D2.13 Industry TE dossier of non R&I …...CATER – GA n. 605497 D2.13 - Industry TE dossier of non...

D2.13 Industry TE dossier of non R&I changes/trends (Year II)

WP2 - R&I state of the art

CATER – GA n. 605497

D2.13 - Industry TE dossier of non R&I changes/trends (Year II)

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Document information and history

Information Table GA Number ACS3-GA-2013-605497

Project Acronym CATER

Project Coordinator Finmeccanica

Document Title D2.13 - Industry TE dossier of non R&I changes/trends (Year II)

Document Type R = Report

Dissemination Level PU = Public

Document history Document log

Issue Date Comment Author

00.01 04/03/2016 Document circulated for review (internal to the project) Milan Djilas, ALTRAN

00.02 Internal revision of the document Saso Jezernik, ALTRAN

01.00 16/03/2016 Final version of the document Milan Djilas, ALTRAN

01.01 16/03/2016 Final check as WP leader Marco Molica Colella,

CTECH

Final 16/03/2016 Approved By Coordinator Giuliano D’Auria

(Finmeccanica)

Document Change Record

Issue Item Reason for change

none

Lead beneficiary and Contributors

Lead beneficiary CTECH

Contributors Milan Djilas, ALTRAN

Marco Molica Colella, CTECH (WP leader)



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Contents

Document information and history ............................................................................... 2

Information Table ..............................................................................................................................................2

Document history ...............................................................................................................................................2

Lead beneficiary and Contributors ..................................................................................................................2

1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Intellectual Property Rights ........................................................................................................................6

1.2 Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................7

2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 8

3 Results from Current Period ................................................................................... 8

3.1 Air Transport Time Efficiency-General .....................................................................................................9

3.1.1 Delay assignment optimization strategies at pre-tactical and tactical levels ........................................................................ 9

3.1.2 TREE model: a tool to explore delay reduction scenarios in the ECAC area ...................................................................... 9

3.1.3 Delay propagation – new metrics, new insights ................................................................................................................... 9

3.1.4 A micro view to en-route delays ........................................................................................................................................ 10

3.1.5 easyJet places artificial intelligence at the heart of its growth and customer plans ............................................................ 10

3.1.6 JetBlue startup lab sets sights on IoT, artificial intelligence, big data, virtual reality and machine learning ..................... 10

3.1.7 American Airlines teams up with Uber for door to door travel .......................................................................................... 11

3.1.8 Air traffic delay statistics ................................................................................................................................................... 11

3.1.9 Self-healing structures could reduce maintenance ............................................................................................................. 11

3.1.10 Aeromobil flying car .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

3.1.11 Personal aircraft designed so that anyone can fly .............................................................................................................. 12

3.1.12 Global warming may increase flight times......................................................................................................................... 12

3.1.13 Boeing shows off cabin bins that hold 50% more cases ..................................................................................................... 12

3.1.14 Website provides flight statistics for US flights ................................................................................................................. 12

3.1.15 First commercial electric aircraft ....................................................................................................................................... 12

3.1.16 Performance based navigation reduces approach time by 7.5 minutes .............................................................................. 13

3.2 Air Transport Time Efficiency-ATM .......................................................................................................13

3.2.1 A Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation System ........................................................................................... 13

3.2.2 Next generation air traffic technology goes live at NATS Prestwick ................................................................................. 14

3.2.3 ATM efficiency can be found in Skyfusion cloud ............................................................................................................. 14

3.2.4 Brisbane airport implements measures to increase on-time performance .......................................................................... 15

3.2.5 Equivalent Lateral Spacing Operations helps reduce taxi times......................................................................................... 15

3.2.6 Wake Recategorization in the US increases capacity and reduces taxi-out times .............................................................. 16

3.2.7 IRIS PROGRAMME FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 16

3.2.8 Airports test unmanned traffic control towers .................................................................................................................... 17



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3.2.9 Trial aims to cut Heathrow holding times .......................................................................................................................... 17

3.3 Air Transport Time Efficiency – Airports ................................................................................................18

3.3.1 Eezeetags Ensure a Stress-Free Self-Service Bag-Drop Experience .................................................................................. 18

3.3.2 Reducing Departure Delays at LaGuardia Airport with Departure-Sensitive Arrival Spacing (DSAS) Operations .......... 18

3.3.3 Airlines look to the promise of the ‘internet of things’ ...................................................................................................... 19

3.3.4 Optimizing Integrated Arrival, Departure and Surface Operations under Uncertainty ...................................................... 19

3.3.5 Biometric technology is enabling the seamless travel ........................................................................................................ 20

3.3.6 Allow passengers mote travel options through self-connecting flights .............................................................................. 20

3.3.7 IATA baggage tracking resolution 753 .............................................................................................................................. 20

3.3.8 RFID Baggage Handling Pilot project completed .............................................................................................................. 21

3.3.9 Reduced Manual Handling of Transfer Bags with Video Coding System ......................................................................... 22

3.3.10 ANA unveils Japan’s first self-service baggage-drop system ............................................................................................ 22

3.3.11 E-services at Athens International inform passengers of flight information ...................................................................... 22

3.3.12 Cutting down runway queues ............................................................................................................................................. 22

3.3.13 Toward a More Realistic, Cost-Effective, and Greener Ground Movement through Active Routing ................................ 23

3.3.14 Technological platform to increase efficiency at Lisbon Airport ....................................................................................... 24

3.3.15 Airport employees get Apple watches for more efficient operations ................................................................................. 24

3.3.16 Smart watch boarding passes are become more common among airlines .......................................................................... 24

3.3.17 Miami International Airport launches app to provide passengers personalized updates .................................................... 25

3.3.18 An Integrated Scheduling and Operations Approach to Airport Congestion Mitigation .................................................... 25

3.3.19 Capacity Planning Based on Scenario Tree and Passenger Motion Equation .................................................................... 26

3.3.20 An integrated optimization approach to airport ground operations to foster sustainability in the aviation sector .............. 26

3.3.21 Brazil airport uses new technology to expedite border control .......................................................................................... 27

3.3.22 Airport of the Future Project .............................................................................................................................................. 27

3.3.23 CASRA is involved in several research projects on X ray imaging for airport security .................................................... 28

3.3.24 Brussels airport implements planning tool to optimize stand and gate capacity ................................................................ 28

3.3.25 SITA- Self-service mobile boarding pass .......................................................................................................................... 28

3.3.26 Qylatron can check 5 passengers and bags at a time .......................................................................................................... 29

3.3.27 SITA- Proactive Baggage Assistance in Kuala Lumpur International Airport .................................................................. 29

3.3.28 SITA Application Programming Interfaces ....................................................................................................................... 30

3.3.29 SITA- Streamlined Mobile Booking and Check-in ............................................................................................................ 30

3.3.30 iBeacons for passenger location and notification at major airports .................................................................................... 31

3.3.31 Airport Efficiency benchmarking study 2014 .................................................................................................................... 32

3.3.32 Multiple boarding pass for Ryanair and fees for discharged phones / tablets .................................................................... 32

3.3.33 Managing Passenger Handling at Airport Terminals ......................................................................................................... 32

3.3.34 IATA Fast Travel ............................................................................................................................................................... 33

3.3.35 Baggage Tray System or BTSTM ...................................................................................................................................... 33



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3.3.36 CLEAR: Biometrics at the Airport .................................................................................................................................... 34

3.3.37 World's First Commercial Real-Time Concealed Weapons Detection Camera ................................................................. 34

3.3.38 FAST -- Future Attribute Screening Technology ............................................................................................................... 34

3.3.39 Walk-By System 350: Efficient Threat Detection .............................................................................................................. 34

3.3.40 Securidox – iConfirmMobile – 2Dbar codes ..................................................................................................................... 35

3.3.41 MATERNA Bagage Drop-Off Solutions ........................................................................................................................... 35

3.3.42 SMARTPASS -- Passenger Tracking and Boarding Pass Validation ................................................................................ 35

3.3.43 Study of Airport Self-service Technology within Experimental Research of Check-in Techniques .................................. 36

3.3.44 The Application of Biometrics at Airports ......................................................................................................................... 36

3.3.45 Euro Control CDM Landside Modeling ............................................................................................................................. 36

3.4 Transport Time Efficiency-Intermodality .................................................................................................37

3.4.1 GoEuro Multi-mode travel platform .................................................................................................................................. 37

3.4.2 Passenger tracking sensors help reduce travel times .......................................................................................................... 37

3.4.3 Check-in the day before your flight, at the train station, the air terminal, ... ...................................................................... 37

3.4.4 Intermodal Augmented Scheduling .................................................................................................................................... 38

3.5 Transport Time Efficiency-Ground Transport ..........................................................................................38

3.5.1 Travel time efficiency by THALYS .................................................................................................................................. 38

3.5.2 JRC 500 km/h Maglev Train under development in Japan ................................................................................................ 38

3.5.3 Scooter suitcase gets you to airport .................................................................................................................................... 39

3.5.4 High Speed Trains reduce travel times in China ................................................................................................................ 39

3.5.5 Self-driving cars and buses becoming more common ........................................................................................................ 39

3.5.6 Aero-Train for high speed ground transport ....................................................................................................................... 41

3.5.7 Lyft acquires Hitch, prepares for carpooling war with Uber .............................................................................................. 41

3.5.8 LA to San Francisco in half an hour moves closer: Elon Musk reveals plans for 'Hyperloop' test track in Texas ............. 42

3.5.9 Near-Supersonic Hyperloop Ground Transport (same as previous) ................................................................................... 43

3.5.10 5 Ideas That Could Change the Future of Trains ............................................................................................................... 44

3.6 Transport Time Efficiency – Security ......................................................................................................44

3.6.1 Safety improves further in 2015 ......................................................................................................................................... 44

3.6.2 Sensor fault diagnosis using a non-homogeneous high-order sliding mode observer ........................................................ 44



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1 Abstract

Europe, through the High Level Group on Aviation Research, ACARE and the Commission, has a vision

for air transport that covers societal & market needs over the coming 30 years. Central to this is time

efficiency, i.e. reduced door-to-door journey times, seamless inter-modal connections, and improved

reliability.

To achieve these goals, Europe started to get engaged in large scale intensive and coordinated research

& innovation. Stakeholders need a full picture of the research that is being conducted, of gaps that are

present, and of how EU funded R&I meets ACARE goals. CATER will be an R&I observatory and

policy center. It will be run by an expert group with extensive industry knowledge and access to a

network of all relevant organizations. It will include information gathering and knowledge management

processes and tools. CATER will deliver valuable and insightful reports and recommendations,

packaged and disseminated effectively.

CATER will conduct an annual review of the state of the art in Research and Innovation (R&I), identify

gaps in the landscape and bottlenecks in innovation, and formulate strategic recommendations

accordingly. It shall review the landscape in the context of the six Activities of the Specific Program

and the Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda of ACARE. It shall provide a dashboard of relevant

funding programs and it shall complement SESAR and other EU research coordination initiatives.

CATER will develop a website with a toolset and a knowledge base that centralizes and updates

information by way of advanced automated web search tools. The center shall act as network hub for

time efficiency stakeholders enabling them to supply and harvest relevant information and knowledge.

Dissemination of the reports and findings shall be through consultation with stakeholder leaders. It will

be done through the online platform, workshops, outbound communications and piggy-backing on

industry events and organizations. The assets developed by CATER will be assimilated into a permanent

organization when CATER comes to a close.

1.1 Intellectual Property Rights

This document and any annexes included in it are confidential and intended solely for the use of the

individual or entity to which it is addressed. Its contents are property of the CATER consortium and

shall not be disclosed to anyone outside of this group.

Disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in reliance on the contents of this document is

strictly prohibited. If you have received this document in error please notify the sender.



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1.2 Acronyms

AAS Advanced Airspace Scheme

ALP Aircraft Landing Problem

APU Auxiliary Power Unit

ARN Air Traffic Services Route Network

ATM Air Traffic Management

CATER Coordinating Air transport Time Efficiency Research

CDG Charles de Gaulle

CUSS Common Use Self-Service

CUTE Common User Terminal Equipment

DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security

DLR Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt

DSNA Direction des Services de la Navigation Aérienne

EU European Union

FAST Future Attribute Screening Technology

FCFS First Come First Serve

GE General Electric

HSARPA Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency

HTLCs High Level Target Concepts

IATA International Air Transport Association

IMPA Innovation Management Platform for Aeronautics

IT Information Technology

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NFC Near Field Communication

NRC National Research Council

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

R&I Research and Innovation

SESAR Single European Sky ATM Research

SRA Strategic Research Agenda

TE Time Efficiency

TRB Transport Research Board

TSA U.S. Transportation Security Organization

VTOL Vertical takeoff and landing

XMAN Cross border arrivals management



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2 Introduction

The task of ALTRAN, supported by all partners, is to compile and continue to maintain a dossier of

changes, trends, and factors which can impact time efficiency and which are not driven by planned R&I

programs. This task will be performed during the entire duration of the project. This goal of work

package 2.4 was to survey all available published material related to the improvement of efficiency in

passenger door-to-door travel times. The specific objectives were:

Gather all relevant information regarding the door-to-door TE model, relevant statistics, goals

and stakeholders

Create a high quality secondary research system to assure CATER analysis is based on full

information

Create a system of turning data into knowledge and making that knowledge available to project

members and public in an accessible and useful way

Assure the project works from an excellent baseline

Deliverable 2.11 contains a description of the Technology and Industry Watch approach and the

specification of the changes to the IMPA software platform that will be used to collect Technology &

Industry watch information.

Deliverable 2.12 documents the search results at the end of the first year of the project.

Deliverable 2.13 (this document) documents the search results continuing with any new Technology

Watch information added after D2.12 up to February 2016.

3 Results from Current Period

In this section we list the most relevant Technology and Industry Watch items that were found during

the first year of the project.

