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Chapter 11
The Urban Transition
Chapter Outline• Defining Rural And Urban• The Proximate Determinants Of The
Urban Transition• The Urban Transition In The Context
Of The Demographic Transition
Chapter Outline• The Urban Evolution That
Accompanies The Urban Transition• Cities As Sustainable Environments
Urban Transition• In 1850 - 2% of the entire population of
the world lived in cities of 100,000 or more people.
• By 1900 - that figure had risen to 6%.• By 1950 - it had risen to 16%.• In 2000 - virtually one in every two people
was living in a place labeled as urban.
What Is Urban?• Urban means nonagricultural.• Rural means any place that is not urban. • Urban is a function of
population size space (land area) ratio of population to space economic and social organization
Overview of Urbanization• Urbanization refers to the change in
the proportion of a population living in urban places.
• It is a relative measure ranging from 0% , if a population is entirely rural or agricultural, to 100%, if a population is entirely urban.
Industrialized Nations Are Highly Urbanized
Current Patterns of Urbanization• 24% of the countries of the world have
less than 33% of the population living in urban places.
• 43% of the world’s nations have between 33 and 65% of the population living in urban places.
• The remaining one-third of the world’s nations have 66% or more of their population residing in urban places.
World Urbanizing at Rapid Pace Since 1950
Urban PopulationPercentage Urban
1950 1975 2000 2030
North America 64% 74% 77% 85%
Latin America and Caribbean
41% 61% 75% 84%
Europe 52% 67% 73% 81%
Oceania 62% 71% 74% 77%
Africa 14% 25% 37% 53%
Asia 17% 25% 38% 54%
Source of Urbanization• The underlying source is the rate of
natural increase of the rural population. • The decline in death rates in rural places,
without a commensurate drop in the birth rate, has led to overpopulation in rural areas and causes people to seek employment elsewhere.
• The speed of urbanization depends partly on the difference in the rates of natural increase between urban and rural areas.
Urbanization and Fertility• By the early 1990s, fewer than 2% of
women in the U.S. of reproductive age were living on farms.
• Their fertility was only slightly higher than the other 98% of the population.
• In rural areas, large families may be useful, but even if they are not, a family can “take care of” too many members by encouraging migration to the city.
Largest Metropolitan Areas in United States
Metropolitan areaPopulation
(millions) in 2005
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA
18.3
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA
12.4
Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI9.1
Largest Metropolitan Areas in United States
Metropolitan areaPopulation
(millions) in 2005
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE
5.7
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 5.2
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL
5.0
Largest Metropolitan Areas in United States
Metropolitan areaPopulation (millions) in
2005
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD
4.8
Houston-Baytown-Sugar Land, TX 4.7
Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI 4.5
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH 4.4
World’s Largest Urban Agglomerations
Suburbanization• After 1920, the suburbs began to grow in
population at a faster pace than the central cities.
• Two factors related to suburbanization: People’s desire to live in the less-
crowded environment of the outlying areas.
Increasing wealth and the availability of transportation, especially automobiles.
Trends• There has been a westward tilt to
urbanization in the U.S. which has facilitated suburbanization through the creation of new places.
• Many of those new places are edge cities within the suburbs, replacing the functions of the old central city.
• Older parts of cities have been gentrified.
Regional Segregation• Beginning in the 1930s, the proportion of
whites living in central cities declined and the proportion of African-Americans rose.
• From 1910–30, there was a substantial movement of African-Americans out of the South to cities of the North and the West.
• The urban population of African-Americans grew by more than 3% per year during that 20-year period.
Factors that Maintained Regional Segregation1. Discriminatory mortgage lending
policies.2. African-Americans who sought housing
in white areas faced intimidation and violence.
3. After World War II, suburbs developed strategies for keeping African-Americans out.
4. Federally sponsored public housing encouraged segregation in many cities.