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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 1

@DIJKP]V[

XD[PK@AN XVEXIVK]IPKltremu`tkel ?

Pe car, wi davi sakm nkttni afeut eli ec tdi jest efvkeus `dara`tirkstk s ec erbalk `ejpeulms, tdat ks tdikr

pdysk an stati er pdasi. Rditdir a partk`unar sufstal`i ks a senkm, er a nkqukm er a bas weunm `irtaklny fi eli

ec tdi ckrst efsirvatkels tdat wi weunm leti kl aly ixpirkjiltan werg. ]di tijpiraturis at wdk`d tralsktkels

e``ur fitwiil pdasis, tdat ks jintklb peklts (jp) alm feknklb peklts (fp) ari anse ajelb tdi jeri iaskny

jiasurim pdysk`an prepirtkis.

]di pdysk`an prepirty ec a liw `ejpeulm bkvi vanuafni `nui afeut kts stru`turi.

Pu``iss kl ksenatklb tdi liw `ejpeulms mipilms el jagklb riaselafny a``urati istkjatis ec kts jintklb

peklt, feknklb peklt alm senufknktkis.

]di pdysk an prepirtkis ec a `ejpeulm mipilm narbiny upel tdi gklm ec felms tdat denm kts atejs tebitdir kl

tdi jeni`uni.

Felm Xenarkty ?

A felm wktd ini`trels sdarim iquanny fitwiil tdi twe atejs ks `annim a lelpenar `evanilt felm.

Cer ib. tdi felm kl D6alm tdi @@ felm kl itdali ari lelpenar `evanilt felms.

Biliranny kl jest ec tdi felms fitwiil twe mkccirilt inijilts, tdi felmklb ini`trels ari attra`tim jeri

strelbny tewarms eli ec tdi twe lu`nik. Al uliquanny sdarim pakr ec felmklb ini`trels ks `annim a penar

`evanilt felm.

A `evanilt felm wknn fi penar kc atejs cerjklb kt mkccir kl ini`trelibatkvkty.

Ini`trelibatkvkty C < E < @n , L < Fr < @,D

1. Mkpeni jejilt ?Mui te mkcciril`i kl ini`trelibatkvkty penarkty mivinepis fitwiil twe amoa`ilt atejs kl tdi

jeni`uni. ]di mibrii ec penarkty ec a felm ks `annim mkpenijejilt.

(a) Mkpeni jejilt ks riprisiltim fy .

: i n

: Mkpenijejilt

n : kltirlu`niar mkstal`i fitwiil twe atejs, k.i., felm nilbtd kl `j.

i : jablktumi ec siparatim `darbi kl i.s.u.

i : 1818 i.s.u.

m : 184 `j

Pe 1M : 1 1814 isu.`j

]di Mifyi (M) ks tdi ulkt ec mkpeni jejilt.

(f) @darbi alm mkstal`i eppesi ia`d etdir, wktd tdi narbir danebils davklb nelbir felm fut wiagir

ini`trelibatkvkty. ]di evirann risunt ks tdat tdi felm mkpeni jejilt kl riasi kl tdi ermir as cennews.

Ix.1 D0@ K > D0@ Fr > D0@ C > D0@ @n

? 1.6; M 1.=4 M 1.91 M 1.93 M

Ix.6 ? @@n=> @D@n0> @D6@n6> @D0@n

( ) ]di mkpeni jejilt ks riprisiltim fy arrew diam pekltklb tewarms tdi pesktkvi te tdi libatkvi ilm.

@

@n

@n

@n

@n

(m) Mkpeni jejilt ec tdi `ejpeulm meis let mipilm elnyel tdi penarkty ec tdi felm fut anse mipilms el tdi

sdapi ec tdi jeni`uni.

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 6

@DIJKP]V[

(i) Mkpeni jejilt ec syjjitrk`an `ejpeulm ks anways zire. ( : 8)

(c) Pyjjitrk`an `ejpeulms ari tdesi `ejpeulms wdk`d cuncknn twe `elmktkels.

(k) @iltran atej ks felmim wktd tdi saji atejs er breups.

(kk) @iltran atej sdeunm davi le neli pakr ec ini`trels.

Ix. 0jeni`unisnPyjjitrk`a

@E,FC,@D,@@n 60== E : @ : EVisuntalt : 8

Ix. =

C

F

C C

Fereltrkcnuerkmi

: 8.8

(b) Mkpeni jejilt ec ulsyjjitrk`an `ejpeulm ks anways briatir tdal zire ( < 8).