The results are divided into the following sections:

Air Transport Time Efficiency-General

Air Transport Time Efficiency-ATM

Air Transport Time Efficiency-Airports

Transport Time Efficiency-Intermodality

Transport Time Efficiency-Ground Transport

Transport Time Efficiency- Security



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3.1 Air Transport Time Efficiency-General

3.1.1 Delay assignment optimization strategies at pre-tactical and tactical levels

This paper compares different optimization strategies for the minimization of flight and passenger

delays at two levels: pre-tactical, with on-ground delay at origin, and tactical, with airborne delay

close to the destination airport. The optimization model is based on the ground holding problem and

uses various cost functions. The scenario considered takes place in a busy European airport and

includes realistic values of traffic. Uncertainty is introduced in the model for the passenger allocation,

minimum time required for turnaround and tactical uncertainty. Performance of the various

optimization processes is presented and compared to ratio by schedule results.

http://www.sesarinnovationdays.eu/files/2015/Papers/SIDs_2015_paper_38.pdf

3.1.2 TREE model: a tool to explore delay reduction scenarios in the ECAC area

Air transportation systems display a rich phenomenology connected with several key topics in

Complexity Science, such as complex networks, cascading failures and percolation. One example is

flight delays that have usually the origin in primary events localized in limited areas of the network,

but can later multiply and magnify as the daily operations go along. Given the large costs that delays

convey, it is important to characterize their propagation and to model with predictive power the

potential components or areas of the network affected. In this paper, we discuss the validation of an

agent-based model, developed within the framework of the SESAR WPE TREE project and aiming at

simulating the propagation of delay in the ECAC airport network. Simulation outcomes are

systematically confronted with empirical flight performance, the results show a good level of

agreement with accuracies and precisions. Furthermore, we use the model to assess the effect on delay

reduction in the network of two delay reduction scenarios: dropping passenger connections if the

delay induced goes beyond a given threshold τ, or decreasing the service time of aircraft in the

airports if they delay is larger than a given value ∆. Our results show how optimal values of τ and ∆

can be found within the simulation framework.


3.1.3 Delay propagation – new metrics, new insights

Network delay propagation is intimately linked with the challenges of managing passenger itineraries

and corresponding connections. Airline decision-making governing these processes is driven by

operational and regulatory factors. Using the first European network simulation model with explicit

passenger itineraries and full delay cost estimations, we explore these factors through various flight

and passenger prioritisation rules, assessing the performance impacts. Delay propagation is further

characterised under the different prioritisation rules using complexity science techniques such as

percolation theory and network attack. The relative effects of randomised and targeted disruption are

compared.

http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/511_Cook_0126150652-Final-Paper-

4-27-15.pdf



http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/511_Cook_0126150652-Final-Paper-4-27-15.pdf

http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/511_Cook_0126150652-Final-Paper-4-27-15.pdf



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3.1.4 A micro view to en-route delays

The analysis and characterization of delays is one of the most important research topics in ATM,

mainly due to their implications in the cost-efficiency and safety of the system. In spite of this, little

attention has been devoted to the assessment and study of non-ATFM delays, and specifically of en-

route delays. In this contribution, we present a methodology for comparing the planned and real

trajectories of a flight, aimed at identifying those events generating both positive and negative delays.

This methodology is then applied to an historical data set representing flights crossing the European

airspace during several key days of 2011. Among the results obtained, of special relevance are the

characterization of the resilience of the European ATM system, measured by the amount of delays

generated and absorbed in en-route segments; and the geographical distribution of events, which is

characterized by a high heterogeneity. From a more general perspective, this methodology would

allow shedding light on the mechanisms involved in the appearance of en-route delays, thus enabling a

better systemic performance.

http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/428-Belkoura_0126151201-Final-

Paper-5-26-15.pdf

3.1.5 easyJet places artificial intelligence at the heart of its growth and customer plans

easyJet CEO Carolyn McCall: “Tapping into the huge potential of AI by accelerating our use of data

science right across the airline will improve our efficiency, bring down costs, increase revenue and

drive greater customer satisfaction,” she stated.

Villaverde suggested one of the key goals is to create seamless experiences by using the technology to

better understand customers and their demands. “We think the basic idea here is that when passengers

interact with easyJet, being via the website or during their flight, their experience would look and feel

both smooth and natural. We have lots of ideas about how that will happen and there are different

teams working on those. Advanced analytics capabilities play a crucial role to support those initiatives

and this is one of the areas where I will be focusing in my role.”

“Advanced analytics can also help us to make better decisions when we need to handle disruptive

events such as adverse weather, air traffic control strikes, predictive maintenance or a better in-flight

offering. On top of that, easyJet is a growing organisation and we hope that AI will allow us to

continue growing.”

Source Future Travel Experience 29 Jan 2016

3.1.6 JetBlue startup lab sets sights on IoT, artificial intelligence, big data, virtual reality and machine learning

The carrier has revealed that the wholly owned subsidiary will “invest in, incubate and partner with

early stage startups at the intersection of technology, travel and hospitality” and will play an important

role in the airline’s efforts to “shape the future travel experience”.

Their website states: “JetBlue is a company known for award winning customer service, delivered by

helpful and friendly crewmembers. Future technologies to power seamless customer and crewmember

http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/428-Belkoura_0126151201-Final-Paper-5-26-15.pdf

http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/428-Belkoura_0126151201-Final-Paper-5-26-15.pdf

http://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2016/01/easyjet-planning-to-make-the-most-of-artificial-intelligence/



Page 11 of 46

interactions across the entire digital and physical travel experience include personalisation,

geolocation, customisation, messaging, virtual reality, improved tools for our crewmembers to deliver

magnificent service or enhanced ways to extend the JetBlue brand and culture.” It also envisages a

“travel experience free of bag tags, tickets, lines and instead a connected world that anticipates

customer needs”.

Future Travel Experience 11 Feb 2016

3.1.7 American Airlines teams up with Uber for door to door travel

American Airlines is partnering with Uber to create a door-to-door streamlined service to help

customers get from home or work to the airport and back. The companies will work together to

provide customers faster service, better airport navigation, rider promotions and mileage promotions.

Travellers can set a reminder when booking their flight to get directions to the nearest Uber pick point

via their American Airlines app when they land.

GlobeNewswire, February 11, 2016

3.1.8 Air traffic delay statistics

You can find here all the public reports about air traffic delays in Europe by month in pdf version.

3.1.9 Self-healing structures could reduce maintenance

Scientists believe new self-healing material for use in airplane construction could repair cracks in

aircraft in a manner similar to the way human skin heals itself.

Developed at Bristol University, the team of scientists are focusing on carbon fiber reinforced

materials that are currently used widely in sports equipment. They have developed tiny micro-spheres

– or hollow capsules – that are filled with a healing agent. The micro-spheres are implanted into the

carbon fibre composite material, along with a catalyst.

Upon impact, the micro-spheres spheres break open. When the liquid comes into contact with the

catalyst, there is a hardening of the two materials, effectively gluing the crack caused by impact back

together.

Link

3.1.10 Aeromobil flying car

The Slovak company Aeromobil is developing a flying car with folding wings that can be driven on

normal roads, then take flight. They currently have a working prototype in regular flight-testing

program in real flight conditions since October 2014.

More info here

http://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2016/02/jetblue-startup-lab-to-explore-internet-of-things/

http://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/american-airlines-and-uber-make-travel-even-easier-20160211-00896

http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/coda-publications

http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25098805/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/airplanes-future-could-be-self-healing/#.VtmjIfkrKUk

http://www.aeromobil.com/



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3.1.11 Personal aircraft designed so that anyone can fly

Icon's mission is: “To democratize aviation. Humans will move in three dimensions on a personal

level. It’s in our future."

To that end, they've designed the aircraft's crucial feedback-providing gauges to be closer to what

you'd find in a passenger car rather than an Airbus.

"A high goal for us is that there is a very intuitive user interface," Icon founder Kirk Hawkins

told Bloomberg. In concert with the physical design of the craft itself, this makes the A5 easier to fly.

Sources: Core77 21 Sept 2015

3.1.12 Global warming may increase flight times

As we continue pumping heat-trapping CO2 into the air, the ENSO and air circulation patterns are

changing. Analyzing 30 different global climate models used by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change, Karnauskas and his team found that a warming world may reposition the jet stream

such that airplanes face stronger winds traveling from California to Hawaii, adding a little bit of time

and fuel to the trip. By the same token, shorter flights going eastbound could burn less fuel. But

Karnauskas finds that the fuel savings going east didn’t cancel out the additional fuel on flights

headed west.

Source: Gizmodo 15/7/2015

3.1.13 Boeing shows off cabin bins that hold 50% more cases

Boeing has shown off its "space bins" that can hold 50% more luggage than existing designs. The

company says the new overhead compartments will allow passengers to store more hand luggage on

its side. The bins will be fitted to some 737 aircraft from the end of this year, the company said. The

new design will mean a 2in (5cm) reduction in headspace for passengers, it said, but air vent and light

controls will be easier to reach. Boeing has shown off its "space bins" that can hold 50% more

luggage than existing designs.

See original article here

3.1.14 Website provides flight statistics for US flights

The website FlightSphere provides visualizations of US Department of Transportation (DOT)

statistics on airline flight times and delays, for US cities. The information can be useful for comparing

the performance of different airlines.

Site link here

DOT statistics here

3.1.15 First commercial electric aircraft

Pipistrel's Taurus Electro G2 is the only electric 2-seat aeroplane in serial production available on

the market. Furthermore, Pipistrel believes it is the only truly useful electric aircraft out there, because

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-17/the-icon-a5-is-the-closest-thing-to-a-flying-car-you-can-buy-today

http://www.core77.com/posts/40930/Is-It-Possible-to-Design-a-Personal-Airplane-So-Simple-That-Anyone-Could-Fly-It-Icon-Thinks-So?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pulsenews

http://gizmodo.com/why-airplane-flights-are-taking-slightly-longer-every-y-1717746947?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pulsenews

http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-32311556

http://flightsphere.com/

http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/subject_areas/airline_information/index.html



Page 13 of 46

the electric drive is applied to the glider airframe, where battery capacity is not a limiting factor in

performance/endurance. Taurus Electro G2 represents a leap forward in performance, safety, and

functionality and user friendliness.

Pipistrel developed the Solar Trailer(R), which can charge-up the Taurus Electro G2 absolutely free

and with zero emissions! Charging with the help of the Solar Trailer offers 1 kW of usable energy,

this means charging time 10 hours for 30-Ah batteries and 12 hours for 40-Ah batteries.

Furthermore, when the Taurus Electro G2 is stored in the trailer during a week of bad weather, it will

still be charged and ready to fly by the weekend. The Solar Trailer and Taurus Electro G2 are perfect

companions and demonstrate how it is possible to fly free of charge, quietly and with absolutely zero

emissions, with today's technology!

See more here.

3.1.16 Performance based navigation reduces approach time by 7.5 minutes

Navigation services: Provides Performance-based Navigation (PBN) flight path design and

consultation to reduce track miles flown for significant fuel and emissions savings and noise

reduction. GE's multi-year collaborative program, Green Skies of Brazil, aims to improve airspace

efficiency at 10 Brazil airports. GOL will be the first airline to launch the program this year.

At Brasilia International airport alone, GOL could potentially save an average of 22 track miles, 7.5

minutes, 77 gallons of fuel and 1628 lbs. of CO2 per approach compared to the conventional paths,

totaling more than $24 million in operational savings over five years. Green Skies of Brazil aims to

reduce GOL operating costs by at least $100M over five years.

Watch a video on the program here. Flight analytics: Provides quality assurance tools and turns flight and operational data into business

intelligence. For Green Skies of Brazil, GE's flight data analytics platform used detailed airspace,

airport and airline operational models to evaluate the efficiency of historical flight operations, identify

areas for improvement, and quantify the potential efficiency gains. As a result, GE's Navigation &

Fuel Management experts quantified the value of deploying Required Navigation Performance (RNP)

procedures to airlines in Brazil.

Fleet synchronization: Provides traffic flow and aircraft sequence management to reduce hold times at

landing and increased predictability. GE Aviation was selected by Emirates airline to provide GE's

airline-based flow management system for an 18-month validation at Dubai International Airport. GE

and Emirates are working together to optimize traffic flows, reduce fuel and delay costs and improve

their hub passenger-connection schedule. The trial is still underway and initial results are

demonstrating reductions in arrival and holding delay times. Watch a video on fleet sync here.

Source: GE Aviation

3.2 Air Transport Time Efficiency-ATM

3.2.1 A Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation System

The Next Generation Air Transportation System's (NextGen) goal is the transformation of the U.S.

national airspace system through programs and initiatives that could make it possible to shorten routes,

http://www.pipistrel.si/plane/taurus-electro/overview

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsi21qaPcD8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biv-7dWFprY



Page 14 of 46

navigate better around weather, save time and fuel, reduce delays, and improve capabilities for

monitoring and managing of aircraft. A Review of the Next Generation Air Transportation provides an

overview of NextGen and examines the technical activities, including human-system design and

testing, organizational design, and other safety and human factor aspects of the system, that will be

necessary to successfully transition current and planned modernization programs to the future system.

This report assesses technical, cost, and schedule risk for the software development that will be

necessary to achieve the expected benefits from a highly automated air traffic management system and

the implications for ongoing modernization projects. The recommendations of this report will help the

Federal Aviation Administration anticipate and respond to the challenges of implementing NextGen.

Report available here.

3.2.2 Next generation air traffic technology goes live at NATS Prestwick

The system – called iTEC – is the next generation of air traffic management technology. It includes a

range of tools to help reduce air traffic controller workload, increase airspace capacity and improve

safety by automatically detecting potential aircraft conflicts ahead of time.

It also helps reduce aircraft fuel burn and emissions by enabling the future introduction of ‘Free Route

Airspace’ above 28,000 feet, allowing aircraft greater flexibility to fly optimum routes and to take

advantage of prevailing weather conditions.

