8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

1/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 9

OAEJD_W[T

Wrilsdtd`l Enejeltss

(g-Kn`of Enejelts)DLW[@GUOWD@L 8

B`ur serdes b enejelts ire b`rjeg ky bdnndlc tae ?g, 7g, 5g ilg 2g suksaenns `b eneotr`ls. O nneotdveny taese

o`jprdse tae g-kn`of enejelts. Waey ire `btel oinneg is trilsdtd`l enejelts keoiuse taedr p`sdtd`l dl

perd`gdo tikne ds ketweel tae s-kn`of ilg p-kn`of enejelts. Waedr pr`pertdes ire trilsdtd`lin ketweel tae

adcany reiotdve jetinndo enejelts `b s-kn`of (wadoa b`rj d`ldo o`jp`ulgs) ilg tae enejelts `b p-kn`of

(wadoa ire nirceny o`vinelt). Wypdoinny tae trilsdtd`l enejelts aive il dlo`jpneteny bdnneg g neven.I trilsdtd`l

enejelt jiy ke gebdleg is tae enejelt wa`se it`j dl cr`ulg stite `r d`l dl `le `b o`jj`l `xdgitd`l

stites, ais pirtny bdnneg g-suk saenn d.e. aivdlc eneotr`ls ketweel 9 t` 4.

Cr`up 9; (tae zdlo cr`up) enejelts aive o`jpneteny bdnneg g-`rkdtins dl tae cr`ulg stite is wenn is dl taedr

o`jj`l `xdgitd`l stites. Waereb re, taey ire l`t recirgeg is trilsdtd`l enejelts.

Wae celerin eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd l `b g-kn of enejelts ds (l9) g99= ls9;, waere l ds tae `uter j`st saenn.

A`wever, pinnigduj g`es l`t b`nn`w tads celerin eneotr ldo o`lbdcuritd`l. Dt ais eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l VFrZ?2

7g9=

5s=

dl `rger t` aive stikdndty.

st trilsdtd`l serdes `r ?g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` bdnndlc `b ?g suk-saenn o`lsdsts `b tae b`nn`wdlc9= enejelts `b 7ta perd`g.

;9_o, Wd, R, Or, Jl, Be, O`, Ld, Ou ilg

?=Xl.

lg trilsdtd`l serdes `r 7g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` bdnndlc `b 7g suk-saenn o`lsdsts `b tae b`nn`wdlc9= enejelts `b 5ta perd`g.

?4T, Xr, Lk, J`, Wo, [u, [a, ]g, Ic ilg

71Og.

rg trilsdtd`l serdes `r 5g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` bdnndlc `b 5g suk-saenn o`lsdsts `b b`nn`wdlc9= enejelts `b 2ta perd`g.

53Ni, 3;Ab, Wi, S, [e, @s, Dr, ]t, Iu ilg 1=Ac.

DRta trilsdtd`l serdes r 2g serdes o`rresp`lgdlc t` tae bdnndlc `b 2g suk-saenn stirts wdta14

Io b`nn`weg

ky enejelts wdta it`jdo lujker 9=7 `lwirgs.

Waere ire creiter a`rdz`ltin sdjdnirdtdes dl tae pr`pertdes `b tae trilsdtd l enejelts. A`wever, s`je

cr`up sdjdnirdtdes ins` exdst.

Exijpne-9 @l wait cr`ulg y`u oil siy tait soilgduj (X : ;9) ds i trilsdtd l enejelt kut zdlo (X : ?=) ds l t0

_`nut d`l @l tae kisds `b dlo`jpneteny bdnneg ?g `rkdtins `b soilgduj, VIrZ91 ?g9 7s; , ilg o`jpneteny bdnneg ?g

`rkdtins `b Xl, VIrZ91 ?g9= 7s;, taey ire o`lsdgereg trilsdtd`l ilg l`l-trilsdtd`l enejelts respeotdveny.

Exijpne-; Wae enejelt wdta tae eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VQeZ57 7b97 5g9 2s; ds i 8

(I) represeltitdve enejelt (K) g-kn`of enejelt

(O) niltail`dg (G) iotdl`dg

_`nut d`l Ibter ioadevdlc 7b97 5g= 2s; o`lbdcuritd`l, tae lext eneotr`l c`es t` 5g ilg tads ds tae oise `b

Nu(X : 39) wadoa ds tae nist enejelt `b niltail`dg serdes.

Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

Exijpne-? Wae lujker `b trilsdtd`l serdes ds 8

(I) tw` (K) taree (O) b`ur (G) bdve

_`nut d`l Waere ire b`ur trilsdtd`l serdes 6 ?g, 7g, 5g ilg 2g serdes.

Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

2/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;

OAEJD_W[T

CELE[IN W[ELG_ DL WAE OAEJD_W[T @B W[IL_DWD@L ENEJELW_.

Jetinndo oairioter 8

Dl g-kn`of enejelts tae nist kut `le (d.e. tae peluntdjite) saenn `b eneotr`ls ds expilgdlc. Waus taey aivejily paysdoin ilg oaejdoin pr`pertdes dl o`jj`l.Aeloe leirny inn tae trilsdtd`l enejelts gdspniy typdoin jetinndo pr`pertdes suoa is adca telsdne strelcta,guotdndty, jinneikdndty, adca taerjin ilg eneotrdoin o`lguotdvdty ilg jetinndo nustre. Sdta tae exoeptd`ls `bXl,Og, Ac ilg Jl, taey aive `le `r j`re typdoin jetinndo struotures it l`rjin tejperitures.

Nittdoe _truotures `b Wrilsdtd`l Jetins (Wikne-9)_o Wd R Or Jl Be O` Ld Ou Xl

aop aop koo koo Q koo oop oop oop Q(koo) (koo) (koo,oop) (aop) (aop) (aop)

T Xr Lk J` Wo [u [a ]g Ic Og

Aop aop koo koo aop aop oop oop oop Q(koo) (koo) (aop)Ni Ab Wi S [e @s Dr ]t Iu Ac

aop aop koo koo aop aop oop oop oop Q(oop, koo) (koo)

koo : k`gy oeltreg oukdo 6 aop : aexic`lin on`se piofeg

oop : oukdo on`se piofeg 6 Q : i typdoin jetin struoture

Wae trilsdtd`l enejelts (wdta tae exoeptd`l `b o`pper) ire very juoa airg ilg aive n`w v`nitdndty.Waey aive adca eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`l wadoa ire sa`wl dl bdcure cdvel ken`w. Wae jixdji it ik`ut taejdggne `b eioa serdes dlgdoite tait `le ulpidreg eneotr`l per g `rkdtin ds pirtdounirny biv`urikne `b str`lcdlterit jdo dlteriotd`l. Dl celerin, creiter tae lujker `b vineloe eneotr`ls, str`lcer ds tae resuntilt k`lgdlc.Or, J` ilg S aive jixdjuj lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls ilg taereb re, taese ire very airg jetins ilgaive jixdjuj eltainpdes `b it`jdzitd l.Aeloe tae jetins wdta very adca eltainpy `b it jdsitd`l (d.e., very adca k dndlc p dlt) telg t` ke l`kne dl taedrreiotd`ls.Waejetins `b taeseo lg, 7g ilgtadrg,5g serdes aive creiter eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`ltail taeo`rresp`lgdlcenejelts `b tae bdrst serdes, ?g ilg tads ds il djp`rtilt biot`r dlgdoitdlc b`r tae `oourreloe `b juoa j`rebrequelt jetin-jetin k`lgdlc dl o`jp`ulgs `b tae aeivy trilsdtd l jetins.

Cripa sa`wdlc Wrelgs dl eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`l `b trilsdtd`l enejelts

_dze `b it`js ilg d`ls 8

Wae it`jdo rigdd `b tae trilsdtd`l jetins nde dl-ketweel ta`se `b s- ilg p-kn`of enejelts. Wae o`vinelt rigdd`b tae enejelts georeises br`j nebt t` rdcat ior`ss i r`w dl tae trilsdtd l serdes, ultdn leir tae elg wael taesdze dloreises sndcatny. Wae georeise dl sdze ds sjinn ibter jdg wiy. Dl tae kecdlldlc, tae it`jdo rigdusgeoreises wdta tae dloreise dl luoneir oairce (is it`jdo lujker dloreises), waere is tae sadengdlc ebbeot`b g-eneotr`ls ds sjinn. Ibter jdg wiy is tae eneotr`ls elters tae nist kut `le saenn, tae iggeg g-eneotr`lsadengs tae `uter j`st eneotr`ls. Aeloe wdta tae dloreise dl tae g-eneotr`ls soreeldlc ebbeot dloreises. Wadso`ulter kiniloes tae dloreiseg luoneir oairce. Is i resunt, tae it`jdo rigdd rejidl priotdoinny sije ibteroar`jduj.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

3/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ?

OAEJD_W[T

Leir tae elg `b tae serdes, tae dloreiseg eneotr`l repunsd`ls ketweel tae iggeg eneotr`ls dl tae sije`rkdtins ire creiter tail tae ittriotdve b`roes. Wads resunts dl tae expilsd`l `b tae eneotr`l on`ug ilg taus

it`jdo rigdus dloreises.

Wae it jdo rigdd, dl celerin, dloreise g`wl tae cr`up.Wae it jdo rigdd `b seo lgserdes ire nircer tail ta se`b bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes. Dl tae it`js `b tae seo`lg trilsdtd`l serdes, tae lujker `b saenns ire j`re tail

ta`se `b tae Dst trilsdtd`l serdes. Is i resunt, tae it`js `b DDlg trilsdtd`l serdes ire nircer tail ta`se `b taeenejelts `b tae bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes. Kut tae it`jdo rigdd `b tae seo`lg ilg tadrg trilsdtd l serdes ire inj`st

tae sije.

Wads pael`jel`l ds iss`oditeg wdta tae dlterveltd l `b tae 7b `rkdtins wadoa just ke bdnneg keb`re tae 5gserdes `b enejelts kecdl. Wae bdnndlc `b 7b keb`re 5g `rkdtin resunts dl i recunir georeise dl it`jdo rigdd oinneg

Niltail dg o`ltriotd`lwadoa esseltdinny o`jpelsites b`r tae expeoteg dloreise dl it`jdo sdze wdtadloreisdlc it`jdo lujker. Wae let resunt `b tae niltail`dg o`ltriotd`l ds tait tae seo`lg ilg tae tadrg

g-serdes exadkdt sdjdnir rigdd (e.c., Xr 92= pj, Ab 954 pj) ilg aive very sdjdnir paysdoin ilg oaejdoin

pr`pertdes juoa j`re tail tait expeoteg `l tae kisds `b usuin bijdny renitd`lsadp.

Wae trelg b`nn`weg ky tae d`ldo rigdd ds sije is tait b`nn`weg ky it`jdo rigdd. Wae d`ldo rigdd `b trilsdtd`l jetins ire gdbberelt dl gdbberelt `xdgitd`l stites.

Jentdlc ilg k`dndlc p`dlts 8

Wae jentdlc ilg k dndlc p`dlts `b tae trilsdtd l serdes enejelts ire celerinny very adca. Wae jentdlc p`dlts `btae trilsdtd`l enejelts rdse t` i jixdjuj ilg tael binn is tae it`jdo lujker dloreises. Jilcilese ilgteoaletduj aive ikl`rjinny n`w jentdlc p dlts. _tr`lc jetinndo k`lgs ketweel tae it`js `b taese enejelts

ittrdkute t` taedr adca jentdlc ilg k`dndlc p`dlts. Dl i pirtdounir serdes, tae jetinndo strelcta dloreises upt`

tae jdggne wdta dloreisdlclujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls d.eup t` g5. Ibter oar jduj, tae lujker `b ulpidregeneotr ls c`es `l georeisdlc.Ioo rgdlcny, taejentdlc p`dlts georeise ibter jdggne(Or) keoiuse `b dloreisdlcpidrdlc `b eneotr`ls.

Wae gdp dl jentdlc p dlts `b Jl ilg Wo oil ke ittrdkuteg t` taedr stikne eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd ls (ainb bdnneg?g5 ilg bunny bdnneg 7s; ). Gue t` tads stikne eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l, tae gen`oindsitd`l `b eneotr`ls jiy ke

ness ilg taus tae jetinndo k`lg ds juoa weifer tail preoegdlc enejelts.

Exijpne-7 Say g` tae trilsdtd`l enejelts aive adcaer k`dndlc & jentdlc p`dlts 0_`nut d`l Keoiuse `b aivdlcnircer lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls dl taedr it`js, taey aive str lcer dlterit jdo

dlteriotd`l ilg aeloe str`lcer k`lgdlc ketweel it`js. Aeloe str`lc jetinndo k`lgs ketweel tae

it`js `b taese enejelts ittrdkute t` taedr adca jentdlc ilg k`dndlc p`dlts.

Exijpne-5 Wae it`jdo rigdd `b trilsdtd`l enejelts dl i perd g ire

(I) sjinner tail ta`se `b s-kn`of is wenn is p-kn`of enejelts.

(K) nircer tail ta`se `b s-kn`of is wenn is p-kn`of enejelts.(O) sjinner tail ta`se `b s-kn of kut nircer tail ta`se `b p-kn`of enejelts.(G) nircer tail ta`se `b s-kn`of kut sjinner tail ta`se `b p-kn`of enejelts.

