Coral Reef Destruction

7/25/2019 Coral Reef Destruction

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Coral Reef

Destruction

Kristian .M | 23rd |

Geography Course Work

#1CORAL REEF DESTRUCTION


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The Destruction of Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are e!"g es$roye y a"$hropoge"!% flu&es !" $he!r e"'!ro"(e"$) These

flu&es are %ause o$h !re%$ly y people *ho ha'e phys!%al %o"$a%$ *!$h $he reefs a" y

all o$her people *ho %o"$r!u$e $o ear$h+s pollu$!o")

Causes Of Coral Reef Destruction

Direct Contact: Fishing

,u(a"s es$roy %oral reefs !re%$ly $hrough u"fr!e"ly f!sh!"g ha!$s) -a"y %oral reefs

are o'erf!she. es$roy!"g $he!r sus$a!"a!l!$y) I" o$her areas. pra%$!%es l!ke %ya"!e

f!sh!"g a" las$ f!sh!"g es$roy reefs) Cya"!e f!sh!"g !s a (e$ho !" *h!%h !'ers s/u!r$

%ya"!e !"$o reef %re'!%es a" o"$o f!sh. s$u""!"g $he( a" (ak!"g $he( easy $o %a$%h)

S(all orga"!s(s. espe%!ally %oral polyps. are k!lle y $he %ya"!e !" $h!s pro%ess) 0las$

f!sh!"g. !" *h!%h e&plos!'es or gu" sho$s are se"$ !"$o $he reefs. %a" %o(ple$ely es$roy

$he reef s$ru%$ure) U"safe F!sh!"g ra%$!%es resul$ !" $he ea$h of %oral a" o$her

orga"!s(s $ha$ l!'e !" $he reef)

Direct Contact: Tourist Economies

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Tour!s( has %ause se'ere a(age $o $he reefs) Corals are of$e" re(o'e fro( $he!r

ha!$a$ $o e sol as sou'e"!rs) Also. !" so(e %oas$al areas *!$h rap!ly gro*!"g

popula$!o"s a" e'elop(e"$. p!ers a" o%ks ha'e ee" u!l$ r!gh$ o" $op of %oral reefs)

Careless !'ers of$e" !"a'er$e"$ly es$roy %oral reefs y k!%k!"g $he( or ropp!"g

a"%hors fro( $he!r oa$s !re%$ly o"$o $he %oral) I" poorer %ou"$r!es. sep$!% *as$e fro(

resor$s of$e" leaks ou$ !"$o $he o%ea". k!ll!"g off $he frag!le %orals) ,o*e'er. (u%h of

$he es$ru%$!o" of %oral reefs !s %ause y people *ho ha'e "e'er e'e" see" a reef) The

pollu$!o" *h!%h has a'ersely affe%$e $he ear$h o'er $he las$ %e"$ury has ha a ra(a$!%

effe%$ o" $he heal$h of $he reefs)

Pollution: Global Warming and Ozone Depletion

Gloal *ar(!"g has $ra"sla$e !"$o o%ea"!% *ar(!"g. $he r!s!"g $e(pera$ure of ear$h+s

o%ea"s) Th!s pro%ess. %o(!"e *!$h $he eple$!o" of ear$h+s o2o"e a" suse/ue"$

!"%reases !" ul$ra'!ole$ ra!a$!o". has lea $o *ha$ !s k"o*" as 3%oral lea%h!"g4) Coral

lea%h!"g o%%urs *he" $he %oral polyps. s$resse y %ha"ges !" $e(pera$ure or U5

ra!a$!o". e&pel $he 2oo&a"$hellae *h!%h are "e%essary for $he!r sur'!'al) Th!s "o$ o"ly

3lea%hes4 $he( a" %auses $he( $o lose $he!r %olor. !$ of$e" leas $o $he!r ea$h)

Pollution: ncreased CO!

I"%reases !" $he a(ou"$s of %aro" !o&!e fou" !" *a$er ha'e ha a" a'erse effe%$ o"

%oral) The Caro" D!o&!e see(s $o e !ssol'!"g $he %oral skele$o"s a" (ak!"g $he(

(u%h *eaker) The pro%ess has ee" %o(pare $o os$eoporos!s !" hu(a"s. a" !s lea'!"g

$he frag!le %oral s$ru%$ures *eak a" e'e" (ore 'ul"erale $o a"$hropoge"!% flu&es)

Pollution: Water Contamination

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O!l sp!lls. *as$e u(p!"g. a" o$her yprou%$s of hu(a" a'a"%es ha'e resul$e !" $he

