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The Short Story
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is fictional prose short in length involves one or two events involves few characters has a simple plot restricted to one setting has a short time frame can be read in one sitting achieves thematic significance in a short
space can be in the form of a narrative, letter,
diary, or random notes
The Short Story
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Elements of the Short Story
Setting Narrator Characters Plot Theme Irony Style
Symbols and
Allegory
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Setting:
It sets the stage for the events to happen in the story. Setting provides us information about the who, where, when.
Who is the story about?Where does the story take place?When do its events happen?Sometimes the setting can be an
antagonist (an opposing force) such as a hurricane or volcanoes
Setting can be historical, geographical, physical, and psychological.
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Setting
Historical Geographical Physical Psychological
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Historical Setting: is the specific historical period when a story takes place. It includes all the conventions, customs, and events of the period.
An example is a story that is set during World War I or during the Great Depression or even sometime in the future.
Knowing the historical setting puts the story into context and helps us in understanding the characters.
Example: If a woman in a story set in the nineteenth wore pants or was outspoken, we would know that she is different from all other women in the period. However, if she were a character in a story set in today’s time, she would be considered normal.
Looking at the date the story was written helps us determine its historical setting.
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Geographical Setting: is where the story is located whether in the Middle East, America, or even Antarctica.
It explains why the characters or places seem different to us.
For example, the characters in a story set in the southern United States would have a different way of talking and behaving than people in the north states.
It is important to know whether the story takes place in a town or city since a character’s problems in a small town may be closely watched, while in a big city characters are usually are not known by many people and are left alone.
Sometimes the story does not have information about geographical setting or will be set in an imaginary world.
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Physical Setting: is the more specific physical properties of the story such as it happening in a boat or house, inside or outside, in a small place or a big one, or in the day or at night.
Weather is also an important element as rain, snow, or dryness have an effect on the mood of the story.
The particulars of a room such as furniture or paintings are also part of the physical setting and can have meaning, symbolic otherwise.
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Psychological Setting: it is the mental and emotional setting of a story and can determine the overall mood of the story.
Mood is the atmosphere that pervades a literary work with the intention of evoking a certain emotion or feeling from the audience.
Mood may be created by a combination of such elements as setting, voice, tone, and theme.
For instance, we can have a story that begins with the characters feelings of excitement and joy which give a light and careless mood to the story.
Physical setting can also have an influence on the psychological setting.
For example, if the story is set in a an old empty house with the wind howling through the trees, it can create a spooky and creepy mood.
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The narrator determines the point of view of the story- the side from which events are presented.
Every story has more than one side and can be told from another point of view; the point of views of one story may be very different from each other, and each has its own meaning, style, language and plot.
The narrator of a story is different than the writer, even if the writer uses the first person “I”, the feelings and thoughts of the narrator are not the same as the writer.
The narrator is a persona for the writer, it is like mask a writer puts on to tell the story.
The persona is a device the writer uses, the persona and writer are not the same, however the narrator and persona are the same thing.
Narrator
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Narrator
First Person Subjective
Third Person
Omniscient
Limited Omniscient
Objective
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First-Person Narrator
The first-person narrator is a narrator that uses first-person pronouns when telling the story such as I, we, me, mine, us, ours..etc.
The first person narrator is often a major character telling his or her story.
Example: “I thought I saw a shadow move high up on the slope, but when I looked again it was gone. Still, I shuddered as I felt a silent threat pass over me like a cloud over the sun.”
But sometimes the first person narrator is a minor character that tells you somebody else’s story.
A first person narrator is always subjective; that means that you can only get to see his or her side of the story.
The first person narrator can be very convincing (makes you believe his or her story), but sometimes they can be unreliable.
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Unreliable Narrator
The narrator becomes unreliable when he or she, intentionally (on purpose) or unintentionally (not on purpose) misrepresents (tells in a wrong way) the events and circumstances of the story.
Unreliable narrators are sometimes selfish, mistaken, confused, mentally unstable, and insane, which makes it impossible to trust what they are saying.
They can also be innocent, naïve ( does not understand the real world); and do not understand the meaning or importance of the events in the story.
All first person narrators are considered to be subjective and unreliable because the story is determined by their restricted point of view.
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Third Person Narrators
It is when the writer tells the story from the point of view of a narrator who is not a character, but a narrator who is “outside” or who overlooks the events.