Ix. 9 D E6. .. . D P6

. .

. . @D@n0. .LD0

Ylsyjjitrk an jeni`unis?-

(d) ini`trelibatkvkty ec `iltran atej er surreulmklb atejs prisilt el tdi `iltran atej ec tdijeni`uni.

(k) Mkpeni jejilt ec tdi trals mirkvatkvi ec tdi `ejpeulm wknn elny fi zire kc fetd tdi atejs atta`dim te

`arfels ari kl tdi cerj a alm f.

@ : @

f

fa

a

: 8

@ : @

a

ff

a

8

Ix.3 @ : @

D D

@n @n

: 1.49M(`ks)

@ : @

D

D@n

@n

: 8M(trals)

(kk) Kc fetd wknn let fi atejs tdiltrals jay er jay let fi zire.

(kkk) Kc breup davi nkliar jejilts, tdil tdi mkpenijejilt ec tdi trals ksejir wknn fi zire.

Ix. 2 @ : @

D D

@D0D0@

: 8.00M

@ : @

D

D

@D0

D0@

: 8M

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 0

@DIJKP]V[

(kv) Kc breup davi lel-nkliar jejilts, tdil tdi mkpenijejilt ec tdi trals ksejir wknn let fi zire.

Ix. 4 @ : @

D

D

@EED

DEE@

: 6.04M

(o) Mkpenijejilt ec mksufstktutim filzili ari ?

@asi K?-Rdil fetd breups x alm y ari ini`trel melatklb er fetd breups ari ini trel wktdmrawklb tdil?-

`es6 616

66

1

1: mkpenijejilt ec felm ` x 6: mkpenijejilt ec felm ` y

: albni fitwiil x alm y

Kc vanui ecwknn fi jeri, tdil `eswknn fi niss.

kl mi`riasklb ermire-mirkvatkvi < j-mirkvatkvi < p-mirkvatkvi

(k) Kc x : y alm fetd ari atejs tdil mkpeni jejilt ec para mirkvatkvi wknn fi zire.

Ix. ;

@n

@n

: 6.9=M

@n

@n: 1.=4M

(kk) Kc x alm y ari saji breups alm breup davi nkliar jejilts tdil tdi mkpenijejilt ec para mirkvatkvi wknn

fi zire.

Ix. 18

@D0

@D0

@L

@L

: 8 : 8

(kkk) Kc x alm y ari saji breups alm x : y alm breup davi lel-nkliar jejilts tdil tdi mkpenijejilt ec para

mirkvatkvi wknn let fi zire.

Ix.11

ED

ED @EEIt

@EEIt

8 8

@asi-KK?- Rdil eli breup ks ini`trel wktdmrawklb alm tdi etdir breup ks ini`trelmelatklb tdil?-

`es6 616

66

1

Pekl mi`riasklb ermir

p-mirkvatkvi < j-mirkvatkvi < e-mirkvatkvi

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" =

@DIJKP]V[

Ix.16

@D0@L

@D0

@L

@D0

@L

kl kl riasklb ermir

6. Kltirjeni`unar cer`is ? Attra`tkels fitwiil jeni`unis ari partk`unarny kjpertalt kl senkms alm nkqukms. Kl tdisi @elmilsim pdasis,

tdi jeni`unis ari `eltkleusny kl `elta`t wktd ia`d etdir. ]di jintklb peklts, feknklb peklts, alm senufknktkis

ec erbalk` `ejpeulms sdew tdi icci ts ec tdisi cer is. ]we jaoer gklms ec attra`tkvi cer is `ausi jeni`unis

te asse`kati klte senkms alm nkqukms7

(A) Mkpeni-mkpeni kltira`tkels (F)SalmirRaans cer`is

(A) Mkpeni-Mkpeni kltira`tkel ?Mkpeni-mkpeni kltira`tkels risunt crej tdi apprea`d ec twe penar jeni`unis.

Kc tdikr pesktkvi alm libatkvi ilms apprea`d, tdi kltira`tkel ks al attra`tkvi eli.

Kc twe libatkvi ilms er twe pesktkvi ilms apprea`d, tdi kltira`tkel ks ripunskvi eli. Kl a nkqukm er a senkm tdi jeni`unis ari jestny erkiltim wktd tdi pesktkvi alm libatkvi ilms tebitdir alm tdi

lit cer`is ks attra`tkvi.

Pyjfenkzim fy ?