The iTEC platform has been developed by Indra to be interoperable with air traffic management

systems across Europe. Its introduction at Prestwick – only its second deployment – represents a major

milestone for NATS and helps bring a Single European Sky closer to reality.

“Trajectory based operations will mean that airline preferred routing can be applied wherever possible,

while iTEC is also able also to predict where a flight will be in advance. This will help support

conflict-free flight plans that avoid the need for multiple tactical clearances. The controller will then

be free to focus on monitoring the plan rather than giving instructions to maintain separation, enabling

them to handle more traffic and thus reducing the cost per-flight.”

Source NATS 23 Feb 2016

3.2.3 ATM efficiency can be found in Skyfusion cloud

The two organizations have developed SkyFusion—a new cloud-based tool through which airports,

airlines and air navigation service providers (ANSPs) can exchange operational information across

flight information regions.

SkyFusion information is powered by the system-wide information management data exchange

protocol, which aligns with ICAO recommendations and the ICAO global air navigation plan. Better

information sharing will allow users to work together when disruptions occur and other ATM-related

events.

‘’Airlines, airports and ANSPs share the common goals of improving efficiency, lowering operating

costs and reducing emissions. This platform will facilitate effective exchange of information so that

operational decisions can be made with the highest net benefit from the ATM system,’’ said Rob

Eagles, IATA’s Director, ATM Infrastructure.

“Collaboration is the key to vastly improving commercial ATM operations on a global scale,” said

Carl D’Alessandro, President, Critical Networks, Harris Corporation. “It can positively impact every

aspect of airspace operations, from reducing delays to saving fuel.”

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/21721/a-review-of-the-next-generation-air-transportation-system-implications

http://www.nats.aero/news/next-generation-air-traffic-technology-goes-live-at-nats-prestwick/



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Source IATA 18 Feb 2016, IATA 4 Feb 2016

3.2.4 Brisbane airport implements measures to increase on-time performance

“In 2012, BAC partnered with Airservices Australia and the National Air Traffic Services (NATS),

which manages air-traffic control in the United Kingdom, to deliver an Airport Capacity Enhancement

(ACE) program at major airports across Australia.

“The goal of the ACE Programme at BNE specifically was to identify opportunities to improve

efficiency and to increase the use of existing assets and infrastructure to increase runway capacity and

reduce congestion and delays, particularly during peak traffic periods.

“Some of ACE’s initiatives included increasing the use of the short cross-runway, improving pilot

reaction times and reducing runway and taxiway occupancy times to reduce the time required for take-

offs and landings, optimising aircraft sequencing, and introducing more standardisation across

different operators and aircraft types.

Additionally, the introduction of a Runway Demand Management Scheme (RDMS) and an air traffic

flow management program by Airservices to better manage aircraft movements during peak times at

BNE have also contributed to Brisbane Airport being named one of the world’s most punctual.

Source: Air Traffic Management Jan 28, 2016

3.2.5 Equivalent Lateral Spacing Operations helps reduce taxi times

Departure routes from a runway must diverge by a minimum angle to ensure safe separation between

departures. Equivalent Lateral Spacing Operations (ELSO) refers to the reduction of this minimum

made possible by more precise aircraft navigation, which can create opportunities to add diverging

departure routes without reducing safety. Since less separation is often required for successive

departures that diverge, controllers can sequence departures so as to reduce the time between take offs.

This can increase the number of take offs that a runway can accommodate during busy periods, and,

by extension, reduce the time that aircraft spend in line waiting to depart.

The addition of Equivalent Lateral Spacing Operations (ELSO) enabled routes had a significant

positive impact on departure operations at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) that

has been the busiest airport in the world in passenger traffic for many years. Following

implementation, the FAA observed:

A reduction in the time between departures on the two affected runways, from 62 to 46

seconds, as measured by the most typical value. This translates to an increase in departure

throughput.

A resulting increase in ATL's departure capacity as set by the facility, from 101 to 105

departures per hour.

A reduced reliance on the third, and most distant, departure runway, from 3.1 percent to 1.2

percent of all departures. Affected flights saved about six minutes taxiing for departure.

The increased departure rate and reduced reliance on the most distant departure runway translated to

an average saving of 2.5 minutes taxiing out per flight, based on an FAA analysis of ATL taxi out

times using FAA's Aviation System Performance Metrics (ASPM) data.

Source: FAA 2016

http://airlines.iata.org/agenda/atm-efficiency-can-be-found-in-skyfusion-cloud

http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2016-02-04-02.aspx

http://www.airtrafficmanagement.net/2016/01/brisbanes-ontime-performance-soars/

https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/snapshots/airport/?locationId=54



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3.2.6 Wake Recategorization in the US increases capacity and reduces taxi-out times

Air carriers are saving time and money through new FAA aircraft separation standards known as

Wake Recategorization (Wake Recat).

Wake turbulence, the swirling air generated from the wings of a flying aircraft, can create hazardous

conditions for the one behind it.

Through Wake Recat, air traffic controllers can safely reduce the spacing between consecutive

departures from or arrivals to an airport. More aircraft can take off and land, reducing arrival delays

and the time aircraft wait on taxiways and runways with their engines burning fuel.

New standards are possible because of changing categories of aircraft, formerly based mainly on

weight, to those based on wingspan, weight and stability. The standards and categories are the result of

more than a decade of research by various government agencies and industry partners.

An FAA performance assessment of Wake Recat impacts conducted by the MITRE Corp. showed a

noticeable reduction in time between successive flights that depart from or arrive to the same runway

— resulting from shorter taxi-out times for departures and shorter time in terminal airspace for

arrivals.

At Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, average taxi-out time declined 6 percent from

18.8 minutes to 17.6 minutes. Time in the TRACON airspace for arrivals decreased 38 seconds or 4.4

percent.

Memphis experienced an average 1.1 fewer minutes in taxi-out time when distributed across all of its

more than 300 daily departures, and 14 fewer seconds in TRACON airspace, a 1.7 percent decrease.

Louisville dropped a half minute in taxi-out time when spread among its nearly 200 daily departures

and 35 seconds in TRACON airspace, a 3.8 percent decrease. At Cincinnati, time in TRACON

decreased by 19 seconds or 2.4 percent.

Source FAA Dec 2015

3.2.7 IRIS PROGRAMME FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Iris, element 10 of the ARTES programme, aims to make aviation safer by developing a new satellite-

based air–ground communication system for Air Traffic Management (ATM).

Currently, aircraft are tracked by radar when over land and in coastal areas, and flight paths are

negotiated by radio. However, once an aircraft heads out over the ocean ATM is no longer possible

until it reenters continental airspace. This means that flight paths are difficult to adjust in response to

adverse weather and other factors, and wide buffers must be maintained between aircraft flying in a

given oceanic corridor.

The Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) programme promises to boost efficiency, capacity

and performance of ATM worldwide. Iris will provide the satcoms technology for this programme.

Modernisation on this scale demands a stepped approach, so Iris has been divided into two phases:

‘Iris Precursor’ for the short to medium term, which will evolve into the full Iris service, supporting

the long-term objectives of SESAR.

A milestone was passed on 26 November 2014 with the signing of a contract worth €15 million for the

Iris Precursor public–private partnership between ESA and UK satellite operator Inmarsat.

https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/snapshots/stories/?slide=41



Page 17 of 46

By 2018, Iris Precursor will provide air–ground communications for initial ‘4D’ flight path control,

pinpointing an aircraft in four dimensions: latitude, longitude, altitude and time. This will enable

precise tracking of flights and more efficient management of traffic.

High-capacity digital data links via satellite carrying this information to cockpit crews in continental

and oceanic airspace are expected to become the norm, with voice communications used only for

specific operations.

While the initial focus will be on Europe, the capabilities developed will open opportunities for

deployment in North America, Asia Pacific and other regions, where the growth of air traffic is

placing a strain on ground-based networks.

By 2028, Iris will enable full 4D trajectory management over airspaces across the globe and the data

link will be the primary means of communications between controllers and cockpit crews.

Source: ESA

See Link

3.2.8 Airports test unmanned traffic control towers

Airports are increasingly using unmanned air traffic control towers - relying on technology rather than

humans to do a highly specialised job.

A remote system designed by Swedish defence firm Saab has just been rolled out in Leesburg

Executive Airport in Virginia and has been in use in Sweden's Ornskoldsvik airport since April this

year. Sweden's Sunsvall airport will also have the system installed before the end of 2015.

The remote system - includes 14 high-definition cameras and sensors that can spot aeroplanes in all

weathers.

At Ornskoldsvik, the planes are controlled by a person sitting 90 miles (144km) away at Sunsvall

airport.

A spokesman for Saab told the BBC that the technology could be a huge benefit to air traffic control,

reducing costs as small airports could pool controllers.

The technology can do a better job than humans, he said.

"The cameras and sensors pick up and see aircraft in any environment - in fog, rain and the dark. It is

better than the human eye."...

..."The introduction of remote control towers is one of the most exciting technological developments

in the history of our industry," said Nats general manager of operations Paul Jones.

Source: BBC 17 September 2015

3.2.9 Trial aims to cut Heathrow holding times

Heathrow is conducting a trial concerning sharing information with Air traffic controllers in

Netherlands, France, Scotland and Ireland to ask them to monitor and slow down aircraft up to 350

miles away from London in order to absorb up to 3 minutes of delay on arrival.

The trial is being led by NATS in close cooperation with French air traffic control provider, DSNA,

the Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre and Prestwick Control Centre, with the aim of cutting

average holding times by at least a quarter from the current time of just under 8 minutes.

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Iris

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Iris

http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-34278788



Page 18 of 46

In a pre-trial test of the system, the first ever live data – flight BAW74 – was passed between NATS

and French air traffic controllers at DSNA’s Reims control centre in the early hours of 21 March 2014.

Martin Rolfe, Managing Director, Operations at NATS commented: “This is the first cross border

arrivals management – or XMAN – trial of its kind anywhere in the world and a great example of

partnership working for the benefit of our customers and a potential future model for the industry. We

expect the trial to be a significant benefit to our airline customers in terms of fuel savings.”

The trial will run until the end of 2014.

See more here

Source: NATS (2014)

3.3 Air Transport Time Efficiency – Airports

3.3.1 Eezeetags Ensure a Stress-Free Self-Service Bag-Drop Experience

Research has shown that a relaxed and happy passenger is 60 times more likely to spend money in the

retail area. Happy passengers are also likely to come back and travel from the same airport again, and

eezeetags can help create that seamless travel experience to keep passengers smiling.

Eezeetags are more efficient to use than the standard tags used in self-service bag-drop units. According

to the company, when using a standard tag in an self-service bag-drop unit it will take the passenger on

average 10 seconds longer to self-tag their bag compared to using eezeetags in the same self-service

bag drop unit. These extra 10 seconds give a huge positive difference in the total cost of ownership of

a self-service bag-drop unit.

EasyJet, in close collaboration with Gatwick and Edinburgh airports and several bag drop suppliers, has

chosen eezeetags for its self-tagging operation, and KLM and Lufthansa have been using them for a

number of years. According to SITA, 80% of airports and airlines will have invested in self-service bag

drop by 2018. This implies that the demand for self-tagging will increase. Operators looking to save

valuable time should invest in eezeetags.

Source: www.airport-technology.com

White paper: Design and Technology: Happy Customer

Date: 23 February 2016

3.3.2 Reducing Departure Delays at LaGuardia Airport with Departure-Sensitive Arrival Spacing (DSAS) Operations

Air traffic management in the New York (NY) metropolitan area presents significant challenges

including excess demand, chronic delays, and inefficient routes. At NASA, a new research effort has

been initiated to explore Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Trajectory Based

Operations (TBO) solutions to address lingering problems in the NY metroplex. One of the larger

problems in NY is departure delays at LaGuardia airport (LGA). Constant traffic demand and physical

limitations in the number of taxiways and runways cause LGA to often end up with excessive departure

queues that can persist throughout the day.

At the Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) located at NASA Ames Research Center, a TBO solution

for “Departure-Sensitive Arrival Spacing” (DSAS) was developed. DSAS allows for maximum

departure throughput without adversely impacting the arrival traffic during the peak demand period. The

http://www.nats.aero/news/trial-aims-cut-heathrow-holding-times/

http://www.airport-technology.com/



Page 19 of 46

concept uses Terminal Sequencing and Spacing (TSS) operations to manage the actual runway threshold

times for arrivals. An interface enhancement to the traffic manager’s timeline was also added, providing

the ability to manually adjust inter-arrival spacing to build precise gaps for two or even three departures

between arrivals. With this set of capabilities, inter-arrival spacing could be controlled for optimal

departure throughput.

The concept was prototyped in a human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation environment to determine

operational requirements such as coordination procedures, timing and magnitude of TSS schedule

adjustments, and display features for the tower, Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON), and

Traffic Management Unit (TMU). A HITL simulation was conducted in August, 2014, to evaluate the

concept in terms of feasibility, impact on controller workload, and potential benefits. Three conditions

were compared: (1) a baseline condition using new RNAV/RNP procedures (no TSS); (2) the new

procedures + TSS; and (3) new procedures + TSS + DSAS schedule adjustments. Results showed that

with a maximum arrival demand (40-41 arrivals per hour), departure throughput could be increased from

38 / hour (baseline condition), to 44 / hour (TSS condition), to 47 / hour (TSS + DSAS). The results

suggest that DSAS operations have the potential to increase departure throughput at LGA by up to 9 a/c

per hour with little or no impact on arrivals during peak traffic demand period.

Source: Link

3.3.3 Airlines look to the promise of the ‘internet of things’

One of the first manifestations of the IoT in the air transport industry is the use of beacons. Today just

9% of airlines are using or trialing beacons but this is set to rise rapidly to 44% by 2018.

The focus of these new services over the next three years will be to use location-based information, in

many cases from beacons, to solve baggage-related issues and help passengers board on time with

notifications based on their location, even before they reach the airport.

