2.1 Body Coordination.the adjustment of our bodys reaction towards any stimulus around us and from the inside of our body.ensures that each part of the body is controlled so that it functions harmoniously with each other when it receives a stimulus.there are two types of body coordination :nervous coordinationhormonal coordination

2.2 Human Nervous System.is divided into :central nervous systemperipheral nervous systemthe massages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses.

Central Nervous System.the central nervous system is the control centre of the body.this system consists of :brainspinal cordthe brain controls all activities of the body like walking and seeing.the spinal cord controls the reflex actions like pulling the hand away when the fingers touch a hot object.the central nervous system receives impulses from the sensory from the sensory organs or other parts of the body for interpretation.after an impulses is interpreted, a new impulse is transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to the stimuli.

Peripheral Nervous System.consists of all the nerves which connects the central nervous system to the receptor and effector located at other parts of the body.the functions is to transmit impulses from the sensory organs or receptor through the central nervous system to the muscle for it to respond accordingly or to the gland to produce the required secretion.divided into :

somatic nervous system

controls all the voluntary actionsconsists of the spinal nerve (from the spinal cord) and the cranial nerve (from the brain)spinal nerve controls voluntary actions like walking, scratching, and running.cranial nerve controls involuntary actions like talking, smelling, and seeing.spinal nerve connects the spinal cord with parts of the body like the limbs, skin, and abdomen.cranial nerve connects the brain to sensory organs in the head and neck like the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, and jaws.

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary actionexample ; heartbeat, and contraction of blood vesels.contains nerves which connect the spinal cord to internal organs and glands like liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs.

Neurone.

is a basic unit of the nervous system.the functions is to carry impulses.cell body contains nucleus and cytoplasm.dendron is a cytoplasm projection which spreads out from the cell body.dendrites is the small branches of dendron.axon is a long projection from the cell body and surrounded by an insulating membrane called myelin sheath.myelin sheath separated by small gaps called nodes of Ranvier.parts of the neurone and their functions :

Neurone PartFunctionCell bodyControls all activities of the neurone.DendriteReceive impulses from other neurone and transmits them to cell body.DendronDendrite that carries impulses towards cell body.AxonDendrite that carries impulses out of cell body.Myelin sheath*Insulator on axon that prevents the leakage of impulses.*Increases the speed of impulses transmission.

CharacteristicsSensory NeuroneRelay NeuroneMotor NeuroneStructurePosition of cell bodyIn the middle of neuroneAt the center of neuroneAt the end of neuroneLength of axonShortChanges Long

Movement of impulseFrom the sensory organ to the central nervous systemFrom the sensory neurone to the motor neurone in the central nervous systemFrom the relay neurone going out from the central nervous system to the effectorsFunctionCarries impulses from sensory organ to central nervous systemTransmits impulses from sensory neurone to motor neuroneTransmits impulses from central nervous system to effector

2.3 Nervous Coordination.Receptors and effectors.Receptors is a cell in the sensory organs which detects stimuli resulting from the changes in the surrounding.there are five main types of sensory organs :eyesearsnosetongueskin

Effectors is an organ which responds to the stimuli :musclesglandall receptors and effectors are connected to the nervous system by neurones.

Reflex actions.are automatic and fast response of the body towards external stimuli without the involvement of thinking of the cerebrum.takes place in the spinal cord.it protects us from dangerous situations or injuries.the path of a reflex action is called a reflex arc.

2.4 The Role of Proprioceptors in Maintaining Balance and Body Coordination.

Kinaesthetic Senses.enable us to be aware of the movement and position of the limbs to maintain balance.enable us to detect body movements and allow us to button our shirt even with our eyes closed.

help in maintaining balance and body coordination.kinaesthetic sensory receptors are found in :musclesjointsligamentstendons

proprioceptors act as sensory organs because of their sensitivity towards the tension of muscles.the tension muscles, joints, ligaments, or tendons, will stimulate the proprioceptors to trigger an impulse and transmit through the nerves through the brain.

after an interpretation, an impulse will be transmitted to parts of the body to coordinate suitable reaction.example of activities are :playing the pianotying shoelaces without lookingcombing hair without looking into the mirror

2.5 The Human Brain and Its Complexity.

Human Brain.the human brain is the most complex organ.it is protected by a hard bone structure called the cranium.a big portion of neurones is found in the brain.

*the main functions of the brain is1. receive impulses, then2. interpret it, then3. transmit the impulse to the part of the body concerned to respond.*the human brain is divided into three main parts :

a) Cerebrumthe largest region of the brain.its folded surface greatly increases the surface area to place more neurones.consists of left hemisphere and right hemisphere.the left hemisphere receive nerve impulses from the right side of the body while the right side of the body receive nerve impulses from the left side of the body.

it is the control centre of voluntary actions.controls mental activities like thinking, memory, and emotions.controls senses like sight, hearing, smelling, and touching.controls muscle movement like walking, writing, and running.

b) Cerebellumsituated at the lower part of the cerebrum and at the back of the medulla oblongata.has folded surface.controls body balance.coordinates muscle movement.controls activities like riding a bicycle.

Voluntary Actions and Involuntary Actions.voluntary actions actions we are aware of and which are done according to our intention.involuntary actions actions which carry on automatically.