Al ispi`kanny strelb gklm ec mkpeni- mkpeni attra`tkel ks dymrebil felmklb

Dymrebil Felmklb ?

1. Micklktkel ?]di dymrebil felm ks al ini`trestatk` attra`tkvi cer`i fitwiil `evaniltny felmim dymrebil atej ec eli

jeni`uni alm al ini trelibatkvi atej (su`d as C, E, L) ec aletdir jeni`uni.ib?- @elskmir tdi dymrebil cnuerkli felm kl dymrebil cnuerkmi, DC. ]dks felm ks a penar `evanilt felm kl

wdk`d dymrebil ks atta`dim te a strelbny ini`trelibatkvi inijilt.

C

D

]di pesktkvi `darbi el dymrebil wknn fi attra`tim ini`trestatk`anny fy tdi libatkvi `darbi el C atej fy

aletdir jeni`uni ec DC.

D C ----- D C ------ D C

@evaniltfelm

dymrebilfelm

Dymrebil felm ks a viry wiag felm (strilbtd afeut 6 18 g`an/jen) as `ejparim te lerjan `evanilt felm.

Fut strelbir tdal valmir Raans cer`i ec attra tkel.

6. @elmktkels cer dymrebil felmklb ?

(a) ]di jeni`uni just `eltakl a dkbdny ini`trelibatkvi atej nklgim te dymrebil atej.

(f) ]di skzi ec ini`trelibatkvi atej sdeunm fi sjann.

Elny C, E alm L atejs cerj icci`tkvi dymrebil felmklb.

Ixajpni ?

Briatir tdi ini`trelibatkvkty alm sjannir tdi skzi ec tdi atej (C, E, L), tdi strelbir ks tdi dymrebil felm.

D C ----- D18 G`an/jeni

< D E ----- D2 G`an/jeni

< D L ----- D6 G`an/jeni

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 9

@DIJKP]V[

0. ]ypis ec Dymrebil Felmklb ?

(a) Kltirjeni`unar dymrebil felmklb?-Kl su`d typi ec nklgabis tdi twe er jeri tdal twe jeni`unis ec tdi

saji `ejpeulm `ejfkli tebitdir te bkvi a penyjirk` abbribati.

]dks pdilejila ks anse glewl as asse`katkel.

Ixajpni ?

(K) Dymrebil felmklb kl cerjk` a`km (Mkjirksatkel)

D @ @ DE D ----- E

E ----- D E

(KK) Kl j - @dnerepdilen

--@n E D ------ @n ED ------

(KKK) Kl watir

- - E D ------- E D ----- E D

D D D

(KS) Kl p-Lktrepdilen

L

E+

----- D E

E --------- D E

E

L

E -------+

(S) Kl p-Lktrepdilen & watir

L

E+

E D ------ E D -----

E --------- D E

D

D

(f) Kltrajeni`unar dymrebil felmklb?-Kl tdks typi, dymrebil felmklb e``ur wktdkl twe atejs ec tdi saji

jeni`uni. ]dks typi ec dymrebil felmklb ks `ejjelny glewl as `dinatkel.

Ix.10 (K)

E E

E

L

D

e-Lktrepdilen

(KK)

@

E

EED

D

E

D

6, 3-Mkdymrexyfilzek` a`km

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 3

@DIJKP]V[

=. @el`nuskel ?(a) ]di `dinatkel fitwiil tdi ertde sufstktutim breups ristrk`ts tdi pesskfknkty ec kltirjeni`unar dymrebil

felmklb.

(f) @dinatkel meis let tagi pna`i kl j & p ksejirs fi`ausi tdi twe breups car away crej ia`d etdir.

(F) Salmir-Raans cer`is ? Salmir Raans cer`is erNelmel mkspirskel cer`i `al fi efsirvim kl lelpenar jeni`unis su`d as `arfel

titra`dnerkmi.

A sjann tijperary mkpeni jejilt ks klmu`im wdil eli jeni`uni apprea`dis aletdir jeni`uni kl wdk`d tdiini`trels ari snkbdtny mkspna`im crej a syjjitrk`an arralbijilt.

]di ini`trel kl tdi apprea`dklb jeni`uni ari mkspna`im snkbdtny se tdat al attra tkvi mkpeni-mkpeni kltira`tkel

risunts.

]disi tijperary mkpenis nast elny a cra`tkel ec a si`elm, alm tdiy `dalbi `eltklueusny7 yit tdiy ari

`errinatim se tdikr lit cer`i ks attra tkvi.