Bag services are the steps of the journey where beacons will be most used by then – 44% of airlines are

planning to use them at bag drop and 43% at bag claim. Moreover, close to 60% of airlines offer flight

notification services to passengers via smartphone apps and by 2018 the numbers are expected to be

over 96%. This is already the number one service for which airlines are using beacons and in three years,

57% will use beacons to inform way-finding apps.

3.3.4 Optimizing Integrated Arrival, Departure and Surface Operations under Uncertainty

In airports and surrounding terminal airspaces, the integration of arrival, departure and surface

scheduling and routing have the potential to improve operations efficiency. Recent research developed

a mixed-integer-linear-programming algorithm-based scheduler for integrated arrival and departure

operations in the presence of uncertainty. This paper extends previous research to the surface to integrate

taxiway and runway operations. The developed algorithm is capable of computing optimal aircraft

schedules and routings that reflect the integration of air and ground operations. A preliminary study case

is conducted for a set of thirteen aircraft evolving in a model of the Los Angeles International Airport

surface and terminal areas. Using historical data, a representative traffic scenario is constructed and

probabilistic distributions of pushback delay and arrival gate delay are obtained. To assess the benefits

of optimization, a First-Come-First-Served algorithm approach comparison is realized. Evaluation

results demonstrate that the optimization can help identify runway sequences and schedules that reduce

gate waiting time without increasing average taxi times.

http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/535_Lee_0127150814-Final-Paper-5-4-15.pdf



Page 20 of 46

Source: Link

3.3.5 Biometric technology is enabling the seamless travel

Biometric technology is at the heart of the Aruba Happy Flow project, which uses facial recognition

technology as the basis of a single passenger token, which removes the need for passengers to present

their passports and boarding passes at multiple stages of the airport journey. In the United States, the

CLEAR program uses fingerprint verification to grant members access to fast track lanes at 12 airports,

while the integration of biometric technology into Automated Passport Control (APC) kiosks has

allowed the program to be expanded beyond US and Canadian residents, and made available to travelers

from the 38 visa waiver countries. Elsewhere, Australian Customs and Border Protection Service is

currently in the process of rolling out the facial recognition technology-enabled SmartGate system for

departing passengers, which will speed up and secure the international departures process at the

country’s eight busiest airports by removing the need for manual checks.

More at: Future Travel Experience 16 Jul 2015

3.3.6 Allow passengers mote travel options through self-connecting flights

Self-connecting passengers are those that book separate tickets to fly from City A to City C, via City B.

For instance, a traveller may opt to fly from Inverness to Gatwick Airport on one ticket, and then fly on

from Gatwick to Palma on a separate ticket. However, unlike with a multi-leg journey booked on a

single ticket with a legacy carrier, if the passenger misses the connecting flight they have no protection,

which can lead to serious inconvenience and a sizeable financial loss for the passenger.

Gatwick Airport, which serves mostly point-to-point traffic, has decided to address this issue with the

launch of GatwickConnects. This new booking platform allows travellers to book self-connecting flights

in one transaction and offers peace of mind that the airport will take care of them if things don’t go as

planned.

If a passenger’s self-connecting journey is disrupted due to no fault of their own, they can pay a visit to

the GatwickConnects desk in the terminal and the airport will take responsibility to rebook them onto

an alternative flight, provided they booked via the GatwickConnects platform. “GatwickConnects takes

this responsibility,” Baldwin, Chris Baldwin, Business Development Manager and GatwickConnects

Lead explained. “Our onsite booking process ensures the best possible passenger experience.”

Of course, passengers have to pay an extra fee for the GatwickConnects service. This fee is absorbed

into the flight booking cost and starts at £27.50 for a one-way journey. A missed self-connecting flight

could, however, cost a lot more, especially when taking into account the cost of re-booking a new flight

and possibly having to fund a stopover if the next flight is not until the following day. The fee also

includes a number of benefits, such as premium security access, a complimentary drink at the airport,

and discount vouchers for lounge entry.

Source: Future Travel Experience 15 Oct 2015

3.3.7 IATA baggage tracking resolution 753

Following IATA’s announcement of the new Resolution 753 on baggage tracking, which comes into

effect in June 2018, questions have been raised about what this means for airlines, airports and ground

handlers, and what steps they may need to take to prepare for the implementation of the resolution.

http://www.atmseminar.org/seminarContent/seminar11/papers/398_Bosson_0125150433-Final-Paper-4-29-15.pdf

http://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2015/07/biometric-technology-driving-seamless-airport-vision/

http://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2015/10/gatwick-airport-offers-protection-to-self-connecting-passengers/



Page 21 of 46

The full details of Resolution 753 are available on the ITATA website, but in short, it states that “IATA

members shall maintain an accurate inventory of baggage by monitoring the acquisition and delivery of

baggage”. IATA members shall be able to: demonstrate delivery of baggage when custody changes;

demonstrate acquisition of baggage when custody changes; provide an inventory of bags upon departure

of a flight; and be capable of exchanging these events with other airlines as needed.

So, what is the thinking behind the new resolution? Andrew Price, Head of Airport Operations at IATA,

told FTE: “During the IATA Baggage Improvement Programme we found that airlines that had good

tracking in place for baggage had significantly less mishandling than other airlines in their region. The

ability to track bags is a fundamental one that allows a journey to be closed, viability on what is where

in a network, and predict flows around the airport.

“Good baggage tracking allows you to know where bags are prior to departure, so proactive action can

be taken to retrieve those bags and ensure they make their connections. Without this information you

just wait until build close and hope that the bag arrives. Even when this proactive approach is not

possible, then being able to provide further information to the passenger about their baggage journey

improves customer service.”

Source: Future Travel Experience 22 Jan 2015

3.3.8 RFID Baggage Handling Pilot project completed

RFID solution provider Longest Chance approached IATA with the idea of tracking bags from check-

in at one airport to the arrivals at another. The system that Longest Chance has developed ensures that

the correct bag leaves with the right passenger, and that the airline is informed of any discrepancy that

may arise during the baggage's journey. IATA acted as a consultant for the technology's installation.

The technology could potentially reduce or prevent the likelihood of misrouted bags, speed up the

identification of luggage for loading into departing flights and increase passenger satisfaction by

reducing the incidence of mishandlings.

The pilot's goal was to allow both the airline and airports to view how the technology works in a real-

life scenario. Longest Chance selected four airports. Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport

(SVO) was selected as the originating site, while the three destination varied in size and complexity,

from the reasonably large and busy Prague Airport, in the Czech Republic, to the somewhat smaller

Bologna Airport, in Italy, to the very small Tallinn Airport, in Estonia. Aeroflot was the primary

participating airline, with Estonian Air serving flights destined for Tallinn.

Now that the HHRBTS pilot is completed, Markovich, the baggage operation manager at Russian airline

Aeroflot, says they hope to continue its use of the technology. "Aeroflot is interested in using this

technology in vital handling baggage process," he says, "but it is important to remember that not only

the carrier is interested in implementing such kind of system, but also the airport, which provides it as

an additional service for airlines and passengers."

According to Vladimir Gavrilov, who heads Sheremetyevo's baggage-handling service, the Moscow

airport is interested in permanently deploying the technology, but also wants to see participation from

all parties related to baggage handling. "Our airport is ready to start using RFID technology, but

unfortunately this technology is not widespread," he says. "We hope that the airlines will support the

necessity of transition from existing systems to systems with RFID technology, firstly in order to

improve the quality of passenger service, and cost saving in the future."

Source: RFID Journal 17 Nov 2015

http://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2015/01/airlines-airports-prepare-for-baggage-tracking-resolution/

http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?13746



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3.3.9 Reduced Manual Handling of Transfer Bags with Video Coding System

Airlines and airports alike are always striving to deliver a first class customer experience and connection

times can be a difficult topic – passengers don’t want to be waiting too long nor have to rush or find out

their bags didn’t make the flight. Baggage handling staff are under pressure to re-direct the luggage

accurately, often within a small timeframe and avoiding short-shipments.

The major hurdle to be overcome is unreadable bag tags. The majority of luggage can be easily processed

through the fully automated Baggage Handling System (BHS) but periodically bags with unreadable

tags must be directed to a Manual Encoding Station (MES). This diversion adds extra time and in

irregular cases where the Bag Source Message (BSM Data) is not available, this can cause delays that

can lead to a high number of short-shipped bags, incurring high costs for the airport and airlines and

leaving passengers unhappy.

By adding cameras and introducing a Video Coding System (VCS) into the BHS, the bag does not have

to be diverted to an MES as an image of the tag is sent via the VCS to an operator who encodes the

information remotely at a workstation or via a tablet. Using a VCS ensures baggage flow is not

interrupted, short-shipments are reduced and passengers have an even more positive experience.

Source: Beumer Group 06 Jan 2016

3.3.10 ANA unveils Japan’s first self-service baggage-drop system

The new bag-drop system will be available to domestic passengers traveling from Terminal 2 and will

be placed alongside the airline’s automated check-in machines. ANA plans to install a total of 39 self-

service baggage-drop machines by the end of 2015, which the airline claims will be the greatest number

of baggage-drop systems in one airport in the world.

The ANA self-service baggage-drop kiosk will be available in English, traditional Chinese, simplified

Chinese and Korean. In 2016, ANA will introduce a new series of easily identifiable pictograms for

passengers to help them locate the appropriate counter and amenities.

Source: Passenger Terminal Today: July 6, 2015

3.3.11 E-services at Athens International inform passengers of flight information

Athens International Airport in Greece has introduced a new service using Facebook Messenger that

keeps passengers updated with live flight information.

Passengers simply log on to Facebook Messenger on their mobile device and post a message on the

www.facebook.com/ATHmessenger page using hashtags and keywords to indicate which flight they are

interested in. To further improve connectivity, Athens Airport has also introduced free unlimited Wi-Fi

throughout the airport.

Source: Passenger Terminal Today July 21, 2015

3.3.12 Cutting down runway queues

Now engineers at MIT have developed a queuing model that predicts how long a plane will wait before

takeoff, given weather conditions, runway traffic, and incoming and outgoing flight schedules. The

model may help air traffic controllers to direct departures more efficiently, minimizing runway

https://blog.beumergroup.com/english/overview/blog-post/2016/01/06/reduced-manual-handling-of-transfer-bags-with-vcs-inside-the-baggage-handling-system

http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/viewnews.php?NewsID=70771

http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/viewnews.php?NewsID=71233



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congestion. For example, if a controller knows that a plane is unlikely to take off for half an hour, he

may choose to keep the plane at the gate to avoid contributing to runway backups.

To prevent extended runway queues, Balakrishnan and Simaiakis developed a model to predict taxiing

time. The model consists of two modules; the first calculates a plane’s travel time from the gate to the

departure runway, taking into account any interactions with other arriving and departing flights. For

instance, a plane headed toward a clear runway may have to cross an active segment, causing a delay in

its taxiing. The second module estimates an individual runway’s queuing delay — the time it takes for

a plane to take off after joining the queue for takeoff.

In addition to Newark Liberty, the team has tested the queuing model at Boston’s Logan International

Airport, LaGuardia Airport in New York, Charlotte Douglas International Airport in North Carolina,

and Philadelphia’s airport. So far, results suggest that the model may be easily implemented in departure

procedures — a crucial goal, as the nation’s aviation system is expected to experience widespread

congestion in the coming years.

Source: Jennifer Chu | MIT News Office

3.3.13 Toward a More Realistic, Cost-Effective, and Greener Ground Movement through Active Routing

Among all airport operations, aircraft ground movement plays a key role in improving overall airport

capacity as it links other airport operations. Moreover, ever-increasing air traffic, rising costs, and tighter

environmental targets create pressure to minimize fuel burn on the ground. However, current routing

functions envisioned in Advanced Surface Movement, Guidance and Control Systems almost

exclusively consider the most time efficient solution and apply a conservative separation to ensure

conflict-free surface movement, sometimes with additional buffer times to absorb small deviations from

the taxi times. Such an overly constrained routing approach may result in either a too tight planning for

some aircraft so that fuel efficiency is compromised due to multiple acceleration phases, or performance

could be further improved by reducing the separation and buffer times. In light of this, Parts I and II of

this paper present a new Active Routing (AR) framework with the aim of providing a more realistic,

cost-effective, and environmental friendly surface movement, targeting some of the busiest international

hub airports. Part I of this paper focuses on optimal speed profile generation using a physics-based

aircraft movement model. Two approaches based, respectively, on the Base of Aircraft Data and the

International Civil Aviation Organization engine emissions database have been employed to model fuel

consumption. These models are then embedded within a multi-objective optimization framework to

capture the essence of different speed profiles in a Pareto optimal sense. The proposed approach

represents the first attempt to systematically address speed profiles with competing objectives. Results

reveal an apparent tradeoff between fuel burn and taxi times irrespective of fuel consumption modeling

approaches. This will have a profound impact on the routing and scheduling and open the door for the

new concept of AR discussed in Part II of this paper.

See related article and attached paper

IEEE Link

http://news.mit.edu/2016/cut-airport-congestion-fuel-waste-0114

http://www.theguardian.com/university-of-lincoln-partner-zone/2016/jan/06/research-rolls-closer-to-more-efficient-airport-ground-movements

http://www.theguardian.com/university-of-lincoln-partner-zone/2016/jan/06/research-rolls-closer-to-more-efficient-airport-ground-movements

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7321022



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3.3.14 Technological platform to increase efficiency at Lisbon Airport

Following an agreement signed on the 26 January 2016, Lisbon Airport operation stakeholders, ANA

Aeroportos de Portugal (VINCI Airports), NAV, TAP, Portway, and Groundforce, have agreed to

develop a new technological platformto improve efficiency at the airport through information sharing.

Agreement will enhance Collaborative Decision Making at Lisbon Airport.

