cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________ Day 10—Plants
Autotrophic—make their own food (glucose) thru photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis occurs in the plant cells in the chloroplast organelle.
Plant structures—
Leaves—absorb sunlight. Bigger leaves = more absorption. Have a waxy coating (cuticle) to reduce water loss.
Leaves have stoma/ stomata on underside of leaves—opening that lets in CO2 and lets out O2.
Stomas open if there is enough water in the plant and close if there is not enough water, to protect against more
water loss.
Stems—support structure (cell wall); has veins (circulation) for moving water and nutrients around.
Phloem (flow-em) - moves sugars down (“flows low” or “flows food”).
Xylem—draws water up (“xy—high”).
Allow Transpiration—water is pulled up thru plant (called “capillary action” - water sticking to itself,
like a straw). This water “chaining” pulls water up from the roots, which pull in water by osmosis.
Roots—draw up water and dissolved nutrients from the ground.
Fibrous root—spreads out like spider webs. Holds top soil.
Tap root—goes down deep (like a carrot), searching for water.
Wilting—when plants don’t have enough water. Water give turgor pressure (like a pumped up balloon). When plants
don’t have enough water they wilt, lose turgor pressure and become flaccid (limp).
2 2 6 12 6 2CO + H O + energy C H O + O→
Glucose
(plant sugar) sunlight
I
II
1. All plants make their own food, so plants are called ______________.
2. Where do plants get their energy?
3. What is glucose?
4. Where is glucose produced in a plant cell?
5. If plants make their own food (glucose), where do plants use glucose?
6. The process of water evaporating from leaves and pulling more water up thru the plant is called:
7. Leaves, Stems, or Roots?
A. _____ Absorbs water thru osmosis.
B. _____ Pulls water up to the leaves.
C. _____ Has stomas.
D. _____ Supports the plant, like a skeleton.
E. _____ Helps keep land from eroding.
F. _____ Have waxy coating (called the _______).
8. The ___________ transports water up the plant, while the __________ transports glucose back down.
9. Flower I or Flower II?
A. _____ Is wilting.
B. _____Has sufficient water.
C. _____ Is flaccid.
D. _____Has less turgor pressure.
E. _____ Is probably closing its stomas.
F. _____Will be drawing water up thru its roots.
10. Cacti grow in harsh desert environments, where there is a lack of _________. This is why cacti grow
slowly and must defend themselves from consumers. For this defense, the leaves of cacti have evolved
into small, sharp n_________. These are not green, so they do not have c__________. To make food,
p________________ occurs in a cacti’s green stem. Also to retain moisture cacti stems have a very
waxy coating, called the c________. The stems also act like plant leaves by having the s_______.
11. Why do cacti only open their stomas at night?
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________ Day 10—Plants Key
Autotrophic—make their own food (glucose) thru photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis occurs in the plant cells in the chloroplast organelle.
Plant structures—
Leaves—absorb sunlight. Bigger leaves = more absorption. Have a waxy coating (cuticle) to reduce water loss.
Leaves have stoma/ stomata on underside of leaves—opening that lets in CO2 and lets out O2.
Stomas open if there is enough water in the plant and close if there is not enough water, to protect against more
water loss.
Stems—support structure (cell wall) and for veins (circulation) for moving water and nutrients around.
Phloem (flow-em) - moves sugars down (“flows low” or “flows food”).
Xylem—draws water up (“xy—high”).
Allow Transpiration—water is pulled up thru plant (called “capillary action” - water sticking to itself,
like a straw). This water “chaining” pulls water up from the roots, which pull in water by osmosis.
Roots—draw up water and dissolved nutrients from the ground.
Fibrous root—spreads out like spider webs. Holds top soil.
Tap root—goes down deep (like a carrot), searching for water.
Wilting—when plants don’t have enough water. Water give turgor pressure (like a balloon). When plants don’t have
enough water they wilt, lose turgor pressure and become flaccid (limp).
2 2 6 12 6 2CO + H O + energy C H O + O→
Glucose
(plant sugar) sunlight
I
II
1. All plants make their own food, so plants are called _autotrophs__.
2. Where do plants get their energy? The sun
3. What is glucose? Plant sugar
4. Where is glucose produced in a plant cell? chloroplast
5. If plants make their own food (glucose), where do plants use glucose? In mitochondria (respiration for ATP).
6. The process of water evaporating from leaves and pulling more water up thru the plant is called: Transpiration
7. Leaves, Stems, or Roots?
A. R __ Absorbs water thru osmosis.
B. S __ Pulls water up to the leaves.
C. L __ Has stomas.
D. S __ Supports the plant, like a skeleton.
E. R __ Helps keep land from eroding.
F. L __ Have waxy coating (called the cuticle).
8. The _xylem ____ transports water up the plant, while the __Phloem____ transports glucose back down.
9. Flower I or Flower II?
A. II ___ Is wilting.
B. I ___Has sufficient water.
C. II ___ Is flaccid.
D. II ___Has less turgor pressure.
E. II ___ Is probably closing its stomas.
F. both __Will be drawing water up thru its roots.
10. Cacti grow in harsh desert environments, where there is a lack of __water__. This is why cacti grow
slowly and must defend themselves from consumers. For this defense, the leaves of cacti have evolved
into small, sharp needles__. These are not green, so they do not have chlorophyll __. To make food,
photosynthesis_____ occurs in a cacti’s green stem. Also to retain moisture cacti stems have a very
waxy, called the cuticle____. The stems also act like plant leaves by having the stoma___.