%o"$a(!"a$!o" of $he o%ea"s) Whe" $he ho(oeos$as!s of $he reef area !s los$. $here !s a"

o'ergro*$h of algae) Whe" $oo (u%h algae gro*s o" $he reef. $he %oral %a""o$ ge$

e"ough o&yge" a" !s $he reef !s effe%$!'ely s(o$here y N!$roge" a" Caro" D!o&!e)

Th!s %har$ represe"$s $he lea%he.

a(age a" u"affe%$e %orals fro( $he year 1667 $o 8998)

Th!s sho*s $ha$ s"orklers s$ep o" %orals

%arelessly

Se!(e"$a$!o"

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Se!(e"$a$!o" !s $he $e"e"%y for par$!%les !" suspe"s!o" $o se$$le ou$ of $he flu! !"

*h!%h $hey are e"$ra!"e. a" %o(e $o res$ aga!"s$ a arr!er) Th!s !s ue $o $he!r (o$!o"

$hrough $he flu! !" respo"se $o $he for%es a%$!"g o" $he(: $hese for%es %a" e ue $o

gra'!$y. %e"$r!fugal a%%elera$!o" or ele%$ro(ag"e$!s() Se!(e"$a$!o" ue $o $erres$r!al

ru"off or fro( large s$or(s l!ke $su"a(!s %a" ha'e ras$!% affe%$s o" %orals. lea!"g !"

(a"y %ases $o ;rap! %oral ea$h y ealy %ha!" rea%$!o"; !f $he se!(e"$ !s "o$ re(o'e

pro(p$ly)

So(e %orals are lu%ky !" $ha$ $hey %a" a%$ually u"ury $he(sel'es *he" %o'ere *!$h

se!(e"$) Fu"g!! %orals. for e&a(ple. %a" a%$!'ely she se!(e"$ u!lup y !"fla$!"g

a" efla$!"g repea$ely)O$her %orals. l!ke o%!llopora spp). house sy(!o$!% shr!(ps a"

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%ras $ha$ *!ll help re(o'e se!(e"$ u!lup as *ell) If $he %oral !s "o$ lu%ky e"ough $o

ha'e $he a!l!$y $o e!$her she se!(e"$ $hrough !"fla$!o" or y sy(!o"$s. !$


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hase 1: Whe" a $*o (!ll!(e$re layer of se!(e"$ e"r!%he *!$h orga"!% %o(pou"s

%o'ers $he %orals. $he algae *!ll s$op pho$osy"$hes!s. as $he l!gh$ !s lo%ke)

hase 8: If $he se!(e"$s are orga"!%ally e"r!%he. $he" !ges$!o" of $he orga"!% (a$er!al

y (!%ro!al a%$!'!$y reu%es o&yge" %o"%e"$ra$!o"s u"er"ea$h $he se!(e"$ f!l( $o

2ero) O$her (!%roes $ake o'er !ges$!"g larger %aro" %o(pou"s '!a fer(e"$a$!o" a"

hyrolys!s $herey lo*er!"g $he p,)

hase >: La%k of o&yge" a" a%!!% %o"!$!o"s har( s(all areas of %oral $!ssue

!rre'ers!ly) The ea (a$er!al !s !ges$e y (!%roes prou%!"g hyroge" sulf!e. a

%o(pou" $ha$ !s h!ghly $o&!% for $he re(a!"!"g %orals) The pro%ess ga!"s (o(e"$u( a"

$he re(a!"er of $he se!(e"$=%o'ere %oral surfa%e !s k!lle !" less $ha" 8? hours)

"e#age Pollution Tourism On Coral Reefs

Destruction

Coral reefs are u"er $hrea$. suffer!"g fro( e%l!"e a" egraa$!o" ue $o a %o(!"a$!o"

of "a$ural a" a"$hropoge"!% fa%$ors) The s%!e"$!f!% %o((u"!$y !s !" agree(e"$ aou$ !$

a" $he press $alks aou$ !$) F!f$y=e!gh$ per%e"$ of $he *orl


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(ass!'e %l!(a$e=rela$e %oral lea%h!"g e'e"$ of 1667) Th!s es$roye aou$ 1 of $he

%oral reefs of $he *orl !" 6 (o"$hs ur!"g $he larges$ El N!o a" La N!a %l!(a$e

e'e"$s e'er re%ore) So(e of $he (a"=(ae a(age !s rela$e $o $our!s() A$ $he sa(e

$!(e. $our!s( !s of grea$ e%o"o(!% !(por$a"%e $o %ou"$r!es *!$h s!g"!f!%a"$ areas of %oral

reef. su%h as $he Car!ea" s$a$es a" $err!$or!es) For so(e s(aller !sla" $err!$or!es.

