-JSWC rR 82-298

THE DETONATION VELOCITY-LOADING DENSITYRELATION FOR SELECTED EXPLOSIVES ANDMIXTURES OF EXPLOSIVES

BY DONNA PRICE

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

26 AUGU3T 1982

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited. D T ICELECTE

B

NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTERm. I, Dahlgren, Virginia 22448 * Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

i2 11 29 018h "',kI

UNCLASSIFIEDIC6ASIFICAION OR --S PA"I_ (Whin Date EntIeId)_

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE RBAO INSTRUCTFORS

12. GOVT ACCESSION NO. S .EI•PtIS4'i

NSWC TR A2-2g9A5 YgOPqPN CRO ~Ef4. TITL ford Subtti S.

THE DETONATION VELOCITY - LOADING DENSITYRELATION FOR SELECTED EXPLOSIVES AND MIXTURESOF EXPLOSIVES • Ptr,€MINO Ong. REPORT NU891

7. AUT___________ I. CON" CI OR GIIIAN MUM99(-

Dr. Donna Price

.•, IEIrOAMING ORGANiZATION NAMEf AND A1QRESS Ia RAM PLE, M9NT,+ PRO•J •T, TASK

Naval Surface Weapons Cent CAA & WORK UNIT NUMI61RI

White Oak ter .(Code R13) ,61152N, ZROO00101, 2ROIAA,Silver Spring, MD 20910 2R13GA&B

I". CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS I. NAiPORT 'ATS

26 Auqust 1982

13. NUMIER 0i PAGES31,

14. 4ONITORING AGENCY NAME & A0OR$SS(II different from Cntrolling OQffice) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of tell@ report)

UNCLASSIFIEDT13L fL. AUSS1 Il CATION/ DOWNGRACINGO

14. OISTRIOUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited.

I7. DISTRIUTION STATEMENT (of ihe abstract entered In Block 30, it different from Pepoct)

I$- SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS (Continue on re e side It necessay and Identify 0X block number)Cetonation Velocity - Lo-ading Density CurvesTNT,, PETN, BTNEU, DINA, RDX (HMX), tetryl, TNETB, mixtures of HE.

0. AASTAACT (Continue on reverse side If necessary ai. Id.etify by bl•ok numbe.Recent detonat'on velocity (D) - loading density (p ) data for pure

explosives have been reviewed and preferred linear D-o 2urves selected.SThese were then used to predict 0 of mixtures at densiies of 1.0 and 1.6 g/cm3The additivity law used was quite successful in both ranges with the exceptionof high porosity PETN mixtures. The Urizar method of prediction was satisfactotyin the low porosity range, but unacceptable in the high porosity range for bothpure and mixed high explosivs (HE). The Kamlet method was satisfactory for13 Qf 15 HF At n $. - glg -ae fnv- I( n f ir.A 0 a I r 4e-g

DD I JOAN' 1473 901ON O 1 NOV 8 IS O La$TI-•S

-SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAG- (Ron Datae gnterst

NSWC TR 82-298

!,

FOREWORD

This report was prepared under Task ZROOOO101, IR-59 and OMN funds.It is concerned with the relationship between infinite diameter detonationvelocity and loading density of high explosives and mixtures of highexplosives. Methods for predicting the velocity of the latter are alsoconsidered. The results should be of interest to the areas of detonationchemistry andphysics; they are also relevant to the fields of safety andsensitivity.

Approved by:

JAMES F. PROCTOR, HeadEnergetic Materials Division

•-'0

• OS io l'or

N Y J T t~ 5'R. k

•" ii

. I t~ £,• Ion/

Awi Inbi,,l• t v ._ iS/o

Ot-

NSWC TR 82-298,1

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1

SINGLE EXPLOSIVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

TNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. 4

PETN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

OTHER PURE HE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 7

MIXTURES OF HE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 23

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

1 DETONATION BEHAVIOR OF HOT-PRESSED TNT. . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Dt(p) CURVES AND DATA FOR TNT. . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . 5

3 Dt(pO) CURVES AND DATA FOR PETN...... . . . . .. . . . . . 8

4 RECENT D(p0) DATA REPORTED FOR DINA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5 DD(p0) CURVES AND DATA FOR TETRYL. . . .... ............. .. 15

II

* - . - - - - . . i- p ,

NS',JC TR 82-298

TABLES

Table.._,e

1 EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR Di(po) OF PETN IN RANGE P0 > 0.95 g/cm3 . . , 9

2 Di(po) DATA RECENTLY REPORTED FOR DINA. . ... .... .9 9 9.. 11

3 ADDITIONAL Di(oo) DATA FOR TETRYL. . ............ .... 14

4 DETONATION VELOCITY OF HE MIXTURES ESTIMATED BY ADDITIVITY,EQUATION 17 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 DETONATION VELOCITY OF PURE AND MIXED HE PREDICTED BY METHOD

