Chapter 2 Application Layer Top Down application presentation session transport network link...

Chapter 2Application Layer

Top Down

application

presentation

session

transport

network

link

physical

Examples of network apps? Is there anything not networked?

05/04/23 Application Layer: copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross 2

Application Layer: copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross 3

Some network apps e-mail web instant messaging remote login P2P file sharing multi-user network

games streaming stored

video clips

social networks voice over IP real-time video

conferencing grid computing

05/04/23


Creating a network appwrite programs that

run on (different) end systems

communicate over network e.g., web server software

communicates with browser software

No need to write software for network-core devices Network-core devices do

not run user applications applications on end

systems allows for rapid app development, propagation

application

transportnetworkdata linkphysical

application


application


05/04/23


Application architectures Client-server

Including data centers / cloud computing Peer-to-peer (P2P) Hybrid of client-server and P2P

05/04/23


Client-server architectureserver:

always-on host permanent IP address server farms for

scalingclients:

communicate with server may be intermittently

connected may have dynamic IP

addresses do not communicate

directly with each other

client/server

05/04/23

Google Data Centers Estimated cost of data center: $600M Google spent $2.4B in 2007 on new data centers Each data center uses 50-100 megawatts of power


HP: world’s most efficient modular data center Mitch Ross Lunchtime Lecture Friday April 27, 2012 Talked about his work on storage solutions

and cloud computing



Pure P2P architecture no always-on server arbitrary end systems

directly communicate peers are

intermittently connected and change IP addresses

Highly scalable but difficult to manage

peer-peer

05/04/23


Hybrid of client-server and P2PSkype

voice-over-IP P2P application centralized server: finding address of

remote party: client-client connection: direct (not through

server) Instant messaging

chatting between two users is P2P centralized service: client presence

detection/location• user registers its IP address with central

server when it comes online• user contacts central server to find IP

addresses of buddies05/04/23


Processes communicatingProcess: program

running within a host. within same host, two

processes communicate using inter-process communication (defined by OS).

processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging messages

Client process: process that initiates communication

Server process: process that waits to be contacted

05/04/23


Sockets process sends/receives

messages to/from its socket

socket analogous to door sending process shoves

message out door sending process relies on

transport infrastructure on other side of door which brings message to socket at receiving process

process

TCP withbuffers,variables

socket

host orserver

process

TCP withbuffers,variables

socket

host orserver

Internet

controlledby OS

controlled byapp developer

API: (1) choice of transport protocol; (2) ability to fix a few parameters (lots more on this later)

05/04/23


Addressing processes to receive messages,

process must have identifier

host device has unique 32-bit IP address

Exercise: use ipconfig from command prompt to get your IP address (Windows)

Q: does IP address of host on which process runs suffice for identifying the process? A: No, many

processes can be running on same

Identifier includes both IP address and port numbers associated with process on host.

Example port numbers: HTTP server: 80 Mail server: 25

05/04/23

Ports Well-known ports

0 to 1023 are the well-known ports.

Registered ports 1024 to 49151 are the

registered ports and are assigned by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Dynamic, private or ephemeral ports 49152–65535


0Well-known

1023

1024Registered

49151

49152Private65535

App layer protocol Remember protocols Where is the application layer header?


appl

icatio

ntra

nspo

rtne

twor

klin

kph

ysica

l

Ht Hn HlM


App-layer protocol defines Types of messages

exchanged, e.g., request, response

Message syntax: what fields in messages

& how fields are delineated

Message semantics meaning of information

in fields Rules for when and how

processes send & respond to messages

Public-domain protocols:

defined in RFCs allows for

interoperability e.g., HTTP, SMTP,

BitTorrentProprietary protocols: e.g., Skype,

ppstream

05/04/23


What transport service does an app need?

