Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Immigration and Slavery Section 1 Terms and People • indentured servants – poor immigrants who paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to work for four to seven years • triangular trade – three-part voyage that brought enslaved Africans to America • Middle Passage – enslaved Africans carried across the Atlantic in brutal conditions • Phillis Wheatley – first African American to publish a book of poems
Transcript
Chapter 25 Section 1
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Terms and People
• indentured servants – poor immigrants who paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to work for four to seven years
• triangular trade – three-part voyage that brought enslaved Africans to America
• Middle Passage – enslaved Africans carried across the Atlantic in brutal conditions
• Phillis Wheatley – first African American to publish a book of poems
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Immigrants from many backgrounds brought diversity to the colonies.
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• No group was large enough to impose their beliefs on other groups.
• People realized that when they got along in a diverse society, everyone benefited.
Diversity in the colonies meant that:
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• Farmers, particularly in southern colonies, needed a work force to grow labor-intensive crops of tobacco, rice, and indigo.
• Virginia passed a law decreeing that any servant, not a Christian in their native land, was to be enslaved.
• Traders began to purchase slaves from African merchants and transport them to the colonies to sell to plantation owners.
Colonists used slaves as a source of labor.
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Africans were taken by force from West African countries to the colonies and Europe.
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During the Middle Passage, Africans were shackled together into small spaces below a ship’s deck.
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By the mid-1700s, the triangular trade of goods and slaves was well-established.
• Manufactured goods were traded for captured Africans.
• Slave traders carried captured Africans to American colonies in the Middle Passage.
• Enslaved Africans were sold to colonists for raw materials.
• Traders took raw materials to England to be turned into manufactured goods.
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Slavery in the Southern Colonies was cruel.
Enslaved Africans worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, in fields growing labor-intensive crops.
Most enslaved Africans were given limited clothing and food, and lived in crude huts on plantations.
Enslaved Africans were closely supervised by white overseers who often whipped those who resisted being enslaved.
Slave labor represented a small minority of the workforce in New England and the Middle Colonies.
They worked as farmhands, sailors, dock workers, and house servants.
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Africans reacted to enslavement by:
RebellingRebellingUprisings of Africans against theirwhite owners often occurred.
Running AwayRunning Away
Africans ran away and lived in forests and swamps, or fled toSpanish Florida where they were free.
Resisting Resisting Africans subtly and purposefully worked slowly or feigned illness.
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Phillis Wheatley became the first African American poet to publish a book of poems in America.
Her Boston owner allowed her to learn how to read and write. Her poetry could be seen in newspapers, but despite wide praise, colonial publishers refused to publish a book of her work.
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Terms and People
• Magna Carta – 1215 document that limited the king’s ability to tax English nobles and that guaranteed due process and a right to trial
• Parliament – English lawmaking body
• English Bill of Rights – 1689 document guaranteeing a number of freedoms
• habeas corpus – idea that no one could be held in prison without being charged with a specific crime
• salutary neglect – a policy in which England allowed its colonies self-rule
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• mercantilism – economic policy under which a nation accumulates wealth by exporting more goods than it imports
• Navigation Acts – a series of trade laws enacted by Parliament in the mid-1600s
• Enlightenment – European intellectual movement during the 1600s and 1700s
• Benjamin Franklin – American colonist inspired by the Enlightenment, he was a printer, author, scientist, and inventor
Terms and People (continued)
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• Great Awakening – a religious movement that occurred in the colonies in the mid-1700s
Terms and People (continued)
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How did English ideas about government and the economy influence life in the 13 colonies?
The relationship between England and the American colonies was economically and culturally close.
But in the 1700s, the distant colonies started to form their own ideas about their government and economy.
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The English had a long governmental tradition.
Magna Carta
Parliament
Glorious Revolution
In 1215, English nobles made King John accept a limitation to his taxation and guaranteed the right to a trial.
A two-house legislature composed of the House of Lords, an inherited position, and the House of Commons, elected by men with property.
The English overthrew King James and installed William and Mary, who granted the English Bill of Rights.
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The colonists believed that the English Bill of Rights applied to them, even though they lived in the colonies.
At the same time, the colonies enjoyed a long period of self-government and individual liberties.
Colonists were English subjects and self-ruling.
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The laws successfully regulated colonial trade to create great wealth and power for England in the 1600s.
The English Parliament passed trade laws called the Navigation Acts.
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In exchange, the colonies bought manufactured goods from England.
The cloth for this dress was produced in England
English mercantilism meant the colonies exported raw materials only to England.
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The new ideas of the Enlightenment in the 1600s and 1700s influenced Americans.
• Exposed colonists to new ways of thinking such as scientific reasoning and applying natural laws to government.
• People believed that human reason could solve issues.
• Colonial leader Benjamin Franklin was greatlyinspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment.