OF URIZAR, EQUATION 21. ............... . .... . 19

6 DETONATION VELOCITY OF PURE AND MIXED HE PREDICTED BY METHODOF KAMLET, EQUATION 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

ii1/ivI,

ili/ly

NSWC TR 82-298

THE DEIONATION VELOCITY-LOADING DENSITY RELATION

FOR SELECTED EXPLOSIVES AND MIXTURES OF EXPLOSIVES

INTRODUCTION

For many years, it has been accepted that detonation velocity (D) is alinear function of the loading density (po) in the range Po a 1. Indeed, in1945, Hurwitzl published linear relatiuns derived from the extensive ERL datafor numerous explosives. His straight lines were drawn through data of chargesprepared from the finest particle size HE and with the largest diameter atpo k 0.8 g/cm3 . Hurwitz's values of slopes and intercepts hape withstood thetest of time very well; they are quoted in at least two texts' 3 and in ianyreports. However in 1961, it was reported that the D vs Po curve of TNTTshowed a sharp change in slope at Po a 1.5324 g/cm . About nine years later,a st tlar change in slope was reported in the curve for PETN5 at pO a 1.65g/cm.

There is a possible explanation for this deviant behavior, and oneobjective of this work is to point it out. A second is to find an acceptableway to predict the detonation velocity of a porous mixture from a knowledgeof 0(po) of thE components. Finally, the predictions will be compared withexperimental values and with approximations obtained by several methods.

In efforts to obtain high density pressed charges, some investigatorshave used heated molds or solvents or both in the pressing procedure. Ingeneral, there is no record of how this would make the charge behavior differfrom that of the more widely used cold-pressed charges. In particular, itm7y increase the critical diameter dc and hence the diameter effect on D ofany size charge. These effects would be expected for HE such as TNT and PETN

1Hurwitz, M. D., "The Rate of Detonation of Various Explosive Compoundsand Mixtures," OSRD 5611 (1945).

2 Cook, M. A., The Science of High Explosives (New York: Reinhold, 1958).

3Johansson, C. H., and Persson, P. A., Detonics of High Explosives(New York: Academic Press, 1970).

4 Urlzar, M. J., James, Jr., E., and Smith, L. C., "Detonation Velocity ofPressed TNT," Phys. Fluids, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1961, pp.262-274.

5Hornig, H. C., Lee, E. L., Finger, M., and Kurrle, J. E., "Equation ofState of Detonation Products," Proc. 5th Symposium (Int.) on Detonation, ONRACR-184 (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Gov. Print. Office, 1972), pp. 503-512.

L.1

i-

NONC YRt lam2

I Ic

(Wwu) *p

AV

Id I

I 2

NSWC TR 82-298

which flow easily und.r pressure. Rempel 6 has demonstrated the effect forTNT pressed at 72-760C in the presence of a litti.b acetone. Figure 1illustrates it for 8-13 mm dia charges. Since Fi9 . 1 shows the trend dcincreasjng with increasing po, the opposite of that found for cold pressedcharges' it is reasonable to suppose that the hot-pressing (aided by solvent)has not only increased po but also considerably changed the physical natureof the charge. This is particularly likely in view of the low melting pointof TNT (80.50C). In other words the very low porosity, hot-pressed chargesapproach a cast TNT rather than a cold pressed one in their structure. Whileit has not been established that cast and pressed T9T differ in D, it hasbeen reported that at -30 -m dia and po a 1.62 g/cm' the casl TNT has adetonation velocity about 50 m/s lower than the cold pressed,'9.

6 Rempel, fG. G., "Density Dependence of the Critical Diameter and DetonationVelocity of Explosive Charges," PMTF Vol, 10, No. 2, 1969, pm 83-86,through a translation journal.

7 Price, 0., "Critical Parameters for Detonation Propdgation and Initiationof Solid Explosives," NSWC TR 80-339, Sep 1981.

8 Stesik, L. N., and Akimova, L. N., "An Indirect Method of Estimating theReaction Zone Width of a Detonation Wave," Russian J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 33,No. 8, 1959, pp. 148-151.

9 Gibbs, T. R., and Poplato, A., eds., LASL Explosive Property Data(Berkeley: U. Cal. Press, 1980).

3

.. . . .... . .... . ... .,. - ... . . , , .-.... " -.-. • ii, -- ~ ~ i•:~ , -, -i •i i-. - -ii ••i• • ••

NSWC TR 82-298

SINGLE EXPLOSIVES

TNT

Ref. 4 reports what are probably the most precise detonation velocitiesmeasured for INT. However, all charges of •o - 1.44 g/cm, were made byhot-pressing (%70 0C). The equation derived fos infinite diameter or ideal

* detonation velocity in tha range po k 0.9 g/cm was

1.8727 + 3.1872 Po 0.9 s Po s 1.5342

6.7625 + 3.1872 (p0 - 1.5342) (1)oi(mm/us) 2- 25.102 (p - 1.5342)2

(+ 115056 (po - 1..5342)3 1,5342 s Po s 1.636 g/cm3

Recent handbooks 9 ' 10 quote Eq. 1 without the cubic term or any comment on its

absence.

