Chapter 1Features that make a civilization …
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Cities Ex
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In your book answer? How does geography influence the agricultural landscape of a region?
Market in Tunisia
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Where Did Agriculture Originate?
Agriculture = deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and/or rearing of animals
Cultivate = “to care for”
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FIGURE 10-1
Figure 10-2
FIGURE 10-3
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How did the domestication of animals assist in the rise of villages?
FIGURE 10-3
Most common in LDCs
Most common in MDCs
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All humans depend on agriculture for food
Urban-industrial societies depend on the base of food surplus generated by farmers and herders
Without agriculture there could be no cities, universities, factories, or offices
Today agriculture remains the most important economic activity in the world
Agriculture employs 45 percent of the working population
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Very few of us depend on agriculture for our livelihood -- only 2% of the labor force in the US/Canada is engaged in agriculture -- but we all depend on agriculture for food.
Agricultural surplus was a necessary foundation upon which cities and ultimately our urban-industrial society were built
Agriculture continues to be important, occupying a larger proportion of Earth’s land area than any other economic activity
Agriculture accounts for 45% of the world’s labor force over all, and as much as 80% in some less developed areas
While some historical context is necessary and important, the main focus should be on modern agriculture and food production
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Figure 10-4
Use of machinery : Types of machinery
Farm size:
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Not everywhere at the same time
Some places still largely unaffected
Transition from predominantly subsistence activity to predominantly capital-intensive, market-oriented commercial agriculture
Three distinct revolutions
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Since its discovery some 10,000 years ago, agriculture has passed through a series of revolutionary changes
We have moved from predominantly subsistence practices to predominantly capital-intensive, market-oriented practices
Three distinct revolutions
Notes: First Agricultural Revolution
Second Agricultural Revolution
Pair Activity: 1826 Von Thunen’s Model Free Response Practice
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Emergence of seed agriculture (wheat, rice, millet, )
Use of the plow
Film Clip
End of feudal landholding system
Enclosure of individually owned fields
Emergence of urban industrial markets
Modification of subsistence farming practices
Crop rotation Three Field System
Use of natural and semi-processed fertilizers
New tools and equipment Plough, Large rake to turn soil to seed, pruning knives
Dramatic increase in crop and livestock yields
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Transportation technology linking farm and urban commercial food market Von Thunen An estate owner in Northern Germany,
Commercial farmer considers which crops to cultivate
Which animals to raise based on market location.
Farmer compares two costs : cost of land versus cost of transportation.
Specific crops grown in different rings around the city
Market orientated and milk producers located in first ring outside the city. Why are these products closest?
Expensive to deliver, reach city quickly perishable
2nd ring : Wood lots, timber, closeness is important because of its weight : fuel, construction
Third ring Various rotated crops and for pasture( meadowland)
Outermost ring used for grazing of animals
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the soil and climate are consistent throughout the land
The land is flat and has not mountains
Transportation assumed to be a straight line to the market
City is located centrally within an isolated stated :self sufficient no external influences and no interaction with the outside
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Practice Complete the Free Response with the person next to you
While a formal essay is NOT necessary it is NOT enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. Illustrate your answers with substantive geographic examples where appropriate, be sure to number each of your answers including Individual parts
Sentence Starter for A
A.The underlying principles of Von Thunen’s model include the factor
B
C
Please :TAKE OUT YOUR NOTEBOOKS
Von Thunen;s Free Response= Total 3 points Complete B C today
3/20 Chapter 10 vocabulary terms on page 340 in your vocabulary book/ paper Give examples/ apply areas, countries, where applicable in 1-2 sentences
Conflict Research Paper Due date 3/31
Library Date Wednesday 3/26
Team work on project/power point half band 3/27
3/31 Using your research paper Three Response Questions based on YOUR Specific Area
Peer Critique due You are only responsible for your chosen topics and resolution.
4/1 and 4/2 your presentations depicting your conflict area 8- 10 slides per group
Indicate region, area, maps, your topics ( economic, social, religious, political)
If you choose to remit your paper by 3/19 Research paper will be graded and added to 4th marking period
4/3 Chapter 11: Define the terms AND give examples of the terms on page 369 Page 370 Question 4 Print a map Draw a large triangle on a map of Russia with one point near Moscow one point in the Ural Mountains and one point in Central Asia. Label/ Indicate the principal asset of the three regions at each side of the triangle . How do the distributions of markets, resources and surplus labor vary within Russia? 1-1/2 page paper double spaced. ** Discuss Resources, Surplus and labor ***
PLEASE NOTE GRADES ARE CUMULATIVE 6th marking period indicated on your official transcript
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Figure 10-5
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Chemical farming
Food manufacturing
Green Revolution higher yield seeds , fertilizers
Plant breeding
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Unlike the first two agricultural revolutions – which originated in the Eastern Hemisphere, the third had its origins in the Western Hemisphere – North America, to be specific
The Third Agricultural Revolution involves the industrialization of agriculture
Mechanization
Chemical farming
Food manufacturing
In other words, that fourth bullet in the unit description in the course outline: “modern commercial agriculture”
And this is where the challenge of teaching comes into play.