_`nut d`l Ior`ss tae perd`g tae it`jdo rigdd celerinny georeise wdta dloreisdlc it`jdo lujker is ebbeotdve

luoneir oairce dloreise.Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

Gelsdty 8

Wae it jdo v`nujes `b tae trilsdtd l enejelts ire n`w o`jpireg wdta tae enejelts `b cr`up 9 ilg ;. Wads ds

keoiuse tae dloreiseg luoneir oairce ds p``rny soreeleg ilg s` ittriots inn tae eneotr`ls j`re str`lcny. Dl

iggdtd`l, tae extri eneotr`ls iggeg `ooupydller `rkdtins. O`lsequeltny tae gelsdtdes `b tae trilsdtd`l jetinsire adca. Wae gelsdtdes `b tae seo`lg r`w ire adca ilg tadrg r`w vinues ire evel adcaer. Enejelts wdta taeadcaest gelsdtdes ire `sjduj ;;.53 c oj? ilg drrdgduj ;;.29 c oj?.

Ior`ss i perd`g br`j nebt t` rdcat it`jdo v`nujes georeise ilg it`jdo jisses dloreise. Aeloe taegelsdtdes ins` dloreise ior`ss i perd`g.

Wae nist enejelt zdlo ds il exoeptd`l, aivdlc nirce it`jdo v`nuje ilg aeloe n`wer gelsdty.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

4/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 7

OAEJD_W[T

D`ldsitd`l elercdes `r D`ldsitd`l eltainpdes 8

Wae bdrst d`ldsitd`l elercdes `b g-kn`of enejelts ire dlterjegdite ketweel ta`se `b tae s- ilg p-kn ofs. Wads succests tait tae trilsdtd`l enejelts ire ness eneotr`p`sdtdve tail cr`ups 9 ilg ; ilgjiy b`rj edtaer d`ldo `r o`vinelt k`lgs gepelgdlc `l tae o`lgdtd`ls. Celerinny, tae n`wer vineltstites ire d`ldo ilg tae adcaer vinelt stites ire o`vinelt. Ior`ss i perd`g br`j nebt t` rdcat d`ldsitd lelercdes criguinny dloreise wdta dloreise dl it`jdo lujker. Wads ds keoiuse tae luoneir oaircedloreises ilg tae it`jdo sdze georeises wdta dloreise dl it`jdo lujker in`lc tae perd`g.O`lsequeltny jifdlc tae rej`vin `b `uter eneotr l gdbbdount.

Dl i cdvel serdes, tae gdbbereloe dl tae d`ldsitd`l elercdes ketweel ily tw` suooessdve g-kn`ofenejelts ds very juoa ness tail tae gdbbereloe dl oise `b suooessdve s-kn of `r p-kn`of enejelts.Wae ebbeot `b dloreiseg luoneir oairce ilg soreeldlc ebbeot `b taeiggeg g-eneotr ls telg t` `pp`seeioa `taer. Aeloe gue t` taese tw` o`ulter ebbeots, tae gdbbereloe dl tae d`ldsitd l elercdes b tw`suooessdve trilsdtd`l enejelts ds very sjinn `l j`vdlc ior`ss i perd`g.

Wae bdrst d`ldsitd`l elercy `b Xl, Og, ilg Ac ire very adca keoiuse `b taedr bunny bdnneg (l9) g9= ls;o`lbdcuritd`l.

DDlg ilg DDDrg d`ldsitd l elercdes ins` dloreise in`lc i perd g.DDlg d`ldsitd`l elercy`b Or < Jl ilg Ou < XlWads ds keoiuse ibter tae rej`vin `b Dst eneotr`l Or ilgOu ioqudre stikne o`lbdcuritd`ls (g5 & g9=)ilg

tae rej`vin `b DDlg

eneotr`l taus keo`je very gdbbdount._djdnirny tae E

;`b

;?R >

;7Or

;4Ou Jl

;@

?> Jl@

;> Jl

;@

3

Exijpne4 Lije tae `x`jetin ild ls b tae bdrst serdes b tae trilsdtd`l jetins dl wadoa tae jetin exadkdts tae`xdgitd`l stite equin t` dts cr`up lujker.

_`nut d`l DlOr;@

3; ilg Or@

7; tae`xdgitd l stite `b Or ds+2 (;x + 3(;): ;ilg x + 7 ( ;) : ;) . Wae cr up

lujker ds equin t` tae lujker `b eneotr`ls dl (l-9) g ilg ls suk-saenns b`r g-kn`of enejelts. _`cr`up l`. : 5 + 9 : 2.Dl Jl@

7 tae `xdgitd`l stite `b Jl ds +3 (;x + 3(;) : 9). Wae cr up lujker ds equin t` tae lujker

`b eneotr`ls dl (l-9) g ilg ls suk-saenns b`r g-kn`of enejelts. _` cr`up l`. : 5 + ; : 3

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

11/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 99

OAEJD_W[T

Exijpne-9= Xdlo g`es l t sa`w virdikne vineloy keoiuse `b 8(I) o`jpnete g suk-saenn (K) dlert pidr ebbeot (O) 7s; suk-saenn (G)l`le.

_`nut d`l ?=

Xl : VIrZ91 ?g9= 7s;. Xdlo ais o`jpneteny bdnneg g-suk-saenn s` rej`vin b eneotr l br`j o`jpnetenybdnneg 7g suk-saenn w`ung ke qudte gdbbdount. Waus dt g`es l`t sa`w virdikne vineloy.Waereb re, (I) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

B`rjitd l `b O`n`ureg D`ls 8

J`st `b tae o`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd l jetins ire o n`ureg dl tae s ndg b`rj `r s nutd l b`rj. Wae o n`ur `b taeo`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd`l jetins jiy ke ittrdkuteg t` tae preseloe b dlo`jpnete (l 9) g-suk-saenn. Dl taeoise `b o`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd`l jetins, tae elercdes `b tae bdve g-`rkdtins dl tae sije suk-saenn g` l`trejidl equin. Ulger tae dlbnueloe `b ippr`ioadlc d`ls t`wirgs tae oeltrin jetin d`l, tae g-`rkdtins `b taeoeltrin jetin spndt dlt gdbberelt elercy nevens. Wads pael`jel`l ds oinneg orystin bdeng spndttdlc. B r exijpne,wael tae sdx d`ls `r j`neounes ippr`ioa tae jetin d`l (oinneg `otiaegrin bdeng), tae bdve g- rkdtins spndt up dlt`

tw` sets 8 `le set o`lsdstdlc `b tw` g- rkdtins ( ;;; zyx g,g ) `b adcaer elercdes ilg tae `taer set o`lsdstdlc `b

taree g-`rkdtins (gxy

, gyz

, gzx

) `b n`wer elercdes.Dl tae oise `b tae trilsdtd l jetin d`ls, tae eneotr l oil ke eisdnypr`j`teg br`j `le elercy neven t` il`taerdl tae sije g-suk-saenn. Waese ire oinneg g-g trilsdtd`ls. Wae ij`ult `b elercyrequdreg t` exodte s`je `btae eneotr`ls t` adcaer elercy stites wdtadl tae sije g-suk-saenn o`rresp`lgs t` elercy`b oertidl o`n urs `bvdsdkne ndcat. Waereb re, wael wadte ndcat binns `l i trilsdtd l jetin o`jp`ulg, s`je`b dts elercyo`rresp`lgdlct` i oertidl o`n ur, ds iks`rkeg ilg tae eneotr`l cets ridseg br`j n`wer elercy set `b `rkdtins t` adcaer elercy

set `b `rkdtins is sa`wl ken`w 8

Bdcure sa`wdlc eneotr`ldo trilsdtd`l br`j t;c

t` ec

`rkdtins.

Wae exoess `b `taer o n`urs o`lstdtutdlc wadte ndcat ire trilsjdtteg ilgtae o`jp`ulgippeirs o`n ureg. Wae`kserveg o`n ur`b i sukstiloeds inwiys o`jpnejeltiryo`n`ur `b taeo`n urwadoads iks rkeg kytaesukstiloe.B`r exijpne, Wd?+ o`jp`ulgs o`ltidl `le eneotr`ldl g-suk-saenn (g9). Dt iks rks creelilg yenn w p rtd ls br`jtae wadte ndcat ilg knue ilg reg p`rtd`ls ire ejdtteg. Waereb`re, Wd?+ d`ls ippeir purpne. _djdnirny, aygritegouprdo o`jp`ulgs iks`rk rigditd`ls o`rresp`lgdlc t` reg ndcat ilg tae trilsjdtteg o`n`ur ds creeldsa knue(wadoa ds o`jpnejeltiry o`n ur t` reg o`n ur). Waus, ouprdo o`jp`ulgs aive creeldsa-knue o`n ur.

Wikne-9= 8 O`n`ur `b gdbberelt aygriteg trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls.

D`l @uter O`lbdcuritd`l O`n`ur b tae d`l

_o (DDD), Wd (DR) ?g= O`n`urness

Wd (DDD) ?g9 ]urpne

R (DR) ?g

9 Knue

R (DDD) ?g; Creel

Or (DDD) ?g? Creel

Jl (DDD) ?g7 Rd`net

Or (DD) ?g7 Knue

Jl (DD) ?g5 ]dlf

Be (DDD) ?g5 Tenn`w

Be (DD) ?g2 Creel

O` (DDD) ?g2 Knue

O` (DD) ?g3 ]dlf

Ld (DD) ?g1 Creel

Ou (DD) ?g4

KnueOu (D) ?g9= O`n`urness

Xl (DD) ?g9= O`n`urness

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

12/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 9;

OAEJD_W[T

Exijpne-99 Expnidl tae knue o n`ur `b Ou_@7.5A

;@.

_`nut d`l Ou;+ d`l (?g4) iks`rks reg ndcat br`j tae vdsdkne recd l, b`r tae pr`j td l `b ?g eneotr`ls, tae d`lsrebneot knue ndcat ilg ippeir knue.

Jicletdo ]r`pertdes

Dt ds dlterestdlc t` l`te tait wael tae vird`us sukstiloes ire pnioeg dl i jicletdo bdeng, taey g` l`t keaivedl i sdjdnir wiy d.e., taey sa`w gdbberelt keaivd ur wadoa ire fl`wl is jicletdo keaivd ur.

Waese ire onissdbdeg is 8(d) ]irijicletdosukstiloes. Wae sukstiloes wadoa ire ittrioteg ky jicletdo bdeng ire oinneg pirijicletdo

sukstiloes ilg tads oairioter irdses gue t` tae preseloe `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl tae it`jdo `rkdtins.

(dd) Gdijicletdo sukstiloes.Wae sukstiloes wadoa ire repenneg ky jicletdo bdeng ire oinneg gdijicletdosukstiloes ilg tads oairioter irdses gue t` tae preseloe `b pidreg eneotr`ls dl tae it`jdo `rkdtins.J`st `b tae o`jp`ulgs `b trilsdtd`l enejelts ire pirijicletdo dlliture ilg ire ittriotegkytae jicletdo bdeng.Wae trilsdtd`l enejelts dlv`nve tae pirtdin bdnndlc `b g-suk-saenns. J`st `b tae trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls `r taedro`jp`ulgs aive ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl g-suk-saenn (br`j o`lbdcuritd`l g9 t` g4) ilg taereb re, taey cdve rdse t`pirijicletdo oairioter. Wae jicletdo oairioter ds expresseg dl terjs b jicletdo j`jelt. Wae nircer taelujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl i sukstiloe, tae creiter ds tae pirijicletdo oairioter ilg nircer ds taejicletdo j`jelt. Wae jicletdo j`jelt ds expresseg dl K`ar jiclet`ls ikkrevditeg is K.J.

Wikne-99 8 Oinouniteg ilg `kserveg jicletdo j`jelt `b d`ls `b bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes.

Oinouniteg `kserveg

_o?+ ?g= = = =

Wd?+ ?g9 9 9.3? 9.35

Wd;+

?g; ; ;.17 ;.32

R;+

?g? ? ?.13 ?.12

Or;+ ?g7 7 7.4= 7.1=

Jl;+

?g5 5 5.4; 5.42

Be;+

?g2 7 7.4= 5.? - 5.5

O`;+ ?g3 ? ?.13 7.7 - 5.;

Ld;+ ?g1 ; ;.17 ;.4 - ?.7

Ou;+ ?g4 9 9.3? 9.1 - ;.;

Xl;+ ?g9= = = =

Jicletdo j`jelt

(K.J.)Lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls@uter O`lbdcuritd`lD`l

Wae experdjeltin giti ire jidlny b`r aygriteg d`ls dl s`nutd`l `r dl tae s`ndg stite.Eioa ulpidreg eneotr`l aive jicletdo j`jelt iss`oditeg wdta dts spdl ilcunir j`jeltuj ilg `rkdtin

ilcunir j`jeltuj. Dl tae o`jp`ulgs `b bdrst trilsdtd`l serdes, tae `rkdtin ilcunir j`jeltuj g`es l`to`ltrdkute juoa ilg taus ais l` sdcldbdoiloe. Waereb re, b`r tae bdrst trilsdtd l serdes enejelts, tae jicletdoj`jelt irdse `lny br`j tae spdl `b tae eneotr`ls. Wads oil ke oinouniteg br`j tae renitd`l 8

: );l(l K.J.

waere l ds tae lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls ilg ds jicletdo j`jelt dl K`ar jiclet`l (KJ) uldts.Wae pirijicletdsj bdrst dloreises dl ilytrilsdtd`lserdesilgtael georeises. Wae jixdjuj pirijicletdsjds `kserveg ir`ulg tae jdggne `b tae serdes (is o`ltidls jixdjuj lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr ls).

