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Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae...

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Coral Reefs
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Page 1: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Coral Reefs

Page 2: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

What is a Coral Reef?

• CaCO3 from living things

• Reef builders– Corals– Algae– Sponges– Bryozoans– Shells

Page 3: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Reef Corals (Hermatypic)

• Anthozoans (no medusa stage)• Scleractinian corals = “true” corals• Zooxanthellae

– Symbiotic dinoflagellates• Photosynthesize• Help deposit skeleton

• Most are colonies from founder polyp– Interconnected digestive and nervous

systems

Page 4: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 5: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 6: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 7: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 8: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Coral NutritionCoral Nutrition Zooxanthellae Predation on

zooplankton Polyp tentacles Mucus Mesentarial

filaments

Zooxanthellae Predation on

zooplankton Polyp tentacles Mucus Mesentarial

filaments

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Page 9: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Coral ReproductionCoral Reproduction

Asexual

Sexual Some internal Broadcast

spawning

Asexual

Sexual Some internal Broadcast

spawning

Page 10: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Corals in action!Corals in action!

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Page 11: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Coral RestrictionsCoral Restrictions

Light for zooxanthellae (usually best in shallow, clear water)

Warm water (but not too warm!!) - 68-86 F Substrate availability Salinity Sedimentation Pollution and eutrophication

Light for zooxanthellae (usually best in shallow, clear water)

Warm water (but not too warm!!) - 68-86 F Substrate availability Salinity Sedimentation Pollution and eutrophication

Page 12: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 13: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Coral Coral BleachingBleaching

Normal ReefNormal Reef

BleachedBleached

Page 14: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 15: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Fringing ReefsFringing Reefs

Near shore - more vulnerable to? Reef flat

Wide inner area Shallow - may be exposed

Reef slope Steep outer area Much richer biologically

Near shore - more vulnerable to? Reef flat

Wide inner area Shallow - may be exposed

Reef slope Steep outer area Much richer biologically

Page 16: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Fringing ReefsFringing Reefs

Page 17: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 18: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Barrier ReefsBarrier Reefs

Lagoon Separates reef from shore Usually soft-sediment with gentle water

Reef flat May form sand cays (keys)

Reef slopes Back slope and fore slope

Lagoon Separates reef from shore Usually soft-sediment with gentle water

Reef flat May form sand cays (keys)

Reef slopes Back slope and fore slope

Page 19: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Barrier ReefsBarrier Reefs

Page 20: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 21: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

AtollsAtolls

Ring of reef surrounding central lagoon Indo-West Pacific

Ring of reef surrounding central lagoon Indo-West Pacific

Page 22: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 23: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 24: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 25: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 26: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Reef Ecology

Reef Ecology

Page 27: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Nutrient CyclingNutrient Cycling

Symbiotic algae Zooxanthellae Also in sponges, giant clams, others

Animal waste Nitrogen fixation (cyanobacteria,

symbionts) Currents

Symbiotic algae Zooxanthellae Also in sponges, giant clams, others

Animal waste Nitrogen fixation (cyanobacteria,

symbionts) Currents

Page 28: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Eating Coral??Eating Coral??

Page 29: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Eating Coral??Eating Coral??

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Page 30: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Eating Coral??Eating Coral??

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Page 31: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Eating Coral??Eating Coral??

Page 32: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.
Page 33: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

CompetitionCompetition

Sessile animals compete for space and light

Methods: Rapid growth Overgrowth Attack (poisons, stinging, digestions)

Sessile animals compete for space and light

Methods: Rapid growth Overgrowth Attack (poisons, stinging, digestions)

Page 34: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

CompetitionCompetition

Page 35: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

What about fish?What about fish?

Pre-settlement hypothesis Species present are result of larvae

settlement Competition unimportant

Post-settlement hypothesis Diversity determined by available niches and

competition

Pre-settlement hypothesis Species present are result of larvae

settlement Competition unimportant

Post-settlement hypothesis Diversity determined by available niches and

competition

Page 36: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

SymbiosisSymbiosis

What is symbiosis? Do they have to live together?

Obligatory vs. facultative symbiosis Types of symbiosis

Mutualism (+,+) Commensalism (+, 0) Parasitism (+, -)

What is symbiosis? Do they have to live together?

Obligatory vs. facultative symbiosis Types of symbiosis

Mutualism (+,+) Commensalism (+, 0) Parasitism (+, -)

Page 37: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Mutualism: AnemonefishesMutualism: Anemonefishes

Why aren’t they stung?

Fish gain protection and place to brood eggs

Fish drives away potential predators of anemone, may provide nutrients

Why aren’t they stung?

Fish gain protection and place to brood eggs

Fish drives away potential predators of anemone, may provide nutrients

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Page 38: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Mutualism: CleaningMutualism: Cleaning

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

Page 39: Coral Reefs. What is a Coral Reef? CaCO 3 from living things Reef builders –Corals –Algae –Sponges –Bryozoans –Shells.

Mutualism: CleaningMutualism: Cleaning

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.


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