$our!s( !s $he (a!"s$ay of $he lo%al e%o"o(y)

0e%ause $our!s( !" $he Car!ea" !s epe"e"$ al(os$ e"$!rely o" %oas$al resour%es. (os$

e'elop(e"$ $akes pla%e !" $he %oas$al 2o"e a" (os$ of $he !(pa%$s o%%ur !" $he %oas$al

2o"e) I(pa%$s fro( $our!s( a%$!'!$!es !"%lue o$h !re%$ phys!%al !(pa%$s @su%h as !'er

a(age a" a"%hor a(age. as *ell as !"!re%$ !(pa%$s fro( resor$ e'elop(e"$ a"

opera$!o". a" e'elop(e"$ of $our!s( !"fras$ru%$ure !" ge"eral) I(pa%$s fro( $our!s(

%a" of$e" e reu%e y ra!s!"g a*are"ess a" %ha"g!"g eha'!our a(o"g o$h $our!s$s

a" lo%al $our!s( !"us$ry *orkers) The $our!s(=rela$e !(pa%$s o" %oral reefs !" $he

Car!ea" are $yp!%al of $hose o%%urr!"g *orl*!e) The $our!s( se%$or !s of (aor

e%o"o(!% !(por$a"%e !" $he Car!ea" reg!o". o$h for fore!g" e&%ha"ge ear"!"gs a" for

e(ploy(e"$) S!"%e Car!ea" $our!s( !s pr!(ar!ly asso%!a$e *!$h ea%hes a" $he sea.

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$here ha'e ee" = a" %o"$!"ue $o e = !(pa%$s fro( $our!s( o" $he %oas$al e"'!ro"(e"$.

!"%lu!"g $he %oral reefs)

Tour!s( has o$h direct a" indirect!(pa%$s o"

%oral reefs) S"orkel!"g. !'!"g a" oa$!"g %a" %ause !re%$ phys!%al a(age $o reefs. a"

f!sh!"g a" %olle%$!"g %a" %o"$r!u$e $o o'er=e&plo!$a$!o" of reef spe%!es a" $hrea$e"

lo%al sur'!'al of e"a"gere spe%!es) I"!re%$ !(pa%$s rela$e $o $he e'elop(e"$.

%o"s$ru%$!o" a" opera$!o" of $our!s( !"fras$ru%$ure as a *hole @resor$s. (ar!"as. por$s.

a!rpor$s D!re%$ phys!%al a(age fro( s"orkel!"g a" !'!"g has ee" $he sue%$ of

e&$e"s!'e s$uy a" !s *ell o%u(e"$e) The a(age !"fl!%$e y !'ers a" s"orkelers

%o"s!s$s (os$ly of reak!"g frag!le. ra"%he %orals or %aus!"g les!o"s $o (ass!'e %orals)

-os$ !'ers a" s"orkelers %ause l!$$le a(age o"ly a fe* %ause se'ere or *!esprea

a(age) Resear%h !"!%a$es $ha$ reef egraa$!o" a" %ha"ge of reef %o((u"!$y s$ru%$ure

o%%urs o"%e a %er$a!" le'el of use y !'ers a" s"orkelers !s e&%eee) As a rule of

$hu( !$ !s re%o((e"e $ha$ $he le'el of H.999 $o .999 !'es per s!$es per year shoul

"o$ e e&%eee) Tra!"!"g a" r!ef!"g of !'ers a" s"orkelers *!ll grea$ly help $o

reu%e "ega$!'e !(pa%$s) hys!%al a(age fro( a"%hors a" espe%!ally oa$ grou"!"gs

%a" e se'ere) A"%hor a(age !s propor$!o"al $o $he s!2e of $he oa$ @!)e) *e!gh$ of $he

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a"%hor a" le"g$h of a"%hor %ha!" a" !s fur$her epe"e"$ o" $he $ype of %oral

%o((u"!$y)

Re%o'ery of %oral a(age fro( oa$ grou"!"gs !s slo*)

A"%hor a(age %a" e a'o!e $o a large e&$e"$ y !"s$all!"g per(a"e"$ (oor!"gs.

es!g"a$!"g a"%horages a" pro'!!"g ae/ua$e !"for(a$!o" o" a"%hor!"g a" (oor!"g)

Al$hough f!sh!"g has %ause e%l!"es !" reef f!sh s$o%ks $hroughou$ $he Car!ea". $he

!re%$ role of $our!s( !" f!sh!"g=rela$e e%l!"e !s (os$ l!kely "o$ s!g"!f!%a"$) I"!re%$ly.