Data loss some apps (e.g., audio)

can tolerate some loss other apps (e.g., file

transfer, telnet) require 100% reliable data transfer

Timing some apps (e.g.,

Internet telephony, interactive games) require low delay to be “effective”

Throughput some apps (e.g., multimedia)

require minimum amount of throughput to be “effective”

other apps (“elastic apps”) make use of whatever throughput they get

Security Encryption, data integrity, …

05/04/23


Transport service requirements of common apps

Application

file transfere-mail

Web documentsreal-time audio/video

stored audio/videointeractive gamesinstant messaging

Data loss

no lossno lossno lossloss-tolerant

loss-tolerantloss-tolerantno loss

Throughput

elasticelasticelasticaudio: 5kbps-1Mbpsvideo:10kbps-5Mbpssame as above few kbps upelastic

Time Sensitive

nononoyes, 100’s msec

yes, few secsyes, 100’s msecyes and no

05/04/23


Internet transport protocols services

TCP service: connection-oriented: setup

required between client and server processes

verify reception between sending and receiving process

flow control: sender won’t overwhelm receiver

congestion control: throttle sender when network overloaded

does not provide: timing, minimum throughput guarantees, security

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) service:

connectionless: unreliable data transfer between sending and receiving process

Q: why bother? Why is there a UDP?

05/04/23


Internet apps: application, transport protocols

Application

e-mailremote terminal access

Web file transfer

streaming multimedia

Internet telephony

Applicationlayer protocol

SMTP [RFC 2821]Telnet [RFC 854]HTTP [RFC 2616]FTP [RFC 959]HTTP (eg Youtube), RTP [RFC 1889]SIP, RTP, proprietary(e.g., Skype)

Underlyingtransport protocol

TCPTCPTCPTCPTCP or UDP

typically UDP

05/04/23


Web and HTTPFirst some jargon Web page consists of objects Object can be HTML file, JPEG image, Java

applet, audio file,… Web page consists of base HTML-file which

includes several referenced objects Each object is addressable by a URL Example URL:

www.someschool.edu/someDept/pic.gif

host name path name

05/04/23


HTTP overviewHTTP: hypertext

transfer protocol Web’s application layer

protocol client/server model

client: browser that requests, receives, “displays” Web objects

server: Web server sends objects in response to requests

PC runningExplorer

Server running

Apache Webserver

Mac runningNavigator

HTTP request

HTTP request

HTTP response

HTTP response

05/04/23


HTTP overview (continued)Uses TCP: client initiates TCP connection (creates

socket) to server, port 80 server accepts TCP connection from client HTTP messages (application-layer protocol

messages) exchanged between browser (HTTP client) and Web server (HTTP server)

TCP connection closed

05/04/23

Webserver


HTTP request message two types of HTTP messages: request,

response HTTP request message:

ASCII (human-readable format)

GET /somedir/page.html HTTP/1.1Host: www.someschool.edu User-agent: Mozilla/4.0Connection: close Accept-language:fr

(extra carriage return, line feed)

request line(GET, POST,

HEAD commands)

header lines

Carriage return, line feed

indicates end of message05/04/23

Example I want to view the 466test.htm file


GET /466test.htm HTTP/1.1Host: doug-studio-xps-9100:58848User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0; WOW64; rv:9.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/9.0.1Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,/;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateAccept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,;q=0.7Connection: keep-aliveCache-Control: max-age=0

Response How would the server respond? What does the browser do with it? What about graphics?


Webserver

This text is sent …

HTTP/1.0 200 OKContent-Type: image/jpeg

Followed immediately by the actual file

Follow-on requests Each image in the html file causes the

browser to send one of these requests


GET /466test_image294.jpg HTTP/1.1Host: doug-studio-xps-9100:58848User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0; WOW64; rv:9.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/9.0.1Accept: image/png,image/*;q=0.8,*/*;q=0.5Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateAccept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7Connection: keep-aliveReferer: http://doug-studio-xps-9100:58848/466test.htmCache-Control: max-age=0


Method typesHTTP/1.0 GET POST HEAD

asks server to leave requested object out of response

HTTP/1.1 GET, POST, HEAD PUT

uploads file in entity body to path specified in URL field

DELETE deletes file specified

in the URL field

05/04/23


Trying out HTTP (client side) for yourself

1. Telnet to your favorite Web server:Opens TCP connection to port 80(default HTTP server port) at cis.poly.edu.Anything typed in sent to port 80 at cis.poly.edu

telnet cis.poly.edu 80

2. Type in a GET HTTP request:GET /~ross/ HTTP/1.1Host: cis.poly.edu

By typing this in (hit carriagereturn twice), you sendthis minimal (but complete) GET request to HTTP server