Most textbooks cover traditional agriculture well, but many fall short in addressing contemporary agro-industry.
Most textbooks cover the Green Revolution, but give only passing reference to biotechnology – two important and quite different movements in modern agriculture
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Strategies to increase food supply
Expanding agricultural land
Increasing trade
Shifting cultivation
Two features:
Slash-and-burn agriculture
Land is tended for only a few years at a time
Types of crops grown vary regionally
Traditionally, land is not owned individually
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Shifting Cultivation ¼ of the world’s land area Slashing and burning the vegetation.
FIGURE 10-8
Plantation farming
Found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia
Products are grown in LDCs but typically are sold to MDCs/ fruits, vegetables
Plantations specialize in one or two cash crops
Important crops = coffee, sugarcane, cotton, rubber, and tobacco
A large labor force is usually needed in sparsely settled regions
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Pastoral nomadism (herding domesticated animals)
Found primarily in arid and semiarid B-type semi arid climates / steppe farming Animals are seldom eaten Ex Llamas in South America
The size of the herd indicates power and prestige
Type of animal depends on the region
For example, camels are favored in North Africa and Southwest Asia
Transhumance practiced by some pastoral nomads/seasonal pastures are fixed ex: Sheep/Yak herding in Mongolia
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Intensive subsistence
Especially in East, South, and Southeast Asia
To maximize production, little to no land is wasted/ rice paddy's.
Intensive with wet rice dominant
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Complete B and C
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Challenges for commercial farmers
Access to markets is important
The von Thünen model (1826)
The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to the market
Figure 10-24
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A) The underlying principles of Von Thunen’s model include the factor of cost of transportation depending on the distance the agricultural activity is located from the market center.
In Figure X truck farming is shown with specialty crops such as fruit are being sold,. This activity in Figure X would most likely be located and surround the larger urban area. This would be necessary to be close to market due to it being a perishable item.
In figure Y commercial farming of grain crops are shown in a wide open area. This activity would most likely be located further away in comparison to the activity shown in X which would be closer to an urban area and Y in a rural open area
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B. Activity X would be located close to a city because of several reasons related to the model. One reason is that the produce grown spoils quickly and is easily damaged so ti must be located nearby to market and customers. Also it is cheaper to transport the food when the farming is located close by, Also specialty crops are intensively cultivated. are not usually extensively grown so not as much land needs to be bought and cultivated. Therefore it is cheaper to locate nearby urban centers** Specialty crops are defined as fruits and vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits,
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C)one factor of agriculture land use patterns that is different today is that we have more access to transportation networks, such as railroads, large trucks, and planes that makes it easier and less expensive to send produce to many different locations. Refrigeration and better packing technologies make it possible to send produce to further distances.
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Mixed crop and livestock farming
Most land = devoted to crops
Most profits = derive from the livestock
Dairy farming
Mixed crop and livestock farming
Most land = devoted to crops
Most profits = derive from the livestock
Dairy farming
Regional distribution: the milkshed ring proximity close to the surrounding city so milk does not spoil
Two primary challenges
Grain farming
Livestock ranching
Practiced in marginal environments Argentina, Australia, Western US, Spain and Portugal
Meat Processing industry United States
Mediterranean agriculture
Truck farms
Make A T chart
A View of Industrial America
Industrial Revolution of the 1800’s had a dramatic effect on economic and social life around the globe, The economies shifted from agriculture to manufacturing from rural areas to cities
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( main ideas)
Paper due 4/7 Food Incorporated : At least a one page essay ( single spaced) What should an individual/ or government or collective action be taken to improve our food system?
Choose a topic to discuss, slaughtering of animals, fast food demand, deaths from contaminated food, misleading labels, GMO patents,
USE YOUR AP HUMAN GEO TERMS
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Figure 10-6
Grain farming
Livestock ranching
Truck farms
Challenges for commercial farmers
Access to markets is important
The von Thünen model (1826)
The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to the market
Figure 10-24
Challenges for commercial farmers
Demand has remained relatively constant
As a consequence, incomes for farmers are low
Sustainable agriculture
Challenges for subsistence farmers
Free Response