ho*e'er. $our!s( !"%reases $he e(a" for seafoo a" oes ha'e a" !(pa%$ of o" reef

f!sh resour%es) Colle%$!"g of (ar!"e sou'e"!rs y $our!s$s !s proaly !"s!g"!f!%a"$ u$

$here s$!ll !s a (arke$ for (ar!"e %ur!os!$!es !" respo"se $o a %er$a!" $our!s$ e(a") Th!s

e(a" %a" ef!"!$ely e e%rease y !"%rease a*are"ess) Tour!s(=rela$e sour%es of

se*age pollu$!o" !"%lue resor$s a". $o a (u%h lesser e&$e"$. re%rea$!o"al 'essels) There

!s e'!e"%e $ha$ a 'ery large per%e"$age of $he se*age ge"era$e y ho$els !s !s%harge

!" %oas$al *a$ers *!$hou$ ae/ua$e $rea$(e"$) The (a!" !(pa%$ of se*age pollu$!o" !s

"u$r!e"$ e"r!%h(e"$. *h!%h fa'ours %er$a!" spe%!es @algae !" par$!%ular a$ $he e&pe"se of

%orals) The !(pa%$s of "u$r!e"$ e"r!%h(e"$ fro( se*age pollu$!o" o" %orals !" ge"eral

ha'e ee" *ell s$u!e. u$ $hose spe%!f!%ally fro( se*age pollu$!o" fro( ,OTELS

AND re%rea$!o"al 'essels ha'e "o$ ee" /ua"$!f!e) The s$u!es !"!%a$e $ha$ $he !(pa%$

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of se*age pollu$!o" epe"s o" $he le'el of $rea$(e"$ efore !s%harge a" $he egree of

"a$ural flush!"g y $!es a" %urre"$s a$ $he po!"$ of !s%harge) Tour!s( !s "o$ ge"erally a

sour%e of pe$roleu( hyro%aro" pollu$!o". o$her $ha" o" a s(all s%ale *he" o!l or fuel

sp!lls fro( re%rea$!o"al 'essels a" (ar!"as o%%ur)

The effe%$s of pe$roleu( hyro%aro"s o" %orals has

ee" s$u!e for /u!$e so(e $!(e. prou%!"g e'!e"%e $ha$ %hro"!% o!l pollu$!o" !s (ore

har(ful $ha" a s!"gle e&posure. a" $ha$ !spersa"$s a" e(uls!f!ers use $o %o(a$ sp!lls

are (ore $o&!% $o %orals $ha" o!l alo"e) Coas$al e'elop(e"$ a" $he %o"s$ru%$!o" a"

opera$!o" of rela$e $our!s( !"fras$ru%$ure %ause !"%rease ru"off a" se!(e"$a$!o")

Se!(e"$a$!o" !s o"e of $he (a!" reaso"s for reef egraa$!o") I"%rease se!(e"$

loa!"g of %oas$al *a$ers !"%reases $ur!!$y. reu%es l!gh$ le'els a" leas $o s$ress o"

%orals. usually e&presse y ;lea%h!"g; of %orals) ,ea'y se!(e"$ loa!"g (ay also

%ause %orals $o suffo%a$e a" !e) O$her o%u(e"$e !(pa%$s of se!(e"$a$!o" o" %orals

!"%lue lo*er gro*$h ra$es. reu%e prou%$!'!$y a" reu%e re%ru!$(e"$)

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Tour!s( !s o'!ously a sour%e of large a(ou"$s

of sol! *as$e. $he !(pa%$s of *h!%h epe" 'ery (u%h o" $he (e$ho of !sposal) If

!spose of !"appropr!a$ely. lea%h!"g of $o&!% sus$a"%es (ay har( %orals) Of par$!%ular

%o"%er" !s $he ;a%%!e"$al; *as$e = plas$!%s !" par$!%ular = $ha$ !s lo*" !"$o $he o%ea"

fro( ea%hes or 'essels a" has a e$r!(e"$al effe%$ o" %orals a" o$her (ar!"e l!fe)

Tour!s(=rela$e !(pa%$s o" %oral reefs are s!g"!f!%a"$. u$ $hey are also %o(pou"e y

o$her !(pa%$s $ha$ are "o$ eas!ly !s$!"gu!she fro( $hose of $our!s() Th!s oes "o$ (ea"

$ha$ *e (us$ !sregar $he !(pa%$s of $our!s( a%$!'!$!es) O" $he %o"$rary. $he $our!s(

se%$or a" go'er"(e"$ age"%!es !"'ol'e !" $our!s( e'elop(e"$ (us$ $ry $o el!(!"a$e or

reu%e $hose !(pa%$s $ha$ %a" e %o"$rolle. e'e" !f $here !s "o 199 proof $ha$ a %er$a!"

