homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/c.html
(computer science) a network of computerswww.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn
http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~paraga/books/1555582141/glossary.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072464011/student_view0/chapter6/glossary.htmlhttp://www.mhhe.com/it/oleary/ce01-02/student/olc/glo_ch09.mhtmlhttp://www.ncu.edu.jm/infosci/courses/cptr250/glossary.htmhttp://homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/c.htmlhttp://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn?stage=1&word=computer+networkhttp://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn?stage=1&word=computer+networkhttp://homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/c.htmlhttp://www.ncu.edu.jm/infosci/courses/cptr250/glossary.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/it/oleary/ce01-02/student/olc/glo_ch09.mhtmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072464011/student_view0/chapter6/glossary.htmlhttp://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~paraga/books/1555582141/glossary.html8/2/2019 ch01 13-12-2010
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed ProcessingNetwork CriteriaPhysical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks:Internetwork
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network CriteriaPhysical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks:Internetwork
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Network Criteria
Performance Measured transit time, response time etc.
Factors no. of users, transmission medium type, hardwarecapabilities, software efficiency etc.
Reliability Measured frequency of failure, recovery time etc.
Security
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network CriteriaPhysical StructuresNetwork Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks:Internetwork
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Physical Structures (attributes)
Type of connection Point-to-point
Multipoint or multidrop
Physical topology Mesh
Star Bus Ring
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Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Physical topology
The topology of a network is the geometric representation of therelationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one
another
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Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
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Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
No of channels or links = n(n-1)/2
No of links/node = n-1
No of I/O ports/node = n-1
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Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
No of channels or links = n
No of links/node = 1
No of I/O ports/node = 1
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Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
Backbone
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Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
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Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network CriteriaPhysical Structures
Network ModelsCategories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks:Internetwork
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Network Models Computer networks are created by different entities.
Standards are needed for heterogeneous networks to beable to communicate with each other.
Two best known standards include, OSI (Open Systems Interconnection), 7 layers Internet model (TCP/IP) 5 layers
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network CriteriaPhysical Structures
Network Models
Categories of NetworksInterconnection of Networks:Internetwork
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Categories
LAN MAN
WAN
Determined by its size, ownership, distance covered, physicalarchitecture
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Categories
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Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
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Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network CriteriaPhysical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks:Internetwork
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Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
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Computer NetworkComputer Network
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network CriteriaPhysical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks:Internetwork
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1-3 THE INTERNET1-3 THE INTERNET
TheThe InternetInternethas revolutionized many aspects of our dailyhas revolutionized many aspects of our dailylives. It has affected the way we do business as well as thelives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is away we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth ofcommunication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
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Internet History Timeline
1957:The United States Department of Defense formed a small agency called ARPA (Advanced1957:The United States Department of Defense formed a small agency called ARPA (Advanced
Research Projects Agency) to develop military science and technology.Research Projects Agency) to develop military science and technology.
1961-1965:The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started to research sharing information1961-1965:The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started to research sharing information
in small, phone-linked networks. ARPA is one of their main sponsors.in small, phone-linked networks. ARPA is one of their main sponsors.
1966: The first ARPANET plan is unveiled by Larry Roberts of MIT. Packet switching technology is1966: The first ARPANET plan is unveiled by Larry Roberts of MIT. Packet switching technology is
getting off the ground, and small university networks are beginning to be developed.getting off the ground, and small university networks are beginning to be developed.
1969:The Department of Defense commissions the fledgling ARPAnet for network research. The first1969:The Department of Defense commissions the fledgling ARPAnet for network research. The first
official network nodes were UCLA, Standford Research Institute,UCSB, and the University of Utah. Theofficial network nodes were UCLA, Standford Research Institute,UCSB, and the University of Utah. The
first node to node message was sent from UCLA to SRI.first node to node message was sent from UCLA to SRI.
1971: more nodes join the network, bringing the total to 15. These new nodes include Harvard and1971: more nodes join the network, bringing the total to 15. These new nodes include Harvard and
NASA.NASA.
1973: ARPAnet goes global when the the University College of London and Norway's Royal Radar1973: ARPAnet goes global when the the University College of London and Norway's Royal Radar
Establishment join up.Establishment join up.
1974: Network intercommunication is becoming more sophisticated; data is now transmitted more1974: Network intercommunication is becoming more sophisticated; data is now transmitted more
quickly and efficiently with the design of TCP (Transmission Control Program).quickly and efficiently with the design of TCP (Transmission Control Program).
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Internet History Timeline (cont.)