According to the Airport, the companies have been, for several years, committed to implementing

Airport Collaborative Decision Making (CDM), one of the technological pillars in establishing the

Single European Sky. The major aim of this project is to organise the European air space into blocks

that are functional rather than determined by the national borders of the various countries, in order to

create safe conditions for dealing with the projected growth in air traffic.

26 January 2016 • Author: Katie Sadler, Digital Content Producer, and International Airport Review

3.3.15 Airport employees get Apple watches for more efficient operations

The new wearable technology at Quebec Airport will push regular operational alerts to duty managers

via the existing airport management system. Marc-André Bédard, Vice President, Information

Technology, Aéroport de Québec, said: “We are always looking for new technology to help enhance

our operations, and ultimately better serve our passengers. Wearable tech is one area of interest to us

and with the Apple Watch and SITA’s Airport Management solution our duty managers will receive

important notifications at just the right time to take action as needed.

For example, they may get an alert to say that two planes are arriving simultaneously and have been

assigned to the same gate or that there is a delay at a certain gate. Previously, they would have

checked their tablets regularly for updates. With the watch, a vibration alerts them to an update so

they receive vital information just by glancing at their wrist. They can then take immediate action.”

The Airport Management Solution, designed by SITA, enables the airport to control all its operations

from a single central control centre and provide the necessary information to make decisions and

manage resources in real time.

Source: 17 June 2015 - Author: Katie Sadler, Digital Content Producer, International Airport Review

3.3.16 Smart watch boarding passes are become more common among airlines

The list of airlines offering apps enabling smart watches to be used as boarding passes is growing. In

addition to display of boarding pass QR code, most of these have notification and information

features, such as alerts for boarding, gate information, delays and more.

With a boarding pass on the wrist, these have potential for speeding up the boarding process and

getting passengers to the gate on time avoiding delays caused by late passengers.

Some of the airlines offering the apps are:

British Airways KLM Iberia

http://www.internationalairportreview.com/21839/airport-news/technological-platform-increases-lisbon-airport-efficiency/

http://www.internationalairportreview.com/19767/airport-news/quebec-airport-supplies-workforce-with-wearable-technology-to-improve-operations/

http://thedesignair.net/2015/12/01/british-airways-showcase-an-emerging-trend-in-smart-watch-travel/

http://news.klm.com/klm-launches-android-smartwatch-app

http://www.staysure.co.uk/experts/articles/article-view/-/ate-article/title/a-boarding-pass-on-your-smartwatch



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Lufthansa American Airlines Air New Zealand Delta Air Berlin

Sources: various 2015-2016 (see links above)

3.3.17 Miami International Airport launches app to provide passengers personalized updates

Miami International Airport (MIA) has introduced its mobile app, which has been developed by IT

provider SITA and is intended for passengers and all airport users.

Claimed to be the first airport app in the US to use the latest technologies, including Bluetooth

beacons, it provides information to people, when and where they need it.

As passengers step into the airport, the app offers information and support necessary to their

individual journey, including updates on their gate, flight times and baggage collection, and food and

retail outlets.

The app also presents accurate and up-to-date indoor maps. Due to 'blue-dot' functionality, map

rotation, turn-by-turn directions, 'walk times' and a 'near me' feature, the app enables passengers to

quickly locate anything inside the airport.

Features:

Scan your boarding pass or search for flights by destination, airline and flight number.

Subscribe to flight notifications and receive updates for flight, gate and baggage carousels

changes, as well as option to share your flight info.

Easy to navigate maps that use blue dot beacon technology for an accurate and detailed

experience.

Powerful search engine with robust database.

Visual directions with walk times to find your gate, restaurants and more.

Uses location-aware technology to predict your location and anticipate your needs.

Recognizes and welcomes you via geo-fence technology, whether you’re driving or flying to

MIA.

Customizable personal profile with option to save your favorite shops and restaurants.

Weather information in Miami or throughout the world.

Real-time flight information and tracking.

“Near me” feature that provides the closest dining and shopping options.

Source: Link

3.3.18 An Integrated Scheduling and Operations Approach to Airport Congestion Mitigation

Most flight delays are created by imbalances between demand and capacity at the busiest airports.

Absent large increases in capacity, airport congestion can only be mitigated through scheduling

http://andwear.de/2015/06/lufthansa-boarding-pass-auf-android-wear/

http://www.aa.com/i18n/travelInformation/traveltools/apps.jsp?anchorLocation=DirectURL&title=apps

http://www.airnewzealand.co.nz/air-nz-app

http://www.slashgear.com/apple-watch-airline-companies-are-the-latest-to-develop-new-apps-20374524/

https://www.airberlin.com/en-IS/site/landingpages/eservices.php?cat=2

http://www.airport-technology.com/news/newsmiami-international-airport-launches-app-to-provide-passengers-personalised-updates-4808152



Page 26 of 46

interventions or improved capacity utilization. This paper presents an integrated approach that jointly

optimizes the airport’s flight schedule at the strategic level and the utilization of airport capacity at the

tactical level, subject to scheduling, capacity, and delay-reduction constraints. The capacity-utilization

part involves controlling the runway configuration and the balance of arrival and departure service

rates to minimize congestion costs. The schedule optimization reschedules a selected set of flights to

reduce the demand capacity mismatches while minimizing interference with airline competitive

scheduling. We develop an original iterative solution algorithm that integrates a stochastic queuing

model of airport congestion, a dynamic programming model of capacity utilization, and an integer

programming model of scheduling interventions. The algorithm is shown to converge in reasonable

computational times. Extensive computational results for JFK Airport suggest that substantial delay

reductions can be achieved through limited changes in airline schedules. It is also shown that the

proposed integrated approach to airport congestion mitigation performs significantly better than the

typical sequential approach, where scheduling and operational decisions are made separately.

Source: Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) Operations Research Nov-

Dec 2015

3.3.19 Capacity Planning Based on Scenario Tree and Passenger Motion Equation

Demand for air travel has increased in quantity and quality, like prefight services and communications

systems, necessitating more serious attention to air terminal capacity planning. Capacity planning,

especially when uncertainty exists about future levels of passenger demand is also considered,

becomes even more complex. The problem of random, multistage and nonlinear modelling must be

adapted to include a multi-commodity network flow structure which shows the flow of passengers at

terminals. In this paper a capacity planning approach is utilized based on the concepts of scenario tree

and motion equations of passengers, and implemented for passenger terminals of the two major

International Airports (IKIA & MIA) in Tehran, Iran. Results of mathematical programming model

for these case studies indicate that increasing the capacity of the passenger terminal in IKIA can

increase the productivity of the existing space and the whole airport which is also very economical. At

MIA, it would be necessary to increase the effective width of corridors and to increase number of

processing stations.

Source: Link

3.3.20 An integrated optimization approach to airport ground operations to foster sustainability in the aviation sector

With increasing air traffic, rising fuel costs and tighter environmental targets, efficient airport ground

operations are one of the key aspects towards sustainable air transportation. This complex system

includes elements such as ground movement, runway scheduling and ground services. Previously, these

problems were treated in isolation since information, such as landing time, pushback time and aircraft

ground position, are held by different stakeholders with sometimes conflicting interests and, normally,

are not shared. However, as these problems are interconnected, solutions as a result of isolated

optimization may achieve the objective of one problem but fail in the objective of the other one, missing

the global optimum eventually. Potentially more energy and economic costs are thus required. In order

to apply a more systematic and holistic view, this paper introduces a multi-objective integrated

optimization problem incorporating the newly proposed Active Routing concept. Built with systematic

perspectives, this new model combines several elements: scheduling and routing of aircraft, 4-

http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/pdf/10.1287/opre.2015.1428

http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/pdf/10.1287/opre.2015.1428

http://jgtte.com/issues/2/Issue%202%20-%205.pdf



Page 27 of 46

Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) optimization, runway scheduling and airport bus scheduling. A holistic

economic optimization framework is also included to support the decision maker to select the

economically optimal solution from a Pareto front of technically optimal solutions. To solve this

problem, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is adopted and tested on real data from an international

hub airport. Preliminary results show that the proposed approach is able to provide a systematic

framework so that airport efficiency, environmental assessment and economic analysis could all be

explicitly optimized.

See paper

See website

3.3.21 Brazil airport uses new technology to expedite border control

Brazil’s Viracopos International Airport (VCP), which handled a record 10.3 million passengers in

2015, has implemented the latest Automated Border Control technology, as it aims for a faster and

enhanced secure passenger control process.

According to VCP, the innovative Automated Border Control solution implemented by multinational

Vision-Box allows for a faster passenger identification process, through eGates that ensure both passport

authenticity and biometric passenger verification through an automated and self-service process.

According to a statement released by the São Paulo airport, “the passengers are in control of their own

journey through immigration and emigration control, without directly interacting with the Federal

Police, as long as they are at least 18-years-old and hold a Brazilian electronic passport.”

“In this new process at the eGates, the passenger is identified in just a few seconds, using Vision-Box

advanced biometric technology. The system compares the facial image stored in the chip of the

passengers’ passport against the live captured image, all according to the highest quality and security

international standards, making sure that they are the genuine owner of the document,” according to a

VCP statement.

Source: Air Transport World Article Jan 13, 2016

3.3.22 Airport of the Future Project

This research project commenced in 2008 with a pilot study examining efficient security and passenger

flows. Following the success of the pilot, the Airports of the Future Project has grown into a five-year

multi-disciplinary program involving almost 30 research partners internationally.

The program aims to improve the safety, security, efficiency and passenger experience within Australian

airports by developing an integrated and adaptive complex systems approach for the design,

management and operation of airports.

The ability to analyze, re-engineer and manage large-scale, multi-stakeholder, multi-jurisdictional, and

socio technical systems requires significant advancement in both the understanding of ‘complexity

science’ and its application.

See more

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261915004948

http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=152813&CultureCode=en

http://atwonline.com/security/brazil-airport-uses-new-technology-expedite-border-control

http://www.airportsofthefuture.qut.edu.au/



Page 28 of 46

3.3.23 CASRA is involved in several research projects on X ray imaging for airport security

CASRA uses an adaptive approach by combining applied psychology, computer science and economic

analyses.

All software, methods and procedures are based on scientific research and are continuously improved

in close collaboration with experts and end users.

Our knowledge is provided to society through publications in scientific journals, conferences and

magazines.

CASRA is involved in several research areas:

The main aim of CASRA is to increase security and facilitation at airports and other environments

involving people and technology. We adopt an individually adaptive approach in which we combine

applied psychology, computer science, and economical analyses. Our software, methods and procedures

are scientifically based and are developed in close collaboration with end users.

Source: Link

3.3.24 Brussels airport implements planning tool to optimize stand and gate capacity

The quickest way for passengers to get to and from their aircraft is by a contact stand (air bridge) which

provides a short and direct route between airplane and terminal. During peak periods, when demand

outweighs availability, planes are forced to park at a distance, passengers board and disembark at remote

stands (air stairs) and take buses to the terminal.

Generally, remote stands are the less desirable option. In addition to inconveniencing airlines and

incurring extra costs through bussing, this slower method causes knock-on delays (remotely parked

planes have a longer baggage turnaround and add to passenger connection times).

BAC assign aircraft using a points system so, for example, reducing walking time for passengers; putting

two aircraft next to each other to make the job of the handling companies easier; or allocating a stand

based on a request of preference from airlines or handlers.

Brussels Airport now has a system that allows it to provide a much higher level of customer service for

both airlines and passengers. Since implementation, BAC has reported: • Higher planning efficiency •

Better utilization of the available resources • More transparency and visibility of aircraft locations during

the parking period • More accuracy in invoicing airline clients for using the stands.

Source: Qinetiq

3.3.25 SITA- Self-service mobile boarding pass

JetBlue required a self-service mobile boarding pass solution that could be tightly integrated with its

own customer mobile IT platform and strategy.

Of major importance to jetBlue in selecting the API was that:

JetBlue could retain control over the branding, design and targeted distribution of the boarding

passes in addition to the integration of the system into its own IT infrastructure and processes.

Boarding passes comply with TSA requirements.

https://www.casra.ch/en/research-consulting/funded-projects.html

https://www.qinetiq.com/Pages/default.aspx



Page 29 of 46

Apple Passbook was supported.

SITA can digitally sign barcodes for jetBlue.

JetBlue's in-house and mobile partner development resources use the Boarding Pass API to develop

mobile boarding pass apps for both Android and Apple devices. These apps are fully integrated with

other mobile apps that are available to JetBlue passengers including mobile booking, check-in, flight

status, and more. Passengers are also notified of real-time flight updates within the apps and via push

notifications.

In addition to providing jetBlue developers with complete flexibility in designing the appearance of the

boarding passes, the self-service nature of the API also enables them to code their own business rules to

enable intelligent distribution of passes to target specific categories of passengers based on specified

conditions.

With its secure and fully integrated Barcode Signing applications, SITA creates and signs the boarding

pass barcodes to TSA standards while JetBlue continue to manage their own relationship with the TSA.

JetBlue has also joined the TSA Pre?™ program offering passengers using mobile boarding passes all

the benefits of expedited screening at designated airports. TSA information is embedded in the barcode

of the pass and the Boarding Pass API console enables the passes to be customised for TSA notification

to the passenger.

Source: SITA

3.3.26 Qylatron can check 5 passengers and bags at a time

As part of a checkpoint of the future, Qylur’s solution – based on the Qylatron and utilizing fused,

artificial intelligence-based multi-sensor screening – will enable security professionals to detect new

threat envelopes. At the same time, the Qylatron will put an end to the inconvenience of passenger

divesture of personal items, such as clothing and laptops. This will significantly increase passenger flow,

lower overall operating costs, and provide drastic improvement to the passenger security experience.