Dl iggdtd`l t` pirijicletdo ilg gdijicletdo sukstiloes, taere ire i bew sukstiloes suoa is dr`l jetin,dr`l `xdge wadoa ire adcany jicletdo (ik`ut 9=== tdjes j`re tail `rgdliry jetins). Waese ire very str lcnyittrioteg ky ippndeg jicletdo bdeng ilg retidleg taedr jicletdsj wael rej`veg br`j tae bdeng ire oinnegberr`jicletdo sukstiloes.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

13/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 9?

OAEJD_W[T

Exijpne-9; Geterjdle tae jicletdo j`jelt `b i gdvinelt d`l dl ique`us s`nutd`l db dts it`jdo lujker ds ;5.

_`nut d`l Wae jetin aivdlc it`jdo lujker ;5 ais eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g5 7s;. _` dts gdvinelt d`l dlique`us s`nutd l wdnn aive eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd l VIrZ91 ?g5 7s=. Waus dt ais bdve ulpidreg eneotr`ls.

_` (spdl)

: );5(5 : 5.4; KJ.

B`rjitd`l `b o`jpnexes 8

Dl o`ltrist t` represeltitdve enejelts, tae trilsdtd`l enejelts b`rj i nirce lujker `b o` rgdlitd`lo`jpnexes.Wae trilsdtd l jetin d`ls kdlg t` i lujker `b ild`ls `r leutrin j`neounes dl taese o`jpnexes. Wae o`jj`lexijpnes ire VLd(LA

?)

2Z;+, VO (LA

?)

2Z?+, VBe(OL)

2Z?, VBe(OL)

2Z7, VOu(LA

?)

7Z;+, eto.

Wae creit telgeloy `b trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls t` b`rj o`jpnexes ds gue t` 8(d) sjinn sdze `b tae it`js ilg d`ls, (dd) adca luoneir oairce ilg (ddd) ividnikdndty `b vioilt g- rkdtins `b sudtikneelercy t` iooept n`le pidrs `b eneotr`ls g`liteg ky ndcilgs.

B`rjitd l `b Dlterstdtdin O`jp`ulgs 8

Wrilsdtd`l jetins b`rj dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs wdta enejelts suoa is aygr`cel, k`r l, oirk`l ilg ldtr`cel.Wae sjinn it`js `b taese l`l-jetinndo enejelts (A, K, O, L, eto.) cet trippeg dl vioilt spioes `b taenittdoes `b tae trilsdtd`l jetin it`js is sa`wl ken`w.

Bdcure sa`wdlc b`rjitd l `b dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs

Waey ire celerinnyl`l-st`doad jetrdo ilg ire ledtaer typdoinny d`ldo l`r o`vinelt. Wae o`jj`l exijpnes `bdlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs b trilsdtd`l jetins ire WdO, Jl

7L,Be

?A, WdA

;eto. Dt jiyke l teg tait taese b`rjuni

g` l`t o`rresp`lg t` ily l rjin `xdgitd`l stite `b tae jetin. Celerinny, tae l`lst doad`jetrdo jiterdins ire`ktidleg aivdlc tae o`jp`sdtd`l is WdA

9.3, RA

=.52, eto. Keoiuse `b tae liture `b taedr o`jp`sdtd`l, taese

o`jp`ulgs ire reberreg t` is dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs.Is i resunt `b tae bdnndlc up `b tae dlterstdtdin spioes, tae trilsdtd`l jetins keo`je rdcdg ilg airg. Waesedlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs aive sdjdnir oaejdoin pr`pertdes is tae pirelt jetins kut gdbber sdcldbdoiltny dl taedrpaysdoin pr`pertdes pirtdounirny, gelsdty, airgless ilg o`lguotdvdty. B`r exijpne, steen ilg oist dr`l ireairg keoiuse taey b`rj dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs wdta oirk`l.Wae trilsdtd`l jetins oil eisdny ioo`jj`gite tae sjinn l`l-jetinndo it`js keoiuse `b v`dg sdtes ketweel

tae piofeg it`js b tae orystinndle jetin. Waese spioes ire preselt keoiuse `b gebeots dl taedr struoturesilg exdsteloe `b virdikne `xdgitd`l stites.Wae celerin oairioterdstdo paysdoin ilg oaejdoin pr`pertdes `b taese o`jp`ulgs ire 8

(d) Waeyaive adca jentdlc p dlts wadoa ire adcaer tail ta`se `b pure jetins.

(dd) Waey retidl jetinndo o`lguotdvdty d.e. `b pure jetins.

(ddd) Waeyire very airg ilg s`je k rdges aive airgless is tait `b gdij`lg.

(dv) Waey ire oaejdoinny dlert.

Oitinytdo pr`pertdes

Jily trilsdtd`l jetins ilg taedr o`jp`ulgs iot is c``g oitinysts b`r vird`us reiotd`ls. @b taese, tae use`b Be, O`, Ld, R, Or, Jl, ]t, eto. ire very o`jj`l.

B`r exijpne,

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

14/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 97

OAEJD_W[T

(d) Dr`l-j`nykgeluj ds useg is oitinyst dl tae syltaesds `b ijj`ldi ky Aikers pr`oess.

(dd) Ldofen ds useg dl aygr celitd`l reiotd ls dl `rcildo oaejdstry.

(ddd) R;@

5ds useg b`r tae `xdgitd`l `b _@

;t` _@

?dl tae O`ltiot pr`oess b`r tae jilubioture `b A

;_@

7.

(dv) Jl@;ds useg t` oitinyse tae geo`jp`sdtd`l `b A

;@

;s`nutd`l.

(v) O`kint sints oitinyse tae geo`jp`sdtd`l b kneioadlc p`wger.

Wae oitinytdo pr`perty `b trilsdtd`l jetins ds gue t` taedr telgeloy t` b`rj reiotd`l dlterjegdites wdta

sudtikne reiotilts. Waese dlterjegdites cdve reiotd`l pitas `b n`wer iotdvitd`l elercy ilg, taereb re dloreisetae rite `b tae reiotd`l.Waesereiotd`l dlterjegdites reigdny geo`jp`seydengdlc tae pr`guotsilg receleritdlctae `rdcdlinsukstiloe.Wae trilsdtd`l jetins b`rj taese reiotd`l dlterjegdites gue t` tae preseloe `b vioilt `rkdtins `r taedrtelgeloy t` b`rj virdikne `xdgitd`l stites.

(d) Dl s`je oises, tae trilsdtd l jetin oitinysts pr vdge i sudtikne nirce surbioe irei b`r tae igs rptd l `b taereiotilt. Wads dloreises tae o`loeltritd l `b tae reiotilts it tae oitinyst surbioe ilg ins` weifels taek`lgs dl tae reiotilt j`neounes. O`lsequeltny, tae iotdvitd`l elercy cets n wereg.B`r exijpne, gurdlctae o`lversd l `b _@

;t` _@

?, R

;@

5ds useg is i oitinyst. _ ndg R

;@

5igs`rks i j`neoune

`b _@;

`l tae surbioe t` b`rj R;@

7ilg tae `xycel ds cdvel t` _@

;t` b`rj _@

?. Wae gdviligduj tetr`xdge ds

tael o`lverteg t` R;@

5ky reiotd l wdta `xycel 8

R;@5+ _@;(oitinyst) _@?+ R;@7(gdviligduj tetr`xdge);R;@

7+ @

; ;R

;@

5

(dd) Dl s`je oises, tae trilsdtd`l jetin d`ls oil oailce taedr `xdgitd`l stites ilg keo`je j`re ebbeotdve isoitinysts. B`r exijpne, o`kint sints oitinyse geo`jp`sdtd`l `b kneioadlc p`wger is o`kint oil eisdnyoailce `xdgitd`l stite br`j +; t` +? is 8

O`;+ + @On + A;@ O`?+ + On + ;@A

;O`?+ + ;@A ;O`;+ + A;@ + @

;

Dr`l (DDD) ins` oitinyses tae reiotd l ketweel d`gdge ilg persunpaite d`ls (_;@

1;).

Exijpne-9? A`w dr`l (DDD) oitinyses tae reiotd l ketweel d`gdge & persunpaite0

_`nut d`l ;Be?+ + ; ;Be;+ + ;

;Be;+

+ _;@1;

;Be?+

+ ;_@7;

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

; + _;@

1; )(Be

;+ ; _@

7;

Inn`y B`rjitd`l 8

Inn`ys ire a`j`cele`us s`ndg s`nutd`ls dl wadoa tae it`js `b `le jetin ire gdstrdkuteg rilg`jny ij`lc taeit`js `b tae `taer jetin. Wae inn`ys ire celerinny b`rjeg ky ta`se it`js wadoa aive jetinndo rigdd wdtadlik`ut 95% `b eioa `taer. Wrilsdtd`l jetins b`rj i nirce lujker `b inn`ys. Wae trilsdtd`l jetins ire qudtesdjdnir dl sdze ilg, taereb`re, tae it`js `b `le jetin oil sukstdtute tae it`js `b `taer jetin dl dts orystinnittdoe. Waus, `l o``ndlc i jdxture s`nutd`l `b tw` `r j`re trilsdtd`l jetins, s`ndg inn`ys ire b`rjeg. _uoainn`ys ire airg, aive adca jentdlc p`dlts ilg ire j`re resdstilt t` o`rr`sd`l tail pirelt jetins.

B`r exijpne, tae j`st o`jj l fl`wl inn`ys ire berr us inn ys. Oar`jduj, jilcilese,viligduj, tulcstel,j`nykgeluj eto. ire useg t` pr`guoe virdety `b steens ilg stidlness steen. Inn`ys `b trilsdtd`l jetins wdtal`l-trilsdtd`l jetins suoa is kr`lze (o`pper-tdl), kriss (o`pper-zdlo) ire ins` dlgustrdinny djp`rtilt inn ys.

Bdcure sa`wdlc b`rjitd`l `b inn`ys

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

15/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 95

OAEJD_W[T

Exijpne-97 Sadoa `b tae b`nn`wdlc b`rj il inn y 0(I) Ic + ]k (K) Be + Ac (O) ]t + Ac (G) Be + O

_`nut d`l Irceltdberr`us neig ds il inn`y o`ltidls Ic & ]k.'Be' ilg 'O' b`rj il inn y oinneg oejeltdte, Be

?O.

Waereb`re, (I) & (G) `ptd l ire o`rreot.

][E] [ WD@L_ LG ][@]E[WDE_ @B _@JE DJ]@[W LW g KN@OF JEW N O@J]@ULG_VIZ O@J]@ULG_ @B D[@L 8

Berr`us _unpaite, Be_@7.3A

;@ (Creel vdtrd`n)

Dt ds o`jj`lny fl`wl is airifisds

]repiritd`l(d) Ky dr`l sorip 8

Be + A;_@

7 Be_@

7+ A

;

(dd) Br j fdpp's wiste 8

?Be_;+ ;A

;@ + 99@

; Be_@

7+ Be

;(_@

7)

?+ ;A

;_@

7

Be;(_@7)? + Be ?Be_@7(ddd) BeO@

?+ A

;_@

7 Be_@

7+ A

;@ + O@

;

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8 Aygriteg berr us sunpaite ds i creel orystinndle o`jp`ulg, ebbn`resoes `l exp`sure t` idr.

Ilaygr`us Be_@7ds o`n`urness.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) @l exp`sure t` itj`spaere, dt turls kr`wldsa-yenn`w gue t` tae b`rjitd`l `b kisdo berrdo sunpaite.

7Be_@7+ ;A

;@ + @

; 7Be(@A) . _@

7(kisdo berrdo sunpaite)

(dd) Ique`us s`nutd l ds iodgdo gue t` aygr nysds.

Be;+ + ;A;@ Be(@A)

;+ ;A+

(ddd) Be_@7. 3A

;@

O97=Be_@

7. A

;@ O?== ;Be_@

7 .Wejp

Adca Be

;@

?+ _@

; + _@

?

(dv) Be_@7+ 2FOL F

7VBe(OL)

2Z + F

;_@

7

(v) Dt iots is reguodlc icelt.

IuOn?+ ?Be_@

7 Iu + Be

;(_@

7)

?+ BeOn

?

2AcOn;

+ 2Be_@7

?Ac;On

;+ ;Be

;(_@

7)

?+ ;BeOn

?

Jl@7 + 1A+ + 5Be;+ 5Be?+ + Jl;+ + 7A

;@

Or;@

3; + 97A+ + 2Be;+ 2Be?+ + ;Or?+ + 3A

;@

Uses 8 Dt ds useg 8(d) b`r jifdlc Knue - Kniof dlf.

(dd) is j`rgilt dl gyedlc

(ddd) is dlseotdodge dl icrdounture

(dv) b`r jifdlc nik`rit`ry reicelts ndfe J`ar's sint eto.