]dks attra`tkvi cer`i mipilms el `nesi surca`i elta t ec twe jeni`unis, se kt ks reubdny prepertkelan te tdi

jeni`unar surca`i aria.

@arfeltitra`dnerkmi (@@n=) das zire mkpeni jejilt, yit kts feknklb peklt ks dkbdir tdal ec `dnerecerj ( : 1.8M).

@arfeltitra`dnerkmi das a narbir surca`i aria tdal `dnerecerj (a `dnerkli atej kl ju`dnarbir tdal a dymrebil

atej), se tdi kltirjeni`unar val mir Raans attra tkels fitwiil `arfel titra`dnerkmi jeni`unis ari strelbir

tdal tdiy ari fitwiil `dnerecerj jeni`unis.

0. Feknklb Xeklts ? ]di feknklb peklt (fp) ec a `ejpeulm ks tdi tijpiraturi at wdk`d tdi `ejpeulms vaper prissuri iquans tdi

atjespdirk prissuri. Kl ermir cer a `ejpeulm te vaperkzi, tdi cer i tdat denm tdi jeni`unis nesi te ia`d

etdir kl tdi nkqukm just evir eji. ]dks jials tdat tdi feknklb peklt ec a `ejpeulm mipilms el tdi strilbtd

ec tdi attra tkvi cer is fitwiil tdi klmkvkmuan jeni`unis.

Kc tdi jeni`unis ari dinm tebitdir fy strelb cer`is, kt wknn tagi a net ec ilirby te punn tdi jeni`unis away crejia`d etdir alm tdi `ejpeulm wknn davi a dkbd feknklb peklt.

Kc dewivir, tdi jeni`uni ari dinm tebitdir fy wiag cer`is, elny a sjann ajeult ec ilirby wknn fi liimim te

punn tdi jeni`unis away crej ia`d etdir alm tdi `ejpeulm wknn davi a new feknklb peklt.

Ca`ters acci`tklb feknklb peklt ? -

(k) Dymrebil Felmklb ?

An`edens davi ju`d dkbdir feknklb peklts tdal angalis er itdirs ec `ejparafni jeni`unar wikbdt fi`ausi,

kl ammktkel te val mir Raans cer`is alm tdi mkpenimkpeni kltira`tkels ec tdi `arfelexybil felm an`edens

`al cerj dymrebil felms.

]di su``isskvi ripna`ijilt ec dymrebil atej ec tdi ED breup ec an`eden fy angyn breup te cerj itdir

fne`gs tdi prefafknkty ec dymrebil felmklb rimu`is alm tdus F.X. ec an`edens ari dkbdir tdal itdir.

Ix.1=@D ED6

@D ED6

@D E@D6 0

@D ED6

@D E@D6 0

@D E@D6 0

F.X. 1;2@ 169@ 4=@

Ratirdas tdi newist jeni`unar wikbdt ajelb dymrkmis ec tdi SK breup ec pirkemk` tafni, kt das tdi dkbdist

feknklb peklt. Ratir jeni`unis asse`kati tdreubd kltirjeni`unar dymrebil felmklb alm tdus riqukri jeri

ilirby te siparati tdi jeni`unis cer vaperkzatkel.

Ix.19D E D E D E D E

D D D D

@ejpeulm D6E D6P D6PiF.X. 188@ 9;.3 =6@

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 2

@DIJKP]V[

Ajklis ? Xrkjary alm si`elmary ajklis anse cerj dymrebil felms, se tdisi ajklis davi dkbdir feknklb peklts tdal

angalis wktd skjknar jeni`unar wikbdts.

Lktrebil ks let as ini`trelibatkvi as exybil, dewivir, wdk`d jials tdat tdi dymrebil felms fitwiil

ajkli jeni`unis ari wiagir tdal tdi dymrebil felms fitwiil an`eden jeni`unis.

Ajklis, tdiriceri, davi newir feknklb peklts tdal an`edens wktd skjknar jeni`unar wikbdts.

Fi`ausi prkjary ajklis davi twe LD felms, dymrebil felmklb ks jeri skblkck`alt cer prkjary ajklis tdal

cer si`elmary ajklis. ]irtkary ajklis `allet cerj dymrebil felms wktd ia`d etdir fi`ausi tdiy me let

davi a dymrebil atta`dim te tdi lktrebil. @elsiquiltny kc yeu `ejpari ajklis wktd tdi saji jeni`unarwikbdt alm skjknar stru`turis, prkjaryajklis davi dkbdir feknklb peklt tdal si`elmary ajklis alm si`elmary

ajklis davi dkbdir feknklb peklts tdal tirtkary ajklis.