This type of narrator uses third person pronouns like she, he, they, them, theirs . . . etc.
The third person narrator is the most commonly found in short stories.
Example: “She thought she saw a shadow move high up on the slope, but when she looked again it was gone. Nevertheless, she shuddered as she felt a silent threat pass over her. It felt like a cloud creeping over the sun.”
The third-person narrator can be: omniscient, limited omniscient, and objective.
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Third Person Omniscient It is the all-knowing narrator which has full
knowledge of the events of the story and the thoughts and motives of all the characters.
The 3rd person omniscient character also has the ability to describe events and thoughts happening at the same time.
This narrator is more reliable than the first person because it can be trusted since it offers a more inclusive (includes most things) of events and characters.
The omniscient narrator can walk out of the persona; that it means it can stop telling the story and comment upon any subject it chooses or speak to the reader.
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Third Person Limited OmniscientIt is when the third person narrator focuses
only on the thoughts and feelings of one character only.
The third person narrator lets us see the main character from a distance to better understand him or her. With the first person narrator we are too close to the character and are too involved to correctly understand the story.
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Third Person Objective Narrator this narrator tell the story without revealing its thoughts and feelings or the thoughts and feelings of any of the characters.
It is like the camera in a movie, it only shows us what's happening on the outside, not the inside, of the characters.
With this narrator you only have the events of the story and the conversations and actions of the characters.
The narrator here is distant and emotionless.This type of narration gives an objective view
of the story and allows the reader to understand it without the narrator’s interference.
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Characters A character is a fictional representation of a
person.A character is developed through his or her
actions, reactions, conflicts, thoughts, feelings, and also through physical appearance, speech, gestures, and expressions as well as names.
The narrator can tell the reader about the character directly, such as describing the readers appearance, thoughts, and feelings directly or the reader can try to figure out a character through the character’s speech and actions.
The main character in a story is called a protagonist and an opposing character or force (such as nature or society is called an antagonist.
A character can either be round and dynamic, or flat and static.
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Characters
Round Dynamic
Flat Static
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Round Characters:
This type of character is fully developed by the writer and is usually the protagonist of the story; it is three dimensional (3D).
It is also called a dynamic character because he or she grow and change in the course of the story.
To better understand a round character we need to understand his or her motivation- the reasons a character’s behavior-.
A round and dynamic character usually experiences a conflict- a struggle- that could be internal (inside the character ) or external (something from the outside world).
A round and dynamic character is usually not predictable.
A reader usually feels empathy (feels what they are feeling) for a round character.
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Flat Characters:
a flat character is not developed and are often stereotypes ( a wrong idea of a person).
this character type is more like a caricature (cartoon) because they are not like real people and are static as they do not change in the course of a story.
A flat character sometimes acts as a foil to the protagonist.
A foil is a minor character that makes the characteristics and personality of the protagonist stand out.
Some flat characters are stock characters- types of characters that are easy to know like the clown type and adventurer type.
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Plot:
It is what happens in the story, how it happens, and in what order.
Stages of Plot:
Exposition is the beginning of the plot where the setting and characters are introduced. It provides the background information needed to understand the story.
Rising Action is the circumstances, difficulties, and tensions that lead to the climax.
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Crisis is a serious complication in the story; moment of considerable tension or importance.
Climax is the highest point of tension and importance; the peak of action.
Falling Action: it is what happens after the climax.
Resolution or Denouement: it is the end of the action where all loose ends are tied, it gives closure to a story
Sometimes a plot does not have a resolution and instead has an open ending. This means that the readers are not sure what will happen to the protagonist or what he or she will do next.
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Ris
ing
Actio
n
Exposition
Climax
Falling
Action
Resolution
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Order and Sequence of Plot
It is the order in which the writer presents the plot.Chronological order is when the plot follows an
organized time frame. For example the story begins in the morning and ends at night.
In media res is when the story begins in the middle of events.
Writers use flashbacks to fill in the reader on events that happened before, while foreshadowing is a way to give the reader a hint about what is going to happen in the story.
A flashback moves out of the story sequence (order) to explain an event or action that took place before the story took place.
Foreshadowing is the presentation of details, characters, or incidents in a story in such a way that later events are prepared for (or "shadowed forth").