3. Look at response message sent by HTTP server!

05/04/23


FTP: the file transfer protocol

transfer file to/from remote host client/server model

client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote)

server: remote host ftp: RFC 959 ftp server: port 21

file transfer FTPserver

FTPuser

interfaceFTP

client

local filesystem

remote filesystem

user at host

05/04/23


FTP: separate control, data connections

FTP client contacts FTP server at port 21, TCP is transport protocol

client authorized over control connection

client browses remote directory by sending commands over control connection.

when server receives file transfer command, server opens 2nd TCP connection (for file) to client

after transferring one file, server closes data connection.

FTPclient

FTPserver

TCP control connection

port 21

TCP data connectionport 20

server opens another TCP data connection to transfer another file.

control connection: “out of band”

FTP server maintains “state”: current directory, earlier authentication

05/04/23


Electronic MailThree major components: user agents mail servers simple mail transfer

protocol: SMTP

User Agent a.k.a. “mail reader” composing, editing, reading

mail messages e.g., Eudora, Outlook, elm,

Mozilla Thunderbird outgoing, incoming

messages stored on server

user mailbox

outgoing message queue

mailserver

useragent

useragent

useragentmail

server

useragent

useragent

mailserver

useragent

SMTP

SMTP

SMTP

05/04/23


Electronic Mail: mail serversMail Servers mailbox contains incoming

messages for user message queue of

outgoing (to be sent) mail messages

SMTP protocol between mail servers to send email messages client: sending mail

server “server”: receiving mail

server

mailserver

useragent

useragent

useragentmail

server

useragent

useragent

mailserver

useragent

SMTP

SMTP

SMTP

05/04/23


Electronic Mail: SMTP [RFC 2821]

uses TCP to reliably transfer email message from client to server, port 25

direct transfer: sending server to receiving server three phases of transfer

handshaking (greeting) transfer of messages closure

command/response interaction commands: ASCII text response: status code and phrase

messages must be in 7-bit ASCII

05/04/23


Mail access protocols

SMTP: delivery/storage to receiver’s server Mail access protocol: retrieval from server

POP: Post Office Protocol [RFC 1939]• authorization (agent <-->server) and download

IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]• more features (more complex)• manipulation of stored msgs on server

HTTP: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc.

useragent

sender’s mail server

useragent

SMTP SMTP accessprotocol

receiver’s mail server

05/04/23


POP3 (more) and IMAPMore about POP3 Previous example

uses “download and delete” mode.

Bob cannot re-read e-mail if he changes client

“Download-and-keep”: copies of messages on different clients

POP3 is stateless across sessions

IMAP Keep all messages in

one place: the server Allows user to

organize messages in folders

IMAP keeps user state across sessions: names of folders and

mappings between message IDs and folder name

05/04/23

How go from address to name? Domain Name Services Server that provides

cross-reference


DNS Server

What’s

the I

P add

ress o

f

www.yaho

o.com

?

72.30

.2.43


DNS: Domain Name SystemInternet hosts, routers:

IP address (32 bit) - used for addressing datagrams

“name”, e.g., ww.yahoo.com - used by humans

Domain Name System: distributed database

implemented in hierarchy of many name servers

application-layer protocol host, routers, name servers to communicate to resolve names (address/name translation) note: core Internet

function, implemented as application-layer protocol

complexity at network’s “edge”

05/04/23


DNS Why not centralize DNS? single point of failure traffic volume distant centralized

database maintenance

doesn’t scale!

DNS services hostname to IP

address translation host aliasing

Canonical, alias names

mail server aliasing load distribution

replicated Web servers: set of IP addresses for one canonical name

05/04/23


Root DNS Servers

com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers

poly.eduDNS servers

umass.eduDNS serversyahoo.com

DNS serversamazon.comDNS servers

pbs.orgDNS servers

Distributed, Hierarchical Database

Client wants IP for www.amazon.com; 1st approx: client queries a root server to find com DNS server client queries com DNS server to get amazon.com