Be_@7

+(LA7)

;_@

7+ 2A

;@) Be_@

7(LA

7)

;_@

7.2A

;@ (J`ar's sint)

(v) Be_@7+ A

;@

;fl`wl is Belt`l's reicelt ds useg is oitinyst.

Berrdo @xdge, Be;@

?8

]repiritd`l 8(d) ;Be(@A)

? Be

;@

?+ ?A

;@

(dd) ;Be_@7

Be;@

?+ _@

;+ _@

?

(ddd) 7Be_ + 3@;

;Be;@

?+ 7_@

;

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

16/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 92

OAEJD_W[T

]r`pertdes 8(i) ]aysdoin 8Dt ds i geep reg p`wger ilg ds dls`nukne dl witer.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Ijpa`terdo liture `b dr l (DDD) `xdge.

Be;@

?+ 2AOn ;BeOn

?+ ?A

;@

Be;@

?+ ;Li@A busd`l A;@ + ;LiBe@;

Be;@

?+ Li

;O@

? busd`l ;LiBe@

;+ O@

;

Li@On ilg oan rdle `xdgdses tae LiBe@;

dlt`Li;Be@

7.

LiBe@;+ On

;+ 7Li@A ;Li

;Be@

7+ ;LiOn + ;A

;

(dd) 2Be;@

? O9?== 7Be

?@

7+ @

;

(ddd) Be;@

?+ ?A

; ;Be + ?A

;@

Uses 8 Dt ds useg is (d) i reg pdcjelt, (dd) il ikrisdve p ndsadlc p`wger ilg (ddd) i oitinyst.

Berrdo Oan`rdge, BeOn?

8

]repiritd`l 8(i) Ilaygr us BeOn

?8

(d) 9;BeOn;

(ilaygr`us) + ?@;

;Be;@

?+ 1BeOn

?

(dd) ;Be + ?On;(gry)

;BeOn

?

(ddd) BeOn?. 2A

;@ + 2_@On

; BeOn

?+ 9;AOn + 2_@

;

(dv) BeOn?.2A

;@+2OA

?

?

?

?

@OA|

OAO|@OA

BeOn?

+ 9;OA?@A+2OA

?O@OA

?

(k) Aygriteg BeOn?

8

(d) Be(@A)?

+ ?AOn BeOn?

+ ?A;@

(dd) Be;@?+ 2AOn ;BeOn?+ ?A;@(ddd) Be

;(O@

?)

?+ 2AOn ;BeOn

?+ ?A

;@ + ?O@

;

(dv) ;Be + 7AOn + On;

;BeOn?+ ;A

;

Inn s`nutd`ls `b BeOn?

`ktidleg dl ik`ve oaejdoin reiotd`ls `l orystinndsitd`l cdves aygritegBeOn

?.2A

;@.

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin8

Ilaygr`us berrdo oan`rdge ds girf kniof s`ndg wadne aygriteg sint, BeOn?

. 2A;@ ds yenn`wdsa-kr`wlgendquesoelt

orystinndle s`ndg. K`ta ire s`nukne dl witer is wenn is dl etaer b`rjdlc s`nviteg speodes,

VBe(A;@)

7On

;ZOn . ;A

;@ ilg @ BeOn

?respeotdveny..

Dt ds sukndjeg it ?==O cdvdlc i gdjerdo cis, .

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Iotd`l b aeit 8

(i) ;BeOn?

(ilaygr`us)

;BeOn;

+ On;

(k) ;VBeOn?. 2A

;@Z

Be

;@

?+ 2AOn + 4A

;@

(dd) Ique`us s`nutd l ds iodgdo gue t` aygr nysds.VBe(A

;@)

2Z?+ + A

;@ VBe(A

;@)

5(@A)Z;+ + A

?@+

iodg kise kise iodg(ddd) Is `xdgdsdlc icelt 8 ;BeOn

?+ _lOn

; ;BeOn

;+ _lOn

7

;BeOn?+ A;_ ;BeOn;+ ;AOn + _;BeOn

?+ _@

;+ ;A

;@ ;BeOn

;+ A

;_@

7+ ;AOn

;BeOn?+ ;FD ;BeOn

;+ ;FOn +

;

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

17/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 93

OAEJD_W[T

(dv) B rjitd`l `b iggdtd l o`jp`ulgs 8

BeOn?+ 2LA

? BeOn

?. 2LA

? 6 BeOn

?+ L@On BeOn

?.L@On

(v) ;BeOn?

+ ?Li;O@

?+ ?A

;@ ;Be(@A)

?+ 2LiOn + ?O@

;

Uses 8Dt ds useg 8

(d) is i jegdodle (dts ino`a`ndo s`nutd`l lijeg is tdloture ds berrd peroan rdge).

(dd) b`r geteotd`l `b ioetites ilg pael`ns.

(ddd) b r jifdlc prussdil knue gye.(dv) is il xdgdsdlc icelt.

VKZ O@J]@ULG_ @B XDLO 8

Xdlo `xdge, Xl@ (Oadlese wadte `r padn`s`paer's w``n)Dt ds b`ulg dl liture is zdlodte `r reg zdlo `re.

]repiritd`l 8(d) ;Xl + @

; ;Xl@ (dd) XlO@

? Xl@+O@

;

(ddd) ;Xl(L@?)

; ;Xl@ + 7L@

;+ @

; (dv) Xl(@A)

; Xl@+A

;@

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8

Dt ds i wadte p`wger wadoa keo`jes yenn`w `l aeitdlc gue t` oailce dl tae struoture `b nittdoe kut

icidl turls wadte `l o``ndlc. dt ds dls`nukne dl witer ilg sukndjes it 7==O.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Dt ds ijpa`terdo dl liture.

Xl@ + A;_@

7 Xl_@

7+ A

;@

Xl@ + ;Li@A Li;Xl@

;+ A

;@

(dd) Xl@ + A; O7==

Xl + A;@

Uses 8Dt ds useg 8

(d) is i wadte pidlt. Dt g`es l`t cet tirldsaeg evel dl preseloe `b A;_ keoiuse Xl_ ds ins` wadte.

(dd) b r prepirdlc [dljill's creel (Creel pidlt - XlO`@;)

(ddd) is oitinyst b`r prepiritd l b jetayn ino`a n

(dv) b r jifdlc s btrukker

(v) b`r jifdlc o`sjetdo p`wgers, oreijs ilg dl jegdodle

Exijpne-95 Xl(@A);

VQZ.

_eneot tae o`rreot stitejelt (s) b`r tae o`jp`ulg Q.(I) Q l aeitdlc wdta o`kint ldtrite cdves creel jiss

(K) Q `l aeitdlc in`le, keo`jes yenn`w kut turls wadte `l o``ndlc.

(O) _`nutd l `b Q dl gdnute AOn cdves knudsa wadte/wadte preodpdtite wdta exoess p`tissduj berr oyildge.

(G) Q ds dls`nukne dl ique`us s`gduj aygr`xdge.

_`nut d`l (I) Q ds Xl@ wadoa `l aeitdlc wdta o`kint ldtrite cdves Xl@. O`@, tae [dljill's creel.

(K) Dt turls yenn`w `l aeitdlc ilg keo`jes wadte `l o``ndlc.

(O) XlOn;

b`rjs knudsa wadte/wadte preodpdtite. Xl?F

;VBe(OL)

2Z

;.

? Xl;+ + ; F+ + ; VBe(OL)2Z7 F;Xl?VBe(OL)2Z;

(G) Xl@ + ;Li@A Li;Xl@

;(s nukne o`jpnex) + A

;@.

_` `ptd`ls I, K & O ire o`rreot ilg (G) ds dlo`rreot.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

18/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 91

OAEJD_W[T

Xdlo _unpaite, Xl_@7. 3A

;@ (Sadte vdtrd`n)

]repiritd`l 8(d) Xl + A

;_@

7 Xl_@

7+ A

;

(dd) Xl@ + A;_@

7 Xl_@

7+ A

;@

(ddd) XlO@?+ A

;_@

7 Xl_@

7+ A

;@ + O@

;

]r`pertdes 8(i) ]aysdoin 8 Dt ds i o`n urness, orystinndle s`ndg s`nukne dl witer. Dt sn`wny ebbn`resoes wael exp`seg t` idr.

Dt ds ds`j`rpa`us wdta Eps`j sint (Jc_@7. 3A

;@)

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Xl_@7

+ ;Li@A Xl(@A);

(wadte) + Li;_@

7

Xl(@A);

+ ;Li@A Li;Xl@

;(s nukne o`jpnex) + ;A

;@

(dd) Xl_@7

+ ;LiAO@?

XlO@?

+ Li;_@

7+ A

;@ + O @

;

(ddd) Xl_@7.3A

;@ O9== Xl_@

7. 2A

;@ O;1= Xl_@

7 O1== Xl@+_@

?

Uses 8Dt ds useg 8(d) is eye n`td`l, (dd) b`r jifdlc ndta`pa`le - jdxture `b Ki_ + Xl_@

7(wadte pidlt) ilg (ddd) is j`rgilt dl

gyedlc

Xdlo Oan rdge XlOn;.;A;@ ]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg ky gdss`nvdlc zdlo `xdge, oirk`lite `r aygr`xdge dl gdnute aygr`oan`rdo iodg

Xl@ + ;AOn XlOn; + A;@Wae s`nutd l s` `ktidleg `l o`loeltritd`l ilg o``ndlc cdves tae orystins `b XlOn

;. ;A

;@.

Ilaygr`us zdlo oan`rdge oill`t ke prepireg jereny ky aeitdlc tae orystins `b XlOn;

. ;A;@ keoiuse

i kisdo oan rdge Xl(@A)On ds b`rjeg gurdlc geo`jp`sdtd`l wadoa `l burtaer aeitdlc cdves Xl@.XlOn

;. ;A

;@ Xl(@A)On+ AOn+ A;@

Xl(@A)On Xl@+AOnAeloe ilaygr`us zdlo oan`rdge ds `ktidleg edtaer ky aeitdlc zdlo dl i ourrelt `b oan`rdle cis `r kygdstdnndlc i jdxture `b zdlo p`wger ilg jerourdo oan`rdge

Xl + On; XlOn; 6 Xl + AcOn; XlOn; + Ac

]r`pertdes 8Dt ds i wadte orystinndle s`ndg, gendquesoelt ilg s`nukne dl witer. @l aeitdlc dt b`rjs tae `xyoan`rdge ilgbdlinny tae `xdge. Dts o`loeltriteg s`nutd`l sets t` i airg jiss wael jdxeg wdta zdlo `xdge ilgtae pr`guot ds useg is i geltin bdnndlc.

VOZ O@J]@ULG_ @B O@]]E[

O`pper _unpaite, Ou_@7. 5A

;@ (Knue Rdtrd`n)

Dt ds ins` oinneg 'Ldnita`tai'.

]repiritd`l 8

(d) Ou@ + A;_@7 Ou_@7+ A;@(dd) Ou(@A);+ A

;_@

7 Ou_@7 + ;A;@

(ddd) Ou + A;_@

7+

9

; @

; Ou_@7+ A;@

(dv) OuO@?.Ou(@A)

; (jinioadte `re) + ;A

;_@

7 ;Ou_@7+ ?A;@+O @;

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8Dt ds i knue orystinndle o`jp`ulg ilg ds s`nukne dl witer.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Ou_@7

+ ;Li@A Ou(@A); (knue) + Li;_@7

;Ou_@7

+ Li;

O@?

+ A;

@ Ou(@A);

(knue) + Li;

_@7

+ O@;

.

(dd) ;Ou_@7+ _@

;+ ;A

;@ + ;FD OuD;+ ;A;_@7+ F;_@7

;Ou_@7+ ;Be_@

7+ ;FD Ou; D; + Be;(_@7)?+ F;_@7

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

19/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" 94

OAEJD_W[T

(ddd) Ou_@7+ Be Ou + Be_@7

Ou_@7+ Xl Ou + Xl_@7

(dv) ;Ou_@7+ ;F_OL + _@

;+ ;A

;@ ;Ou_OL (wadte) + F;_@7+ ;A;_@7

(v) Ou_@7.5A

;@

sebbn`resoe

idr Ou_@7.7A

;@ O9== Ou_@

7. A

;@ O;5= Ou_@7

O35= Ou@+_@;

+ @;

Uses 8Dt ds useg 8

(d) b r jifdlc`taer o`ppero`jp`ulgs.

(dd) b`r eneotr pnitdlc, eneotr typdlc, is j`rgilt dl gyedlc.

(ddd) dl jifdlc K`rgeiux jdxture wadoa ds useg dl icrdounture is bulcdodge ilg cerjdodge.

(dv) dl jifdlc Beandlc's s nutd l.

(v) dl jegdodle is iltdseptdo.

(vd) dl eneotrdo kitterdes.

Exijpne-92 Ilaygr`us wadte s`ndg (I) `l iggdtd`l `b p`tissduj d`gdge s`nutd l cive i kr`wl preodpdtite wadoa

turleg wadte (K) `l iggdtd`l `b exoess `b ayp` s`nutd`l. S ael p`tissduj oyildge ds iggeg t` il

ique`us s`nutd`l `b (I) i wadte preodpdtite ds b`rjeg wadoa tael gdss nves dl exoess b`rjdlc (O). I

s`nutd l (9%) `b (I) `l iggdlc t` i s`nutd`l `b wadte p`rtd`l `b ecc pr`guoeg vd`net o`n`uritd l dl

infindle jegduj (d.e. dl preseloe `b Li@A). Dgeltdby o`jp`ulg (I) ilg expnidl tae reiotd ls.