!(pa%$ !s !re%$ly rela$e $o a $our!s$ a%$!'!$y)

,eres a Tale *!$h a%$!'!$!es *!$h !re%$ !(pa%$s a%$ual a"or po$e"$!al !(pa%$s)

Activities with direct impacts Actual and/or potential impacts

(nor)e*ing Physi+a* damage ,rea)age *esions/

Ki+)ing ! sediment(0A diing Physi+a* damage ,rea)age *esions/

Motor oating and ya+hting Physi+a* damage from an+horingPhysi+a* damage from oat gro!ndings

ishing 0ontri!te to oer-ex*oitation of reef 5sh sto+)s0omete with *o+a* 5shers

0o**e+ting ,she**s *osters+on+h +ora*/

Threatening *o+a* s!ria* of rare se+ies0ontri!ting to oer-ex*oitation and +ometingwith *o+a* 5shers

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Activities with indirect impacts Actual and/or potential impacts

6esort dee*oment and+onstr!+tion

7n+reased sedimentation

6esort oeration (ewage disosa*erti*i8er r!no9

7rrigation

:!trient enri+hment

(o*id wastedisosa*

;ea+hing of toxi+ s!stan+es from inaroriatewaste disosa*;itter ,ese+ia**y *asti+s/

(eafood +ons!mtion endangered> !*nera*ese+ies s!+h as she**s *a+) +ora* t!rt*es

0onstr!+tion of arti5+ia* ea+hesand ea+h re*enishment

7n+reased sedimentation ,from sand remoa* orfrom ea+h instai*ity/

Airort +onstr!+tion or extension 7n+reased sedimentation from dredging andin5**ing

Marina +onstr!+tion 7n+reased sedimentation from dredgingMarina oeration Po**!tion from inaroriate disosa* of oi*s and

aint resid!esPo**!tion from f!e*ing

Motor oating and ya+hting :!trient enri+hment from sewage disosa*Po**!tion from f!e*ing

0r!ise shis :!trient enri+hment from i**ega* sewagedisosa*;itter from i**ega* or a++identa* so*id wastedisosa*

Conse$uences Of Coral Reef Destruction

Coral reefs pro$e%$ $he la" fro( s$or( a" $!al surges. so *he" $hey are all es$roye

fre/ue"$ %oas$al floo!"g o%%urs *h!%h (ea"s es$ru%$!o" of people ho(es a" %ars e$%)

Coral reefs are proale sour%es of (e!%!"es $o %ure $he !seases $ha$ %urre"$ly ru"

ra(pa"$ a%ross $he ear$h) Che(!%als fou" !" reefs ha'e ee" use $o $rea$ ul%ers. hear$

!sease. leuke(!a a" (ore so (ea"!"g $ha$ !f %orals reefs are es$roye !$ *oul e

!ff!%ul$ $o %ure !seases a" $o help $he s!%k *!$h "o (e!%!"e e%ause %orals are "u$r!e"$

!(por$a"%e) Coral reefs asor %aro" !o&!e a" use !$ $o for( $he!r shells !f $hey are

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"o (ore %oral reefs $he" $here *oul e (ore %aro" !o&!e !" $he o%ea" a" our

a$(osphere a" $ha$ *!ll %ause gloal *ar(!"g *h!%h *!ll lea $o o$her 'as$ es$ru%$!o")

Coastal Erosion

Coas$al eros!o" !s a "a$ural o%%urre"%e. u$ !s a s$ea!ly a'a"%!"g $hrea$ $o %oas$al areas

e%ause of %l!(a$e %ha"ge a" hu(a" a%$!'!$!es)

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A$ ea%hes. $!es regularly s*eep ro%ks a" sa" alo"g $he %oas$. u$ %oas$al

e'elop(e"$ %a" !"$errup$ $he pro%ess a" slo*ly es$roy $he() As %l!(a$e %ha"ge

o%%urs. ro%ky %oas$l!"es are !"%reas!"gly $hrea$e"e y e&$re(e *ea$her su%h as s$or(s

a" h!gher *a$er (arks ue $o *ar(!"g $e(pera$ures) Coas$al eros!o" !(pa%$s hu(a"!$y

a" $he e"'!ro"(e"$ !" 'ar!ous *ays)

Propert% &oss

roper$y alo"g $he %oas$ !s a$ h!gh r!sk of a(age or es$ru%$!o")

roper$y alo"g $he %oas$ !s a$ h!gh r!sk of a(age or es$ru%$!o")