Fig. 2 compares Eq. 1 with that derived by Hurwitz:

Dt - 1.785 + 3.225 po (2)

Each curve has been terminated at the highest experimental density reported.The two sets of results are within experimental error except at the higherdensities where hot-pressed charges were used. There Eq. 1 Indicates asharp decrease in the slope; that could result from an increased criticaldiameter such as showii in Rempsei's data. An increased d would increasethe diameter effect on the measured detonation velocity a% any given diameterand hence might result in Dmeasured <

O0Dobratz, B. M., ed., LLNL Explosives Handbook, UCRL-52997, 1981 with 198'addenda.

11Campbell, A. W., and Engelke, R., "The Diameter Effect in High DensityHeterogeneous Explosives," Sixtn S.,rinposium (Int.) on Detonation, ONR ACR 221,(Washington, D. C.: U. S. Gov. Print. Office, 1978) pp.642-663.

4

'- - '

-ii

NmC TB is=

IL

4i

RI

7.0

3

*14.

RIP

--- , 4 (101)

06s

S12

0.9 1.0 1,2 1.4 1.6

poo (V/CM31

FIGURE 2 D (p.) CURVES AND DATA FOR TNT

5

Lt_7

NSWC TR 82-298

-R cef. 9, in odditicl- to Eq. 1 without the cubic ierm, also quotes

7.045 m/Ws*as Di for gressed TNT at po - 1.620 g/cm . However Eq. 1produces Dt(1.620 g/cm4 ) a 6.924 mn/us (6.151 mm/n s if cubic term omitted).

If the change in slope shown by Eq. 1 is ignored, the relation becomes

,i a 1.8727 + 3.1872 Po 00 1 0.9 g/cm3 (3)

3Moreover, for p a 1.62 g/cm , Eq. 3 produces Di a 7.036 mm/us, in quite goodagreement with .he 7.045 m/vs value. Ty p 1al high density exilrimental valuesof (D!po) are: (7.OG,1.62)5, (6.91,1.59) ", and (6.91,1.64);zJ the first twosets are Russian, the last from LANL (hot-pressed charge). These points are alsoplotted in Fig. 2 to demonstrate the pattern of Russian data failing to 2xhibitth. change of slope at high density. NSWC has obtained TNT al 1.60 g/cm4 bypressing cold charges in the hydraulic press and at 1.64 g/cm4 jn •he isostaticpress. It seems possible and even likoly that the Russian data 6 wereobtained by pressing cold charges. In view of the possible effect of hot-pressing on the charge performance, it is suggested that Eq. 3be used for cold-pressed charges. it will be so used with the predictionmethod for mixtures described later. Of course, an experimental investigationof the measurable effects on d and D(d) of hot-pressed vs cold-pressed chargesis strongly recomnended as wel¶.

PETN

PETN has a higher melting point than TNT (141 0C), but it too flows easilyunder pressure. The most precise D measurements on PETN are probably thoseof Ref. 5. That reference did not state whether the pressing was of coldor heated PETN. However, LLNIL generally uses hot-pressing as does LANL.

Ref. 5 presents the Di vs Po curve as

2.14 + 2.84 Po PO c 0.37 g/cm3

Di(nm/i 3.19+3.70 (po - 0.37) 0.37 <o <1.65 (4)

7.92 + 3.05 (Po - 1.65) Po 0 1.65

12Dremtn, A. N., and Shvedov, K. K., "Determination of C-J Pressure andReaction Duration in the Detonation Wave of HE," PMTF No. 2, 1964,pp.154-159, through a translation.

M13 ader, C. L., Los Alamos Rept. LA-2900, 1963.

*This value was derived from Ref. 8 after smoothing the function C(d) accordingto the method of Ref. 11.

4

S~6

'4I.I.

i, ',"''."-"':,--''''''" ; •-````• ` ;;•`• • ••••`` `• • `• •``•`•' :, ' T•2• •• I -' - • ••" ,:,',• '

NSWC TR 82-298

In the intermediate density range of 1.0 ± 0.2 g/cm3, Eq. 4 and Refs. 1,14, and 15 are in very close agreement. Ref. 1 limits its data to 0o 1 0.8g/cm. Below that limit, Refs. 14 and 15 are still in good agreement withEq. 4 povided their data are fqrced to extrapolate to the theoretical value16

of 2.19 mm/i s at go a 0.01 g/cm4; that value compares well with 2.17 MR/usat go - 0 from Eq. 4. It was probably the difficulty of obtaining uniformand stable charges at go s 0.5 g/cc that resulted in reported D measurementsat very low go well above the Eq. 4 curve in Ref. 14.

In the range go a 0.95 g/cm3, Eq. 4 is shown as the dashed line ofFig. 3. Also shown is the curve

0t a 1.600 + 3.950 0o (5)

from Ref. 1. Ref. 5 quotes six experimental values attributed to a reportby E. A. Christian and H. G. Snay. However, those values were all derivedfrom Eq. 5. Table 1 contains the additional experimental data plotted3in Fig. 3. They are in good agreement with Eq. 4 up to go a 1.65 g/cm3.Above that density, LANL data lie below and the Russian data lie above theEq. 4 curve.* Foi the same reasons considered in the case of TNT, it issuggested that the equation

0 a 1.82 + 3.70 go go ! 0.8 g/cm3 (6)i0

be used for computing D of mixtures containing PETN.

