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1 Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000 Confined Space Confined Space Entry Entry Environmetal Safety & Health - Safety Center
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1Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
Environmetal Safety & Health - Safety Center
2Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
Why are we here?
OSHA and this company require that all employees whomust enter into confined spaces receive training as to thehazards, procedures and equipment required to do sosafely.
3Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space EntryDefinitions:
The entrant is the person who enters a confined space.
The attendant is the person who stays with the entrantoutside the confined space, and is responsible for assistingthe entrant in exiting the confined space, and calling foremergency assistance when required.
The safety representative is the qualified person whoevaluates the hazards, prescribes required equipmentand precautions and issues the Confined Space Entry Permit.
4Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
Goals and Objectives:
At the end of this session you will:
o be familiar with the hazards and requirementsof “safe” confined space entry.
o pass a 10 question quiz with a score of 100%.
5Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Both animal and plant liferequire oxygen to live. One of theprimary hazards of enteringconfined spaces is oxygendeficiency.
When oxygen is present inconcentrations less than 19.5%the atmosphere is said to beoxygen deficient.
O2
O2
6Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen can also be presentin concentrations that aretoo high.
Oxygen in concentrationsgreater than 23% is toooxygen rich and can causecombustible materials to ignite very quickly.
7Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Oxygen deficiency can be caused by severalprocesses:
Consumption: oxygen is used up by the person who is in theconfined space and turned into carbondioxide.
Displacement: denser materials push the oxygen out ofthe occupied space.
Reaction: oxygen is reacted with other materialsto make other compounds.
8Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
The human body requiresoxygen to carry out cellularmetabolism. Oxygen isbrought in through the lungsand transported to cells ofbody organs by the redblood cells. When blood isrich in oxygen it turns red.
O2CO2After oxygen is deliveredto body organs and usedby organ cells, it reactswith carbon to makecarbon dioxide. Redblood cells carryingcarbon dioxide turnblue. Carbon dioxide iscarried back to the lungsby the red blood cellsand exhaled into the surrounding atmosphere.
9Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
CO2
O2Given a fixed amount of oxygenas you would have in a confinedspace, respiration of oxygencauses carbon dioxide toincrease. When oxygendecreases to less than 19.5%.the atmosphere is said to be oxygendeficient, putting occupants of the confined space at risk oflosing consciousness and death.
10Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - HazardsProcesses which operate by theprinciple of combustion use upoxygen much faster than thehuman respiration.
Products of combustion varywith the fuel that is present andthe temperature of the combustionreaction. Welding, burning natural gas, propane, gasoline, and diesel engines are examples of combustion processes.
CO2
H20NOx
CO
O2fuel
11Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Manholes often remaincovered for long periodsof time. Naturally occurring toxins, suchas hydrogen sulfidecan accumulate inside ofmanholes.
H2S
Manholes may alsoaccumulate highlyflammable gassessuch as methaneand ethane. Unlikethe gas we receive athome, we cannot detectsome of these gases withour sense of smell.
CH4
12Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Toxic and flammablematerials are sometimesillegally put into sanitaryand storm sewers.Leaking tanks or spillsmay migrate underground causing seepageinto manholes.
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Material can leachthrough soil frommany milesaway.
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13Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Sudden releases offluid solids, such asgranulated salt, sugar,or sand, liquids, anddense gases can causeengulfment of personsinside undergroundtanks, or pits.
When torrential forcesare suddenly released,people may be struck by moving objects , or be pushed helplessly downstream.
14Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Trenches, ravines and otherexcavations may alsobe considered confinedspaces, if there is apotential for accumulationof toxic gases, engulfmentand/or the depletion ofoxygen.
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15Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Many confined spaceentries involve acomplex set of exposuresto mechanical, electrical,pressure and chemicalhazards.
16Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
The entry of a confined space begins with aConfined Space Entry Permit.
Confined Space Entry Permit
Location and Description of Confined Space:
Reason for Entry:
Permit Issued to (Name of Company/Organization):
Confined Space Entry Permit
Location and Description of Confined Space:
Reason for Entry:
Permit Issued to (Name of Company/Organization):
The permit system requiresthat a qualified safetyrepresentative visit thework location and evaluatethe conditions under whichentry will be made.
17Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space EntryEach process hazard to whichthe entrant may be exposed,adjacent operations or processes,and scheduled activityare reviewed. For each hazardidentified, countermeasuresare detailed on the ConfinedSpace Entry Permit.
18Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space EntryThe safety representativetests the space for hazardous concentrations of known harmful substances, such as hydrogen sulfide,carbon monoxide, and flammable liquid or gas.The concentrationof oxygen is measuredat the same time.
19Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
If concentrations ofmaterials are found tobe at harmful levels,the confined spacemust be ventilated toremove them beforeentry.
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Fresh Air
Fresh outsideair is blown intothe space to diluteand removecontaminants, andsupply oxygen.
Fresh outsideair is blown intothe space to diluteand removecontaminants, andsupply oxygen.
O2 O2
O2
O2
20Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - HazardsConfined Space Entry - Hazards
Should the concentrationof contaminants remainat harmful levels,respirators may have tobe worn to assure a safeair supply.
Should the concentrationof contaminants remainat harmful levels,respirators may have tobe worn to assure a safeair supply.
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Fresh Air
O2 O2
O2
O2
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21Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space EntryMeans of emergency rescuemust be readily available to the confined spaceentry attendant for emergency extrication ofentrants.
22Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Confined Space EntrySpace Entry
A means must be providedfor both safe normal entryor exit , and emergencyextrication. Tripods with hoist,lifeline, and full body harnessare often used for emergencyextrication. Ladders may beused for ordinary entry andexit.
23Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Confined Space EntrySpace Entry
Barriers to prevent passers-byand the curious from fallinginto the opening must be putin place.
Holes and openings must beclosed or guarded when notattended.
24Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Confined Space EntrySpace Entry
Place warning signs wherepedestrians can see them.
Signs must state the hazardand the required action.
CAUTIONOpening in Ground
Keep Out !
25Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Eye protection yes noRespiratory protection yes noContinuous Ventilation yes noBody Protection yes noHand Protection yes noFoot Protection yes noWeather Protection yes no
Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Eye protection yes noRespiratory protection yes noContinuous Ventilation yes noBody Protection yes noHand Protection yes noFoot Protection yes noWeather Protection yes no
Required countermeasures includepersonal protective equipmentfor hazards expected to be foundwithin the confined space.
Eye and head injuries are alwaysa potential, therefore safety glassesand hard hats are required wearfor entrants.
Other conditions may require theuse of respirators, safety shoes,protective gloves, and otherpersonal protective equipment.
26Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
o
Danger
Do not use!
o
Danger
Do not use!
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Ground Fault Interruption yes noLockout of HazardousEnergy Sources yes no
Confined Space Entry Permit
Requirements
Ground Fault Interruption yes noLockout of HazardousEnergy Sources yes no
Required countermeasures alsoinclude prevention of electricalshock hazards due to loss of earth ground for portable tools.GFCI’s are required for portableelectric tooling.
There may also be a need tolockout and tag equipment bothin the confined space and onadjacent equipment and processes.
27Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
H2S
HCN
Entrants must leave theconfined space when themonitor alarm is activated.
It is the attendant’sresponsibility to see that the entrant leaves thespace during an alarm.
Entrants must leave theconfined space when themonitor alarm is activated.
It is the attendant’sresponsibility to see that the entrant leaves thespace during an alarm.CH4
CO
CO2
O2
Entrants must constantly monitorthe confined space for toxic gases,oxygen, and combustible gases.Entrants will be issued a personalmonitor to wearfor thispurpose.
28Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space EntryShould conditions developwhich require extrication,and the entrant cannotget out of the confined space on their own,the attendant mustcall for emergencyassistance at once!
Should conditions developwhich require extrication,and the entrant cannotget out of the confined space on their own,the attendant mustcall for emergencyassistance at once!
29Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space EntryConfined Space Entry
The attendant shouldattempt to remove theentrant from the confinedspace using tripods, hoist, andlifelines. Attendants are NOT TO ENTER CONFINEDSPACES. Lethal hazards maybe present within the confinedspace. Only properly equippedand trained emergency rescuepersonnel may enter confinedspaces to make rescues.
The attendant shouldattempt to remove theentrant from the confinedspace using tripods, hoist, andlifelines. Attendants are NOT TO ENTER CONFINEDSPACES. Lethal hazards maybe present within the confinedspace. Only properly equippedand trained emergency rescuepersonnel may enter confinedspaces to make rescues.
30Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - SummaryConfined Space Entry - Summary
Confined space entry hazards can include:
- the presence of toxic substances - insufficient oxygen, or too much oxygen - engulfment - presence of combustible gases and liquids - process or equipment related hazards. - conditions changing from nonhazardous to hazardous.
31Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry - SummaryConfined Space Entry - Summary Confined Space Entry Permit
Location and description of confined space:Reason for entry:Permit issued to:Supervisor’s Name:Attendant’s name:Permit issuer’s name:% oxygen: % lower explosive limit: ppm CO: H2S:
Requirements
Emergency Rescuer yes noContinuous Gas Monitor yes noBarrier for ground openings yes noWarning Signs yes noSafety Harness withlife line yes noTripod / Hoist / Pulley yes noAccess (ladders/other) yes noEye protection yes noRespiratory protection yes noContinuous Ventilation yes noBody Protection yes noHand Protection yes noFoot Protection yes noWeather Protection yes noGround Fault CircuitInterrupters yes noLockout of HazardousEnergy yes no
Confined Space Entry Permit
Location and description of confined space:Reason for entry:Permit issued to:Supervisor’s Name:Attendant’s name:Permit issuer’s name:% oxygen: % lower explosive limit: ppm CO: H2S:
Requirements
Emergency Rescuer yes noContinuous Gas Monitor yes noBarrier for ground openings yes noWarning Signs yes noSafety Harness withlife line yes noTripod / Hoist / Pulley yes noAccess (ladders/other) yes noEye protection yes noRespiratory protection yes noContinuous Ventilation yes noBody Protection yes noHand Protection yes noFoot Protection yes noWeather Protection yes noGround Fault CircuitInterrupters yes noLockout of HazardousEnergy yes no
Required countermeasures aredetermined by a qualified safetyprofessional.
Once the required countermeasuresare in place, a permit is issued bythe safety representative and theconfined space may be safelyentered.
Should an emergency arise duringthe entry, the attendant notifiesan emergency response team andattempts to extricate the entrant.
32Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Confined Space Entry -SummaryConfined Space Entry -Summary
Confined Space
Safe Work Permit Required
CAUTION
Confined spaces are required to be labeled. Some spacesmay have been overlooked. Contact your safety representativewhen in doubt. It is up to you to obey signs and to followpermit procedures before entry.
33Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
Where to Get Help?Where to Get Help?
The supervisor of a confined space entry should be contactedfor any equipment necessary to complete the task at hand.
Safety Representatives are responsible for answering questionsabout the confined space entry permit, countermeasures,sampling methods, and instrumentation.
34Author: R. Chiodi 03/21/1997 rev 04/16/2000
References and Sources forReferences and Sources forMore InformationMore Information
OSHA 29CFR 1910.146 Permit - Required Confined Spaces