1976: Unix is developed at AT and T; Queen Elizabeth sends out her first email message.1976: Unix is developed at AT and T; Queen Elizabeth sends out her first email message.
1979: USENET, the mother of all networked discussion groups, is developed.1979: USENET, the mother of all networked discussion groups, is developed.
1982: Internet technology protocols are developed, commonly known as TCP/IP (Transmission1982: Internet technology protocols are developed, commonly known as TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol and Internet Protocol). This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" beingControl Protocol and Internet Protocol). This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" being
a connected set of networks.a connected set of networks.
1984: Number of hosts is now up to 1000, with more being added every day.1984: Number of hosts is now up to 1000, with more being added every day.
1985: The first registered domain is Symbolics.com.1985: The first registered domain is Symbolics.com.
1987: Number of hosts breaks the 10,000 mark.1987: Number of hosts breaks the 10,000 mark.
1988: First large-scale Internet worm affects thousands of Internet hosts.1988: First large-scale Internet worm affects thousands of Internet hosts.
1991: Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web.1991: Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web.
1993: The World Wide Web's annual growth is now at a staggering 341,634%.1993: The World Wide Web's annual growth is now at a staggering 341,634%.
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Internet History Timeline (cont.)
1994: ARPAnet celebrates 25th anniversary.1994: ARPAnet celebrates 25th anniversary.
1995-1997: RealAudio introduces Internet streaming technology, dial-up systems emerge (America1995-1997: RealAudio introduces Internet streaming technology, dial-up systems emerge (America
Online, Compuserve), the Internet backbone continues to be strengthened with the addition of MCI,Online, Compuserve), the Internet backbone continues to be strengthened with the addition of MCI,
Microsoft and Netscape fight for WWW browser supremacy, and there are now more than 70,000Microsoft and Netscape fight for WWW browser supremacy, and there are now more than 70,000
mailing lists.mailing lists.
1998-present:The Internet continues to experience staggering growth. More people use the Internet to1998-present:The Internet continues to experience staggering growth. More people use the Internet to
get connected to others, find information, conduct business, and share information than ever before inget connected to others, find information, conduct business, and share information than ever before in
history.history.
Ref - http://websearch.about.com/od/whatistheinternet/a/historyinternet.htmRef - http://websearch.about.com/od/whatistheinternet/a/historyinternet.htm
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Internet Growth Charts
Ref - http://navigators.com/stats.htmlRef - http://navigators.com/stats.html
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Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
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Hierarchical organization of the Internet
Internet service providers
Network access points
1 4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1 4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
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1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
In this section, we define two widely used terms:In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocolsprotocolsandand standardsstandards. First, we define protocol, which is. First, we define protocol, which is
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, whichsynonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
are agreed-upon rules.are agreed-upon rules.
ProtocolsStandards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS
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PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the datacommunications
Key Elements:
Syntax : Structure or format Semantics : Meaning of each section of bits Timing : When data should be sent and
how fast data can be sent
STANDARDSSTANDARDS
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STANDARDSSTANDARDS
Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for
equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing national and international interoperability of
data and telecommunications technology and processes.
Categories : De facto De jure
STANDARDSSTANDARDS
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STANDARDSSTANDARDS
De facto (Latin expression that means "of the fact" or "in practice)That have not been approved by an organized body but havebeen adapted as standards through widespread use.
Some examples of de facto standards include: Hayes command set for controlling modems Kermit Communications Protocol Xmodem Communications Protocol Hewlett-Packard Printer Control Language (PCL) for laser printers. PostScript page description language for laser printers
The IBM PC format which used MS-DOS and MS Windowsoperating systems Portable Document Format (PDF), first published in 1993 by Adobe. AutoCAD
STANDARDSSTANDARDS
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STANDARDSSTANDARDS
De jure ("by law")That have been legislated by an officially recognized body,Hardware or software that is endorsed by a standardsorganization.
Some examples of de facto standards include: Hayes command set for controlling modems
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONSSTANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
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STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONSSTANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
International organization for standardization (ISO) International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication
Standards Sector (ITU-T)Previously called CCITT (Comit Consultatif International deTlgraphique et Tlphonique or International Telegraph andTelephone Consultative Committee)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
INTERNET STANDARDSINTERNET STANDARDS
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INTERNET STANDARDSINTERNET STANDARDS
Requests for comments
UDP RFC 768TCP RFC 793, 1122, 1323, 2018 and 2581
IP RFC 791 (IPv4), RFC 2373, 2460 (IPv6)