Other Pure HE

Other single explosives to be considered here are BTNEU, OINA, RDX(H?4X),tetryl and TNETB.

BTNEU, bis(trinltroethyl) urea, O-C[(NHCHgC(NO2)3"'23is a high energy,sensitive explosive with a voidless density of 1.86 gcm3 and a decomposition14Friederich, W., "-Uber die Detonation der Sprengstoffe," Z. ges. Schiess-

Sprengstoffw., Vol. 28, 1933, pp. 2-6, 51-3, 80-3 and 113-16.15Paterson, S., Teknick-Vetenskaplig Forskning, Vol. 29, 1958, pp 109-120.

The same data are quoted In the text, J. Taylor, Detonation in CondensedExplosives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).

16Stesik, L. N., and Shvedova., N. S., "Detonation of Condensed Explosiveswith Low Charge Densities," PMTF, No. 4, 1964, pp.124-126, ONI translationNo. 2111.

*It is of interest that the LANL curve for PETN9

D - 1.608 + 3.933 Po 0.57 < P < 1.58E

extrapolates to 8.44 mmn/s at p 1.75 g/cm3 . This value lies quite closeto the Russian data. Of course? this is also true of Eq. 6.

7

NSWC TR 82,298

i! 8.0

70

•/ REF

6.0---

X14

'I I.... .9 I-0 18

1.0 1.2 1.4 i's 1.8

po (9/era3)

FIGURE 3 D (p)CURVES AND DATA FOR PETN

8!

8.

.1

NSWC TR 82-298

TABLE 1

Experimental Values for Dt(po) of PETN in Range po 0.95 g/cm3

P 33 DMas Ref.

1.77 8.60 17

1.73 8.35 14

1.67 7.98 13

1.66 8.10 12

1.65 7.92 18

1.62 7.91 14

1.51 7.42 12

1.51 7.42 14

L.37 6.97 14

1.03 5.62 14

0. 97 5.33 14

0.95 5.30 12

17 Apin, A. Ya., and Voskoboynikov., I. M., "Calculation of Parameters of aDetonation Wave of Condensed Explosives," PMTF, No. 4,1960, pp. 54-55, ONITranslation No. 2083.

11

1Craig, B., through Ref. 5.

9!w9

I' " 'x ".",-•","-•,"-"- , .. , "":' ' . '' .-. " ..-.- ' ---. - .' "-' • -" ' " ." " . . . . " : ' .•.•

NSWC TR 82-298

point of ,186 0 C. Its Di was derived from experimental measurements inRefs. 19 and 20:

D= 1.42 + 4.08 (7)

The charges used were highly porous or contained 2% wax as a binder at' 1.6 gl/cm. However Eq. 7 extrapolates to within 0.1% of the value measuredat 1.86 G/cm3 in small scale (confined) charges.

DINA, diethanolnitramine dinitrate, ON-N(CH2 CH20NO2)2 has a voidlessdensity of 1.67 g/cni and m.p. of 52.5 0 C. It is an easily synthesized,easily castable energetic explosive, and has been used in DOT studies.Ref. 1 gives for this HE

S3.00 +,2.95p0 (8)

A review has been made of the data available since Ref. I was published.These data are collected in Table 2 and plotted in Fig. 4. Measured D forcast DINA was included because Ref. I showed that its measured velocityfell on the curve obtained with pressed charges.

The solid line of Fig. 4 is a least squares fit to the eight datapairs of Table 2. Its equation is

Di = 3.03 + 2.93p0 (9)

with a - 0.66 mM/us. There is consequently no justification for changingEq. 8, particularly since it treats a greater amount of data from chargesprepared by standardized methods at ERL.

RDX(HMX) share the same D(po) function which is

Di = 2.56 + 3.47po (10)

from Ref. 10. This equation fits the RDX mixtures data at P. 1.0 g/cm3

better than that in Ref. 9 although both give equivalent values at voidlessdensity. It was demonstrated some time ago that the low porosity LANL data9

"1 9August, W. T., Liddiard, T. P., Lovenberg, C. C., Shapiro, N., Solem, A. D.,Stresau, R. H., and Svadeba, G., "Evaluation of BTNEU as a Substitute for ROX,"NavOrd 2287, Dec 1951.

2 0 Coleburn, N. L., and Liddiard, T. P., "The Rates of Detonation of SeveralPure and Mixed Explosives," NavOrd 2611, Sep 1952.

1O10

.7 .

NSWC TR 82-298

TABLE 2

SDi(p) Data' Recently-Reported for DINA

mmVUSRef.

1.67 8.00 17

1.64 7.80 21

1.60 c* 7.72 22

1.60 7.73 23

1.55 7.58 23

1.48 7.40 17

1.36 7.00 21

0.95 5.80** 21

2 1 Dremln, A. N., Savrov, S. D., Trofimov, V. S., and Shvedov, K. K., DetonationWaves in Condensed Media (Moscow: Izd-vo Nauka, 1970) FTD-HT-23-1•'•'9-(AD 751417).

