CH1-Introduction to Microprocessor v2

8/3/2019 CH1-Introduction to Microprocessor v2

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONTO MICROPROCESSORTO MICROPROCESSOR


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History The door to advancements in semiconductor

electronics had opened nine years earlier, when Bell

Labs introduced the transistor. Bells transistor replaced big, expensive, fragile and

power-hungry vacuum tubes.

By the mid-1950s, they were making inroads into

consumer products and military applications.


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Still, the transistor had its own disadvantages. Someapplications required thousands of transistors to be

hand-wired into circuits, with an equally largenumber of traditional components. The work wastime-consuming, costly and jeopardized reliability.


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Another problem what engineers called thetyranny of numbers also existed. The sheer

number of a systems interconnected transistors andother devices prevented progress.

Their size and weight often precluded their use inmany devices, including airborne militaryapplications. And if one component failed, the entiresystem could be compromised.

Engineers worldwide hunted for a solution.


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1952 - Integrated Circuit (IC) concept published

English radar scientist Geoffrey W.A. Dummer

"Solid block [with] layers of insulating materials" In 1956 Dummer unsuccessfully attemped to build an

integrated circuit


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1958 Sept 12th IC invented

Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments

Circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors,distributed capacitors and transistors, if all made ofthe same material, could be included in a single chip

A simple oscillator IC with five integrated components

7/16-by-1/16-inches


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First Integrated Circuit (IC)


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Late 1958 Planar process invented

Jean Hoerni of Fairchild

Uses oxidation and heat diffusion to form a smoothinsulating layer on the surface of a silicon chip,allowed the embedding of insulated layers oftransistors and other elements in silicon

1959 A semiconductor integrated circuit based onthe planar process invented

Robert Noyce of Fairchild

Planar technology is used until today


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1971 Nov Intel 4004microprocessor

4- bit p rocessor 740kHz

Addr essing 4096memory locat ion

46 instruct ions

2300 transistors

16- pin DIP


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1972 Apr Intel 8008microprocessor

First 8-bit processor 0.5kHz 0.8kHz

Addressing 16kbyte

2500 transistors

18 pin DIP


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Intel 8080 1974 Apr Intel 8080

microprocessor

8-bit processor 2MHz

16-bit address bus-64kB

8-bit data bus 6,000 transistors

40 pin DIP


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Greatly enhanced version of the 8008

Generally considered the first truly usable

microprocessor The brain (processor) of the first microcomputer

(personal computer) MITS Altair 8800


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Zilog Z80 1976 July Zilog Z80

8- bit p rocessor

2MHz 16- bit address bus

8- bit data bus

40- pin DIP


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Improvement on Intel 8080

Enhanced instruction set

Enchanced register array A built-in DRAM refresh mechanism


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Other early microprocessors Other manufacturers began manufacturing their own

modified versions of Intel 8080

Manufacturer Part Number

Fairchild F-8

MOS Technology 6502

Motorola MC6800

National Semiconductor IMP-8

Rockwell International PPS-8


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Microprocessor of TodayManufacturer Microprocessor Year

AMD Athlon XPOpteron

Athlon 64SempronPhenom

20012003

200320062008

Intel Pentium 4ItaniumCore 2

Dual CoreCore i7

200020022006

20072009


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History of Microprocessor


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What is Microprocessor?


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What is Microprocessor? Microprocessor (P) is a

multipurpose, programmable, clock-driven, register-

based, electronic device reads binary instructions from a storage device called

memory

accepts binary data as input and processes dataaccording to those instructions and provides results as

output

Basic functions Data transfer, arithmetic and logic,decision making


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P as a programmable device

it can be instructed to perform tasks within its

capability Memory is used to store the programs and data for

the microprocessor

Input/Output allows the P to communicate with the

outside world, either to receive or to send data


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Microprocessor Application Reprogrammable systems

Use for computing and data processing

General purpose microprocessor-based i.e. Personal Computer (PC)

Embedded systems

Part of final product and is not available for

reprogramming i.e. Copying machine


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Arithmetic/Logic unit

Performs arithmetic and logic operation

Arithmetic Addition and subtraction

Logic AND, OR and exclusive OR Result are store either in register/memory


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Control unit Directs the operation of all the other units by

providing timing and control signals.

i.e. Send read/write commands to memory, decodeinstructions, acknowledging interrupts from inputdevices


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Central Processing Unit


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Central Processing Unit Provides timing and control signals

Fetch instructions and data from memory

Decode and execute instructions Transfer data to and from memory and I/O devices

Performs arithmetic/logic operation as perinstruction

Respond to generated control signal by I/O such asRESET and INTERRUPT


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P unit as a CPU CPU as a pr imary

component of a

computer CPU consists of:

ALU

Control Uni t

ALU and Cont rol Uni tin one package isknown as

Microprocessor

OutputInput

Memory

ControlUnit

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

CPU


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CPU Register

Control Unit

ALU

ACC

PTR

GPR

R7 R6 R0

PC

IR

Address Bus

Data Bus

Control Bus

ACC accumulator isused to performarithmetic/logic

operation and stores itsresult

PTR Pointer holdsaddresses and used byinstruction that indirectlyaccess memory

GPR general purposeregister is for storing data

PC program counter isused to sequence theinstruction execution,

holds the next address ofthe instruction to beexecuted

IR instruction registerstores instruction thatare being executed


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Register Register is a storage location in the CPU

Used to hold data/address during execution of an

instructionAccessible to the user through instructions

Registers have faster access time than memory

Number of registers available for programming

varies from mP to mP


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System Bus

Control Unit

ALU

ACC

PTR

GPR

R7 R6 R0

PC

IR

Address Bus

Data Bus

Control Bus

Address Bus - unidirectional Identifies each peripheral or memory location

Data Bus - bidirectional Transfer data between MPU and external devices

Determines how large a binary number can betransferred and processed at a time

Control Bus - bidirectional Generated by MPU to indicate its operation

Carries commands from the MPU and statussignals


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System Bus


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Input Devices that t ransfer data and

inst ruct ions in binary fr om the

outside wor ld (external to theCPU) to the CPU

i.e. keyboard, joystick, mouse,scanner etc.


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Output Devices that transfer the result of

data processing by CPU to the

outside world i.e. Light- emit ti ng diodes

(LEDs), moni tor , pr in ter etc.


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P Organization P organization consists

of four (4) components:

Microprocessor (CPU),Input, Output, Memory

CPU consists of threesegments: ALU,Control Unit & Register

The components areorganized around acommunication pathcalled a system bus

ALURegisterArray

Control

Unit

Input Output

ROM R/WM

System Bus

Memory


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How does the P work?

From: ece.wpi.edu

The function of a P

is determined by aprogram t hatcontrols the systemoperation

Change the program,and you change the

system performs!


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From: ece.wpi.edu

A microp rocessor does not know anything about "C" or Assembly Language. It

only looks at a pattern of 1s and 0s and reacts by output t ing back 1's and 0's.


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Reads and executes one instruction at a time

Fetch, decode and execute

During the entire process Microprocessor uses the system bus to fetch the

instructions from the memory

Microprocessor uses the register to store data

temporarily and performs the computing in the ALU


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CH1-Introduction to Microprocessor v2

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