Effects of injury to certain region of the brain.an injury to a certain region of the brain resulting from an accident or sickness will affect the function of a certain part of the body.in severe conditions, an injury to a certain region of the brain can cause death.

1) Injury to region controlling movementresults in certain parts of the body to be paralysis2) Injury to senses of smell and tasteresults in the loss of senses of smell and taste3) Injury to medulla oblongataresults in fatality4) Injury to sense of hearing regionresults in deafness5) Injury to the sense of sight regionresults in blindness6) Injury to the cerebellumresults in the loss of body balance

2.6 Hormonal Coordination The Body.

Hormone.are chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands.are complex protein.initiate most of the chemical reactions which occur in the body.produced in a small quantity.carried by the circulation system to all parts of the body.

Endocrine glands and their functions.Endocrine system.consists of endocrine glands (ductless gland) that secrete hormone directly into the bloodstream.the human endocrine system consists of :pituitary glandthyroid glandadrenal glandpancreasovarytestis

Endocrine gland (location)Function of hormoneEffect of excessive hormoneEffect of deficiency of hormonePituitary gland (at the base of the brain)Controls the activity of other endocrine glands.Control the growth of muscles and bones.Excessive growth (gigantism).Stunted growth (dwarfism).

Thyroid (under the larynx/vocal cord at the gland)Controls the body metabolic rate.Controls growth and mental development of children.The metabolic rate becomes very high.Emotions becomes unstable, quick-tempered and eyes protrudes from the eye socket.The metabolic rate becomes very low.Physical growth become stunted.Development of the brain in children is retarded.Causes goitre.

Adrenal (at the top of both kidneys)Increases heartbeat and respiration.Increases body metabolisms.The level of glucose and salt in the blood is high.High blood pressure.Ability to overcome pressure daily lessens.The muscles become weak.

Pancreas (behind the stomach)To control blood sugar level.Shortage of glucose in the blood.Diabetes.Testis (in the male reproductive system)Controls the sperm production.Controls the male secondary sex characteristics.Extreme masculine characteristics.Sperms produced are immature.Development of secondary sex characteristics are stunted.

Ovary (in the female reproductive system)Controls the menstrual cycle.Controls the female secondary sex characteristics.Extreme feminine characteristics.Infertility.Menstrual cycle interrupted.Miscarriage of a fetus before time.Development of secondary sex characteristics are stunted.

2.7 Coordination Between The Nervous System and The Endocrine System.Comparison between nervous coordination and hormonal coordination.both are important in performing body activities.hormonal control differs from nervous control in some aspects.their similarities are :control and coordinate body functions and activities.respond to a stimulus.possess target organ

their differences are :

Nervous systemDifferencesEndocrine SystemConsists of nervesCoordinationConsists of ductless glandsGoes through the nerves electrochemicallyWay of impulse transmissionGoes through bloodstream in the form of hormone

Very fastSpeed of impulse transmissionSlowA short whileDuration of effectLongSpecificTarget areasWideFast and immediateResponse Slow and continuousWriting, dancingExamples of body coordinationGrowth, body metabolism

The importance of coordination between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Both system coordinate the appropriate body response towards a stimulus. Example : when fear striking during a fire, the adrenal gland secretes hormone that changes glycogen into glucose for the muscles usage. The muscle will gain more energy to enable the person to react faster like running away from fire.

2.8 The Effects of Drug Abuse on Body Coordination and Health.

Drugs.defined as a chemical substance which can change the function and physiology of the body.used to treat patients.

types of drugs and their characteristics :depressantsexample : morphine, heroin, barbiturateto relieve tension.calm a persons mind.slow down response to stimulus.

stimulantsexample : amphetamine, nicotineincrease the metabolic rate.make a person more active.opiatesexample : morphine, cocainerelieve the sensation of pain and anxietyhallucinogensexample : marijuana, LSDcauses hallucination.causes madness and death.

drug abuse occurs if it is used not for medical purposes.drug abuse can lead to addiction and health deteoration.types of drugs that are commonly taken by drug addict :opiumsource flower of the poppy plant

morphinesource brown substance processed from opiumheroinsource white or brown powder processed from morphinemarijuanasource leaves and dry flowers of the Cannabis Sativa plant

other than affecting body coordination, drug abuse can also harm our health. It can cause the following health problems :high blood pressureheart problemsdamage to the liverweakened of the immune systemhigher occurrence rates of cancermental problemsinfections of contagious diseasesfatality due to overdose of drugs

2.9 Effects of Excessive Consumption of Alcohol on Body Coordination and Health.alcoholic drinks contain ethanol.ethanol is produced from the fermentation of glucose by yeast.examples of alcohol : beer, whisky, vodka, rum, and brandy.Effects of excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks.

2.10 Importance of Sound and Healthy Mind.Mindis the ability of the brain to think and judge.a healthy mind enables a person to make logical judgment before his acts.a persons mind determines his emotions and behavior.a person with a healthy mind will show characteristics such as positive thinking, independent, caring and responsible.a person with unhealthy mind will not have self esteem, be short-tempered, feels worry easily and find it difficult to control his emotions.