2 2 Price, 0., Jaffe, I., and Toscano, J. P., "Development of the ContinuousWire Method II," NOLTR 66-21, Mar 1966.

2 3 Fedoroff, B. T., and Sheffield, 0. E., eds., Encyclopedia of Explosives andRelated Items, Vol. 5 (Dover, N. J.: Picatinny Arsenal, 1972), p. D-1241.

*Only charge for which preparation data are available.

**Value given in translation used is 5.08. However, this is clearly atypographical error as can be checked with values of detonation pressureand particle velocity that are also listed.

11

NsWC'rR 82-291

7.0

- 2

X 23022

5.0 A17-L. S. FIT

0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

FIGURE 4 0 vs p DATA RECENTLY REPOTED FOR DINA

12

II I I _ -. ..- •. . . . > >.. ii

CNSWC TR 82-298

(and hence thqlow porosity LLNL data1 0 ) for RDX were more consistent thanthose of NSWC.O

Tetryl is another important commercial explosive for which the 0(po)function does not seem to have been reexamined since 19451. The rel]tiungiven in Ref. 1 is

Di 2.375 + 3.225po (11)

On the other hand, Ref. 9 gives

Di - 2.742 +.2.935o0 1.3 1 Po s 1.69 (12)

which is appreciably different from.Eq. 11. Table 3 contains some of themore recent data for tetryl, and Fig. 5 displays them together with Eqs. 11

and 12. It is evident that the data conform better to Eq. 12 than to Eq. 11;hence the former will be used for mixtures. Ref. 21 values seem to run abit low and Ref. 17, a bit high as they did for DINA. Aside from that, thelarger discrepancies at low porosity might arise from different methods ofcharge preparation, different instrumentation, or both.

TNETB, trinitroethyltrinitrobutyrate, (NO2 )3CCH 2 CH2COOCH 2C(NO2) , isa castable (m.p. 930C) high energy explosive. Since its D(jo function,as reported in the 1965 NSWC Explosives Handbook, is somewhat in error,the corrected function is oresented here for convenience; its derivationwas reported in TR 68-182.

Di a 1.947 + 3.66p0%, a - 0.015 mm/ps (13)

Eq. 13 is very similar to Eq. 6, the Analogous relation for PETN.

2 4 Price, D., "Inter-relationship of Explosive Characteristics III:' NavOrd4510, Apr 1957.

13

-- - -7.- --:- --:1 -7 r ,. . -

NSWC TR 82-298

TABLE 3

Additional Di(po) Data for Tetryl

g~3 Ref.

1.71 7.85 10

1.70 7.860 171.70 7.560 131.68 7.50 21

1.614 7,581 25

1.60 7.400 23

1.55 7.30 23

1.51 7.17 26

1.506 7.150 27

1.44 6.875 281.36 6.68 21

1.22 6.291 14

0.9-0.95 5.36 21

0.95 5.390 28

25 Coleburn, N. L., "C-J Pressures of Several Pure and Mixed Explosives,"

NOLTR 64-58, Sep 1964.

26Clairmont, A. R., and Jaffe, I., "Analysis of the Optical Determination ofDetonation Velocity in Short Charges," NOLTR 64-23, May 1964.

2 7Cybulski, W. B., Payman, W., and Woodhead, D. W., Roy. Soc. London Proc.,Vol. 197A, 1949, pp.51-72.

28 Woodhead, D. W., and Titman, H., "Detonation Phenomena in a Tubular Chargeof Explosive," Explosivscoffe, Vol. 5, 113-123 and 6, 141-155, 1965.

r2 9prce, D., Clairmont, Jr., A. R., Erkman, J. 0., and Edwards, D. J.,"Ideal Detonation Velocity of Ammonium Perchlorate and its Mixtures withHE," NOLTR 68-182, Dec 1968.

14

-.. --- - . , .- .-------------- -(

:• -.. . . ..-. . . ..-- .• • - -! i -- -_' --m • ..- l-. •-.- .,,' .,-•, .- - •,t •r• .- " "~.- Y -- " " ° r' T J" T_.•' F 1i

NIM TR M-US

3.0

?.0 •

m a p

Ole- -ele 2

10

'7.0LOo

* "ml(01

o.9 . 1.3 1.5 1.7

FIGURE 5 D (P.) CURVES AND DATA FOR TETRYL

102

NSWC TR 82-298

MIXTURES OF HE

The experimental values of tbt mixed HE will be obtained from the curvesreported by Coleburn and LiddiardzU. In general, deriving such curves resultsin averaging and compensating for errors Introduced by unrecognized differencesin charge preparation, measurements, and record reading. Thus a velocityvalue on a 0-po curve derived from a number of experimental values over thedensity range s considered of equal or greater accuracy than the individualexperimental values upon which it is based. (Similarly an average of twoor more exptrimental measurements on charges of the same density is consideredto be more accurate than individual measurements.) This is also considered to be

.the case for pure explosives.