DNS server client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP

address for www.amazon.com05/04/23


DNS: Root name servers contacted by local name server that can not resolve name root name server:

contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known

gets mapping returns mapping to local name server

13 root name servers worldwide

b USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CAl ICANN Los Angeles, CA

e NASA Mt View, CAf Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA (and 36 other locations)

i Autonomica, Stockholm (plus 28 other locations)

k RIPE London (also 16 other locations)

m WIDE Tokyo (also Seoul, Paris, SF)

a Verisign, Dulles, VAc Cogent, Herndon, VA (also LA)d U Maryland College Park, MDg US DoD Vienna, VAh ARL Aberdeen, MDj Verisign, ( 21 locations)

05/04/23


Local Name Server does not strictly belong to hierarchy each ISP (residential ISP, company,

university) has one. also called “default name server”

when host makes DNS query, query is sent to its local DNS server acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy

05/04/23


requesting hostcis.poly.edu

gaia.cs.umass.edu

root DNS server

local DNS serverdns.poly.edu

1

23

4

5

6

authoritative DNS serverdns.cs.umass.edu

78

TLD DNS server

DNS name resolution example

Host at cis.poly.edu wants IP address for gaia.cs.umass.edu

05/04/23


DNS: caching and updating records once (any) name server learns mapping, it

caches mapping cache entries timeout (disappear) after

some time TLD servers typically cached in local name

servers• Thus root name servers not often visited

update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF RFC 2136 http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/dnsind-charter.html

05/04/23


Pure P2P architecture arbitrary end

systems directly communicate

peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses

Three topics: File distribution Searching for

information Case Study: Skype

peer-peer

05/04/23


File Distribution: Server-Client vs P2PQuestion : How much time to distribute file

from one server to N peers?

us

u2d1 d2u1

uN

dN

Server

Network (with abundant bandwidth)

File, size F

us: server upload bandwidthui: peer i upload bandwidthdi: peer i download bandwidth

05/04/23


File distribution time: server-client

us

u2d1 d2u1

uN

dN

Server


F server sequentially sends N copies: NF/us time

client i takes F/di time to download

= dcs = max { NF/us, F/min(di) }i

Time to distribute F to N clients using

client/server approach

05/04/23


File distribution time: P2P

us

u2d1 d2u1

uN

dN

Server


F server must send one

copy: F/us time client i takes F/di time

to download NF bits must be

downloaded (aggregate) fastest possible upload rate: us + ui

dP2P = max { F/us, F/min(di) , NF/(us + ui) }i

05/04/23

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

N

Min

imum

Dis

tribu

tion

Tim

e P2PClient-Server

Server-client vs. P2P: exampleClient upload rate = u, F/u = 1 hour, us = 10u, dmin ≥ us


File distribution: BitTorrent

tracker: tracks peers participating in torrent

torrent: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file

obtain listof peers

trading chunks

peer

P2P file distribution

05/04/23


BitTorrent (2)Pulling Chunks at any given time,

different peers have different subsets of file chunks

periodically, a peer (Alice) asks each neighbor for list of chunks that they have.

Alice sends requests for her missing chunks rarest first

Sending Chunks: tit-for-tat Alice sends chunks to four

neighbors currently sending her chunks at the highest rate re-evaluate top 4 every

10 secs every 30 secs: randomly

select another peer, starts sending chunks newly chosen peer may

join top 4 “optimistically unchoke”

05/04/23


BitTorrent: Tit-for-tat(1) Alice “optimistically unchokes” Bob

(2) Alice becomes one of Bob’s top-four providers; Bob reciprocates(3) Bob becomes one of Alice’s top-four providers

With higher upload rate, can find better trading partners & get file faster!

05/04/23


P2P: Skype inherently P2P: pairs

of users communicate. proprietary

application-layer protocol (inferred via reverse engineering)

hierarchical overlay with SNs

Index maps usernames to IP addresses; distributed over SNs

Skype clients (SC)

Supernode (SN)

Skype login server

05/04/23


Peers as relays Problem when both

Alice and Bob are behind “NATs”. NAT prevents an outside

peer from initiating a call to insider peer

Solution: Using Alice’s and Bob’s

SNs, Relay is chosen Each peer initiates

session with relay. Peers can now

communicate through NATs via relay

05/04/23

05/04/23 Course Overhead: copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross 66

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