_`nut d`l Is 9% s nutd l `b (I) pr`guoeg vd net o n`uritd`l wdta wadte p rtd l `b ecc (Kduret test) ilg (I) wdta

p`tissduj d`gdgecdves kr`wlpreodpdtite wadoa turleg wadte `l iggdlc ayp`.Wae (I)jiy ke ilaygr`us

Ou_@7

(Sadte). Wads ds burtaer o`lbdrjeg ky tae reiotd`l `b (I) wdta p`tissduj oyildge.

;Ou_@7+ 7F Ou

;

;(wadte) +

;(yenn`w `r kr`wl) + ;F

;_@

7

(I) (K)

;+ ;Li

;_

;@

? Li

;_

7@

2+ ;Li

;Ou_@7

+ 7FOL ; Ou(OL); (yenn`w) + ;F

;_@

76 ;Ou(OL)

; ;OuOL (wadte) + (OL);

; OuOL + 2 FOL ; F?VOu(OL)

7Z (o`n`urness s`nukne o`jpnex).

(O)

Exijpne-93 Ou_@7.5A

;@ O9== VQZ (s) O;5= VTZ (s)

(I) Q ilg T ire Ou_@7. ?A

;@ ilg Ou_@

7 (K) Q ilg T ire Ou_@

7. ?A

;@ ilg Ou_@

7. A

;@

(O) Q ilg T ire Ou_@7. A

;@ ilg Ou_@

7 (G) Q ilg T ire Ou_@

7ilg Ou@

_`nut d`l Ou_@7.5A

;@ O9== Ou_@

7.A

;@(s) O;5= Ou_@

7(s).

_`, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

Ouprdo @xdge, Ou@Dt ds oinneg kniof `xdge `b o`pper ilg ds b`ulg dl liture is tel`rdte.

]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg

(d) Ky aeitdlc Ou;@ dl idr `r ky aeitdlc o`pper b`r i n`lc tdje dl idr (tae tejperiture sa`ung l`texoeeg ik`ve 99==O)

;Ou;@ + @

; 7Ou@

;Ou + @; ;Ou@

(dd) Ou(@A);

Ou@+A;@

(ddd) ;Ou(L@?)

; ;Ou@ + 7L@

;+ @

;

(dv) @l i o`jjerodin soine, dt ds `ktidleg ky aeitdlc/oinodlitd l `b jinioadte wadoa ds b`ulg dl liture.

OuO@?

. Ou(@A);

;Ou@ + O@;

+ A;@

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8

Dt ds kniof p`wger dls`nukne dl witer ilg stikne t` j`gerite aeitdlc.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

20/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;=

OAEJD_W[T

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Wae `xdge gdss`nves dl iodgs AOn, A;_@

7`b AL@

?b`rjdlc o`rresp`lgdlc sints.

Ou@ + ;A+ Ou;+ + A;@

(dd) Sael aeiteg t` 99== 9;==O, dt ds o`lverteg dlt oupr`us `xdge wdta ev nutd`l b xycel.7Ou@ ;Ou

;@ + @

;

(ddd) Dt ds reguoeg t` jetinndo o`pper ky reguodlc icelts ndfe aygr`cel, oirk`l ilg oirk`l j`l`xdge.Ou@ + A

; Ou + A

;@

Ouprdo Oan`rdge, OuOn;

. ;A;

@

]repiritd`l 8(d) Wae jetin `r ouprdo `xdge `r ouprdo aygr`xdge `r o`pper oirk`lite ds gdss`nveg dl o`loeltriteg AOn.

Wae resuntdlc s`nutd`l `l orystinndsitd`l cdves creel orystins `b aygriteg ouprdo oan`rdge.;Ou + 7AOn + @

; ;OuOn

;+ ;A

;@

Ou@ + ;AOn OuOn;+ A

;@

Ou(@A);OuO@

?+ 7AOn ;OuOn

;+ ?A

;@ + O @

;

(dd) Ilaygr`us ouprdo oan rdge ds `ktidleg is i girf kr`wl jiss wael o`pper jetin ds aeitegdl exoess `b oan`rdle cis `r ky aeitdlc aygriteg ouprdo oan`rdge dl AOn cis it 95=O.

Ou + On;

OuOn;

OuOn;

. ;A;@

cisAOn

O95= OuOn;

+ ;A;@

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8

Dt ds gendquesoelt o`jp`ulg ilg ds reigdny s`nukne dl witer. Wae gdnute s`nutd`l ds knue kut o`loeltritegs nutd l ds, a`wever, creel. Dt oailces t` yenn w wael o`loeltriteg AOn ds iggeg. Wae knue o n`ur ds gue t`o`jpnex oitd`l VOu(A

;@)

7Z;+ ilg yenn`w o`n`ur gue t` o`jpnex ild`l VOuOn

7Z; ilg creel wael k`ta ire

preselt.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Wae ique`us s`nutd l ds iodgdo gue t` dts aygr nysds

OuOn;

+ ;A;@ Ou(@A)

;+ ;AOn

(dd) Wae ilaygr us sint `l aeitdlc b`rjs Ou;On

;ilg On

;

;OuOn; Ou;On; + On;

?OuOn;. ;A

;@

_tr`lc

Ou@ + Ou;On

;+ ;AOn + On

;+ 5A

;@

(ddd) D t ds reigd ny reguoeg t` Ou;On

; ky o`pper turldlcs `r sunpaur gd`xdge cis `r lisoelt

aygr`cel (`ktidleg ky tae iotd l `b AOn `l Xl) `r _lOn;.

OuOn;

+ Ou Ou;On

;

;OuOn;+ _@

;+ ;A

;@ Ou

;On

;+ ;AOn + A

;_@

7

;OuOn;+ ;A Ou

;On

;+ ;AOn

;OuOn;

+ _lOn;

Ou;On

;+ _lOn

7

(dv) I pine knue preodpdtite `b kisdo ouprdo oan`rdge OuOn;

. ?Ou(@A);

ds `ktidleg wael Li@A ds iggeg.

OuOn; + ;Li@A Ou(@A); + ;LiOnOuOn

;+ ?Ou(@A)

; OuOn

;. ?Ou(@A)

;

Dt gdss`nves dl ijj`lduj aygr`xdge b`rjdlc i geep knue s`nutd`l. @l evip`ritd`l `b tads s`nutd`lgeep knue orystins b tetriijjdle ouprdo oan rdge ire `ktidleg.

OuOn;

+7LA7@A VOu(LA

?)

7ZOn

;. A

;@ + ? A

;@

VGZ O@J]@ULG_ @B _DNRE[8

_dnver Ldtrite, IcL@?(Nulir oiustdo) 8

]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg ky aeitdlc sdnver wdta gdnute ldtrdo iodg. Wae s nutd l ds o`loeltriteg ilg o``neg wael taeorystins `b sdnver ldtrite sepirite `ut.

?Ic + 7AL@?(gdnute)

aeit?IcL@

?+ L@ + ;A

;@

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

21/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;9

OAEJD_W[T

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8

Dt ds i o`n`urness orystinndle o`jp`ulg, s`nukne dl witer ilg ino`a`n. Dt jents it ;9;O.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Dt p`ssesses p`werbun o rr sdve iotd l `l `rcildo tdssues, wadoa dt turls kniof espeodinnydl preseloe`b ndcat. Wae kniofeldlc ds gue t` bdleny gdvdgeg jetinndo sdnver, reguoeg ky `rcildo tdssue. Dt ds,

taereb re, st reg dl o`n ureg k`ttnes.

(dd) @l aeitdlc ik`ve dts jentdlc p`dlt, dt geo`jp`ses t` sdnver ldtrdte ilg `xycel.;IcL@

? ;IcL@

;+ @

;

Sael aeiteg reg a`t, dt cdves jetinndo sdnver

;IcL@?

;Ic + ;L@;+ @

;

(ddd) _ nutd`ls `b aindges, pa spaites, sunpadges, oar jites, tad oyilites, sunpaites ilg tad`sunpaites,inn cdve i preodpdtite `b tae o`rresp`lgdlc sdnver sint wdta sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l (b`r reiotd`ls reber

quindtitdve ilinysds saeet).

(dv) _`ndg IcL@?

iks`rks ijj`ldi cis wdta tae b`rjitd`l `b il iggdtd l o`jp`ulg,IcL@?. ?LA

?.

Sael LA7@A ds iggeg t` sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l, i kr`wl preodpdtite `b sdnver `xdge ippeirs wadoa

gdss`nves dl exoess `b ijj`ldi b`rjdlc i o`jpnex sint.

;IcL@?

+ ;LA7

@A Ic;

@+;L A7

L@?

+ A;

@

Ic;@+;LA

7L@

?+ ;LA

7@A ;VIc(LA

?)

;ZL@

?+ ?A

;@

(v) Wae ijj`ldoin s nutd l bIcL@?reiot wdta ioetynele t` b`rj i wadte preodpdtite.

;IcL@?

+ ;LA7@ A + O

;A

; Ic

;O

; (sdnver ioetyndge) + ;LA

7L@

?+ ;A

;@

(vd) Ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite ds oinneg W nnels reicelt ilg ds useg t` dgeltdby reguodlc sucirs ilg

ingeayges.

[OA@ + ;Ic+ + ?@A [O@@ + ;Ic + ;A;@

Dt ds fl`wl is sdnver jdrr`r test `b ingeayges ilg reguodlc sucirs.

Ic;@ + AOA@ ;Ic + AO@@A

Ic;@ + O

2A

9;@

2 ;I c+O

2A

9;@

3

(vdd) [eiotd l wdta d`gdle 8

(i) 2IcL@?(exoess) + ?D

;+ ?A

;@ IcD@

?+ 5IcD + 2AL@

?

(k) 5IcL@?+ ?D

;(exoess) + ?A

;@ AD@

?+ 5IcD+ 5AL@

?

(vddd) _dnver ds reigdny gdspnioeg br`j il ique`us sdnver ldtrite s`nutd l ky tae kise jetins, pirtdounirny, db

tae s`nutd`l ds s`je wait iodgdo.

;IcL@?+ Ou ;Ic + Ou(L@

?)

;

;IcL@?

+ Xl ;Ic + Xl(L@?)

;

(dx) ]a`spadle, irsdle ilg stdkdle inn preodpdtite sdnver br`j sdnver ldtrite s nutd l

]A?+ 2IcL@

?+ ?A

;@ 2Ic + 2AL@

?+ A

?]@

?

IsA?+ 2IcL@?+ ?A;@ 2Ic + 2AL@?+ A?Is@?

Uses 8(d) Dt ds useg is i nik rit ryreicelt b r tae dgeltdbdoitd l `b vird us iodgdo rigdoins espeodinnyb`r oan rdge,

kr`jdge ilg d`gdge. Wae ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l d.e., W`nnel's reicelt ds useg dl `rcildo

oaejdstry b`r testdlc ingeayges, reguodlc sucirs, eto.

(dd) _dnver ldtrite ds useg b`r jifdlc sdnver kr`jdge wadoa ds useg dl pa`t cripay.

(ddd) Dt ds useg dl tae prepiritd l `b jifdlc dlfs ilg aidr gyes.

(dv) Dt ds useg extelsdveny b`r tae prepiritd l `b sdnver jdrr rs. Wae pr`oess `b gep`sdtdlc i tadl ilguldb rj niyer `b sdnver `l i oneil cniss surbioe ds fl`wl is sdnverdlc `b jdrr`rs. Dt ds ejpn`yeg b`rjifdlc n``fdlc cnisses, o`loive jdrr`rs ilg rebneotdlc surbioes. Wae pr`oess ds kiseg `l tae

reguotd`l `b ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l ky s`je reguodlc icelt ndfe AOA@. Wae sdnver bdnjgep`sdteg `l tae cniss ds bdrst o`iteg wdta i virldsa ilg bdlinny pidlteg wdta reg neig t` prevelt dtskedlc soripeg `bb.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

22/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;;

OAEJD_W[T

_dnver `xdge (Ic;@) 8

]repiritd`l 8Dt ds prepireg is kr`wl s`ndg ky iggdlc s`gduj aygr`xdge s`nutd`l t` sdnver ldtrite s`nutd`l.

;IcL@?+ ;Li@A Ic

;@ + ;LiL@

?+ A

;@

]r`pertdes 8Dt ds i kr`wl s`ndg spirdlcny s`nukne dl witer.(d) @l aeitdlc, dt ds geo`jp`seg t` kniof jetinndo sdnver wdta ev`nutd`l b `xycel it 92=O.

;Ic;@

7Ic + @;(dd) Dt ds reguoeg t` tae jetin ky aygr`cel l aeitdlc

Ic;@ + A

; ;Ic + A

;@

(ddd) Wae ique`us s`nutd`l ds str`lcny kisdo, s`nutd`l keaivdlc is Ic@A. J`dst sdnver `xdge aygr`nyses

tae infyn aindge t` ino`a`n.

O;A

5Kr + Ic@A O

;A

5@A + IcKr

(dv) Gry gdstdnnitd`l b i jdxture b infyn aindge wdta sdnver `xdge pr`guoes etaer.