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In the colonies, the development of democracy was influenced by:
• the English parliamentary tradition.
• the colonies having a long period of self-rule.
• the new ideas of the European Enlightenment.
• the Judeo-Christian religious influence on colonial people.
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Religion played an important part in colonial life:
• Many colonists had immigrated for religious reasons.
• Churches played a social role in colonial life.
• Churches served as public places for reading government proclamations, holding elections, and posting new laws.
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George Whitefield was a popular preacher in the colonies who helped launch a new religious movement called the Great Awakening.
• Preachers traveled through the colonies and preached powerful, emotion-packed sermons.
• Many people left their old established churches, joined the movement, and started new churches.
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Participants in the Great Awakening came to realize that if they can select their own religion, they can also select their own government.
The Great Awakening gave rise to a changed political awareness.
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Terms and People
• staple crop – crops that are in steady demand
• cash crop – crops grown for sale
• dame school – a private school for girls that was operated out of a woman’s home
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How did life differ in each of the three main regions of the British colonies?
The colonies developed into three distinct regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies.
Each region developed a different economy and society.
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New EnglandCold winters, short growing season, and a rugged landscape.
Middle ColoniesTemperate climate, longer growing season, landscape of fields and valleys.
Southern ColoniesWarm climate, long growing season, landscape with broad fields and valleys.
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New EnglandGeography lent itself to fishing, lumber harvesting, and small-scale farming.
Middle ColoniesKnown as the “bread basket”of the colonies for exporting so much wheat and grain.
Southern ColoniesExported the labor-intensive crops of tobacco, rice, and indigo.
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By the mid-1700s, the population of the colonies was rapidly increasing.
Based on their populations, the three regions developed different social patterns.
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• There were few African Americans.
• There were more families and the population grew rapidly.
• There was more economic equality.
• Towns were established that supported local schools and churches.
In New England:
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• The population was more diverse.
• There was more religious tolerance.
• There was a variety of economic opportunities.
In the Middle Colonies:
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• Enslaved African Americans often were the majority of the population.
• The population was spread over large areas.
• There was little economic equality.
• Communities could not sustain local schools and churches.
In the Southern Colonies:
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Terms and People
• George Washington – young, ambitious Virginian who led colonial troops against the French in 1754
• French and Indian War – a war that pitted the British and their colonial allies against the French and Indians
• Pontiac’s Rebellion – an Indian uprising against the British in the Ohio River valley after the French and Indian War
• Proclamation of 1763 – between the British and Indians, it restricted colonial settlers to east of the Appalachian Mountains
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Terms and People (continued)
• Albany Plan of Union – 1754 plan that called on the colonies to unite under British rule and cooperate with one another in war
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How did Great Britain’s wars with France affect the American colonies?
A series of wars between the European empires spread to the colonies.
Colonists allied with Britain fought against the French and their Indian allies.
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Overall, the Indians tried to maintain a balance ofpower between the French and the British.
In the French
and Indian War:
• Most Indians fought alongside the French because they treatedthe Indians with respect and generosity.
• The British treated Indians harshly and took their lands for farming.
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The French and British fought over who controlled the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes area.
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In the early years of the war, from 1754 through to 1758, the British were defeated by the French and their Indian allies.
A young George Washington led an early battle against the French in 1754.
The death of General Edward Braddock in a French and Indian ambush was a significant defeat for the British.
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In 1758 and 1759, the British interrupted the shipment of French supplies and started to win battles.
Many Indians deserted the French to fight on the British side.
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the war and greatly increased British territory.
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• They attacked British forts and the new British settlements.
• They tried to weaken the British in any way they could, in order to lure the French back.
• The British stopped supplies to the Indians.
• British settlers quickly moved into Indian lands in western Pennsylvania and Virginia.
The Indians rebelled.The British conquest was not good for the Indians.
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This Indian uprising called Pontiac’s Rebellion ended in 1764.
The British agreed settlers would remain east of the Appalachian Mountains.
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The British The Colonies
wanted more control over the colonies
did not want British control
wanted the colonies to help pay for the wars
wanted more land for settlements
wanted the colonies to join together under the Albany Plan of Union
wanted to maintain their individual autonomy
wanted colonies to cooperate in time of war
did not want to be unfairly taxed by the British
Tensions arose between the British and colonists after the French and Indian War.
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• unite the colonies under British rule.
• unite the colonies in fighting wars.
• create a continental assembly with delegates from each colony.
Colonial leader Benjamin Franklin drafted the Albany Plan of Union that would:
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Franklin drew this political cartoon to encourage support of colonial unity and his plan.
The colonists and the British each rejected the Albany Plan for their own reasons.
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The French and Indian War changed the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain.
The colonists increasingly resented the erosion of their autonomy and the involuntary tax burden.
In the 1760s, the British placed new, unwanted taxes and regulations on the colonists.