Table 4 contains a summary of the D(oo) functions chosen for the singleHE and those given in Ref. 24 for the mixtures. All are in the form

ai a + bo (14)

In addition to a and b, the intercept and the slope, 0c (the voidless ortheoretical maximum density or TM0) is also listed. Eq. 14 can berearranged to

wh e a + b ca (15)where

S-o/Pc - %TMD/100

For this reason, bIo is also listed in Table 4.

In addition, Table 4 contains the curves derived from the data ofRef. 20 for mixtures of HE. Only three of the mixtures are included Inthe Ref. I compendium: pentolite, cyclotol 60/40 (Ref. 1 does notdistinguish between this cyclotol and Comp 8) and tetrytol 70. In thefirst two cases, the curves were essentially the same i.e., less than 1%difference for pentolite and 1 - 1.4% difference for the cyclotol; theRef. 20 data gave higher values, possibly because Comp B (Ref. 1) includes1% wax. However, the two tetrytol curves differed significantly (ca. 5%at 1 g/cm3 - not as much at higher densities.) The curve from Ref. 20was used.

16

-- - -- -- - -- - - -

NSWC TR 82-298

IN %Uh

44

~dP-0wU a0 to % N%

F a % . ina

Ch kS a

'not- 0 ~4

Un CA *Dw t %

ai. 00 x eq n e n ine ag m

*~~L 4w en e e e en n* CT

L" L%

,f I .- na os¶0 109WL~ ~ ~ ~ aCC CC CL LC c c

17~O~

NSWC TR 82-298

To predict Di for a mixture from known Oi(po) of the components, theadditivity relation

Dm "ij , ( 1 6 !

where is weight fraction of component J and Di is the ideal detonationvelociýty,2 component j at the porosity.of the m xtur.r was suggested sometiine ago' . It was at time applied only to maferials at voidlessdensity; for the present application it has been generalized to any porosityin the linear range of the D(po) functions. Eq. 16 in conjunction with Eq. 15produces the predictive equation

Dt(p°m x' [xaJ a b i(Do2 ix] (17)

Eq. 17 has been used to predittt the detonation velocity of mixtures atdensities of 1.0 and 1.6 g/cur'. The predicted and observed values arelisted in rable 4.

About forty years ago, Urizar formulated an empirical equation forpredicting detonation velocity from a knowledge of detonation velocity atcrystal density (Dc) ot each mixture component. His expression, describedon p. 8-10 of Ref. 10 is

o *(o - yJ Dc1 (18)

where y3 is volume fraction of component J. For non-explosive componentssuch as'air, Al and NaCl, he gave empirical values for Dc. ror air (voids)this empirical number is 1.5 m/us.

Since for each solid component,

YJ a %0 : (19)

Oci

and for the voidss lids

Y 1- Yj 1- (% TMD/100) (20)

Eq. 18 becomessolids J. (ae + b3 %j) + 1.5 ya (21)o1(PO) -0 1 1 Oc

~cJ

Eq. 21 was used to calculate Di at po - 1.0 and 1.6 g/cm 3 for both singleexplosives and mixtures. The experimental and computed values are listedin Table 5.

- 18

NSWC Tp 82-2sa

al 4 ..* 1

lb.....................

0 @ w~ ft to

tol. q~ 0

a C;

4~ *0

A St4

CD 4 40 t-

I 000004m @doFý

vi

NSWC TR 82-298

The last approximation, again applicable to tlther pure HE or theirmixtures, to be considered here is that of Kamlet'u. This approximationis based on the arbitrary decomposition that uses the available oxygenin the HE to form H20(g) and CO2 in that sequence. Then

1/2Dt (mm/us) - 1.0101/ (1 + 1.30 (22)

where o is density in g/cm3,- and. NMiI1 2 Q 1/ 2; N, M, and Qgrb are,respectvely, number of moles of gaseous prodO)s per gram H 6 averagemolecular weight of gaseous products, and the specific chemical energy ofthe detonation reaction. The valves of N, M, Qarb, and * are all determinedby the arbitrary equation used. Again Di values at po * 1.0 and 1.6 g/cm3

have been computed and are compared.to the observed values in Table 6.

The Table 4 data show that the additivity method of Eq. 17 is a veryood way to prgdict velocities of these mixed HE at moderate to low porosities

" 1.6 g/cm3 ). Its average absolute error is less than 1% and theindividual error less than 2%. With the exception of mixturts containingPETN, it is equally effective at high porosity (p N 1.0 g/cm3), but thePETN mixtures showerrors of up to -3.5%. A possible reason for this isthat Eq. 17 assumes no interaction between the detonation products of thelow and high oxygen components of the mixtures. At high porosities thereaction time is greater and the reaction temperature higher than at lowporosity. Under these conditions interactions, absent at low porosities,might occur and result in increasing the detonation velocity. Thispossibility seems somewhat probable in view of the fact that the Kamlet method,which assumes complete Interaction, is satisfactory for these mixtures atp o 1.0 g/cm3 despite its 14satisfactory result at higher density for thehih oxygen component, PETN'I'.