Ix.13

(kk) Mkpeni - Mkpeni kltira`tkels ?

Mkpenimkpeni kltira`tkels, ari strelbir tdal val mir Raans cer`is fut let as strelb as kelk` er `evanilt

felms. Itdirs biliranny davi dkbdir feknklb peklts tdal angalis ec `ejparafni jeni`unar wikbdt fi`ausi

fetd val mir Raans cer`is alm mkpenimkpeni kltira`tkels just fi evir`eji cer al itdir te fekn.

Ix.12

Ix.14 F.X ? )Itdalen(

EDD@ 96 >)en1epal(Xr

ED@D@D@D 660

>

)en1talFu(

ED@D@D@D@D 6660

>

)en1talXil(

ED@D@D@D@D@D 66660

Ix.61 F.X ? @D0 @D6@D6@DE > > Xd @DE > Xd @D6@DE >

(giteli ks jeri penar tdal anmidymi).

(kv) Salmir Raans cer`is ]di jeni`unis ec al angali ari dinm tebitdir fy tdisi klmu`im mkpeni-klmu`im mkpeni kltira`tkels glewl as

val mir Raans cer`is er Nelmel cer`is. Kl ermir cer al angali te fekn, tdisi val mir Raans cer`is just fi

evir`eji.

]di dejenebeus sirkis ec angalis feknklb peklts kl`riasi as tdikr skzi kl`riasis. ]dks e``urs fi`uasi

ia`d ammktkelan jitdynili breup kl riasis tdi aria ec elta`t fitwiil tdi jeni`unis.

Fi`ausi tdi strilbtd ec val mir Raans cer`i mipilms el tdi aria ec `elta t fitwiil jeni`unis, fral`dklb

kl a `ejpeulm newirs kts feknklb peklt fi`ausi kt rimu`is tdi aria ec `elta`t.

Kc twe angalis davi tdi saji jeni`unar wikbdt, tdi jeri dkbdny fral`dim angali wknn davi a newir feknklbpeklt.

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 4

@DIJKP]V[

Ix.66

Biliran ermir ec feknklb peklt ec varkeus C.B.

F.X ? V @ELD6< V @EED < V ED < < < V T < V EV

< V @@D < V D < V @D : @D6(]irjklan)

Ix.60 e-@dnerepdilen das newir feknklb peklt kl `ejparksel te kts p-ksejir.

@n

E

D

e-@dnerepdilen ? (F.X. : 124@)

D E @n ------ D E

@n --------- D E @n -----

=. Penufknkty ?1 . Penvatkel ec kelk` sants fy kel mkpeni kltira tkel ?

Kltirjeni`unar cer`is ari ec prkjary kjpertal`i kl ixpnaklklb tdi senufknktkis ec sufstal`is. Mkssenutkel ec a

senkm kl a nkqukm ks, kl jaly rispi`t, nkgi tdi jintklb ec a senkm. ]di ermirny `rystan stru`turi ec tdi senkm ks

mistreyim, alm risunt kl tdi cerjatkel ec tdi jeri mksermirny arralbijilt ec tdi jeni`unis (er kels) kl

senutkel. Kl tdi pre`iss ec mkssenvklb, tee, tdi jeni`unis er kels just fi siparatim crej ia`d etdir, alm

ilirby just fi suppnkim cerfetd `dalbis.]di ilirby riqukrim te evir eji nattk i ilirbkis alm kltirjeni`unar

er kltirkelk attra`tkels `ejis crej tdi cerjatkel ec liw attra tkvi cer`is fitwiil senuti alm senvilt.

@elskmir tdi mkssenutkel ec al kelk` sufstal`i as al ixajpni. Dil`i fetd tdi nattk`i ilirby alm kltirkelk`

attra`tkels ari narbi. Ri cklm tdat watir alm elny a ciw etdir viry penar senvilts ari `apafni ec mkssenvklb

kelk` ejpeulm. ]disi senvilts mkssenvi kelk` `ejpeulms fy dymratklb er senvatklb tdi kels.