11. Why do cacti only open their stomas at night? To lose less water thru transpiration.
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________ Day 11—Energy Flow thru Ecosystems
Herbivore – eats herbs - plants: a cow, gazelle, etc.
Carnivore – carne – meat; meat eaters; lions, tigers
Omnivore – eats plants and meat: bears, raccoons.
Producer – produces food for the world - plants
Consumer – eats producers – animals
Decomposer – recyclers of the ecosystem; eat dead
organisms: mushrooms, fungi.
Organism interactions—
Symbiosis: two organisms living together. 4 types:
Mutualism: Both are benefited. Ex: bees and flowers.
Commensalism: One doesn’t care. Ex: a bird living in a tree.
Good for bird; tree doesn’t care.
Predation: Once kills and eats the other. Ex: Lion and a gazelle.
Parasitism: One eats the other but the other doesn’t die;
Ex: Mosquitoes eating blood of humans.
An ecosystem is made up of organisms and their environment. Ecosystems contain biotic factors (“living” factors, like
organisms or their by-products) and abiotic factors (“non-living” factors, like rocks or water).
2. Give two biotic and two abiotic factors in a tropical island ecosystem.
3. What kind of symbiosis?
A. Barnacles (a kind of shellfish) live on whales. Barnacles are filter feeders (eat organisms from the water that
passes through it). Living on the whale gives a barnacle greater food access since the whale moves, allowing more
water to pass through it.
B. Dogs living with humans. C. Vampire bats suck the blood of cows.
C. A humans eating a steak. D. Birds scrounging for worms after a farmer plows a field.
4. When you eat a salad you are an _________________. When you eat meat you are a _________________.
But human’s eat both plants and meat so actually humans are ________________.
1. Biotic or Abiotic Factor?
A. _____Ice.
B. _____Seeds or nuts.
C. ____ Deer.
D. ____ Weather
E. ____ Manure (animal waste)
F. ____ Elevation.
Producers: Plants; make their own
food; get their energy from the sun.
1st level (primary) consumers:
herbivores; eat plants.
2nd level (secondary) consumers:
carnivores; eat herbivores.
Grass
As you go up the pyramid, to higher trophic
levels, there is less available energy. Why?
Rabbit
1,000 Joules of energy
100 J of energy
10 J
3rd level (tertiary) consumers:
carnivores of carnivores.
Wolf
Human
When a wolf eats a 100kg deer the wolf
doesn’t gain 100kg of weight. Biolo-gists estimate only 10% of the previ-
ous energy (or mass) is retained.
1 J Energy in Trophic Levels
5. Producers, 1st Level Consumers; 2nd Level Consumers: 3rd Level Consumers?
A. _______ A cow.
B. _______ The least amount of energy in an ecosystem.
C. _______ Humans when we eat vegetables
D. _______ A lion.
E. _______ Has the most amount of mass in an ecosystem.
F. _______ A fox when it eats a snake, which eats a mouse.
6. If there is 50 joules of energy at the tertiary consumer level of an ecosystem, how much energy was in the
producer level?
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________
7. Of the organisms shown below give an example of a:
A. Predator:
B. Herbivore:
C. 1st level consumer:
D. Decomposer:
E. Producer:
F. Omnivore:
G. A carnivore of carnivores:
H. A 1st level consumer:
I. Least energy in the ecosystem:
grass
cricket
mouse
bird
snake
owl eagle
vulture
fruit
bear
Food Chain – A single chain of organisms that shows
who-eats-who. Arrows point to where energy flows
(to the eater: from broccoli to you). For instance:
energy of squirrel goes to fox (fox eats squirrel).
Food Web – a group of multiple, interwoven Food
Chains for a particular biome.
fox
squirrel acorn Food chain—notice arrow
direction = direction of energy.
Biomagnification
8. Below, draw a food web consisting of at least four food chains. Be careful of the arrow directions.
1
2 3
4 Toxic pollution (oil,
pesticides, fertilizer,
metals) are used and
get in the water or
environment.
Animals ingest (eat)
pollution. Over time
the amount of toxins
in their bodies builds
up.
Each big fish eats
many little fish. The
amount of toxins
increases substan-
tially as you go up
the food chain.
Eventually, top predators
(like humans) eat fish
and animals with high
levels of pollution. We
are poisoning ourselves.
In the 1960’s bald eagles almost went extinct be-
cause of DDT, a very powerful and common pesti-
cide. By banning DDT, improving water quality, and
protecting habitat, bald eagles are no longer threat-
ened. But others are…
9. What is a toxin?
10. Give two ways that toxins get into
the environment.
11. Which of the animals above would
have the most toxins due to biomag-
nifications?
12. True or false (and why): pollutants
in the environment only hurt ani-
mals and not humans.