The Qylatron Entry Experience Solution was trialled at the Arena da Baixada stadium in Curitiba, Brazil,

which hosted World Cup games. The machine uses an intelligent algorithm and array of sensors to scan

bags in seconds, as well as processing tickets to speed up security queues. this World Cup system can

check tickets and scan bags for five customers at a time. It can spot weapons and chemicals more reliably

than human searches. ‘The Qylatron automated detection system not only provided highly reliable bag

screening, it also put fans "back in charge" of their own belongings as the nature of the Qylatron allowed

fans to place their items into the honeycomb shaped device - that conducts five concurrent bag scans -

and expedite their entry into the stadium,’ said Hugo Ramos, director for Agogo Marketing

Promocional, which organised the security for some of the World Cup stadiums.

Oylatron scans the tickets and bags with far greater efficiency than humans, can detect security threats,

improve guest experience and cut security costs by up to 50 per cent.

Read more: Link

3.3.27 SITA- Proactive Baggage Assistance in Kuala Lumpur International Airport

A new SITA WorldTracer (WTR) baggage tracing app was successfully trialed in 2013-2014 by MAS

in Kuala Lumpur International Airport. The app, branded MHbag for the Malaysia Airlines trial, is

https://www.developer.aero/Features/Firmly-in-the-Driving-Seat

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2691787/At-Automated-bag-scanner-check-five-tickets-time-save-large-queues-football-matches-gigs.html



Page 30 of 46

designed for tablet devices and is a mash up of a number of SITA API's including the iTravel,

BagJourney and WTR APIs.

The airline deployed six agents throughout the airport with iPad tablets and Bluetooth connected Zebra

iMZ320 printers to deal with passenger baggage queries on the airport floor and to file lost bag reports.

The new process and app proved to be an efficient customer service tool for the airline, effectively

halving the average processing time for mishandled bag claims.

SITA Lab continued the development of the application and two additional ground handlers were

selected to trial the second version of the WorldTracer tablet app which included technical

enhancements and increased usability. SITA is currently productizing the WTR tablet application and

aims to have it ready for commercial launch in Q2 2015.

Source: SITA

3.3.28 SITA Application Programming Interfaces

SITA offers a number of APIs to developers of mobile technologies for airports:

Beacon Registry API: The Beacon Registry is a registry of common use iBeacons for the Air Transport

Industry (ATI). The registry is a SITA initiative and provides the following services: ...

Boarding Pass API: The Boarding Pass API is a managed service provided by SITA Lab allowing

airlines complete flexibility in the creation and distribution of mobile boarding passes...

BagJourney API: The BagJourney API provides a simple interface into the complex world of baggage

management by allowing the retrieval of the real time status of a specific bag

iTravel API: The iTravel API (Application Programming Interface) provides a simple, convenient and

cost effective alternative to the conventional development of airline ...

Flight Information API: Universal Flight Statistics and Information

Airport API: The Airport API is a 'Hello World' API to let you see how to register, get application keys,

use the Live Docs, and view your API usage....

More at Developer.aero

3.3.29 SITA- Streamlined Mobile Booking and Check-in

Malaysia Airline uses the SITA iTravel platform to provide a suite of mobile passenger apps. Easily

integrating functionality and data from SITA RES, SITA Fares, SITA WorldTracer, a Payment Gateway

and other airline provided web services, the apps enable passengers to book flights, check-in, view flight

status and schedules, view lost bag status and get mobile specific flight deals.

The Boarding Pass API is an integral part of the Malaysia Airlines’ solution delivering branded mobile

boarding passes via SMS, email, mobile web, Apple Passbook and Smartphone apps.

With just 4 easy steps, passengers can check-in and receive their boarding passes:

STEP 1: Launch the MHmobile app or log on to flymas.mobi.

STEP 2: Select Check-in.

STEP 3: Key in your 5-digit Booking Reference.

STEP 4: Receive 2D Barcode Boarding Pass.

https://www.developer.aero/Features/MHBag/

https://www.developer.aero/



Page 31 of 46

Source. SITA

3.3.30 iBeacons for passenger location and notification at major airports

IBeacons are being tested at several airports such as Heathrow, Luton and Gatwick in the UK, at Charles

De Gaulle in Paris, Tokyo’s Haneda Airport, Dallas Forth Worth in the US, plus others to measure

passenger low and offer notification.

Source: AppleInsider Staff, Friday, May 02, 2014,

Using iBeacon's microlocation functionality, Virgin Atlantic's new initiative will automatically surface

relevant information for passengers using iOS devices depending on their location in the airport. The

airline partnered with iBeacon hardware firm Estimote for the physical infrastructure, while a custom

pass in Apple's Passbook application provides the on-device interface.

Source: Future Travel Experience, 10 JUL 2014

easyJet is conducting trials of iBeacon technology, with pilots underway at London Luton, London

Gatwick and Paris Charles de Gaulle airports, Dallas Fort Worth

Source: IHS Jane's Airport Review, 25 June 2014.

The largest airport deployment of iBeacon location technology is under way with a six-month trial by

American Airlines (AA) at Dallas/Fort Worth International. AA is also the first airline to join the SITA

Common-use Beacon Registry, which was launched on 18 June during the SITA Air Transport IT

Summit in Brussels. The iBeacons use a Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) signal with geofencing to simplify

the travel experience by showing real-time, location-specific data on passengers' iPhones or iPads. The

trial at Dallas is intended to improve wayfinding in Terminal D by displaying walking times to gates

and giving real-time boarding updates to passengers.

Source: JAL press release, July 14, 2014JAL and NRI

At Haneda airport’s Domestic Terminal 1, beacon installed at each boarding gate can pinpoint the

location of JAL’s boarding gate staff with BLE devices. The information of each staff’s location and

the whole assignment can be simultaneously mastered by controller desk in back office. JAL aims to

serve passengers in immediate response and be able to efficiently assign staff in the front line by using

the advanced technology. Frontline staff can check and share the latest information related to their

business activities by using wearable device-smartwatch.

Source: ibeaconinsider October 3, 2014

Miami International Airport has become the very first airport in the world to fully utilize the power of

beacons. The airport has installed beacons at all entrances, including check-in counters, gates, and

baggage claim carrousels and even parking zones. By installing beacons throughout the airport, travelers

will be able to receive precise information on delayed flights, flight arrivals, boarding times and much

more. Passengers at Miami Airport will now have hyper-relevant updates at every point of their journey

through the airport. American Airlines has already taken note of beacon’s powerful potential by

launching test deployments of the technology at the Dallas/Fort Worth Airport.

Source: SITA

The Beacon Registry is a registry of common use iBeacons for the Air Transport Industry (ATI).The

registry is a SITA. It allows beacon owners (airlines, airports or 3rd parties) to manage their beacon

infrastructure and track where they are placed in an airport. It enables airports to monitor beacon

https://www.developer.aero/Features/Streamlined-Mobile-Booking-and-Check*2D*in

http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/05/02/virgin-atlantic-unveils-new-airport-terminal-experience-powered-by-apples-ibeacon

http://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2014/07/easyjets-multi-airport-ibeacon-trial-lays-foundations-major-rollout/

http://www.ihsairport360.com/article/4396/american-airlines-tests-ibeacons-at-dallas-fort-worth

http://www.ibeacon.com/miami-international-airport-first-of-its-kind-to-become-fully-beaconized/

https://www.developer.aero/Beacon-Registry-API/API-Overview



Page 32 of 46

deployment to prevent radio interference with existing Wi-Fi access points. It provides beacons owners

with a simple mechanism to set the 'meta-data' associated with beacon. It provides an API for app

developers who want to use these beacons for developing travel and other related apps.

3.3.31 Airport Efficiency benchmarking study 2014

The study does not specifically cover time efficiency, however there are useful statistics on international

airports. The efficiency is a measure of productivity defined by comparison of outputs/inputs.

Outputs: Aircraft movement, Passenger, Cargo, Non‐aeronautical revenue output.

Inputs: Labor, Other non‐capital (soft‐cost) input, Runways, terminal size, # of gates.

A summary presentation is available here

3.3.32 Multiple boarding pass for Ryanair and fees for discharged phones / tablets

Ryanair launched an updated version of its app today which allows you to not only browse and book

flights but also check-in and use your phone as a boarding pass. The airline company first launched its

app, charging customers €3 to download it. The services on the older version of the app were limited to

bookings, baggage check-ins and timetables. This updated version, however, is free to download on

in iTunes and for Android. It is available in English, Italian and Spanish, with further language versions

to follow, the company said.

Speaking in Dublin, Chief Marketing Officer Kenny Jacobs said the app is part of the company’s new

‘Always Getting Better’ programme which saw it ease up its strict carry-on baggage policy and simplify

its website. The app also allows multiple boarding pass. However, 2 problems remains:

- Only 90% of the airports are compatible with the service and they are not listed on RyanAir website

- If your smartphone / tablet is discharge, you will have to pay 15£ or 19€.

3.3.33 Managing Passenger Handling at Airport Terminals

An efficient handling of passengers is essential for reliable terminal processes. Since the entire progress

of terminal handling depends on the individual behavior of the passengers, a valid and calibrated agent-

based model allows for a detailed evaluation of system performance and for identifying optimization

capabilities. Our model is based on a stochastic approach for passenger movements including the

capability of individual tactical decision making and route choice, and on stochastic model of handling

processes. Each component of the model was calibrated with a comprehensive, scientifically reliable

empirical data set; a virtual terminal environment was developed and real airport conditions were

evaluated. Our detailed stochastic modeling approach points out the need for a significant change of the

common flow-oriented design methods to illuminate the still undiscovered terminal black box.

It also includes an interesting overview of boarding strategy and shows that "random" boarding strategy

is the most efficient.

More info: Link

http://atrsworld.org/docs/Key%20Findings%20of%20%202014%20ATRS%20Global%20Airport%20Performance.pdf

https://www.google.ie/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=ryanair app thejournal.ie

https://www.google.ie/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=ryanair app thejournal.ie

https://itunes.apple.com/ie/app/ryanair-cheap-flights/id504270602?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D2

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ryanair.cheapflights&hl=en

https://www.ryanair.com/gb/en/useful-info/help-centre/faq-overview/Mobile-boarding-passes



Page 33 of 46

3.3.34 IATA Fast Travel

The Fast Travel Program was created to drive projects that provide a range of self-service options to

meet growing customer demands, continue to reduce industry costs, improve efficiency of airport

infrastructure and enhance customer service.

The Fast Travel Program currently covers six projects:

Check-In: covering existing three self-service check-in channels (kiosk, web and mobile) with a

special focus on Mobile Services and NFC technology

Bags Ready to Go: Self-Service Baggage Process including self-tagging and bag drop.

Document Check: Self-Service Document Check

Flight Re-Booking: Self-service irregular operations recovery

Self Boarding: Fully automated boarding gates and self-scanning option

Bag Recovery: Self-service claim registration

The objective of the Fast Travel Working group is to develop global standards to facilitate global

implementation for each of the covered area. The working group will:

Develop sound business cases demonstrating industry wide cost savings for each project.

Develop standards for each area of process.

Liaise with other standard making bodies such as A4A and ACI.

Encourage ‘harmonised’ implementation of these processes by developing relevant

Recommended Practices and Implementation Guides.

Engage with regulatory bodies such as the TSA and EU Commission

IATA’s Fast Travel Program is providing self-service options in six areas of a passengers’ airport

journey - representing annual savings of up to US$ 2.1 billion for the industry. By creating uniform

standards and recommended practices, IATA will facilitate industry adoption of these projects – and a

better travel experience for the customer.

Read more here

See more here

See also passenger facilitation.

3.3.35 Baggage Tray System or BTSTM

The BTS provides efficient and secure transportation and sortation of passenger bags from check-in

counters to baggage make-up areas. Unlike conventional systems where bags are placed directly on

conveyor belts, Daifukus new system provides precise handling and tracking by transporting bags on

individual trays.

BTS also boasts one of the world’s fastest conveyor speeds at 600 meters per minute. The modular and

reliable baggage handling system will improve efficiency at busy airports worldwide.

See more info here

http://www.iata.org/about/sp/areas/Pages/fast-travel.aspx

http://www.iata.org/about/sp/areas/Pages/fast-travel.aspx

http://www.loganteleflex.com/newsdetails.php?ID=177



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3.3.36 CLEAR: Biometrics at the Airport

The careful process to ensure better security in airports and on the planes themselves is slow. However,

the TSA, along with private industry is working to speed up the process by allowing passengers to

voluntarily join the Registered Traveler program, undergo background screening and provide various

pieces of biometric data, the results of which allow “cleared” passengers to move more quickly through

the security process.

Link

3.3.37 World's First Commercial Real-Time Concealed Weapons Detection Camera

Microsemi Scanning Systems utilize Passive Millimeter Wave (MMW) technology to provide detect

metal, non-metal, ceramic, explosive and liquid materials. By emitting no harmful radiation, Passive

Millimeter Wave Technology provides a safe way to scan while producing no anatomical details,

protecting personal safety and privacy.

Link

See also: Microsemi

3.3.38 FAST -- Future Attribute Screening Technology

The DHS Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) conducts homeland security research and

leverages the scientific, engineering, and technological resources of the United States into technological

tools to help protect the homeland. The Director of Innovation’s mission is to support basic, applied,

and advanced homeland security research to advance technologies that will promote homeland security.

FAST is one such technology. FAST seeks to improve the screening process at transportation and other

critical checkpoints by developing behavior-based screening techniques that will provide additional

indicators to screeners to enable them to make more informed decisions. FAST is not intended to provide

“probable cause” for law enforcement processes, nor would the FAST technology, once deployed

operationally, replace or preempt the decisions of human screeners.

The baseline for the project is the development and validation of the Theory of Malintent.

Malintent is the intent to cause harm. Although individuals may experience malintent in a variety of

situations, the specific focus of FAST is identifying individuals who exhibit physiological indications,

which in the specific screening settings, are determined to be associated with malintent. Behavioral

scientists hypothesize that someone with malintent may act strangely, show mannerisms out of the

norm, or experience extreme physiological reactions based on the extent, time, and consequences of the

event.