;O;A

5Kr + Ic

;@ O

;A

5 @ O

;A

5+ ;IcKr

Uses 8Dt ds useg 8

Is W nnels reicelt b`r tae geteotd`l `b ingeayges, b`rjdo iodg ilg terjdlin infyles. Dl tae jilubioture `b jdrr`rs.

]a`t cripay 8

I pa`t`cripado bdnj o`lsdsts `b i ndcat selsdtdve ejunsd`l `b bdle pirtdones (cridls) `b sdnver sints dl cenitdle

spreig `l i oneir oennun`dg strdp `r i cniss pnite. Wae cridl sdze ds very djp`rtilt t` pa`t`cripaers, is tads

ibbeots tae quindty `b tae pdotures pr`guoeg. IcKr ds jidlny useg is tae ndcat selsdtdve jiterdin. _`je IcD dsuseg dl bist ejunsd`ls.Wae bdnj ds pnioeg dl i oijeri. Sael tae pa`t`cripa ds exp`seg, ndcat br`j tae sukheot elters tae oijeri

ilg ds b`ousseg ky tae nels t` cdve i sairp djice `l tae bdnj. Wae ndcat stirts i pa`t`oaejdoin reiotd`l ky

exodtdlc i aindge d`l, wadoa n`ses il eneotr`l. Wae eneotr`l j`ves dl i o`lguotd l kilg t` tae surbioe `b taecridl, waere dt reguoes i Ic+ d`l t` jetinndo sdnver.

;IcKr(s) ndcat ;Ic + Kr;

Dl j`gerl pa`t cripay `lnyi sa`rt exp`sure `b peraips 9/9==ta `b i seo`lg ds useg. Dl tads sa`rt tdje, `lny

i bew it`js `b sdnver (peraips 9=5=) ire pr`guoeg dl eioa cridl exp`seg t` ndcat. ]irts `b tae bdnj wadoaaive keel exp`seg t` tae krdcat pirts b tae sukheot o`ltidl i n`t b cridls wdta s`je sdnver. ]irts exp`segt` piner pirts `b tae sukheot o`ltidls i bew cridls wdta s`je sdnver, wadnst pirts l`t exp`seg o`ltidl l`le.

Waus tae bdnj o`ltidls i nitelt djice `b tae sukheot. A`wever, tae lujker `b sdnver it`js pr`guoeg ds s`

sjinn tait tae djice ds l`t vdsdkne t` tae eye.Lext tae bdnj ds pnioeg i geven`per s`nutd`l. Wads ds i jdng reguodlc icelt, usuinny o`ltidldlc qudl`n. Dts

purp`se ds t` reguoe j`re sdnver aindge t`Ic jetin. Ic ds gep`sdteg jidlny waere taere ire inreigy s`jeIcit`js. Waus tae geven`pdlc pr`oess dltelsdbdes tae nitelt djice `l tae bdnj s` dt keo`jes vdsdkne. Wae

o`rreot o`lgdtd`ls b`r pr`oessdlc just ke useg t` `ktidl il djice `b tae requdreg kniofless.

;IcKr(s) + ;@A(iq) + A@ @A (iq) ;Ic(s) + ;A;@() + @ @ + ;Kr (iq)

aygr`qudl`n aygr`qudl`le

Db tae bdnj wis kr`ucat `ut dlt` giyndcat it tads stice, tae ulexp`seg pirts `b tae ejunsd`l w`ung turl kniofilg taus gestr y tae pdoture.W` prevelt tads aippeldlcilyuloailceg sdnver aindges ire rej`veg ky pniodlc

tae bdnj dl i bdxer s`nutd l.I s`nutd l `b s`gduj tad`sunpaite ds useg is bdxer. Dt b`rjs i s`nukne o`jpnex wdtasdnver aindges.

IcKr + ;Li;_

;@

? Li

?VIc(_

;@

?)

;Z + LiKr

Ibter bdxdlc, tae bdnj oil sibeny ke kr`ucat `ut dlt` giyndcat. ]irts kniofeleg ky sdnver represelt tae ndcat pirts`b tae `rdcdlin pdoture. Wads ds taereb`re i lecitdve.

W` `ktidl il djice wdta ndcat ilg girf tae rdcat wiy r`ulg, i prdlt just ke jige. Ndcat ds pisseg tar`uca taelecitdve `lt` i pdeoe `b piper o`iteg wdtaIcKr ejunsd l. Wads ds tael geven`peg ilg bdxeg dl tae sije wiyis keb re.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

23/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;?

OAEJD_W[T

VEZ ]@WI__DUJ ]E[JILCILIWE (FJl@7) 8

]repiritd`lWads ds tae j`st djp`rtilt ilg wenn fl`wl sint `b perjilcildo iodg ilg ds prepireg br`j tae pyr nusdte `re.

Dt ds prepireg ky busdlc pyr`nusdte re edtaer wdta F@A r F;O@

?dl preseloe `b itj`spaerdo `xycel `r ily

`taer `xdgdsdlc icelt suoa is FL@?. Waebuseg jiss turls creel wdta tae b`rjitd`l `b p tissduj jilcilite,

F;Jl@

7.

;Jl@;+ 7F@A + @

; ;F

;Jl@

7+ ;A

;@

;Jl@;+ ;F;O@?+ @; ;F;Jl@7+ ;O@;

Wae buseg jiss ds extrioteg wdta witer ilg tae s nutd l ds l`w treiteg wdta i ourrelt `b oan rdle `r `z`le `r

oirk`l gd`xdge t` o`lvert jilcilite dlt` perjilcilite.

;F;Jl@

7+ On

; ;FJl@

7+ ;FOn

;F;Jl@

7+ A

;@ + @

? ;FJl@

7+ ;F@A + @

;

?F;Jl@

7+ ;O@

; ;FJl@

7+ Jl@

;+ ;F

;O@

?

O`jjerodinny dt ds prepireg ky busd`l b Jl@;wdta F@A b`nn`weg ky eneotr`nytdo xdgitd`l `b jilcilite.

Jl@7

; (creel) Jl@7 (purpne) + e

Dl tae nik`rit`ry, i jilcilese(DD) d`l sint ds xdgdseg ky per x`gdsunpaite t` perjilcilite

;Jl;+

+ 5_;@1;

+ 1A;@ ;Jl@7

+ 9=_@7;

+ 92A+

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8

Dt ds purpne o`n`ureg orystinndle o`jp`ulg. Dt ds j`geriteny s`nukne dl witer it r``j tejperiture.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Ebbeot `b aeitdlcSael aeiteg in le `r wdta il infind, dt geo`jp`ses ev`nvdlc `xycel.

;FJl@7

F35= F;Jl@

7+ Jl@

;+ @

;

;F;Jl@7 Aeitg[e

;F;Jl@?+ @;

7FJl@7+ 7F@A 7F

;Jl@

7+ ;A

;@ + @

;

`r

7Jl@7 + 7@A 7Jl@

7; + @

;+ ;A

;@.

Jl@7

; dl gdnute infindle, witer ilg iodgdo s`nutd`ls ds ulstikne ilg gdspr`p`rtd`lites t` cdve Jl@7 ilg

Jl@;.

?Jl@7

; + 7A+ ;Jl@7 + Jl@

; + ;A;@

?Jl@7

; + ;A;@ ;Jl@

7 + Jl@

; + 7@A

`r

?Jl@7

; + ?A;@ ;Jl@

7 + Jl@ (@A)

; +7@A

@l aeitdlc dl ourrelt `b A;, s`ndg FJl@

7cdves Jl@

;FJl@7+ 5A

; ;F@A + ;Jl@ + 7A

;@

(dd) @l treitjelt wdta o`loeltriteg A;_@

7(FJl@

7ds tifel dl exoess), dt b`rjs jilcilese aept`xdge

vdi perjilcilyn sunpaite wadoa geo`jp`ses expn`sdveny `l aeitdlc.

;FJl@7+ ?A

;_@

7 ;FA_@

7+ (Jl@

?)

;_@

7+ ;A

;@

(Jl@?)

;_@

7+ A

;@ Jl

;@

3+ A

;_@

7

Jl;@

3 ;Jl@

;+

?

;@

;

FJl@7

+ ?A;

_@7

(o`lo.) F+ + Jl@?

+ (creel) + ?A_@7

+ A?

@+.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

24/31

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

25/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;5

OAEJD_W[T

(o) A;_ ds `xdgdseg t` sunpaur 8

;Jl@7 + 92A+ + 5_; ;Jl;+ + 1A

;@ + 5_

(g) _@;ds `xdgdseg t` A

;_@

78

;Jl@7 + 5_@

;+ ;A

;@ 5_@

7; + ;Jl;+ + 7A+

(e) Ldtrdtes ire `xdgdseg t` ldtrites 8

;Jl@7 + 5L@

; + 2A+ ;Jl;+ + ?A

;@ + 5L@

?

(b) @xindo iodg ds `xdgdseg t` O@;8Wads reiotd`l ds sn`w it r``j tejperiture, kut ds ripdg it 2=O.Jl(DD) d`ls pr`guoeg oitinyse tae reiotd`l6 taus tae reiotd`l ds iut`oitinytdo.

;Jl@7 + 92A+ + 5O

;@

7; O2= ;Jl;+ + 1A

;@ + 9=O@

;

(c) AOA@ ds `xdgdseg t` AO@@A

;Jl@7 + 5AOA@ + 2A+ ;Jl;+ + 5AO@@A + ?A

;@.

(a) Dt`xdgdses aygr cel aindges (AOn, AKr `r AD) dlt` Q;

(ain`cel)

;Jl@7 + 92A+ + 9=Q ;Jl;+ + 1A

;@ + 5Q

;

(d) A;@

;ds `xdgdseg t` @

;.

;Jl@7 + 2A+ + 5A

;@

; 5@

;+ Jl;+ + 1A

;@.

Uses 8(d) FJl@

7ds useg is il `xdgdsdlc icelt dl nik`rit`ry ilg dlgustry.

(dd) Infindle p tissduj perjilcilite ds oinneg Kiyer's reicelt. Wads reicelt ds useg dl `rcildooaejdstry b`r tae test `b ulsituritd`l. FJl@

7 ds useg dl tae jilubioture `b siooairdl,

kelz`do iodg, ioetingeayge eto.

(ddd) FJl@7ds useg dl quindtitdve ilinysds b`r geteotdlc aindges, sunpadtes, `xinites, eto.

Exijpne-91 ]`tissduj perjilcilite iots is il `xdgilt dl leutrin, infindle is wenn is iodgdo jegdi. Wae bdlin

pr`guots `ktidleg br`j dt dl taree o`lgdtd`ls ire respeotdveny 8(I) Jl@

7; , Jl?+ ilg Jl;+ (K) Jl@

;, Jl@

;ilg Jl;+

(O) Jl@;, Jl@;+ ilg Jl?+ (G) Jl@ , Jl@;+ ilg Jl;+

_`nut d`l ?e + ;A;@ + Jl@

7 Jl@

;+ 7@A (leutrin jegduj)

e +Jl@7 Jl@

7; (gdnute infindle jegduj)

Jl@7 + 1A+ + 5e Jl;+ + 7A

;@ (iodgdo jegduj)

Waereb re, (K) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

VBZ ]@WI__DUJ GDOA[@JIWE (F;Or

;@

3) 8

]repiritd`l 8Wae oar`jdte `re ds r`isteg wdta s`gduj oirk`lite dl preseloe `b idr dl i reverkerit`ry burlioe

7Be@. Or;@? (oar`jdte `re) + 1Li;O@? + 3@; idrdl[`istdlc 1Li;Or@7 + ;Be;@? +1O@;

Wae r`isteg jiss ds extrioteg wdta witer wael Li;Or@

7 c`es dlt` tae s`nutd`l neivdlc keadlg

dls`nukne Be;@

?. Wae s`nutd l ds tael treiteg wdta oinouniteg ij`ult b A

;_@

7.

;Li;Or@

7+ A

;_@

7 Li

;Or

;@

3+ Li

;_@

7+ A

;@

Wae s`nutd l ds o`loeltriteg wael ness s`nukne Li;_@

7orystinndses `ut. Wae s`nutd l ds burtaer o`loeltriteg

wael orystins `b Li;Or

;@

3ire `ktidleg. A`t situriteg s`nutd`l `b Li

;Or

;@

3ds tael treiteg wdta FOn wael

`rilce reg orystins `b F;Or

;@

3ire `ktidleg `l orystinndsitd`l.

Li;Or

;@

3+ ;FOD F

;Or

;@

3+;LiOn

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

26/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;2

OAEJD_W[T

F;Or

;@

3ds preberreg `ver Li

;Or

;@

3is i prdjirystilgirg dl v`nujetrdo estdjitd l keoiuse Li

;Or

;@

3

ds aycr`so`pdo dl liture kut F;Or

;@

3ds l`t.

]r`pertdes(i) ]aysdoin 8

Dt ds `rilce-reg o`n ureg orystinndle o`jp`ulg. Dt ds j`geritenys`nukne dl o`ng witer kut breeny s`nukne dl a`twiter. Dt jents it ?41O.

(k) Oaejdoin 8

(d) Ebbeot `b aeitdlc 8@l aeitdlc str`lcny, dt geo`jp`ses ndkeritdlc `xycel.

