Date post: | 02-Nov-2014 |
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Health & Medicine |
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Consciousness: Consciousness: Focus on AwarenessFocus on Awareness
ConsciousnessConsciousnessOur awareness of our own Our awareness of our own existence, sensations, and existence, sensations, and cognitionscognitions
““Stream of consciousness”Stream of consciousness”– William JamesWilliam James
What function does consciousness serve? What What function does consciousness serve? What advantages does it provide humans? What is an advantages does it provide humans? What is an alternative to conscious behavior?alternative to conscious behavior?– Allows us to consolidate information in novel waysAllows us to consolidate information in novel ways– Binds people’s complex perceptual and mental processes into a Binds people’s complex perceptual and mental processes into a
single coherent wholesingle coherent whole– Allows for flexibility in respondingAllows for flexibility in responding
ConsciousnessConsciousness
Normal consciousnessNormal consciousness Altered states of consciousnessAltered states of consciousness
– SleepingSleeping– DreamingDreaming– HypnosisHypnosis– MeditationMeditation– Drug inducedDrug induced
Stages of SleepStages of Sleep EEG-based EEG-based
measurementsmeasurements Stage 1Stage 1
– HypnogogicHypnogogic Stage 2Stage 2
– Sleep spindlesSleep spindles Stages 3 and 4Stages 3 and 4
– Delta wavesDelta waves REM (rapid eye REM (rapid eye
movement) sleepmovement) sleep
Stages of SleepStages of Sleep
REM Sleep over the LifespanREM Sleep over the Lifespan
Sleep DeprivationSleep Deprivation How many hours of sleep do you get each How many hours of sleep do you get each
night? How many do you prefer? night? How many do you prefer? 2/3 adults are not getting enough sleep2/3 adults are not getting enough sleep REM reboundREM rebound EffectsEffects
– AttentionAttention Sustained attentionSustained attention
– Physical performancePhysical performance Visual-motor tasksVisual-motor tasks
– MoodMood– The body suffersThe body suffers
Increased cortisolIncreased cortisol– Decreased learningDecreased learning
The Function of SleepThe Function of Sleep
Why do we sleep?Why do we sleep?– Evolutionary theory Evolutionary theory – Restorative theoryRestorative theory– Facilitating learningFacilitating learning
Are Your Dreams Like This?Are Your Dreams Like This?
Dream Video
DreamingDreaming
What triggers particular dreams?What triggers particular dreams? Why do we dream?Why do we dream? Freud Freud
– Wish fulfillmentWish fulfillment– Manifest contentManifest content– Latent contentLatent content
Activation-synthesis hypothesisActivation-synthesis hypothesis How about your dreams?How about your dreams?
Sleep and the BrainSleep and the Brain
The chemistry of sleepThe chemistry of sleep– Acetylcholine (inhibited)Acetylcholine (inhibited)– Sleeping pillsSleeping pills– MelatoninMelatonin
Circadian rhythmsCircadian rhythms– Suprachiasmatic nucleusSuprachiasmatic nucleus– 24 or 25 hours?24 or 25 hours?– Owls versus LarksOwls versus Larks– Afternoon energy dipAfternoon energy dip– Shift workShift work
Troubled SleepTroubled Sleep
Night terrorsNight terrors NightmaresNightmares NarcolepsyNarcolepsy InsomniaInsomnia Sleep apneaSleep apnea
HypnosisHypnosis
Focused awareness on vivid, imagined Focused awareness on vivid, imagined experiences and a decreased experiences and a decreased awareness of the external environmentawareness of the external environment
Hypnotic inductionHypnotic induction Trance stateTrance state
– Generalized reality orientation fadingGeneralized reality orientation fading– Trance logicTrance logic
Posthypnotic suggestionPosthypnotic suggestion
Hypnosis VideoHypnosis Video
Hypnosis Video
Is Everyone Hypnotizable?Is Everyone Hypnotizable?
Hypnosis TheoriesHypnosis Theories
TheoriesTheories– Trance theoryTrance theory– Sociocognitive theorySociocognitive theory
Evidence from neuroimagingEvidence from neuroimaging Hypnosis as a tool for…Hypnosis as a tool for…
– AnxietyAnxiety– Compulsive habitsCompulsive habits– AsthmaAsthma– StressStress– Pain reliefPain relief
MeditationMeditation
Religious traditionsReligious traditions TypesTypes
– Concentrative meditationConcentrative meditation– Opening-up meditationOpening-up meditation– Mindfulness meditationMindfulness meditation
MeditationMeditation
BenefitsBenefits– Reduced tension and Reduced tension and
anxietyanxiety
– Decreased stressDecreased stress– Decreased blood pressureDecreased blood pressure– Increased ability to fight infectionIncreased ability to fight infection
Meditation versus relaxationMeditation versus relaxation Biology of meditationBiology of meditation