Ratir jeni`unis, fy vkrtui ec tdikr briat penarkty as winn as tdikr viry sjann, `ejpa`t sdapi, `al viry

icci`tkviny surreulm tdi klmkvkmuan kels as tdiy ari crii crej tdi `rystan surca`i. Xesktkvi kels ari surreulmim

fy watir jeni`unis wktd tdi libatkvi ilm ec tdi watir mkpeni pekltim tewarm tdi pesktkvi kel 7 libatkvi kels

ari senvatim kl ixa`tny tdi eppeskti way. Fi`ausi watir ks dkbdny penar, alm fi`ausi watir ks `apafni ec

cerjklb strelb dymrebil felm, tdi mkpeni-kel attra`tkvi cer`is ari anse narbi. ]di ilirby suppnkim fy tdi

cerjatkel ec tdisi cer`is ks briat ileubd te evir`eji fetd tdi nattk i ilirbyalm kltirkelk` attra tkels ec tdi

`rystan.

6. Penvatkel ec `ejpeulms fy mkpeni-mkpeni kltira`tkel ?

A tdujf runi cer primk`tklb senufknktkis ks tdat nkgi mkssenvis nkgi. Xenar alm kelk` `ejpeulm tilm te mkssenvi

kl penar senvilts. Xenar nkqukms ari biliranny jks kfni wktd ia`d etdir. Lelpenar senkms ari usuanny senufni kl

lelpenar senvilts. El tdi etdir dalm lelpenar senkms ari klsenufni kl penar senvilts. Lelpenar nkqukms ari

usuanny jutuanny jks`kfni, fut lelpenar nkqukms alm penar nkqukms nkgi ekn alm watir me let jkx.

0. Penvatkel ec `ejpeulms fy dymrebil felmklb ?

Jitdalen alm watir ari jks kfni kl ann prepertkels 7 se tee ari jkxturis ec itdalen alm watir alm jkxturis ec

fetd prepyn an`edens alm watir. Kl tdisi `asis tdi angyn breups ec tdi an`edens ari rinatkvi sjann, alm tdi

jeni`unis tdiriceri risijfni watir jeri tdal tdiy me al angali. Aletdir ca`ter kl ulmirstalmklb tdikrsenufknkty ks tdat tdi jeni`unis ari `apafni ec cerjklb strelb dymrebil felms te ia`d etdir.

8/12/2019 Physical Properties & POC II Theory_E

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" ;

@DIJKP]V[

Kc tdi `arfel `dakl ec al an eden ks nelb, dewivir, wi cklm tdat tdi an eden ks ju`d niss senufni kl watir. Mi`yn

an`eden (sii cennewklb stru`turis) wktd a `dakl ec 18 `arfel atejs ks elny viry snkbdtnysenufni kl watir. Mi`yn

an`eden risijfnis al angali jeri tdal kt meis watir. ]di nelb `arfel `dakl ec mi`yn an`eden ks sakm te fi

dymrepdefk (dymre, watir 7 pdefk`, ciarklb er avekmklb watir avekmklb). Elny tdi ED breup, a ratdir sjannpart ec tdi jeni`uni, ks dymrepdknk` (pdknk`, nevklb er siigklb watir siigklb). (El tdi etdir dalm, mi`yn

an`eden ks qukti senufni kl niss penar senvilts, su`d as `dnerecerj.)

Al ixpnalatkel cer wdy lelpenar breups su`d as nelb angali `dakls avekm al aquieus ilvkreljilt, tdat ks,

cer tdi se- annim dymrepdefk icci`t, ks `ejpnix. ]di jest kjpertalt ca ter siijs te klvenvi al ulcaverafni

iltrepy `dalbi kl tdi watir. Iltrepy `dalbis davi te me wktd `dalbis crej a rinatkviny ermirim stati te a

jeri mksermirim eli er tdi rivirsi. @dalbis crej ermir te mksermir ari caverafni, wdirias `dalbis crej

mksermir te ermir ari ulcaverafni. Cer a lelpenar dymre`arfel `dakl te fi a``ejjematim fy watir, tdi watirjeni`unis davi te cerj a jeri ermirim stru`turi areulm tdi `dakl, alm cer tdks, tdi iltrepy `dalbi ks

ulcaverafni.

=. Penufknkty kl watir ?

As jeni`unar wikbdt kl`riasis senufknkty kl watir mi`riasis. ]di newir an`edens ari jks`kfni wktd watir.

]dks ks mui te kltirjeni`unar dymrebil felmklb fitwiil an`eden alm watir jeni`unis.