The FAST technology design capitalizes on these indicators to identify individuals exhibiting

characteristics associated with malintent.

Source: Link

3.3.39 Walk-By System 350: Efficient Threat Detection

The Walk-By System 350 is part of the Millivision family of products that relies on Millivision’s

Passive Millimeter Wave Technology. Millimeter wave imaging is a passive technology that does not

generate any harmful radiation. As such, it is totally safe for both operators and scanned subjects.

http://www.hendonpub.com/resources/article_archive/results/details?id=2669

http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050315005388/en/Brijot-Imaging-Systems-Delivers----Passive-Millimeter

http://www.microsemi.com/products/screening-solutions

https://www.dhs.gov/publication/future-attribute-screening-technology

http://www.millivision.com/products.html



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The Walk-By System 350 scans for medium- and large-sized objects, such as knives, handguns, assault

rifles, body bombs, and other improvised explosive devices concealed under clothing. It can detect a

broad array of concealed threats that may be composed of metal, plastic, liquid or composite materials.

Source: Link

3.3.40 Securidox – iConfirmMobile – 2Dbar codes

Key Business Drivers:

No upfront capital costs for a flexible and scalable solution based upon standard technology

platforms

A hosted solution which offers low implementation and operating overheads

Can be integrated with all major reservation and Departure Control Systems

Compatible with most modern handsets and mobile devices including PDA’s and smart

phones

Enhanced customer satisfaction and perception provided by a simple and efficient service

Ability to automatically check-in regular flyers and premium customers

Substantial cost savings in personnel through reduced check-in time and fewer misplaced

documents

Additional revenue opportunities by using Premium SMS messages and sales of advertising

messages

Source: Link

3.3.41 MATERNA Bagage Drop-Off Solutions

The main objective of our baggage handling solutions is to reduce the time needed for baggage check-

in and to provide the most convenient service for passengers by Common Use Baggage Check-in

systems.

Source: Link

3.3.42 SMARTPASS -- Passenger Tracking and Boarding Pass Validation

SmartPass provides airports and airlines with numerous benefits, including:

Increased cost savings - Validation process is faster and more efficient than manual processes;

passenger processing time is decreased; airports and airlines are positioned to realize staffing

optimization at checkpoints.

Security capabilities beyond what manual processes can deliver - SmartPass provides

capabilities for detecting forged boarding passes and identifying duplicated boarding passes.

SmartPass automatically validates the airport, date, digital signature, etc., and indicates

passenger status (e.g. Selectee, Priority, etc.). SmartPass also expedites the process of locating

passengers in the event of a security breach.

http://www.millivision.com/news.html

http://www.securidox.com/PDF/iconfirm_mobile.pdf

http://www.materna-ips.com/ips/fileadmin/data/4.BaggageDropOff.pdf



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Enhanced passenger experience - Monitoring of passenger wait times at various queuing areas

allows resources to be deployed where they are most needed based on changing passenger

volumes.

Enhanced information gathering and storing - SmartPass gathers and stores information into a

database. The information is readily accessible to users via the SmartSuite Web Client.

Enhanced information retrieval and reporting capabilities - Airline, airport, and security

personnel access real-time information via the SmartSuite Web Client. Informed departure

decisions can be made based on quick checks of infomation such as the last known location of a

passenger; a passenger's movement through an airport, security checkpoints and/or shopping

areas; a passenger's checked bag location; and passenger counts and wait times.

Enhanced information sharing - Passenger scan information can easily and expeditiously be

shared by airports, airlines, and security authorities. Standard IATA PADIS messaging is the

channel for sharing passenger information between multiple systems.

Enhanced airport and airline marketing/business growth - Information gathered from SmartPass can be

used effectively on market research campaigns to maximize revenue for airlines and airports.

Source: Link

3.3.43 Study of Airport Self-service Technology within Experimental Research of Check-in Techniques

This intensive and extensive study as the relevance and impact of self-service technology to consumers

in general and especially to passengers since they have many uses in international airports, Therefore I

have prepared a model that includes all applications of self-service technology in all international

airports and specifically focused on the Common Use self-service technology (CUSS) and compared

with a corresponding system in the function is called Common User Terminal Equipment (CUTE) This

comparison shows the difference between them and proves that self-service technology help to raise the

efficiency and performance of airports and airlines.

Source: Link

3.3.44 The Application of Biometrics at Airports

The use of biometrics for passenger facilitation will benefit air carriers (which may use in the first inst

ance to provide a higher level of service to their premium passengers, and members of their frequent fl

ier programmes) and government authorities through the use of ICAO and ISO MRTD standards. Airp

ort operators may also benefit from the use of biometric systems to improve passenger throughput; ho

wever, the impact on the airport’s passenger handling capacity will be largely dependent on how air ca

rriers decide to deploy biometric systems. A “commonuser” interface approach for biometrics benefits

airport operators for checkin, security screening, passenger segregation boarding and border clearance.

A proliferation of different biometric systems amongst air carriers and between air carriers and border

control authorities would not deliver an improvement in passenger handling.

Ref: http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Free%20docs/ACI%20Biometric%20Position%20FINAL.pdf

3.3.45 Euro Control CDM Landside Modeling

The EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre has tasked the Airport Research Centre to conduct an

analysis inside Airport Terminals using the CAST simulator, to understand the impact of three SRA-2

https://www.brocksolutions.com/tl-ss-smartpass

http://ijcsi.org/papers/7-3-1-17-26.pdf

http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Free%20docs/ACI%20Biometric%20Position%20FINAL.pdf



Page 37 of 46

HLTCs, Highly Time Efficient, Highly Customer Orientated and Highly Secure. The CAST modeling

approach will be complement with the view of aviation stakeholders expressed through interviews to

provide an operational perspective of the airport of the future linked to the visions of SRA-2.

This will provide a set of realistic scenarios to simulate 2020 visions. The Frankfurt Terminal 2 has been

chosen as representative airport terminal and the process chains used in this airport have been adapted

to the measures suggested in the generation of the scenarios.

The CDM manual is also found here

3.4 Transport Time Efficiency-Intermodality

3.4.1 GoEuro Multi-mode travel platform

GoEuro has launched a multimode transport platform that allows passengers to choose among different

modes of transport and see the associated cost and travel time. The platform, available on its website or

as app, calculates cost and duration of travel of different mode of travel for major cities in Europe.

Coverage is currently limited, but it is optimized for UK, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands and

Luxembourg.

Reference: Link

3.4.2 Passenger tracking sensors help reduce travel times

Blip monitors Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signals from mobile phones and analyze passenger flow data in order

to improve the passenger experience by:

Providing passengers real -time feedback on wait times,

Providing airport staff the data needed to identify bottlenecks and improve operational

efficiency

In addition to monitoring passengers at JFK and Cincinnati, the BlipTrack solution also measures in

Toronto, Dublin, Amsterdam, Barcelona,

Manchester, Dubai, Milano, Auckland, Oslo, Helsinki, Milano, Brussels, and Copenhagen airports. The

solution is also employed in optimization efforts in road traffic in the US, Canada, Australia, New

Zealand, Denmark, UK and Switzerland, at railway stations in the Netherlands, and at the world’s

busiest passenger port in Dover.

Source: Link

3.4.3 Check-in the day before your flight, at the train station, the air terminal, ...

In Switzerland, you can Check-in at the rail station when you fly from Zurich, Geneva or Bern Airport

the day before take-off. At the same time, you’ll also receive your boarding card complete with seat

assignment. This gives you more time on the day of departure. And ensures a more leisurely start to

your trip – without having to haul your bags to the airport or wait at the check-in counter.

http://www.sbb.ch/en/station-services/services/baggage/check-in-at-the-railstation.html

http://www.zurich-airport.com/passengers-and-visitors/arrivals-and-departures/check-in-methods

For flights on Air France departing from CDG on August 1st and 2nd, Air France will open check-in

http://www.eurocontrol.int/eec/public/standard_page/DOC_Report_2007_004.html

http://www.eurocontrol.int/documents/airport-cdm-implementation-manual-version-4

http://techcrunch.com/2016/01/28/travel-planner-platform-goeuro-finally-gets-frances-sncf-on-board/

http://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2015/02/brussels-airport-to-cut-queues-with-passenger-tracking-sensors/

http://www.sbb.ch/en/station-services/services/baggage/check-in-at-the-railstation.html

http://www.zurich-airport.com/passengers-and-visitors/arrivals-and-departures/check-in-methods



Page 38 of 46

and baggage drop counters at its air terminal, Place des Invalides, in central Paris.

More info: http://www.easytravelreport.com/Air-France-baggage-translation-2014-August.html

In parallel more and more companies allow web check in and mobile check in and specific counters

are allocated at the airport for luggage drop off. There are also self-check in luggage drop off counters

where travellers do their own check in:

http://www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/prepare_for_travel/checkin_options/airport_checkin/index.htm

3.4.4 Intermodal Augmented Scheduling

Intermodal Augmented Scheduling” is intended to show how the information exchange between the

transportation providers and the passenger when there is a change in the transport chain guarantees the

best possible continuation of the journey. The passenger is immediately offered alternative travel

routes (even involving other transport modes) via his mobile device.

3.5 Transport Time Efficiency-Ground Transport

3.5.1 Travel time efficiency by THALYS

Thalys is an international high-speed train operator originally built around the LGV Nord high-speed

line between Paris and Brussels. They have made a study about travel time efficiency, comparing rail

and air travel between etween Paris and Amsterdam, or between Paris and Cologne or Düsseldorf.

"We are developing services and technologies which enable our customers to save time: we are creating

added value to your travel time. We are implementing plans to reduce our carbon footprint. And to do

all of this, we are moving fast: Ticketless train travel since 2004, door-to-door travel via ThalysConnect

since 2005, thalys.mobi since 2006, on board Wi-Fi in all trains since 2008, Amsterdam and Cologne in

3 hrs 18 mins and 3 hrs 14 mins from Paris and in 1 hr 53 mins and 1 hr 47 mins from Brussels since

December 2009, private lounges since 2010, the MobileTicket since 2011, Düsseldorf in 3 hrs 47 mins

from Paris and 2 hrs 20 mins from Brussels from August 2011 (Thalys now travels to Duisburg and

Essen)."

The time efficiency survey determined that in terms of overall cost or in terms of productivity, high-

speed rail provided by Thalys has advantages over against air travel as the best option for journeys

taking a total of between 2 and 4 hours. Some of the factors considered ion the evaluation were cost,

overall journey time, distance to and from airport or railway station, productivity (for working), comfort

and services offered.

Reference: Link

3.5.2 JRC 500 km/h Maglev Train under development in Japan

Central Japan Railway Co. continues development of its 500 km/h maglev train, due to go into service

in 2027.

Central Japan Railway Co. plans to begin work on the 5.1 trillion yen ($52 billion) maglev line between

Tokyo and Nagoya as early as April (2014). Trials resumed today after the company spent five years

building a 24-kilometer extension of a test track. The trains can run at speeds of up to 500 kilometers

(310 miles) per hour.

http://www.easytravelreport.com/Air-France-baggage-translation-2014-August.html

http://www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/prepare_for_travel/checkin_options/airport_checkin/index.htm

https://www.thalys.com/img/pdf/b2b/etude/Etude_Travel_Time_Efficiency_en.pdf



Page 39 of 46

Maglevs use magnetic power to propel trains that float above the ground, traveling at almost double the

270 kmh of current bullet trains between the two cities. The Japanese company’s bullet trains carried

more passengers last year than any airline in the world.

Source: Link

3.5.3 Scooter suitcase gets you to airport

A new concept in mobility from China allows you to go up to 60 km at 20 km/hr. on your way to the

airport. A farmer in China, He Liang, has invented a motorized suitcase which can reportedly carry your

clothes and take you to the airport at the same time. The special suitcase, which He has spent 10 years

developing, is dubbed the City Cab. There is apparently just as much space to keep your clothes as with

normal luggage and when it's empty it weighs just 7kg (15lb). The newspaper says City Cabs has now

been patented as a multi-functional travel device, and He is hoping to see it on the road soon.

Read more

Source: BBC News (2014)

3.5.4 High Speed Trains reduce travel times in China

Improving the infrastructure, especially high-speed rail, will be critical. According to Zhang Gui, a

professor at the Hebei University of Technology, Chinese planners used to follow a rule of thumb they

learned from the West: All parts of an urban area should be within 60 miles of each other, or the average

amount of highway that can be covered in an hour of driving. Beyond that, people cannot effectively

commute.

High-speed rail, Professor Zhang said, has changed that equation. Chinese trains now easily hit 150 to

185 miles an hour, allowing the urban area to expand. A new line between Beijing and Tianjin cut travel

times from three hours to 37 minutes. That train has become so crowded that a second track is being

laid.

Now, high-speed rail is moving toward smaller cities. One line is opening this year between Beijing and

Tangshan. Another is linking Beijing with Zhangjiakou, turning the mountain city into a recreational

center for the new urban area, as well as a candidate to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games.

“Speed replaces distance,” Professor Zhang said. “It has radically expanded the scope of what an

economic area can be.”

Source: New York Times JULY 19, 2015

3.5.5 Self-driving cars and buses becoming more common

Self-parking cars are already on the road since 2003 with the Toyota Prius offering an automatic parallel

parking capability offered as an option. Since then over a dozen makes and models of cars are available

with self-parking capability.

Google has been working on a self-driving car since 2009. Today various major car companies are

working on self-driving prototypes.

Nissan announced at the Tokyo Motor Show on Oct 27 2015 that it will offer partially autonomous

vehicles starting as soon as next year, and it will start selling fully autonomous cars by 2020.

