Confined Space Entry - Training Presentation

8/2/2019 Confined Space Entry - Training Presentation

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SHE Training Series, Atul Limited 1

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

Precautions & Procedures to be followed


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What is a Confined Space?

Confined Space means any space by reason

of its construction as well as in relation to thenature of work carried therein and wherehazards to the persons entering into workinginside exist or likely to develop during working

Schedule XIX Pt I, Gujarat Factories Rules 1963


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What is a Confined Space?

Any item of plant, equipment or civil structure

enclosing a space at least large enough for aperson to bodily enter, and where dangerousfumes, deficiency in oxygen & other unsafeconditions are liable to be present that canpose acute safety and health hazards


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Examples of a Confined Space

1. Closed vessels, reactors, storage tanks, agitatedpressure nutche filters, mixers, boilers, big

pipelines, large drying ovens

2. Pits, sumps / septic tanks, sewers, manhole,

trenches, shafts, tunnels, ducts

This is an indicative list only


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How to identify a Confined Space?

1. It is large enough and so configured that a personcan bodily enter and perform work

2. There are limited openings for entry & exit

3. Not designed for continuous occupancy

4. Favorable natural ventilation does not exist

5. Holes on ground with more than 1 m depth,depending on hazard situation


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Types of Hazards in a Confined Space

There are four types of Hazards:

1. Presence of Hazardous Atmosphere

2. Configuration Hazard

3. Engulfment Hazard

4. Conditions Changing from Non Hazardous toHazardous while working


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1. Hazardous Atmosphere

Five types of Hazardous Atmospheres:

a) Oxygen Enriched / depleted

b) Presence of Toxic, flammable Gases / liquids

c) Temperature Extremes

d) Presence of Dust

e) Absence of Free flow of air in & out



1. a) Oxygen Enriched / Depleted

Man can live

3 weeks without food

3 days without water

only 3 min without oxygen




The acceptable range of Oxygen inside a

confined space is between

19.5% to 23.5%




Oxygen is required by Human Body to

carryout cellular metabolism

Less Oxygen (23.5%) Faster Combustion




Oxygen % Impact on Humans19.5 Minimum Acceptable Oxygen Level

15 - 19 Decreased ability to work strenuously. ImpairCoordination

12 14 Respiration rate increases. Poor Judgment

10 12 Lips turn Blue. Gasping for breath

8 10 Mental failure, Nausea, Vomiting, Fainting.

6 8 8 min exposure is fatal, 6 min exposure is 50%fatal, 4-5 min possible recovery

4 6 Coma in 40 seconds. Death




Most common reason for Oxygen depletionwhich lead to fatality is:

Accidental use of Nitrogen in place ofcompressed air for providing forced ventilation

into confined space




Enriched Oxygen Atmosphere (> 23.5% O2)can cause flammable & combustiblematerials to burn quickly & violently when

ignited.CAUTION: NEVER USE PURE O2 FOR

VENTILATION



1. b) Toxic, Flammable Gases / Liquids

Handling of chemicals, reactions can lead to

trapping of toxic / flammable gases in aconfined space.

Bio decomposition can lead to H2S,Methane in sewage systems.



1. b) Toxic, Flammable Gases H2S

H2S ppm Hours Effect on Humans10 8 Permissible Exposure Limit

50 100 1 Mild irritation of eyes, throat

200 300 1 Significant Irritation

500

700 - 1 Unconsciousness, Death

> 1000 Minutes Unconsciousness, Death

0.005 - Odor Threshold Value



1. b) Toxic, Flammable Gases CO

CO ppm Hours Effect on Humans

50 8 Permissible Exposure Limit

200 3 Slight headache, discomfort

600 1 Headache, discomfort

1000 2000 2 Confusion, nausea, headache

1000 2000 1 Tendency to stagger

1000 2000 Slight heart palpitation

2000 2500 Unconscious



1. c) Temperature Extremes

Extremely hot or cold spaces

Warm spaces decreases working efficiency andcan make person tired soon. Prone to moremistakes

Humidity Factors. Increased Fatigue Steam heating while cleaning



1. d) Presence of Dust

Sensitizing, toxic dusts

Hampers visibility & work

Breathing difficulties



1. e) Absence of free air flow

Confined space not designed for permanentworker occupancy

After readying, the space should maintain thecharacteristics while work is going. Entrantexhales carbon dioxide

Hence free flow of fresh air is required in & out ofthe vessel

Lack of it can lead to build of hazardous

atmosphere




Examples of configuration Hazards:

1. Agitators in reaction vessels

2. Slicks, wet surfaces. Slippery to work

3. Very narrow openings that inhibit emergency

evacuation4. Surface configuration such that toxic residues stick

and cleaning prior to entry is difficult

5. Falling objects with top opening vessels.


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Configuration Hazards are determined by the

structure of the confined space and devices /

equipments connected to it.It is space / equipment specific & hence difficult tolist.