;F;Or

;@

3 ;F

;Or@

7+ Or

;@

?+

;

?@

;

@l aeitdlc wdta infindes, dt ds o`lverteg t` oar jite, d.e., tae o`n ur oailces br`j rilce t` yenn`w.@l iodgdbydlc, yenn`w o`n`ur icidl oailces t` `rilce.

F;Or

;@

3+ ;F@A ;F

;Or@

7+ A

;@

Or;@

3

; + ;@A ;Or@7

; + A;@

@rilce Tenn`w

;Or@ 7;

+ ;A+

Or;@ 3;

+ A;@Tenn`w @rilce

Waus Or@7

; ilg Or;@

3; exdst dl equdndkrduj ilg ire dltero`lvertikne ky interdlc tae pA `b s`nutd l.

;Or@7

; + ;A+ ;AOr@7 Or

;@

3

; + A;@

Dl infindle s`nutd l, oar jite d`ls ire preselt wadne dl iodgdo s`nutd l, gdoar`jite d`ls ire preselt.

(dd) F;Or

;@

3+ ;A

;_@

7(o`lo. & o ng) ;Or@

? (krdcat `rilce/reg) + ;FA_@7 + A;@

;F;Or

;@

3+ 1A

;_@

7(o`lo. & A`t) ;F

;_@

7+ 1A

;@ + ;Or

;(_@

7)

?+ ?@

;

(ddd) Iodgdbdeg F;Or

;@

3s`nutd l reiots wdta A

;@

;t` cdve i geep knue s nutd l gue t` tae b`rjitd l `b Or@

5.

Or;@

3; + ;A+ + 7A

;@

; ;Or@

5+ 5A

;@

Knue o`n ur dl ique`us s nutd`l biges iwiy sn wny gue t` tae geo`jp`sdtd`l `b Or@5

t`Or?+ d`ls ilg`xycel. Dl ness iodgdo s`nutd l F

;Or

;@

3ilg A

;@

;cdve sint wadoa ds vd net o`n ureg ilg gdijicletdo

gue t` tae b`rjitd`l `b VOr@(@;)(@A)Z. Dl infindle jegduj wdta ?=% A

;@

;, i reg-kr`wl F

?Or@

1

(gdper x`) ds b`rjeg. Dt ds tetri per x`speodes VOr(@;)

7Z? ilg taus tae Or ds dl +R `xdgitd`l stite. Dl

ijj`ldoin s`nutd`l i girf reg-kr`wl o`jp`ulg, (LA?)

?Or@

7- gdper`x` o`jp`ulg wdta Or(DR) ds

b`rjeg.

(dv) ]`tissduj gdoar`jite reiots wdta aygr`oan rdo iodg ilg ev nves oan rdle cis.F

;Or

;@

3+ 97AOn ;FOn + ;OrOn

?+ 3A

;@ + ?On

;

(v) Dt iots is i p`werbun `xdgdsdlc icelt dl iodgdo jegduj (gdnute A;_@

7)

Or;@

3

; + 97A+ + 2e ;Or+? + 3A;@. (E : 9.?? R)

Wae `xdgitd`l stite `b Or oailces br`j + 2 t` +?.(i) D`gdle ds ndkeriteg br`j p`tissduj d`gdge 8

Or;@

3

; + 97A+ + 2e ;Or?+ + 3A;@

; ;+ ;e V?Z

Or;@

3

; + 97A+ + 2 ;Or?+ + ?;+ 3A

;@

(k) Berr`us sints ire `xdgdseg t` berrdo sints 8

2Be;+ + Or;@

3

; + 97A+ 2Be?+ + ;Or?+ + 3A;@

(o) _unpadtes ire `xdgdseg t` sunpaites 8

Or;@ 3;

+ ?_@ ?;

+ 1A+

?_@ 7;

+ ;Or?+

+ 7A;@

(g) A;_ ds `xdgdseg t` sunpaur 8

Or;@

3

; + ?A;_ + 1A+ ;Or?+ + 3A

;@ + ?_

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

27/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;3

OAEJD_W[T

(e) _@;ds `xdgdseg t` A

;_@

78

Or;@

3; + ?_@

;+ ;A+ ;Or?+ + ?_@

7; + A

;@ 6

Oar je inuj ds ktidleg wael iodgdbdeg F;Or

;@

3s`nutd l ds situriteg wdta _@

;.

F;Or

;@

3+ A

;_@

7+ _@

;+ A

;@ O3=W F

;_@

7. Or

;(_@

7)

?. ;7A

;@

(b) Dt `xdgdses etaynino`a`n t` ioetingeayge ilg ioetingeayge t` ioetdo iodg

O;A

5@A Z@V OA

?OA@ Z@V OA

?O@@A

etayn ino`a n ioetingeayge ioetdo iodg

(c) Dt ins` `xdgdses ldtrdtes t` ldtrites, irseldtes t` irselites, AKr t` Kr;. AD t` D

;, eto.

(a) F;Or

;@

3+ ;O (oairo`in) Or

;@

?+ F

;O@

?+ O@

(vd) Oar`jyn oan rdge test 8 7On + Or;@

3; + 2A+ ;Or@

;On

; (geep reg) + ?A

;@

Or@;On

;+ 7@A Or@

7; (yenn`w) + ;On + ;A

;@

Or@7

; (yenn`w) + ]k;+ ]kOr@7 (yenn`w)

(vdd) Or ;@

3; (o`loeltriteg s`nutd l) + ;Ic+ Ic

;Or

;@

3 (reggdsa kr`wl)

Ic;Or

;@

3 + A;@ k`dn IcIc

;Or@

7 + Or@7; + ;A+ .

(vddd) Or ;@3; + Ki;+ + A;@ ;KiOr@7 + ;A+

Is str`lc iodg ds pr`guoeg, tae preodpdtitd`l ds `lny pirtdin. Kut db Li@A `r OA?O@@Li ds iggeg,

preodpdtite keo`jes quiltdtitdve.

Uses 8Dt ds useg 8

(d) is i v nujetrdo reicelt dl tae estdjitd l `b reguodlc icelts suoa is `xindo iodg, berr`us d`ls, d`gdge

d`ls, eto. Dt ds useg is i prdjiry stilgirg.

(dd) b`r tae prepiritd l `b severin oar`jduj o`jp`ulgs suoa is oar`je inuj, oar`je yenn w, oar`je

reg, zdlo yenn`w, eto.

(ddd) dl gyedlc, oar je tilldlc, oindo` prdltdlc, pa t`cripay eto.

(dv) is i oneilsdlc icelt b`r cniss wire dl tae b`rj `b oar`jdo iodg.

Exijpne-94 Il dl`rcildo o`jp`ulg (I) ais cirlet reg prdsjitdo orystins. (I) ds j`geriteny s`nukne dl witer ilg

gdss`nves dl o`ng o`loeltriteg A;_@

7 t` ydeng reg orystins (K). Dl preseloe `b gdnute A

;_@

7 dt

o`lverts i pulcelt cis (O) dlt` i yenn w turkdgdty (G) ilg o`lverts i subb oitdlc cis (E) dlt` i creel

s`nutd`l (B). Wae cis (O) ilg (E) ins` o`jkdle t` pr`guoe tae yenn`w turkdgdty (G). Sdta F ilgstiroa dl preseloe `b gdnute. A

;_@

7(I) ydengs knue o`n`ur. (I) ilg o`loeltriteg A

;_@

7jdxture ds

useg is i oneilsdlc icelt b`r cnisswire dl tae nik`rit`ry. Dgeltdby (I) ilg expnidl tae reiotd`ls.

_`nut d`l Is o`jp`ulg (I) ais cirlet reg prdsjitdo orystins wadoa wdta o`ng o`lo. A;_@

7cdves reg orystins

ilg i subb`oitdlc cis (_@;) turls dts s nutd l dl witer dl t` creelo`n uregs nutd l, taereb reo`jp`ulg

(I) jiy ke F;Or;@3.F

;Or

;@

3+ 7A

;_@

7+ ?A

;_ FA_@

7+ ; Or@

?(reg orystins) + A

;@

(I) (K)

F;Or

;@

3+ 7A

;_@

7+ ?A

;_ F

;_@

7+ Or

;(_@

7)

?+ 3A

;@ + ?_ (Tenn`w)

(O) (G)

F;Or

;@

3+ A

;_@

7+ ?_@

; Or

;(_@

7)

?(Creel s`nutd`l) + F

;_@

7+ A

;@

(E) (B)

F;Or

;@

3+ 3A

;_@

7+ 2F 7F

;_@

7+ Or

;(_@

7)

?+ 3A

;@ + ?

;

;

+ _tiroa Knue o`n`ur

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

28/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;1

OAEJD_W[T

JD_OENNILE@U_ _@NREG ][@KNEJ_ (J_]s)

9. Ij`lc tae b`nn wdlc stitejelts oa``se tae true r binse stitejelt(s).

(i) F;Or

;@

3`l aeitdlc wdta oairo`in cdves jetinndo p`tissduj ilg Or

;@

?.

(k) @l aeitdlc dl ourrelt `b A;tae orystinndle FJl@

7ds o`lverteg dlt` F@A ilg Jl

?@

7.

(o) Aygriteg berrdo oan rdge `l treitjelt wdta ;, ;gdjeta`xypr`pile cdves ilaygr`us berrdo oan rdge.

Ils. (i) Binse (k) Binse (o) Wrue

_`n. (i) F;Or

;@

3+ ;O (oairo`in) Or

;@

?+ F

;O@

?+ O@ .

(k) ;FJl@7+ 5A

; ; F@A + ;Jl@ + 7A

;@.

(o) BeOn?

. 2A;@+2O A

?

?

?

?

@OA|

OAO|@OA

BeOn?

(ilaygr`us) + 9;OA?@A+2OA

?O@OA

?.

;. I o`jp`ulg (I) ds useg dl pidlts dlsteig `b sints `b neig. O`jp`ulg (I) ds `ktidlegwael i wadte o`jp`ulg

(K) ds str`lcny aeiteg. O`jp`ulg (K) ds dls`nukne dl witer kut gdss`nves dl s`gduj aygr`xdge b`rjdlc i

s`nutd`l `b o`jp`ulg (O). Wae o`jp`ulg (I) `l aeitdlc wdta o`fe cdves i jetin (G) ilg i cis (E) wadoa

kurls wdta knue bnije. (K) ins` gdss`nves dl ijj`lduj sunpaite s`nutd l jdxeg wdta ijj`lduj aygr`xdge.

_ nutd l `b o`jp`ulg (I) dl gdnute AOn cdves i knudsa wadte / wadte preodpdtite (B) wdta exoess `b F7VBe(OL)

2Z.

Dgeltdby (I) t` (B) ilg expnidl tae reiotd`ls.

Ils. (I) Xl@, (K) Xl(@A);, (O) Li

;Xl@

; , (G) Xl, (E) O@, (B) F

;Xl

?VBe(OL)

2Z

;

_`n. Xl(@A);

(K) Xl@ (I) + A;@.

Xl(@A);

(K) +;@A VXl(@A)7Z; (O) (s`nukne o`jpnex).

Xl@ (I) + O Xl (G) + O@ (E).

Xl(@A);(K)+ 7LA

? VXl(LA

?)

7Z;+ (s nukne o`jpnex) + ;@A.

Xl@ + ;AOn XlOn; + A;@.

?XlOn;

+ ;F7VBe(OL)

2Z F

;Xl

?VBe(OL)

2Z

; (knudsa wadte/wadte) (B) + 2FOn.

?. Il ulfl`wl dl`rcildo o`jp`ulg (Q) cive tae b`nn`wdlc reiotd ls8

(d) Wae o`jp`ulg (Q) `l aeitdlc civei resdgue, `xycel ilg `xdge `b ldtr cel.

(dd) Il ique`us s nutd`l `b o`jp`ulg (Q) `l iggdtd`l t` tip witer cive i turkdgdty wadoa

gdg l t gdss`nve dl AL@?.

(ddd) Wae turkdgdtygdss nves dl LA7@A.

Dgeltdby tae o`jp`ulg (Q) ilg cdve equitd ls b`r tae reiotd ls (d), (dd) & (ddd).

Ils. Q : IcL@?

_`n. ;IcL@?(Q) ; Ic + ;L@

;+ @

;.

IcL@?(iq.) + On IcOn(wadte) + L@?

.

IcOn + ;LA?

VIc(LA?)

;Z+ (s`nukne o`jpnex).

7. Ij`lcst VWdB2Z; , VO`B

2Z? , Ou

;On

;ilg VLdOn

7Z; VIt`jdo lujker 6 Wd : ;;, O` : ;3, Ou : ;4, Ld : ;1Z tae

o`n`urness speodes ire 8

(I) VWdB2Z; ilg VOu

;On

;Z (K) Ou

;On

;ilg VLdOn

7Z; (O) VWdB

2Z; ilg VO`B

2Z? (G) VO`B

2Z? ilg VLdOn

7Z;

Ils. (I)

_`n. Dl VWdB2Z; tae tdtilduj ds dl +7 `xdgitd`l stite aivdlc tae eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g= 7s=. _djdnirny dl

Ou;On

;tae o`pper ds dl +9 `xdgitd`l stite aivdlc tae eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g9= 7s=. Is taey g` l`t

aive ily ulpidreg eneotr`ls b`r g-g trilsdtd l, taey ire taereb re o`n urness.