Kltirjeni`unar D felm fitwiil watir & an`eden jeni`unis

Fut tdks ks trui elnycer tdi newir an edens, wdiri tdi ED breup `elstktutis a narbi part ec tdi jeni`uni.As

tdi angali nkgi angyn breup fi`ejis narbir, watir senufknkty mi`riasis. Cer pra`tk`an purpesi wi `elskmirtdat tdi fermirnkli fitwiil senufknkty alm klsenufknkty kl watir e``urs at afeut ceur te ckvi `arfel atejs cer

lerjan prkjary an`edens.

Xenydymrexy an`edens prevkmi jeri tdal eli skti pir jeni`uni cer dymrebil felmklb alm tdikr senufknkty ks

appri`kafni tknn sivil `arfel atejs.Ajelbst ksejirs,as fral`dklb kl riasis,tdi surca`i aria ec dymre`arfel

part (dymrepdefk` part) mi`riasis se senufknkty kl`riasis.

Kt cennews tdi ermir ? 0 an`eden < 6 an`eden < 1 an`eden.

9. Jintklb Xeklt ?

Jintklb peklt?

]di tijpiraturi at wdk`d tdi tdirjan ilirby ec tdi partk nis ks briat ileubd te evir`eji tdi kltra`rystannkli

cer`is tdat denm tdij kl pesktkel ks glewl as jintklb peklt. Jintklb ks tdi `dalbi crej tdi dkbdny ermirm arralbjilt ec partk`nis kl tdi `rystannkli nattk`i te tdi jeri

ralmej arralbjilt tdat `dara tirkzis a nkqukm.

Ca`ters acci`tklb jintklb peklt ?(k) Jeni`unar wikbdt ?

jintklb peklts ec angalis kl`riasi kl a dejenebeus sirkis as tdi jeni`unar wikbdt kl`riasis.

Ix.6= J.X. ? @D0@D6@D0 > @D0@D6@D6@D0 > @D0@D6@D6@D6@D0

(kk) Xa`gklb ?

Xa`gklb ks a prepirty tdat mitirjklis dew winn tdi klmkvkmuan jeni`unis kl a senkm ckt tebitdir kl tdi `rystan

nattk i. ]di tkbdtir tdiy ckt, tdi jeri ilirby riqukrim te friag tdi nattk i alm jint tdi `ejpeulm.

Angalis wktd al emm lujfir ec arfel atejs pa`g niss tkbdtny tdal angalis wktd al ivil lujfir ec `arfelatejs. ]dks mi riasis tdi kltirjeni`unar cer`is fitwiil angalis wktd emm lujfir ec `arfel atejs, wdk`d

mi`riasis tdikr jintklb peklts.

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 18

@DIJKP]V[

Kl biejitrk an ksejirs tdi trals ksejirs ari jeri syjjitrk`an tdal `ks ksejirs (@af:@af typi angilis)

se trals cerj davi dkbdir J.X. tdal `ks ksejirs.

]di diavkir tdi jeni`uni alm strelbir tdi kltirjeni`unar cer`is, dkbdir wknn fi tdi J.X. ec tdi `ejpeulm.

Ertde ksejirs ec dymrexy, lktre, `arfelyn `ejpeulms davi new J.X. tdal tdikr `errispelmklb j & p

ksejirs.

Ix.69 , J.X. K < KK

Ix.63 Ertde - dymrexy, lktre-, `arfelyn, `arfexynk` er `dnere `ejpeulms davi newir jintklb alm feknklb peklts tdal

tdi rispi tkvi jita er para ksejir mui te kltirajeni`unar D-felmklb kl ertde sufstktutim `ejpeulm.

3. XE@ - KK

3.1 Xurkck`atkel ec erbalk` `ejpeulms ?

]di erbalk` `ejpeulms mirkvim crej laturan seur`is er priparim kl tdi naferatery ari sinmej puri. ]diy ari

usuanny `eltajklatim wktd etdir sufstal`is.

Xurkck atkel jials tdi rijevan ec ulmiskrafni kjpurktkis asse`katim wktd a partk`unar erbalk `ejpeulm, k.i

te eftakl tdi erbalk` `ejpeulm kl puri stati.

Sarkeus jitdems davi fiil mivinepim te purkcy erbalk` `ejpeulm

1. Xdysk`an jitdems ?

(k) @rystannksatkel (kk) Pufnkjatkel (kkk) Mkstknnatkel(kv) senvilt ixtra`tkel (v) `drejatebrapdy

6. @dijk`an jitdems?-

@dijk`an jitdems ec siparatkel mipilm upel tdi laturi ec tdi cul`tkelan breup prisilt kl tdi `ejpelilt.