All such hazards shall be assessed by visiting theactivity site and appropriate preventive measuresshall be taken.


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Engulfment is when the entrant is fully

drowned / trapped by falling material,thereby suffocating him. Examples are:

1. A well digger is engulfed by falling sand

2. Powder stored in a hopper above can fill reactor

3. Flooding of confined space


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4. Changing conditions of space

As work proceeds, the condition of the

confined space alters, either due to work ordue to presence of the entrant inside:

1. While welding toxic fumes are generated

2. Generation of dust, fumes while scraping orcleaning

3. Human beings exhale CO2 whose concentration

can increase, depleting oxygen


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Prepare space FIT for entry

1. Hazards have a potential to acutely affect theentrant and cause injury, even death

2. The entrant must be assured that the confinedspace has been made safe for entry

3. This process must be controlled through workpermit and the entry must be approved bycompetent persons only


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Confined Space Entry: 5 STEPS

1. Assessment through Work Permit

2. Preparation & Certification for entry

3. Precautions while entering

4. Completion & Permit Closure5. Training


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a) Assessment shall be done by authorised person whois conversant with the process & engineering aspectsof the confined space after a visit to the location

b) Assess the necessity of entry. Can the intended workbe done without entry?

c) If entry is necessary, decontamination requirement,

isolation requirement must be specified on permit forimplementation

d) Precautions to be taken while entry must be listed inthe permit along with PPE requirement


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2. Preparation & Certification for Entry

a) Permit must be correctly and accurately filled. Thelocation details, purpose for entry and validity periodmust be clearly mentioned

b) No entry shall be allowed without the permit

c) A permit shall not be valid for more than 8 hours

d) Entry can begin only after the sign of and approval by

the authorized person

e) Permit should be closed at the end of work

f) Names of entrant & standby person to be mentioned in

permit along with required PPE for entry


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g) Discontinue Processing in the confined space

h) Isolate of confined space from all process & material

incoming lines. Physically disconnect or at leastprovide tail blind

i) If agitators exist, then de energize through electricallock out. Display cards at place of work & MCC room

j) Clean the space thoroughly and remove all materialsliable to present a hazard

k) Ventilate the space with fresh, uncontaminated air.Ventilate at the rate of at least 4 volumes per hour


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l) Test the atmosphere for oxygen concentration &absence of other hazardous fumes. Recordobservations in permit

m) Test all areas of confined space. Gases heavier than airtend to concentrate at bottoms and vice versa

n) As far as possible, avoid use of breathing apparatus as

it becomes cumbersome in emergencies. Level ofcleaning must ensure this

o) Ensure the entry hole is sufficient for the person toenter


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a) The entrant must be a trained person. He must beaware of hazards and precautions associated withwork.

b) A Rescue attendant be provided who will keep a watchon the entrant and who will respond in case of anyemergency to the entrant.

c) Rescue attendant must be conversant with emergencyprocedures

d) A safety harness (belt) to be worn by the entrant toextricate in case of emergency


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e) Recommended PPE must be worn.

f) Ensure adequate fresh air is supplied during entry

g) Avoid self breather apparatus as it enhancescombustibility hazards. First choice is Air mask withfresh air connection

h) Ensure availability of emergency equipment nearby

i) While entry, if there is a need to test the space, itshould be done


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4. Completion & Permit Closure

a) In case of extension, the safety measures takenmust be reconfirmed & entry must be re approved

b) Oxygen check must be done afresh after aninterruption

c) At the end of the work, the permit must be closed

and signed offd) Before taking the space back for processing,

confirm the absence of people in confined space

and then close the same


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5. Training

a) Training to Entrant on all the likely hazards andabout his responsibilities

b) Training to Rescue attendant on the same andalso on emergency procedures

c) Training to Authorised persons (permit issuers) on

Hazard assessment and also on aboved) Training records must be available

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Confined Space Entry - Training Presentation

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