As the Table 5 data show, the Urizar msthod is almost equally acceptablefor both pure and mixed HE at p N 1.6 g/cm . It is, however, quiteinadequate at high porosities w~ere individual results vary from the experi-mental by as much as 10% and the average absolute difference is 6-7%.

The Kamlet method (Table 6) gave excellent results for this set ofmixtures at po - 1.6 g/cm, and, with the exception of the 60/40 BTNEU/TNT,acceptable ones at the higher porosity. However, its prediction forpure explosives was not good at the lower density. With the exctptionof DINA, the HE showing the higher discrepancies at po - 1.6 g/cmr exhibitedgreater discrepancies (up to 10%) at the greater porosity.* Those HE showing

30Kamlet, M. J., and Hurwitz, H., J. Chem. Phys., Vol. No. 48, No. 8, 1968,pp. 3685-3692.

*Comparisons in Tablqs 4 and 5 are at fixed densities. If instead fixedporosity is used, the picture is the same. E.g., at 57% TMD, instead ofPo - 1 g/cm , the single HE show an average absolute error of 5.5 and3.6%, respectively for values from the Urizar and Kamlet methods.

20

. ,-.

NSWC TR 82-298

14 CAC; C;4.1

ItI

P% NO4 @ 0-

VNrIN il . . 0 0

4- 4.l 4o 4. cc V. I o5M ODW w C - t* -S

V;j %Z W; U; LfknLn

I-. InF0P m

CD Ch*

it; ui 0e0W

K it

ftit

UO %n U

4t % It V.

r- LDfl~f to A 0%e4 -

kn % U;LA % Ln

21 4

- - .--. - -- a-.. - '

NSWC TR 82-298

the greatest differences between p-edicted and observed D were BTNEU, PEiN,and TNETB - all high oxygen HE. The discrepancy for PETN was noted inRef. 30, but no data for high porosity BTNEU and TNETB were considered.*Of course, results of the comparison between predictions by this methodand the experimental values will be influenced by the choice made for theexperimental curve more than the two earlier comparisons because the othermethods are both based on experimental values whereas this one is not.

*In the case of DINA, the experimental data used in Ref. 30 were the Ref. 17data shown on Fig. 4. The higher density value was well above the curvechosen here for the linear curve; hence the discrepancy observed in Ref. 30 wasnot as great as the present +3.1%.

i,"

22

, ,L' . . -. . o " . " . . ' , , . . , - . . " . - - - - . " . " . . . - - . , ' . . - , . .

NSWC TR 82-298

SUMMARY

It is suggested that the recently reported shprp changes in slope of theD(pn) curves at nigher densities for TNT4 and PETN3 may result from changesin •he charges caused by hot-pressing. In other words, the increasedhomogeneity of the hot-pressed charges can increase the critical diameterand thereby the diameter effect (a lowering of D at finite diameters) onmeasured detonation velocity. Therefore, it is strongly recommended thatthe effect of hot-pressing on D be investigated.

D(po) data for TNT, PETN, BTNEU, DINA, RDX(HMX) and tetryl have beenreviewed and a best experimental curve selected in each case. These curveshave been used to predict the 0 values of HE mixtures by an additivity rule.The predicted values were in excellent agreement with the measured values(Ref. 20) at high and low porosities except for two high porosity mixturescontaining PETN. The underestimate in these two cases might result frominteraction of the detonation products of PETN with those of lower oxygencomponents.

The same single HE data were used to obtain Dc values. These in turnwere used in Urizar's approximation for Di. It3g~ve very good results atPo - 1.6 g/cm3 ; very poor ones at po - 1.0 g/cm3 .

Kamlet's approximation for Di from the H20 - CO2 arbitrary decompositionproduced values for the mixtures in good agreement with experiment atPO a 1.6 g/cm3 ; fair agreement at po a 1.0 V/cm3 . However, the sameprocedure resulted in over three percent difference at PR = 1.6 g/cM3 fortwo single explosives and in large differences (up to 10) for four singleexplosives at po a 1.0 g/cm3 . The largest differences were for three highoxygen content HE: BTNEU, PETN, and TNETB.

The best overall method for predicting D of mixtures, satisfactory exceptfor high porosity PETN mixtures, is the additivity method of Eq. 17. Itsfailure in this case is attributed to reaction between the detonation productsof PETN and those of oxygen deficient components.

23

• '.?•' '•" "I-. ', I -. ;-.-." :-, . •.". '.,- -- . ... K-.'-,' -. , . -'" .. .

NSWC TR 82-298

REFERENCES

1. Hurwitz, M. D., "The Rate of Detonation of Various Explosive Compounds

and Mixtures," OSRD 5611 (1945).

2. Cook, M. A., The Science of High Explosives (New York: Reinhold, 1958).

3. Johansson, C. H., and Persson, P. A., Detonics of High Explosives(New York: Academic Press. 1970).

4. Urizar, M. J., James, Jr., E., and Smith, L. C., "Detonation Velocity ofPressed TNT," Phys. Fluids. Vol. 4, No. 2, 1961, pp.262-274.