Dl VLdOn7Z; tae ldofen ds dl +; `xdgitd`l stite ilg eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l ds VIrZ91 ?g1 7s=. Is dt ais tw`

ulpidreg eneotr`ls, s` tae o`jpnex ds o`n`ureg.Dl VO`B

2Z?, tae o`kint ds dl +? `xdgitd`l stite aivdlc eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ ?g 2 7s=. Is dt ais b`ur

ulpidreg eneotr`ls, s` tae o`jpnex ds o`n`ureg.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

29/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ;4

OAEJD_W[T

5. @l tae kisds `b trelgs dl tae pr`pertdes b tae ?g-serdes enejelts, succests p`ssdkne J;+ iqui d`ls b`r use

is reguodlc icelts, ilg wrdte i kiniloeg oaejdoin equitd l b`r tae reiotd l `b le `b taese d`ls wdta @;

dl

iodgdo s`nutd`l.

_`n. Keoiuse `xdgitd`l stite +; ds j`st stikne b`r tae niter enejelts `b ?g-serdes enejelts, str`lc reguodlc

icelts dlonuge d`ls `b tae jetins l tae nebt `b tae serdes8 suoa d`ls dlonuge R;+ (iq) ilg Or;+ (iq) Wae Be;+

(iq) d`l ds `lny weifny reguodlc. Wae O`;+ (iq), Ld;+ (iq), ilg Ou;+ (iq) d`ls ire l`t `xdgdzeg dl witer.

Be?+ 33.= Be;+ 77.= Be

Wae oaejdoin equitd l b`r tae `xdgitd`l ds tael

7 Be;+ (iq) + @;(c) + 7A+ (iq) 7Be?+ (iq) + ;A;@ ().

2. Jitoa tae reiotd`ls cdvel dl o`nujl-D wdta tae oairioterdstdo(s) `b tae reiotd l pr`guots cdvel dl

o`nujl-DD.

O`nujl-D O`nujl-DD

(I) WdOn7

Xl (p) @le `b tae pr guots ds krdcat `rilce o n`ureg kut

gdijicletdo.

(K) BeOn?

F53? (q) @le `b tae pr guots ds creel o n`ureg ilg pirijicletdo.

(O) FJl@7

F35= (r) @le `b tae pr guots ds vd net ilg pirijicletdo.

(G) F;Or

;@

3+ A

;_@

7(o ng & o`lo.) (s) @le `b tae pr`guots exdsts is gdjer.

Ils. VI rZ 6 VK s 6 VO qZ 6 VG pZ.

_`n. (I) WdOn7

Xl WdOn?, vd net (`le ulpidreg eneotr`l s` g-g trilsdtd`l ds p`ssdkne).

(K) ;BeOn?

F53? cis gdjer..

(O) ;FJl@7

F35= F;

Jl@7

creel (`le ulpidreg eneotr`l s` g-g trilsdtd`l ds p`ssdkne) + Jl@;

+ @;

.

(G) F;Or

;@

3+ ;A

;_@

7 ;Or@

?krdcat `rilce (gdijicletdo) + ;FA_@

7+ A

;@.

3. Sadoa `b tae b nn wdlc ds true b`r tae speodes aivdlc ?g7 o`lbdcuritd`l 0

(I) Or;+ ds reguodlc dl liture. (K) Jl?+ ds `xdgdsdlc dl liture.

(O) K`ta (I) ilg (K) (G) L`le b taese

_`n. Or;+ ds reguodlc is dts o`lbdcuritd`l oailces br`j g7 t` g?, tae nitter aivdlc i ainb-bdnneg t?;c

elercy neven `b ?g

`rkdtins dl `otiaegrin orystin bdeng spndtdlc. @l tae `taer ailg, tae oailce br`j Jl?+ t` Jl;+ resunts dl tae

ainb-bdnneg (g5) o`lbdcuritd`l wadoa ais extri stikdndty.

Waereb re, (O) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

1. Sadoa `b tae b`nn wdlc dloreisdlc `rger `b xdgdsdlc p`wer ds o`rreot b`r tae b`nn`wdlc speodes 0R@

;+ , Jl@

7 , Or

;@

3;

(I) R@;

+ > Or;@

3; > Jl@

7 (K) R@

;+ > Jl@

7 > Or

;@

3;

(O) Or;@

3; > R@

;+ >Jl@

7 (G) Or

;@

3; > Jl@

7 > R@

;+

_`n. Wads ds ittrdkuteg t` tae dloreisdlc stikdndty `b tae n`wer speodes t` wadoa taey ire reguoeg.

Jl@7 ds reguoeg t` Jl;+ wadoa ais stikne ainb bdnneg vineloe saenn eneotr`l o`lbdcuritd`l V?g5Z.

Or;@

3; ds reguoeg t` Or?+ wadoa ais ainb bdnneg t?

;celercy neven `b ?g `rkdtins dl `otiaegrin orystin bdeng spndtdlc

R@;

+ ds reguoeg t` R?+ wadoa ais eneotr`ldo o`lbdcuritd`l VIrZ91 ?g; 7s=.

_` tae `rger `b dloreisdlc stikdndty `b tae reguoeg speodes ds Jl;+ < Or?+ < R?+ ilg, taereb re, tae dloreisdlc

`rger `b `xdgdsdlc p`wer ds R@;

+ > Or;@

3; > Jl@

7 .

Waereb re, (I) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

30/31

"jildsafujirpaysdos.dl" ?=

OAEJD_W[T

4. Sadoa `b tae b`nn`wdlc stitejelt(s) ds/ire o`rreot 0

(I) Wrilsdtd`l jetins ilg jily `b taedr o`jp`ulgs sa`w pirijicletdo keaivd`ur.

(K) Wae eltainpdes `b it`jdsitd`l `b tae trilsdtd`l jetins ire adca

(O) Wae trilsdtd`l jetins celerinny b`rj o`n`ureg o`jp`ulgs

(G) Wrilsdtd`l jetins ilg taedr jily o`jp`ulgs iot is c``g oitinyst.

_`n. (I) Is jetin d`ls celerinny o`ltidl `le `r j`re ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl taej & aeloe taedr o`jpnexes

ire celerinny pirijicletdo

(K) Keoiuse `b aivdlc nircer lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl taedr it`js, taey aive str`lcer dlterit`jdo dlteriotd`l ilg aeloe str`lcer k`lgdlc ketweel tae it`js.

(O) Ioo`rgdlc t` OBW, dl preseloe `b ndcilgs tae o`n`ur `b tae o`jp`ulg ds gue t` tae g-g trilsdtd`l `b

tae eneotr`ls.

(G) Wads iotdvdty ds isordkeg t` taedr ikdndty t` ig`pt juntdpne `xdgitd`l stite ilg t` b`rj o`jpnexes.

Waereb re, (I,K,O,G) `ptd ls ire o`rreot.

9=. Sael O@;ds pisseg dlt` ique`us 8

(I) Li;Or@

7s`nutd`l, dts yenn`w o`n`ur oailces t` `rilce.

(K) F;Jl@

7s`nutd`l, dt gdspr`p`rtd`lites t` FJl@

7ilg Jl@

;

(O) Li;Or

;@

3s`nutd l, dts `rilce o`n ur oailces t` creel

(G) FJl@7s`nutd`l, dts pdlf o`n`ur oailces t` creel._`n. (I) Li

;Or@

7

ALi

;Or

;@

3(`rilce o`n`ur)

(K) Jl@7

; A

Jl@7 + Jl@

;, dl leutrin `r iodgdo jegduj

(O) Binse - Dl iodgdo jegduj l` o`n`ur oailce tifes pnioe.

(G) Jl@7 + e

@A Jl@7

; 6 dl str`lc infindle jegduj pdlf o`n`ur `b FJl@7oailces t` creel.

Waereb re, (I,K) `ptd`ls ire o`rreot.

99. Sadoa `b tae b`nn`wdlc stitejelt(s) ds (ire) l`t o`rreot wdta rebereloe t`berr`usilg berrdo d`ls

(I) Be?+ cdves kr`wl o`n ur wdta p`tissduj berrdoyildge

(K) Be;+ cdves knue preodpdtite wdta p`tissduj berrdoyildge

(O) Be?+ cdves reg o`n`ur wdta p`tissduj sunpa`oyildge

(G) Be;+cdveskr wlo n urwdtap tissdujsunpa`oyildge

_`n. Be?+ pr`guoes reg o`n`uritd l wdta F_OL kut Be;+ g`es l t cdve kr`wl o n`ur wdta F_OL.

Waereb re, (G) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

9;. _WIWEJELW-98Ijj`ldoin sdnver ldtrite o`lverts cnuo`set` cnuo`ldo iodg ilg jetinndo sdnver ds preodpdtiteg.

_WIWEJELW-; 8 Cnuo`se iots is i weif reguodlc icelt.

(I) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds i o`rreot expnilitd`l b`r _titejelt-9.

(K) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds L@W i o`rreot expnilitd l b`r _titejelt-9

(O) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Binse

(G) _titejelt-9 ds Binse, _titejelt-; ds Wrue

_`n. (I)Ic;@ + O2A9;@2;Ic + O2A9;@3.

9?. _WIWEJELW-98 Wae lujker `b ulpidreg eneotr`ls dl tae b nn wdlc cise`us d`ls 8

Jl?+, Or?+, R?+ ilg Wd?+ ire 7, ?, ; ilg 9 respeotdveny.

_WIWEJELW-; 8Or?+ ds j`st stikne dl ique`us s`nutd`l ij`lc taese d`ls.

(I) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds i o`rreot expnilitd`l b`r _titejelt-9.

(K) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Wrue6 _titejelt-; ds L@W i o`rreot expnilitd l b`r _titejelt-9

(O) _titejelt-9 ds Wrue, _titejelt-; ds Binse

(G) _titejelt-9 ds Binse, _titejelt-; ds Wrue

_`n. (K) Jl?+ : VIrZ91 ?g7 , Or+? : VIrZ91 ?g? , R?+ : VIrZ91 ?g; , Wd?+ : VIrZ91 ?g9

Or?+ ds j`st stikne dl ique`us s`nutd`l keoiuse dt ais ainb bdnneg t?;c

elercy neven `b ?g `rkdtins dl

`otiaegrin orystin bdeng spndtdlc ilg ioo`rgdlc t` orystin bdeng tae`ry (OBW) dt ais adcaest vinue `bOB_E d.e. 9.;

@.

8/12/2019 D-Block Elemnets Theory_E

31/31

OAEJD_W[T

97. _9

8Dlterstdtdin o`jp`ulgs aive adca jentdlc p`dlts, adcaer tail ta`se `b pure jetins.

_;8]erjilcilite tdtritd`ls dl preseloe b aygr`oan rdo iodg ire ulsitdsbiot`ry.

_?8 FJl@

7g`es l`t iot is il `xdgdsdlc icelt dl str`lc infindle jegduj.

_78FJl@

7`l aeitdlc dl i ourrelt `b A

;cdves Jl@.

(I) W W B W (K) W B B W (O) W B W W (G) B B W B

_`n. _98Gue t` str`lc dlterit`jdo b`roes.

_;8 _`je `b tae aygr`oan`rdo iodg ds `xdgdseg t` oan`rdle ilg taus we cet ness v`nuje `b FJl@

7tail tae

iotuin `le.

_?8 Jl@

7 + e

@AJl@

7;

_78 ;FJl@

7 + 5A

; ;F@A + ;Jl@ + A

;@.

Waereb re, (I) `ptd`l ds o`rreot.

95. Jitoa tae reiotd`ls dlO`nujl Dwdta liture `b tae reiotd`ls/type `b tae pr`guots dl O`nujl DD.

O`nujl D O`nujl DD

(I) IcL@?(iq) + D

;(exoess) + A

;@ (p) Gdspr`p`rtd litd l

(K) F;Jl@

7(iq) + O@

;(c) (q) O`jpr`p`rtd`litd`l

(O) Li;Or;@3 + O

(r) [eg`x(G) OuOn

;(iq) + Ou(s) (s) @le `b tae pr`guots ds dls`nukne dl witer

Ils. (I p, r, s) 6 (K p, r, s) 6 (O r, s) 8 (Gq, r, s)

_`n. (I) 5IcL@?(iq) + ?

=

D ;(exoess) + ?A;@ R

?AD@

+9

IcD5 + 5AL@?

_` dt ds reg`x ilg gdspr`p`rtd`litd`l reiotd`l. IcD dls`nukne dl witer.

(K)RD

7;Jl@F?

(iq) + ;O@;(c)

RDD

7FJl@;

+DR

;Jl@

+ ;F;O@

?

_` dt ds reg`x ilg gdspr`p`rtd`litd`l reiotd`l. Jl@;dls`nukne dl witer.

(O)=

O; +

RD

3;; @OrLi

DDD

?;@Or

+

DR

?;O@Li

+ DD

O@

_` dt ds reg`x reiotd`l. Or;@

?(creel pdcjelt) ds dls`nukne dl witer.

(G)DD

;OuOn

(iq) + =

Ou (s) D

;;OnOu

(s)

_` dt ds reg`x ilg o`jpr`p`rtd`litd`l reiotd`l. Ou;On

;ds dls`nukne dl witer.