CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In this chapter, the researchers gathered all the required components for

the construction of the hardware and software, presented the prototype and

conducted an experiment that tested the accuracy and effectiveness of the said

system and the researchers interpreted the result of the experiments and came

up to a conclusion.

Technical Specification

Parts and Specification

Materials and Tools

Main Components

Figure Fingerprint Scanner

Fingerprint scanners are security systems

of biometrics a direct fingerprint reader is a biometrics device that uses

automated methods of recognizing a person based on unique physical

characteristics of a person's fingerprint. A fingerprint is made up of a pattern of

ridges and furrows as well as characteristics that occur at  minutiae points (ridge

bifurcation or a ridge ending). Fingerprint scanning essentially provides an

identification of a person based on the acquisition and recognition

(or verification) of those unique patterns and ridges in a fingerprint. These marks

have a pattern and this pattern is called the fingerprint. Every fingerprint is

special, and different from any other in the world. Because there are countless

combinations, fingerprints have become an ideal means of identification.

Figure Arduino ATMega2560

The Arduino is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has

54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog

inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB

connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains

everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a

computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to

get started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible with most shields designed for

Arduino/Genuino Uno and the former boards Duemilanove or Diecimila.

Figure Relay Module

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use

an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating

principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is

necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical

isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must

be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long

distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from

one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively

in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control

an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control

power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to

perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and

sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from

overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are

performed by digital instruments still called protective relays.

Figure GSM Module

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless

network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modems. The main difference

between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed

telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio

waves. A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC card/PCMCIA card.

Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial

cable or a USB cable. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM

card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.

A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-

controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with

increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A

photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and

dark-activated switching circuits.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a

photoresistor can have a resistance as high as several megohms (MΩ), while in

the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If

incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed

by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into

the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners)

conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and

sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices.

Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to photons

within certain wavelength bands.

Figure Servo Motor

Servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise

control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. [1] It consists of a

suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a

relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed

specifically for use with servomotors.Servomotors are not a specific class of

motor although the term servomotor is often used to refer to a motor suitable for

use in a closed-loop control system.Servomotors are used in applications such

as robotics, CNC machinery or automated manufacturing.

A servomotor consumes power as it rotates to the commanded position

but then the servomotor rests. Stepper motors run warm to the touch because

they continue to consume power to lock in and hold the commanded position.

Servomotors are generally used as a high performance alternative to the  stepper

motor. Stepper motors have some inherent ability to control position, as they

have built-in output steps. This often allows them to be used as an open-loop

position control, without any feedback encoder, as their drive signal specifies the

number of steps of movement to rotate, but for this the controller needs to

'know' the position of the stepper motor on power up. Therefore, on first power

up, the controller will have to activate the stepper motor and turn it to a known

position, e.g. until it activates an end limit switch. 

Figure 16 X 2 LCD

  Liquid Crystal Display screen is an electronic display module and find a

wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very

commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred

over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs

are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &

even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2

such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD

has two registers, namely, Command and Data.The command register stores the

command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to

LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the

cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be

displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be

displayed on the LCD.

Figure Potentiometer

A potentiometer informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding

or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals

are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider

used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an

implementation of the same principle, hence its name.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as

volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism

can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick. Potentiometers

are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a  watt), since the

power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the

controlled load.

Figure Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce

current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In

electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal

levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat

may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test

loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly

with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to

adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as

sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and

are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete

components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are

also implemented withinintegrated circuits.

Figure Printed Circuit Board

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically

connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other

features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-

conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double

sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Multi-layer PCBs

allow for much higher component density. Conductors on different layers are

connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain

components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.

Figure Electrical Connector

An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical

circuits as an interface using a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs

(male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as

for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a

permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.[1] An adapter can be

used to effectively bring together dissimilar connectors.

There are hundreds of types of electrical connectors. Connectors may join

two lengths of flexible copper wire or cable, or connect a wire or cable to an

electrical terminal. In computing, an electrical connector can also be known as

a physical interface (compare physical layer in OSI model of networking). Cable

glands, known as cable connectors in the US, connect wires to devices

mechanically rather than electrically and are distinct from quick-disconnects

performing the latter.

Figure Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.

It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a

suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine

with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form

of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the

light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the

energy band gap of the semiconductor. A LED is often small in area (less

than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape

its radiation pattern.

Figure Power Supply Unit

A power supply unit or PSU, the component that supplies

power to a computer. Most personal computers can be plugged into

standard electrical outlets. The power supply then pulls the required

amount of electricity and converts the AC current to DC current. It

also regulates the voltage to eliminate spikes and surges common

in most electrical systems. Not all power supplies, however, do an

adequate voltage-regulation job, so a computer is always

susceptible to large voltage fluctuations.

A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage

regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer.

Modern personal computers universally use a switched-mode power

supply. Some power supplies have a manual selector for input

voltage, while others automatically adapt to the supply voltage.

Schematic Diagram

Figure Space Saving Home Automation System Schematic Diagram

The Space Saving Home Automation System is an integrated system

which facilitate the condominium unit owner with an easy to use home

automation system that can be operated based on biometric and speech

commands. The system is portable and constructed in a way that is easy to

install, configure, run and maintain. The proposed project demonstrates a system

that can be integrated as a single portable unit and allows one to wirelessly

control lights, furnitures and appliances. Internally, the system is overall

controlled from a microphone which is connected to Voice Recognition Module v

4.0. The module sends the voice commands in binary sequence to the

microcontroller. The base station unit takes the decision and send the commands

to the remote station or to the servo motors.