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The (os$ '!s!le !(pa%$ of %oas$al eros!o" !s proper$y loss) As $he %oas$l!"e !s re(appe

y eros!o". %oas$al proper$!es are pu$ a$ r!sk) A 8998 00C spe%!al repor$ g!'es $he h!s$ory

of ,all sa"s. a %oas$al '!llage $ha$ *as es$roye o'er"!gh$ !" 161B) The eros!o" pro%ess

*as a%%elera$e y sh!"gle reg!"g u"$!l a s$or( s*ep$ $he e"$!re '!llage a*ay) -oer"

s$ru%$ures are us$ as sus%ep$!le) As of 8919. $he Na$!o"al O%ea" a" A$(ospher!%

A(!"!s$ra$!o" es$!(a$es $ha$ 1HH (!ll!o" people a" o'er $hree $r!ll!o" ollars of real

es$a$e !" $he U)S) are e"a"gere y %oas$al eros!o")

Tourism

The $our!s( !"us$ry %a" e hea'!ly !(pa%$e y %oas$al eros!o") -a"y %o((u"!$!es rely

o" re'e"ue fro( su((er $our!s() Whe" ea%hes are s*ep$ a*ay. $hese %o((u"!$!es %a"

e f!"a"%!ally e'as$a$e)

The Flor!a Depar$(e"$ of E"'!ro"(e"$al ro$e%$!o" repor$s $ha$ (a"y Flor!a ea%hes

are ero!"g) Usually. %oas$al %urre"$s rag !" sa" $ha$ repla%es *ha$ $hey s*eep a*ay.

u$ %oas$al e'elop(e"$ has hal$e $he %y%le !" so(e areas) S$ru%$ures $ha$ are u!l$ alo"g

$he %oas$ %olle%$ $he sa" $ha$ %o(es !" *!$h $he $!e. pre'e"$!"g %urre"$s fro( s*eep!"g

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!$ $o ea%hes o*" %urre"$) O'er $!(e. $h!s has s*ep$ a*ay large s$ra"s of ea%h.

affe%$!"g Flor!a


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ndustrial De)elopment

Coas$al eros!o" !" Alaska has hur$ $he s$a$e


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Coas$al eros!o" o%%urs "a$urally. a" $he slo*

*ear!"g a*ay of %oas$s %a" ha'e e%olog!%al e"ef!$s) A%%or!"g $o NC 0ea%hes. eros!o"

has %rea$e !"le$s a" fee!"g grou"s for a/ua$!% %o((u"!$!es o'er (!lle""!a) ,o*e'er.

u""a$ural pro%esses r!'e" y hu(a" a%$!o". !"%lu!"g %l!(a$e %ha"ge. spee eros!o" a"

har( $he e"'!ro"(e"$) For e&a(ple. $he U)S) Geolog!%al Sur'ey repor$s $ha$ Lou!s!a"a


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Coral egraa$!o"

Coral reefs are "a$ural f!sh far(s *a'e reakers a" le!sure areas a" pro'!e (a"y

e%o"o(!% e"ef!$s as *ell as pro$e%$!"g shores) Coral egraa$!o" affe%$s $our!s( as !$

resul$s !" $he loss of ea%hes a" goo /ual!$y s"orkel!"g a" !'!"g areas) I$ (ay resul$

!" %oas$al eros!o" %oas$al proper$!es suffer fro( reu%e "a$ural pro$e%$!o")

Coral egraa$!o" %a" e %o(a$e y:

0a""!"g %o((er%!al har'es$!"g @So(e au$hor!$!es su%h as !" $he Grea$ 0arr!er

Reef !" Aus$ral!a ha'e !(pose a phase a" o" %o((er%!al %oral har'es$!"g $o

assure !$s sur'!'al)

Co"$roll!"g %oral a" sa" (!"!"g) The pra%$!%e of %oral (!"!"g "ees $o e

aresse) O"e sugges$e poss!!l!$y !s $o (!"e o"e reef ra$her $ha" se'eral reefs.

