Classifying Classifying Living ThingsLiving Things

ClassificationClassification Classification is the process of Classification is the process of

grouping things based on their grouping things based on their shared traits.shared traits.

Biologists use classification to Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups, so organize living things into groups, so that the organisms are easier to that the organisms are easier to studystudy

The scientific study of how living The scientific study of how living things are classified is called things are classified is called taxonomytaxonomy..

Classification SystemClassification System Carolus Linnaeus is the Carolus Linnaeus is the

Swedish scientist who Swedish scientist who developed a developed a classification system classification system based on the organisms’ based on the organisms’ observable features.observable features.

Linnaeus’s naming Linnaeus’s naming system is called system is called binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature because because each organism is given each organism is given a two part name.a two part name.

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature The first part of the The first part of the

organism’s name is its organism’s name is its genusgenus. This is a . This is a classification grouping that classification grouping that contains similar, closely contains similar, closely related organisms.related organisms.

The second part of the The second part of the organism’s name is its organism’s name is its species. A species. A speciesspecies is a is a group of similar organisms group of similar organisms that can mate and produce that can mate and produce fertile offspring.fertile offspring.

Seven Levels of Seven Levels of ClassificationClassification

Today’s classification system uses Today’s classification system uses several levels to classify organisms. The several levels to classify organisms. The more characteristics that organisms more characteristics that organisms have in common, the more level they have in common, the more level they share.share. KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder Family Family GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

Dichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys

Taxonomist have Taxonomist have developed special developed special guides know as guides know as dichotomous keys to aid dichotomous keys to aid in identifying unknown in identifying unknown organisms.organisms.

A dichotomous key A dichotomous key consists of several pairs consists of several pairs of descriptive of descriptive statements that have statements that have only two responses.only two responses.

Branching DiagramsBranching Diagrams Branching Branching

diagrams show diagrams show the close the close evolutionary evolutionary relationships relationships between between organisms.organisms.

As As characteristics characteristics differ, branches differ, branches in the diagram in the diagram form.form.

CladogramsCladograms

5 Kingdoms of 5 Kingdoms of OrganismsOrganisms

Bacteria (Monera)Bacteria (Monera) ArcheabacteriaArcheabacteria EubacteriaEubacteria

ProtistsProtists FungiFungi PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

BacteriaBacteria (Monera) (Monera)http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/

: : Archeabacteria:Archeabacteria: Single celled (simpleSingle celled (simple)) Found in extreme Found in extreme

environments like hot environments like hot boiling water; oceans; boiling water; oceans; salt marshessalt marshes

Eubacteria:Eubacteria: Single celled (simple)Single celled (simple) Very common and Very common and

found everywhere.found everywhere.

Streptococci  (strep throat)

ProtistsProtistshttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/

Single CelledSingle Celled Complex Cells Complex Cells

Protozoa and algae Protozoa and algae are are protists.protists.

Sometimes they are called Sometimes they are called the odds and ends the odds and ends kingdom because its kingdom because its members are so different members are so different from one another. from one another. Protists include all Protists include all microscopic organisms microscopic organisms that are that are not bacteria, not bacteria, not animals, not plants not animals, not plants and not fungi. and not fungi.

FungiFungihttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/

Most fungi are Most fungi are multicellularmulticellular and and consists of many consists of many complex cellscomplex cells

Fungi cannot make Fungi cannot make their own food.their own food.

Examples:Examples: Mushrooms Mushrooms Mold Mold MildewMildew

Some fungi taste Some fungi taste great and others great and others can kill you!can kill you!

PlantsPlantshttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/

Plants are all Plants are all multicellularmulticellular and consist of complex and consist of complex cellscells

With over 250,000 species, With over 250,000 species, the plant kingdom is the the plant kingdom is the second largest kingdom.second largest kingdom.

Examples:Examples: Flowering plantsFlowering plants MossesMosses FernsFerns

Plants make their own food Plants make their own food using energy and sunlight.using energy and sunlight.

Without plants, life on Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all the Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms heterotrophs (organisms that eat other organisms) that eat other organisms) on Earth. Wow!on Earth. Wow!

AnimalsAnimalshttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/

The animal kingdom is The animal kingdom is the the largestlargest kingdomkingdom with over 1 million with over 1 million known species.known species.

All animals are All animals are multicellularmulticellular and and consist of many consist of many complex cells.complex cells.