5. Hornig, H. C., Lee, E. L., Finger, M., and Kurrle, J. E "Equation of "State of Detonation Products," Proc. 5th Symposium (Int.) on Detonation, ONRACR-184 (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Gov. Print. Office, 1972), pp. 503-512.

6. Rempel, G. G., "Density Dependence of the Critical Diameter and DetonationVelocity of Explosive Charges," PMTF Vol. 10, No. 2, 1969, pp. 83-86,through a translation Journal.

7. Price, 0,, "Critical Parameters for Detonation Propagation and Initiationof Solid Explosives," NSWC TR 80-339, Sep 1981.

8. Stesik, L. N., and Akimova, L. N., "An Indirect Method of Estimating theReaction Zone Width of a Detonation Wave," Russian J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 33,No. 8, 1959, pp. 148-151.

9. Gibbs, T. R., and Poplato, A., eds., LASL Explosive Property Data(Berkeley: U. Cal. Press, 1980).

10. Dobratz, B. M., ed., LLNL Explosives Handbook, UCRL-52997, 1981 with1982 addenda.

11. Campbell, A. W., and Engelke, R., "The Diameter Effect in High Density

Heterogeneous Explosives," Sixth Symposium (Int.) on Detonation, ONRACR 221 (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Gov. Print. Office, 1978), pp.642-663.

12. Dremin, A. N., and Shvedov, K. K., "Determination of C-J Pressure and13. Mfder, .L., os Al"ios Tpt.No -29O191963

Reaction Duration in the Detonation Wave of HE," PMTF No. 2, 1964,pp. 154-159, through a translation.

13. Matder, C. L., Los Alamos Ret A2o0 93

24

1AI.

... .. . .. . .. . .. .

NSWC TR 82-298

REFERENCES (CONT.)

14. Friederlch. W., "Uber die Detonation der Sprengstoffe," Z._Les. Schtess-Sprengstoffw., Vol. 28, 1933, pp.2-6, 51-3, 80-3 and 113-16.

15. Paterson, S., Teknick-Vetenskaplig Forsknig, Vol. 29, 1958, pp 109-120.The same data are quoted in the text, J. Taylor, Detonation in CondensedExplosives (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).

16. Stesik, L. N., and Shvedova, N. S., "Detonation of Condensed Explosiveswith Low Charge Densities," PMTF, No. 4, 1964, pp.124-126., ONItranslation No. 2111.

- 17. Apin, A. Ya., and Voskoboynikov. I. M., "Calculation of Parameters of aDetonation Wave of Condensed Explosives," PMTF, No. 4, 1960, pp. 54-55,ONI Translation No. 2083.

18. Craig, B., through Ref. 5.

19. August, W. T., Liddiard, T. P., Lovenberg, C. C., Shapiro, N., Sola.m. A. D.,Stresau, R. H., and Svadeba, G., "Evaluation of BTNEU as a Substitute forRDX," NavOrd 2287, Dec 1951.

20. Colebum, N. L., and Liddiard, T. P., "The Rates of Detonation of SeveralPure and Mixed Explosives," NavOrd 2611, Sep 1952.

21. Dremin, A. N., Savrov. S. D., Trofimov, V. S., and Shvedov, K. K.,Detonation Waves in Condensed Media (Moscow: Izd-vo Nauka, 1910),FTD-HT-23-1889-71 (AD 751417).

22. Price, D., Jaffe, I., and Toscano, J. P., "Development of the ContinuousWire Methed II," NOLTR 66-21, Mar 1966.

23. Fedoroff, B. T., and Sheffield, 0. E., eds., Encyclopedia of Explosivesand Related Items, Vol. 5 (Dover, N.J.: Picatinny Arsenal, 1972), p. D-1241.

24. Price, D., "Inter-relationship of Explosive Characteristics III,"NavOrd 4510, Apr 1957.

25. Coleburn, N. L., "C-J Pressures of Sever3l Pure and Mixed Explosives,"NOLTR 64-58, Sep 1964.

26. Clairmont, A. R., and Jaffe, I., "Anealysis of the Optical Determination ofDetonation Velocity in Short Charges," NOLTR 64-23, May 1964.

27. Cybulski, W. B., Payman, W., and Woodhead, 0. W., Roy. Soc. London Proc.,Vol. 197A, 1949, pp.51-72.

25

*.,Z • •'.* * , , . ' : , ': o 'L . , , - i • '. : • i r : • i• i :

NSWC TR 82-298

I .

REFERENCES (CONT.)

28. Woodhead, D. W.. and Titman, H., "Detonation Phenomena in a Tubular Chargeof Explosive," Exp.ostvstoffe, Vol. 5, 113-123 and 6, 141-155, 1965.

29. Price, D., Clairmont, Jr., A. R., Erknmn, J. 0., and EdwarK'.;, 0. J., "IdealDetonation Velocity of Ammonium Perchlorate and its MixtL `as with HE,"NOLTR 68-182, Dec 1968.

30. Kamlet, K. J., and Hurwitz, H., J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 48, No. 8, 1968,pp. 3685-3692.

14

26

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