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$herey reu%!"g phys!%al a(age $o %orals a" $he es$ru%$!o" of ha!$a$s) The

reef %oul e sele%$e $o pro'!e all $he "e%essary u!l!"g (a$er!als)

Reu%!"g s!l$a$!o") To pre'e"$ s!l$a$!o". s!l$ %ur$a!"s a" (e%ha"!%al a!s %a" e

use $o !sola$e *ork Ks!$es a" pre'e"$ se!(e"$s fro( es%ap!"g !"$o aa%e"$

reefs)

*easures +sed To Reduce The mpact n One

Caribbean Territor%,

Tobago territor%: educating the public

The pro$e%$!o" of %oral reefs %a""o$ e rough$ aou$ u"less $he pul!% u"ers$a" $he

!(por$a"%e of %oral)

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eople "ee $o e eu%a$e aou$ $he 'alue of %oral reefs a" $he "ee $o pro$e%$ $he

!o!'ers!$y of %oral reefs) ul!% a*are"ess %a(pa!g"s are "eee !"'ol'!"g lo%al

%o((u"!$!es *ho l!'e off $he r!%h "a$ural resour%es of %oral reef sys$e(s)

Communit% in)ol)ement in "t, &ucia,

I" S$) Lu%!a a *!e ra"ge of people ha'e ee" !"'ol'e !" reef a*are"ess a" !" a%$!o" $o

%o"ser'e %orals) -a"age(e"$ of (ar!"e a" %oas$al resour%es !"'ol'es f!sher(e" !'e

opera$ors a" lo%al people su%h as %har%oal ur"ers. $a&! r!'ers a" $our!s$ shop o*"ers)

E"'!ro"(e"$al I(pa%$ Assess(e"$ @EIA a!(s $o pre'e"$ a(age $o reefs a" (!"!(!2e

$he %os$ a" effor$ re/u!re $o %ure prole(s)

Pollution

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As se*age pollu$!o" !s a (aor %ause of a(age $o reefs. urge"$ (easures are "eee $o

%o"$rol se*age !sposal) Lo%al a" "a$!o"al au$hor!$!es "ee $o use $he!r po*ers $o

%o"$rol se*age !s%harges !"$o r!'ers a" all %oas$al areas) Se*age ou$falls shoul e

e&$e"e fur$her ou$ $o sea. or shoul e !'er$e a*ay fro( reefs) Trea$(e"$ pla"$s "ee

$o e !"s$alle or !(pro'e) Au$hor!$!es shoul pro(o$e pollu$!o" K %o"$rol (easures su%h

as (a"a$ory $rea$(e"$ of se*age *a$er a" s$r!%$er %o"$rols o" %oas$al e'elop(e"$ so

as $o reu%e es$ru%$!o" $o $he %oral ha!$a$) Trea$(e"$ of se*age efflue"$ fro( ho$els %a"

e u"er$ake" y us!"g *e$la"s *h!%h rely o" $he pur!fy!"g po*er of rees a" o$her

pla"$s) Se*age fro( oa$s %o"$r!u$es $o reef egraa$!o") Th!s shoul e pre'e"$e

$hrough $he use of o" oar hol!"g $a"ks rea!ly a%%ess!le !sposal fa%!l!$!es a" s$r!%$er

regula$!o"s a" e"for%e(e"$)

Fishing

PAGE 22


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As f!sh!"g %a" ha'e su%h a s$ro"g !"flue"%e o" $he heal$h of %oral reefs f!sher(e" "ee $o

e (ae a*are of $he a(age $hey %a" %ause. a" ho* $o f!sh !" a sus$a!"ale *ay)

War"!"g shoul e !splaye e&pla!"!"g lo%al f!sh!"g regula$!o"s a" a""!"g $he use of

y"a(!$e. po!so" a" spear f!sh!"g)

Lo%al f!sher(e" (us$ %ease y"a(!$e f!sh!"g $he use of

po!so" y %olle%$ors *ork!"g for $he a/uar!u( $rae (us$ also e e"e)

Recreational Fishing

PAGE 23


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Che%k *here a" *he" are allo*e $o f!sh o" so(e reefs f!sh!"g !s proh!!$e or

res$r!%$e $o %er$a!" areas) F!"!"g ou$ *ha$ gear !s per(!$$e (a"y %ou"$r!es proh!!$

spear f!sh!"g) There (ay e o$her res$r!%$!o"s su%h as $he "u(er of hooks allo*e o"

ea%h l!"e) Where f!sh!"g !s per(!$$e "e'er $ake (ore $ha" you "ee a" al*ays %o(ply

*!$h regula$!o"s %o'er!"g $he *e!gh$ of your %a$%h a" $he (!"!(u( s!2es of %er$a!"