Toyota Investing $50M with Stanford, MIT for Autonomous-Car Research.

http://www.gizmag.com/japan-levitating-train-500-kmh/34827/

http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-27636476

http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/world/asia/in-china-a-supercity-rises-around-beijing.html?ref=topics&_r=0

http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewdepaula/2015/10/27/nissan-is-racing-forward-with-autonomous-cars-rolling-out-more-self-driving-features-in-2016/

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/541046/toyota-investing-50m-with-stanford-mit-for-autonomous-car-research/



Page 40 of 46

According to Wikipedia:

By 2016, Mercedes plans to introduce "Autobahn Pilot" aka Highway Pilot, the system allows

hands-free highway driving with autonomous overtaking of other vehicles.

By 2016, Mobileye expects to release hands-free driving technology for highways.

By early 2017, the US Department of Transportation hopes to publish a rule mandating vehicle-

to-vehicle (V2V) communication by an as-yet unspecified deadline. GM says that by the 2017

model year, the Cadillac CTS will be V2V equipped.

By 2018, Elon Musk expects Tesla Motors to have developed mature serial production version

of fully self-driving cars, where the driver can fall asleep. However, he expects they would be

allowed only some years after that, due to regulatory issues.

By 2018, Mobileye expects autonomous capabilities for country roads and city traffic.

By 2018, Nissan anticipates to have a feature that can allow the vehicle manoeuver its way on

multi-lane highways.

By 2020, Volvo envisages having cars in which passengers would be immune from

injuries. Volvo also claims vehicles will effectively be "crash free."

By 2020, GM, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Nissan, BMW, Renault, Tesla, Google and Toyota all

expect to sell vehicles that can drive themselves at least part of the time.

By 2020, Google autonomous car project head's goal to have all outstanding problems with the

autonomous car be resolved.

By 2024, Jaguar expects to release an autonomous car.

By 2025, Daimler and Ford expect autonomous vehicles on the market. Ford predicts it will have

the first mass-market autonomous vehicle, but released no target date.

By 2025, most new GM vehicles will have automated driving functions as well as vehicle-to-

vehicle communication technology.

By 2035, IHS Automotive report says will be the year most self-driving vehicles will be operated

completely independently from a human occupant’s control.

By 2035, Navigant Research forecasts that autonomous vehicles will gradually gain traction in

the market over the coming two decades and by 2035, sales of autonomous vehicles will reach

95.4 million annually, representing 75% of all light-duty vehicle sales.

By 2040, expert members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have

estimated that up to 75% of all vehicles will be autonomous.

At the 2015 Tokyo auto show Nissan announced that it will offer partially autonomous vehicles starting

as soon as next year, and it will start selling fully autonomous cars by 2020.

A driverless bus is currently being tested in Trikala, Greece.

Trials of the CityMobil2 buses, funded under European FP7 program started in October 2015 and will

last through February 2016.

Reference: Link

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobileye

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle-to-vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle-to-vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover

http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewdepaula/2015/10/27/nissan-is-racing-forward-with-autonomous-cars-rolling-out-more-self-driving-features-in-2016/

http://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/driverless-bus-takes-busy-streets-bicyclists-dogs-greek-town-n441176

http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/13/self-driving-cars-bmw-google-2020-driving



Page 41 of 46

3.5.6 Aero-Train for high speed ground transport

Serving as the driving force behind the Aero-Train is a phenomenon known as the ground effect, which

dramatically improves energy efficiency. When an aircraft flies close to the ground, interference

between the wings and the ground surface simultaneously produces a sharp rise in lift, and a significant

decrease in drag. Conceptual image of a completed Aero-Train service (with capacity for 360

passengers). If put into practical use, Aero-Trains running entirely on natural energy could cover a

distance of approximately 500km in one hour, much faster than conventional bullet trains, while using

significantly less energy in the process.

The Prototype No. 3 of the Aero-Train is currently engaged in repeated testing on a test course, and last

year achieved a top speed of 200 km/h with two passengers on board. The tests have produced promising

results—per-unit energy consumption is less than half that of a conventional bullet train, and roughly a

fifth of a linear motor (mag-lev) train. When adopted for practical use, the aim is to run the Aero-Train

entirely on natural energy by covering the top portion of the guide-way with solar panels obtaining

power from a special pantograph.

The Aero-Train is being targeted for practical application sometime between 2020 and 2025. Based on

these research results, concepts for introducing the Aero-Train around the world have been produced,

with possible uses including shuttle-type lines that would link outlying airports with city centers at

speeds of 500 km/h.

Read more: Future transport - greener ways to get around

3.5.7 Lyft acquires Hitch, prepares for carpooling war with Uber

Shared rides are now the new rage in the transportation industry with more companies entering the

market to get their slice of its growing success. One of the first services that offered the carpooling

practice was Hitch, a startup which was eventually followed by Lyft Line, UberPool and Sidecar Shared

Rides. Now, Hitch is joining Lyft in order to enhance the company's own shared ride services.

While the financial terms of the deal were undisclosed, it is safe to say that it would result in the shutting

down of Hitch and that its founders will be bringing over to Lyft what they had built at Hitch.

"We're very early on in terms of where the product can be in a few years," said Chris Lambert, chief

technology officer at Lyft. "The Hitch team will definitely help us expand to more markets."

Lambert is one of those who were impressed with Hitch and its technology. One such technology is built

on the idea of learning more about the person that one is carpooling with and finding out shared interests

or common friends.

Hitch uses this concept in carpooling. The person looks for a ride and tells the app about his destination

and the number of passengers that are taking the same ride. If another person's ride request would

indicate that he is going in the same direction, the app will create the best route possible for the

convenience of both passengers.

Carpooling enables the passenger to enjoy a ride discount of up to 60 percent, that is, if he doesn't mind

sharing the ride with strangers.

Quite amusingly, both Sidecar and Uber have launched similar carpooling services on the same day.

Both have their own discount schemes that are offered to passengers who are sharing the ride with

strangers after confirming that they are going in the same direction.

http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/green/newsid=27968.php#ixzz3pyfaf0dn

http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-09-22/lyft-to-buy-hitch-for-carpool-business-in-growth-move



Page 42 of 46

Prior to acquiring Hitch, Lyft had also acquired Cherry, an on-demand car-washing app, and Rover, a

transit company.

Hitch, an app owned by Corral Labs, is founded by Noam Szpiro and Snir Koesh. They are both joining

Lyft after they shut down Hitch's service. Lyft said that it is hosting a kickoff event as a way to make

the transition as smooth as it can be for Hitch drivers.

Most ride-sharing apps now offer a carpool option for passengers. However, California state regulators

may soon conduct a crackdown on the carpool services. Last week, the Public Utilities Commission sent

letters to each of the popular carpooling services and said that the practice of carpooling is a violation

of the state law.

Source: Link

3.5.8 LA to San Francisco in half an hour moves closer: Elon Musk reveals plans for 'Hyperloop' test track in Texas

When it was launched, it seemed little more than a pipe dream. Now, Billionaire inventor Elon Musk

has revealed he plans to build a test track for Hyperloop, a futuristic plan for a new type of transport that

would shoot capsules of passengers along a tube at around the speed of sound.

Musk, one of the brains behind the online payment system PayPal, and SpaceX claims his solar-powered

'Hyperloop' could herald a revolution in travel - and is building the test facility to prove it.

He believes it would take just 30 minutes to travel the 381 miles from Los Angeles to San Francisco –

half the time it takes in a plane – and likened the passenger experience to Disneyland's rocket ride Space

Mountain.

Now, the plans are beginning to take shape. 'Will be building a Hyperloop test track for companies and

student teams to test out their pods. Most likely in Texas,' Musk tweeted.

A new firm, Hyperloop Transportation Technologies, is developing plans to makes the tubes a reality -

and it has recruited experts from around the world.

The crowdsourced firm has around 100 engineers on the projects, and nearly all of them have day jobs

at companies like Boeing, NASA, Yahoo!, Airbus, SpaceX, and Salesforce.

Dirk Ahlborn, the CEO of the new company, says it seemed the perfect way to develop the plans, with

a site called JumpStartFund that aimed to crowdsource ideas.

He got in touch with SpaceX, Musk's firm, and the work began.

The team includes about 25 UCLA graduate architecture students at a facility in Playa Vista, although

most members work remotely.

Ahlborn hopes to have a technical feasibility study finished in mid-2015, according to Wired.

So far, the team has made progress in three main areas: the capsules, the stations, and the route.

'They look at this like a blank sheet of paper on which they can realize their fantasies,' UCLA professor

Craig Hodgetts said.

Musk's idea is based on the pneumatic tubes that fire capsules of paperwork between floors in offices.

In this case, the capsules would carry people – even cars – in low-pressure tubes to minimize turbulence

and maximize speed.

http://www.techtimes.com/articles/16286/20140924/lyfts-acquires-hitch-prepares-for-carpooling-war-with-uber.htm

http://www.wired.com/2014/12/jumpstartfund-hyperloop-elon-musk/



Page 43 of 46

On top of pylons is a hovering capsule inside a low-pressurized tube, which can reach speeds of up to

760 mph.

'The only resistance would be the air in front of the capsule, which we moved to the back by using a

compressor,' Hyperloop CEO Dirk Ahlborn said.

At its launch, Musk described the Hyperloop design as looking like a shotgun, with the tubes running

side-by-side for most of the journey, then closing at either end to form a loop.

Trains of capsules would shoot through the almost air-free tube at up to 760mph, accelerated by magnets

which would also keep each pod on a steady course.

Each capsule would float on a cushion of air it creates as it speeds along – similar to an air hockey table.

Capsules carrying six to eight people would depart every 30 seconds, with tickets costing around £13

each way.

In his proposal released online, Musk wrote: 'Short of figuring out real teleportation, which would of

course be awesome (someone please do this), the only option for super-fast travel is to build a tube over

or under the ground that contains a special environment.'

The proposed route of the first Hyperloop follows Interstate 5, which runs through the agriculture-rich

Central Valley in California. It would take seven to ten years to build.

Musk put the price tag at around £4billion but pointed out that that is around one-tenth of the projected

cost of a high-speed rail system that California has been planning to build.

However, transport experts received the proposal with skepticism, citing barriers, such as the threat of

earthquakes in the region.

Musk has said he is too focused on other projects, for example his rocket building company SpaceX, to

consider building the Hyperloop, and instead is publishing a design that anyone can use or modify.

Musk said he started thinking about the idea when plans for a 130mph (210km/h) high-speed train

connection between LA and San Francisco were revealed, but now he has detailed his own version

on Tesla's site

Reference: Link

3.5.9 Near-Supersonic Hyperloop Ground Transport (same as previous)

Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, plans to invest in a new mode of ground transportation he

calls the Hyperloop. Musk, announced in January 2015 that he decided to help accelerate development

of his vision for near-supersonic tube transportation, first outlined in August 2013. The system uses

solar-powered electromagnetic pulses to propel pressurized cabins inside elevated tubes to near

supersonic speeds.

Musk said he will build a five-mile test track for the still-theoretical system for students and companies

to use (more here)

The Hyperloop is a conceptual high-speed transportation system popularized by entrepreneur Elon Musk

incorporating reduced-pressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on a cushion of air that is driven

by a combination of linear induction motors and air compressors. The system is capable of top speed of,

near the speed of sound (1236 km/h).

(More here)

http://www.teslamotors.com/blog/hyperloop

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2912170/LA-San-Francisco-half-hour-moves-closer-Elon-Musk-reveals-plans-Hyperloop-test-track-Texas.html

http://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-plans-to-build-hyperloop-test-track/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperloop



Page 44 of 46

3.5.10 5 Ideas That Could Change the Future of Trains

The concepts for improving the future train travel experience are:

More Trains, Period

Self-Driving Trains

Riding In Style

Smartcards for Everyone

High-Speed Rail and Maglev

See the full article here

3.6 Transport Time Efficiency – Security

3.6.1 Safety improves further in 2015

The jet hull loss rate for members of IATA, however, was 31% better, at 0.22 or one accident for every

4.5 million flights. Like the overall jet safety figure for 2015, IATA members were 31% better than the

five year rate for 2010-2014.

The four accidents in 2015 that resulted in passenger fatalities, 136 in total, all involved turboprop

aircraft. This compares with an average of 17.6 fatal accidents and 504 fatalities per year in the previous

five-year period (2010-2014).

The loss of Germanwings flight 9525 through pilot suicide and Metrojet flight 9268 from suspected

terrorism, resulting in the deaths of 374 passengers and crew are tragedies that occurred in 2015. They

are not, however, included in the accident statistics as they are classified as deliberate acts of unlawful

interference.

“2015 was another year of contrasts when it comes to aviation’s safety performance. In terms of the

number of fatal accidents, it was an extraordinarily safe year. And the long-term trend data show us that

flying is getting even safer. Yet we were all shocked and horrified by two deliberate acts--the destruction

of Germanwings 9525 and Metrojet 9268. While there are no easy solutions to the mental health and

security issues that were exposed in these tragedies, aviation continues to work to minimize the risk that

such events will happen again,” said Tony Tyler, IATA Director General and Chief Executive Officer.

Source: Airlines International - IATA

Date: 17 February 2016

3.6.2 Sensor fault diagnosis using a non-homogeneous high-order sliding mode observer

The proposed solution is based on a non-homogeneous high-order sliding mode observer used to

estimate the faults, theoretically in finite time and in the presence of bounded disturbances. The sensor

faults are estimated for the class of systems satisfying the structural property of strong observability. A

key feature of the proposed solution is concerned by the effect that measurement noise could have on

fault reconstruction. It is shown that the fault estimation error is bounded in the L∞-norm sense, and an

upper bound is theoretically derived. The method is applied to the problem of sensor fault estimation of

a large transport aircraft. Simulation results as well as a pilot experiment are presented to demonstrate

the potential of the proposed method.

Source: Link

http://gizmodo.com/5-ideas-that-could-change-the-future-of-trains-1720914816

http://www.iata.org/publications/airlines-international/Pages/index.aspx

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7060586&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel7%2F4079545%2F7060573%2F07060586.pdf%3Farnumber%3D7060586



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