The above Figure is the schematic diagram of the Space Recognition System,

the system is made by integrated circuit which is connected to the power supply

which has an output of 12V and 5V DC. It is completely assembled and easy to

use programmable speech recognition circuit. Programmable, in the sense that

the words or vocal utterances which we want the circuit to recognize;

Management Aspect

The management aspect implies a clear and precise identification of duties

and responsibilities, flow of authority and manpower level requirement. It must

be set up for optimum effectiveness. To achieve these, management must be

able to plan all activities, for the company to become productive and competitive

industry through human resource company, financial capability and new

technologies. The central idea of management is no make every action or

decision help achieve a careful chosen goal.

The researchers provided the following qualification for managing the Space

Saving Home Automation System.

A graduate of Bachelor of Science in Computer or Electronics or Electrical

Engineering or any computer and electrical related field with a 1-3 years

experiences associated with electronics circuits and systems.

Familiarity with the electrical systems, tools, equipment, codes and safety

procedures.

With general skills in hardware troubleshooting in electrical component or circuit

and knowledge

Must be willing to work and has a strong work ethics.

With a good personal background

Condominium developer is in charge in the management operation of the Space

Saving Home Automation system. The staff or the employee under the

Engineering Department of the establishment is responsible in creating reports

for the maintenance as well as for the electrical safety of the system. The

department job and duties include making schedules for the maintenance,

electrical system installation, troubleshooting and repair as needed.

Policy and Guidelines

The policy shall apply to all Condominium Unit owner, operations and facilities.

The Security Department of the Condominium developer shall administer all

locking system which include the entrance and exit of the establishment but the

use of private locking system are not issued and maintained by the security

department thus this is accountability of the condominium unit owner.

Facilities Management Division of the establishment is responsible to notify

intruder within the premises.

The installation or enrolment of a Fingerprint Door Lock System may be

considered for authorization where the unit has/ areas where:

Multiple owner living on one unit

There is a need to limit access for reasons of safety, where the safeguarding of

assets is required or other considerations.

Programming and enrolling to the door lock system is the responsibility of the

Facilities Management Division which is under the establishment developer, to

which the unit of the system has been assigned.

The nature of the Space Saving System is introduced on this paper. It is argued

that end users or the owner should be able to define how the system reacts to

changing circumstances.

The architecture design of the unit is according to the desire implemented by the

developer not by the owner.

Marketing Aspect

Determining the suitability of property for profitable development and to define

optimal products and amenities in accordance with market demand is the

essence of marketing aspect.

Market Description

The target market of this Space Saving home automation system are the

condominium developer and condominium unit owner. With this market, the

proposed business would have an advantage, since the target market is readily

available and has the buying power thus with significant calculations and

marketing strategies, the business would be profitable.

But to market the system, there are literally hundreds of effective ideas that the

researchers used in this study.m Through the use of innovative technology, the

system can be easily market by means of different promotional strategies.

Social Media Interaction: Social media is a powerful marketing tool that the

researchers used to spread the word regarding the system (across Facebook,

Twitter or other social networking sites.

Internet Advertisement: These advertisement which would go up on website

which meet the audience criteria and budget, can funnel traffic into the

researchers web.

Electronic mail marketing. They can consider an email marketing campaign.

Send a well crafted email indicating establishment or developer why they should

purchade the product, where they can get it, and give them a great hook to draw

them in.

Press release. The researchers would find a media outlet which is related to the

type of product they are selling and give them a press release about the product

becoming available.

Utilize digital coupons. These digital coupon could draw customers in. the

researchers can use codes, print-out coupons(flyers, brochures) or digital QR

codes which can be displayed on a phone and scanned.

Financial Aspect:

Financial aspect involves the capability of the project to raise the appropriate

funds needed to implement the proposed project. A financial feasibility study

projects how much start-up capital is needed or any financial considerations.

The aspect covers the expenses of the researchers in obtaining and completing

the materials, components and equipment need for the construction of the

project. This also include the computation of fund for the needed materials,

equipment and profit for the implementation of the proposed project.

ITEM SPECIFICATION UNITUNIT

PRICETOTAL PRICE

Fingerprint

Scanner

Model: ADST11SD300 v 4.0

Power Input: 3.3v DC Nominal

Operating Current: 140mA

Standby Current: 18uA

1pc 2,550 P 2,550.00

Arduino

Microcontroller

Model:Atmel ATMega 2560

Power Input: 7-12v DC

Operating Voltage: 5VDC

Digital I/O Pins : 54

Analog input Pins: 16

1pc 1350 P 1,350

Flash memory: 256 kb/8k for

boatloader

Relay Module Power Input: 12V- 2 Channel Relay

Driver Current: 50-60mA

2pcs 350 P 700.00

GSM Module Power Input:4.5 -5.5V

Current:40mA

Recognition Accuracy: 99% (under

ideal environment)

1pc 1680 P 1680.00

Program Code

from Chris

Malecdan

Complete Code P17,000

Servo motor Servo Motors Tower Pro MG995  7 pcs 350 2450

Textile Paint

Latex Paint

Other

Expenses

Fare Pangasinan to Manila 300 2 600

Manila to Pangasinan 300 2 600

Labor (John Villafania) 1550 1500

Bulb - 12 V 49.50 3 149.25

12v-50w 49.50- - -

12v-.2mSH 1

Souldering Iro Color Green 150

Potentiometer

Pangasinan to Baguio- 3

Other fees

Total :

P 8,547.00