Animals are Animals are heterotrophs. heterotrophs. (organisms that eat (organisms that eat other organisms.) other organisms.)

Seven Levels of Seven Levels of ClassificationClassification

Today’s classification system uses Today’s classification system uses several levels to classify organisms. The several levels to classify organisms. The more characteristics that organisms more characteristics that organisms have in common, the more level they have in common, the more level they share.share. KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder Family Family GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies

SubdivisionsSubdivisions KKing ing PPhilip hilip CCame ame OOver ver FFor or GGood ood SSpaghettipaghetti

Kingdom (Broadest/Largest)Kingdom (Broadest/Largest) PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus Species (Most specific/Smallest)Species (Most specific/Smallest)

Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classificationhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/

Sumatran Tiger Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae, Genus: Pathera, Species: tigris

VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATES

All animals WITH a Backbone are All animals WITH a Backbone are called Vertebrates.called Vertebrates.

5 Vertebrate Groups:5 Vertebrate Groups: Amphibians: Frog, Toad, SalamanderAmphibians: Frog, Toad, Salamander Birds: Eagle; Cardinal, RobinBirds: Eagle; Cardinal, Robin Fish: Goldfish, Clownfish, Shark Fish: Goldfish, Clownfish, Shark Mammals: Lion, Dogs, Humans, Whales Mammals: Lion, Dogs, Humans, Whales Reptiles: Snake, Lizard, Alligator Reptiles: Snake, Lizard, Alligator

INVERTEBRATESINVERTEBRATES

All animals WITHOUT a Backbone are All animals WITHOUT a Backbone are called Invertebrates. called Invertebrates.

Groups of InvertebratesGroups of Invertebrates Ocean Invertebrates: Jellyfish, Coral, Ocean Invertebrates: Jellyfish, Coral,

SpongesSponges WormsWorms ArthropodsArthropods

Insects: Ant, ladybug, honey bee, grasshopperInsects: Ant, ladybug, honey bee, grasshopper Crustaceans: Lobster, Crab, ShrimpCrustaceans: Lobster, Crab, Shrimp Spiders and ScorpionsSpiders and Scorpions

Button Experiment Button Experiment 1.1. Sort the buttons by color. Record how many groups Sort the buttons by color. Record how many groups

you made and how many buttons were in each group.you made and how many buttons were in each group.

2.2. Take your largest group and sort that group into 2 Take your largest group and sort that group into 2 groups. (group with 2 hole; group with all others.) groups. (group with 2 hole; group with all others.) Record groups and number of buttons in each group. Record groups and number of buttons in each group.

3.3. Now separate that same group into 3 groups. (2 Now separate that same group into 3 groups. (2 holes; 4 holes; all others). Record groups and holes; 4 holes; all others). Record groups and number of buttons in each group. number of buttons in each group.

4.4. Now see if you can separate that same group of Now see if you can separate that same group of buttons into 4 or more groups. Explain how the buttons into 4 or more groups. Explain how the buttons are grouped and how many buttons you had buttons are grouped and how many buttons you had in each group. in each group.

Interactive Notebook Interactive Notebook Button ExperimentButton Experiment

Student side (left side): Student side (left side): Record your groups Record your groups from the button experiment. from the button experiment.

Example: Example: 1. Green-6; Blue-4; Black-7; White-31. Green-6; Blue-4; Black-7; White-3 2. Black Group: 2 holes-3; All others-42. Black Group: 2 holes-3; All others-4 3. Black Group: 2 holes-3; 4 holes-1; All others-33. Black Group: 2 holes-3; 4 holes-1; All others-3 4. Groups made: Square-10; round-5; triangle-8; 4. Groups made: Square-10; round-5; triangle-8;

rectangle-6rectangle-6 Teacher side (right side): Teacher side (right side): Glue vocabulary Glue vocabulary

list for classifying living things unit) list for classifying living things unit)

Study List For TestStudy List For Test Study all vocabulary words.Study all vocabulary words. Name all 5 kingdoms, cell type, example of Name all 5 kingdoms, cell type, example of

organism in each organism in each Know 7 levels of classification in order (King Know 7 levels of classification in order (King

Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti)Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti) Know the highest and lowest levels of Know the highest and lowest levels of

classification classification Know which levels are used for scientific naming Know which levels are used for scientific naming Know how plants make food Know how plants make food Vertebrates and examplesVertebrates and examples Invertebrates and examplesInvertebrates and examples