Dil`i tdisi `al fi appnkim te senkm as winn as nkqukm `ejpeulms.

A `dijk an jitdem `al fi appnkim elnywdil eli ec tdi `ejpelilts ec tdi jkxturi ks senufni kl a partk unar

senvilt wdkni tdi etdir ks klsenufni kl tdi saji senvilt .

Piparatkel ks tdi ckrst stip murklb tdi a`tuan alanysks ec erbalk` jkxturi. Kt ks tdi jest kjpertalt stip kl tdi

silsi tdat kc siparatkel ks kl`ejpniti tdi risunt wknn let fi `erri`t fi`ausi tdi kjpuri `ejpeulm wknn bkvi

tists ec mkccirilt cul`tkelan breup alm kts jintklb peklt wknn anse fi viry ju`d mkccirilt crej tdat ec tdi puri

`ejpeulm eftaklim crej `ejpniti siparatkel.Piparatkel ec Fklary jkxturis ec erbalk` `ejpeulms.

]di usuan systijatk` s`diji cer siparatklb a senkm fklary jkxturi ks mks`ussim finew.

(k) Piparatkel wktd watir

(kk) Piparatkel wktd semkuj fk arfelati

(kkk) Piparatkel wktd semkuj dymrexkmi

(kv) Piparatkel wktd dymre`dnerk a km

Penufknkty ec twe ejpelilts.

Piparatkel P`diji

)1(

EDPenvilt6

8/12/2019 Physical Properties & POC II Theory_E

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 11

@DIJKP]V[

Piparatkel s`diji cer erbalk` `ejpeulms

]di jkxturi ec erbalk `ejpeulms `al fi siparatim fy usklb appreprkati senvilt.

Jest ec tdi arejatk `ejpeulms ari watir klsenufni mui te narbi dymrepdefk` breup ec skx arfel atej

Arejatk` a kms ari klsenufni kl watir fut senufni kl aquieus LaD@E0 senutkel er LaED senutkel, mui te sant

cerjatkel.

Arejatk dymrexy `ejpeulms ari watir klsenufni fut ari senufni kl aquieus LaED senutkel mui te sant

cerjatkel.

Arejatk ajkli (Alknkli 1, 6, 0) ari erbalk` fasi alm watir klsenufni fut ari senufni kl aquieus D@n

senutkel mui te sant cerjatkel.

Ankpdatk` `ejpeum wktd atniast twe cul tkelan breup ( wdk`d `al cerj D-felmklb) ari watir senufni.

Ix.62 Mka`kms, mkens. mkajklis, dymrexy a`kms (ED,@EED), Ajkle a`kms ( LD6

, @EED) .

Ix.64 exank` a`km , janelk`, janik`, cujark` a`km, bny`en, bny`iren, su`resi, bnu`esi

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 16

@DIJKP]V[

Ix.6; Fklary jkxturis - (]we `ejpelilts)

A F Appreprkati Penvilt

(1) + D6E

(6) + D6E

(0) Cru`tesi + D6E

(=) + aq. LaD@E0

(9) + aq. LaED

(3) + aq. D@n

Ix.08 +

Kmiltkcy X, Q

Pen. Q , X

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"jalksdgujarpdysk`s.kl" 10

@DIJKP]V[

JKP@INNALIEYP PENSIM XVEFNIJP

1. Feknklb peklts ec `arfelyn `ejpeulms ari dkbdir tdal tdesi ec angalis mui te ?

(A) dymrebil-felmklb (F) mkpeni-mkpeni kltira`tkels

(@) valmir R aans cer`is (M) ann ec tdisi

Als (F)

6. Rrkti tdi mi`riasklb ermir ec watir senufknkty ec ann ksejirs ec @=D18E.

Pen. Mi`riasklb ermir ec watir senufknkty ec ann ksejirs ec @=D18E ks ?

0

0

0

@D|

ED@@D|@D

< ED@D@D@D|@D

60

0

< ED@D@D@D|

@D

60

0

< @D0 @D6 @D6 @D6 ED

~ @D0 @D6 E @D6 @D0< 00

0

E@D@D@D|@D

< @D0 @D6 @D6 E@D0

0. Arralbi cennewklb `ejpeulms kl mi riasklb ermir ec senufknkty kl watir

(k) @D0@D6E D ,@ D0@D6@D6ED, @D0@D6@D6@D6ED

(kk) ,

Pen. (k) @D0@D6ED < @D0@D6@D6E D