$ypes of f!sh)

Tourism

PAGE 24


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Tour!s( !s usually '!$al $o %ou"$r!es *!$h reefs) The !"us$ry "ee "o$ e es$ru%$!'e $o

$he %oral reef e"'!ro"(e"$s)

-enefits of tourism

O"%e $he lo%al %o((u"!$y !s !"'ol'e a" %o((!$$e reef $our!s( %a" help !" %oral

preser'a$!o") Curre"%y ear"e fro( $our!s( %a" e spe"$ o" %oral preser'a$!o")

Pre)ention of reef damage associated #ith tourism

ersuae s*!((ers *!$h (asks

a s"orkels $o keep "ear $he surfa%e $o a'o! a(age $o %oral gro*$hs) Ask !'ers $o pu$

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o" $he!r e/u!p(e"$ su%h as s%ua $a"ks a" f!"s a*ay fro( $he reefs *here $hey *!ll "o$

%ause a(age) E"%ourage !'ers $o Take o"ly p!%$ures lea'e o"ly ules+)

E"%ourage $our!s$s "o$ $o uy %oral or %oral ar$!fa%$s as $he %olle%$!o" of %oral of$e"

a%%elera$es %oral egraa$!o") I"s$all per(a"e"$ (oor!"g uoys so $ha$ f!sh!"g. !'!"g

a" $our!s$ oa$s o "o$ "ee $o a"%hor o" reefs)

Conclusion

Coral reefs are a 'ery !(por$a"$ $o (a"y !ffere"$ spe%!es of sea l!fe) The reefs %o'er o"ly

aou$ 1 of $he ear$h+s surfa%e. ye$ %o"$a!" M of all of $he ear$h+s spe%!es pf f!sh)

A(o"gs$ $he reefs are %o(ple& foo *es. a" prey rela$!o"sh!ps) Algae gro*!"g o" $he

%oral !s foo for (a"y her!'ores) The %oral !$self !s foo $o (a"y spe%!es) The u$$erfly

f!sh ea$s !"!'!ual %oral polyps. *h!le $he Cro*"=of=$hor"s s$arf!sh ea$s e"$!re %olo"!es)

A "u(er of spe%!es are prea$ors) W!$h all of $he a"gers of prea$ors !" $he reefs. $here

are (a"y !ffere"$ (e$hos of efe"se. o"e of *h!%h e!"g %a(ouflage) Ca(ouflage !s

$he a!l!$y for orga"!s(s $o %ha"ge %olor a" appeara"%e $o (a$%h $he e"'!ro"(e"$ *h!%h

$hey are !". so $hey are har $o !s$!"gu!sh fro( $he!r surrou"!"gs) O$her orga"!s(s ha'e

!s$!"%$ %olora$!o" $ha$ !s use as *ar"!"g prea$ors) E'e" so(e spe%!es use %he(!%als $o

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http:..plaza,ufl,edu.bettie.coralreef,html

http:..###,unep,org.resourceefficienc%.-usiness."ectoral9cti)ities.Tourism.

9cti)ities.Wor(Thematic9reas.Ecos%stem*anagement.CoralReefs.Tourisms

mpactonReefs.tabid.77;;.Default,asp0

http:..##f,panda,org.about3our3earth.blue3planet.coasts.coral3reefs.coral3t

hreats.

Table of Contents

Coral Reef Des$ru%$!o")))1=1

Causes Of Coral Reef Des$ru%$!o")1=>

Se!(e"$a$!o" a" Se*age ollu$!o" Tour!s( O" Coral Reefs

Des$ru%$!o"?=18

Co"se/ue"%es Of Coral Reef Des$ru%$!o" @ Coas$al Eros!o" De%l!"e !" F!sh S$o%k

))18=1

-easures Use To Reu%e Coral Reef Degraa$!o"))1B=17

-easures To Reu%e The I(pa%$ I" O"e Car!ea" Terr!$ory) 17=8>

Co"%lus!o"))8?=8H

0!l!ography)))8
http://plaza.ufl.edu/bettie/coralreef.htmlhttp://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/Activities/WorkThematicAreas/EcosystemManagement/CoralReefs/TourismsImpactonReefs/tabid/78799/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/Activities/WorkThematicAreas/EcosystemManagement/CoralReefs/TourismsImpactonReefs/tabid/78799/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/Activities/WorkThematicAreas/EcosystemManagement/CoralReefs/TourismsImpactonReefs/tabid/78799/Default.aspxhttp://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/coral_reefs/coral_threats/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/coral_reefs/coral_threats/http://plaza.ufl.edu/bettie/coralreef.htmlhttp://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/Activities/WorkThematicAreas/EcosystemManagement/CoralReefs/TourismsImpactonReefs/tabid/78799/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/Activities/WorkThematicAreas/EcosystemManagement/CoralReefs/TourismsImpactonReefs/tabid/78799/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/resourceefficiency/Business/SectoralActivities/Tourism/Activities/WorkThematicAreas/EcosystemManagement/CoralReefs/TourismsImpactonReefs/tabid/78799/Default.aspxhttp://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/coral_reefs/coral_threats/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/coasts/coral_reefs/coral_threats/

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Coral Reef Destruction

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