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Chinese Dynasties Notes
Objectives
The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through regional trade patterns by: Locating major trade routes Identifying technological
advances and transfers
Questions What were the major
trading routes in the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 C.E.
How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods and ideas among different cultures?
Where we left off….
220 A.D. Han Dynasty collapsesChina plunged into civil warNot effected by “Dark Ages” of EuropeFarm production expandedBuddhism spreadDespite countless invaders, Chinese cities
and culture survivedOver 30 local dynasties rose and fell
Major Chinese Dynasties
Sui (589-618 C.E.) Tang (618-907 C.E.) Song (960-1279 C.E.) Southern Song (1127-1279 C.E.) Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 C.E.)
Sui Dynasty
581 C.E. Sui Dynasty createdOnly lasted until 618
A.D.
Unified China under emperor’s authority again
AchievementsCompleted the Grand
Canal used forced laborEventually forced
labor led to revolts by peasants and downfall of the Sui dynasty
Grand Canal linked Yellow River and Yangtze RiverMade shipping easier
Tang Dynasty
People revolted against Sui EmperorDue to forced labor
Tang Dynasty emerged a few years later in 618 A.D.Lasted for nearly 300
years
Early rulers instituted reformsRestored civil service
examsGave land to peasantsBroke up power of
wealthy land owners
Golden Ages of China
1st Emperor was Li YuanBecame Emperor by
leading a revolt along with his son during the Sui dynastyCrushes rival
Son eventually becomes 2nd EmperorTakes name Tang Taizong
Became China’s most admired Emperor
Tang Dynasty
Tang TaizongRuled from 627- 649 C.E.Brilliant general
Reconquered northern and western lands
Government restorerLowered taxes and gave
land to peasantsReformed government
organization and law codeBecame models for East
Asia
HistorianMaster of Calligraphy
Tang Dynasty- Achievements
Conquered territories into Central Asia
Forced Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea to become tributary states
System of canals for trade and transportation
Expanded the Grand Canal
Instituted land reform Redistributed land to
peasants Strengthened central
government Increased government
revenues
Promoted foreign trade
Improvements in agriculture
Tang Dynasty- Bureaucracy
In order to maintain their large empire, Tang emperors restored China’s vast bureaucracy Revised and expanded civil
service system Opened new schools to train
students
Exams open to all men Really only wealthy and
connected could afford them
Created a remarkably intelligent and capable governing class
Talent and education more important than noble birth in winning power
Empress Wu ZhaoMost women did not
have powerEmpress Wu was the
exception
Became 2nd wife of Tang TaizongStrangled her own
daughter and blamed it on emperors wife
Ruled for Taizong and sons
She became empress in 690 C.E. Age 65Only Empress in
Chinese history
She was ruthless and a strong leaderRuled for 15 years
Decline of the Tang
Lost territories in Central Asia to ArabsEmpire spread to thin
Bad emperors: Tang XuanzangDevoted to commoner’s
daughterDid everything to make
her happy no matter cost
Downward cycleCorruptionHigh taxesDroughtFamineRebellions: led by
favorite general
907 A.D. rebel overthrew last Tang Emperor
Song Dynasty
960 A.D. Song Taizu reunites China Dynasty lasts 319 years From 960- 1279
Smaller dynasty than Tang
Threatened by invaders to north Tried to pay tribute, it failed to
keep peace
Southern Song ruled additional 150 years
Song Dynasty
Golden AgeEconomy expandedCenter of farming
shifted to rice paddiesImproved technology
allowed peasants to produce two rice crops a year
Created surplusesMore people pursued
commerce, learning, and arts
Southern Song Events
1215 - Genghis Khan invades northern China
1260 - Kublai becomes Great Khan
1275 - Marco Polo reaches China
Chinese Dynasty Notes
Inventions of Tang and Song Dynasties
PorcelainLate 700s
Bone-hard, white ceramic made of a special clay and a mineral found only in China Became a valuable export
Is so associated with Chinese culture that it is now called “china”
Mechanical clock
700s
Clock in which machinery regulated the movements
Idea for mechanical clock was carried by traders to medieval Europe
PrintingBlock printing – 700s
Block printing – one block on which a whole page is cut
Movable type - 1040 Movable type – individual
characters arranged in frames, used repeatedly
Printing technology spread to Korea and JapanMovable type also developed
later in Europe
Gunpowder
800s
Explosive powder made from mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal First used for fireworks,
then weapons
Technology spread west within 300 years
Paper money
1020s
Paper currency was issued by Song government to replace strings of metal cash used by merchants
Contributed to development of large-scale commercial economy in China
Foreign Trade
Under both Tang andSong dynasty trade flourished
Tang armies guarded silk road
Merchants came from India,Persia, and Arabia
China’s cities now centerof trade not just government
Magnetic compass (for navigation) 1100s
Floating magnetized needle that always points north-south, adapted by sailors for use at sea Helped China become
greatest sea power in the world at the time
Technology quickly spread west
Arts and Literature
Age of Artistic brilliance
Landscape paintingDaoist influenceCapture spiritual essence
of the natural world
Other ArtsBuddhist themes
dominated sculpture and architecture
Indian stupa = Chinese pagoda
porcelain
Wealth, education, and urban culture stimulated high level of artistic creativity
LiteraturePoetry: Buddhist,
Daoist, Social IssuesLi Bo: greatest Tang
poet, 2000 poems on harmony and nature
Du Fu: condemned war and lavishness
Li Qingzhao: women behind left behind for wars, woman
Religion and Government
BuddhismBrought into China in
1st century A.D.Supported among
ruling classesSupport continued
into Tang DynastyCriticized for being a
foreign religionLost state support
DaoismSupported by ruling
class
Neo-Confucianism
Starting at end of Song Dynasty
Heart of state governmentServed as Confucian
response to Buddhism and Daoism
Teaches that the world is real, not an illusion
Fulfillment comes with participation, not withdrawal from the world
Divide world into material world and spiritual worldHumans live in
material world, goal is to reach union with the Supreme Ultimate
Reach union through moral principles
Chinese Society
Three main social classesGentry
Scholar-officialsWealthy land-owning
classSpent years studying for
civil service examValued learningSupported revival of
Confucian thought
Middle ClassMerchants, shopkeepers,
skilled artisans, and minor officials
PeasantsWorked landSome families also
produced handicraftsLived in small, self-
sufficient villagesRelied on one another,
not governmentVillage leader, council
of eldersCould move up in
society through education and government service
Chinese Society
WomenSubservient to men
Status declined during this time
Ran family affairsWhen married, became
part of husband’s familyFootbinding
Symbol of nobility and beauty
Continued into 20th century
Called “lily foot”
Objectives
The student will demonstrate knowledge of civilizations and empires of the Eastern Hemisphere and their interactions through regional trade patterns by: Locating major trade routes Identifying technological
advances and transfers
Questions What were the major
trading routes in the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 C.E.
How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods and ideas among different cultures?