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________ Day 11—Energy Flow thru Ecosystems
Herbivore – eats herbs - plants: a cow, gazelle, etc.
Carnivore – carne – meat; meat eaters; lions, tigers
Omnivore – eats plants and meat: bears, raccoons.
Producer – produces food for the world - plants
Consumer – eats producers – animals
Decomposer – recyclers of the ecosystem; eat dead
organisms: mushrooms, fungi.
Organism interactions—
Symbiosis: two organisms living together. 4 types:
Mutualism: Both are benefited. Ex: bees and flowers.
Commensalism: One doesn’t care. Ex: a bird living in a tree.
Good for bird; tree doesn’t care.
Predation: Once kills and eats the other. Ex: Lion and a gazelle.
Parasitism: One eats the other but the other doesn’t die;
Ex: Mosquitoes eating blood of humans.
An ecosystem is made up of organisms and their environment. Ecosystems contain biotic factors (“living” factors, like
organisms or their by-products) and abiotic factors (“non-living” factors, like rocks or water).
2. Give two biotic and two abiotic factors in a tropical island ecosystem.
Biotic—crabs; trees; coconuts; shells (by-product).
Abiotic—sand, wind, sun, ocean, temperature; moist air.
3. What kind of symbiosis?
A. Barnacles (a kind of shellfish) live on whales. Barnacles are filter feeders (eat organisms from the water that
passes through it). Living on the whale gives a barnacle greater food access since the whale moves, allowing more
water to pass through it. Commensalism (whale could care less)
B. Dogs living with humans. mutualism C. Vampire bats suck the blood of cows. parasitism
C. A humans eating a steak. predation D. Birds scrounging for worms after a farmer plows a field. - C
4. When you eat a salad you are an _herbivore__________. When you eat meat you are a __carnivore_______________.
But human’s eat both plants and meat so actually humans are __omnivores______________.
1. Biotic or Abiotic Factor?
A. A __Ice.
B. B __Seeds or nuts.
C. B __ Deer.
D. A __ Weather
E. B __ Manure (animal waste)
F. A__ Elevation.
Producers: Plants; make their own
food; get their energy from the sun.
1st level (primary) consumers:
herbivores; eat plants.
2nd level (secondary) consumers:
carnivores; eat herbivores.
Grass
As you go up the pyramid, to higher trophic
levels, there is less available energy. Why?
Rabbit
1,000 Joules of energy
100 J of energy
10 J
3rd level (tertiary) consumers:
carnivores of carnivores.
Wolf
Human
When a wolf eats a 100kg deer the wolf
doesn’t gain 100kg of weight. Biolo-gists estimate only 10% of the previ-
ous energy (or mass) is retained.
1 J Energy in Trophic Levels
5. Producers, 1st Level Consumers; 2nd Level Consumers: 3rd Level Consumers?
A. 1st __ A cow.
B. 3rd __ The least amount of energy in an ecosystem.
C. 1st ___ Humans when we eat vegetables
D. 2nd __ A lion. (lions can also be 3rd level because they kill and eat cheetahs)
E. prod _ Has the most amount of mass in an ecosystem.
F. 3rd __ A fox when it eats a snake, which eats a mouse. (mouse is 1st cons; snake is 2nd level cons)
6. If there is 50 joules of energy at the tertiary consumer level of an ecosystem, how much energy was in the
producer level? 2nd level = 500 J; 1st level = 5000 J; producer level = 50,000 J
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________
7. Of the organisms shown below give an example of a:
A. Predator: eagle; snake; owl
B. Herbivore: mouse, cricket
C. 1st level consumer: cricket, mouse
D. Decomposer: vulture
E. Producer: grass, fruit
F. Omnivore: mouse; bear; bird
G. A carnivore of carnivores:
H. A 1st level consumer:
I. Least energy in the ecosystem:
grass
cricket
mouse
bird
snake
owl eagle
vulture
fruit
bear
Food Chain – A single chain of organisms that shows
who-eats-who. Arrows point to where energy flows
(to the eater: from broccoli to you). For instance:
energy of squirrel goes to fox (fox eats squirrel).
Food Web – a group of multiple, interwoven Food
Chains for a particular biome.
fox
squirrel acorn Food chain—notice arrow
direction = direction of energy.
Biomagnification
8. Below, draw a food web consisting of at least four food chains. Be careful of the arrow directions.
1
2 3
4 Toxic pollution (oil,
pesticides, fertilizer,
metals) are used and
get in the water or
environment.
Animals ingest (eat)
pollution. Over time
the amount of toxins
in their bodies builds
up.
Each big fish eats
many little fish. The
amount of toxins
increases substan-
tially as you go up
the food chain.
Eventually, top predators
(like humans) eat fish
and animals with high
levels of pollution. We
are poisoning ourselves.
In the 1960’s bald eagles almost went extinct be-
cause of DDT, a very powerful and common pesti-
cide. By banning DDT, improving water quality, and
protecting habitat, bald eagles are no longer threat-
ened. But others are…
9. What is a toxin?
poison
10. Give two ways that toxins get into
the environment.
Fertilizer on lawn;
oil from cars; garbage; trash
11. Which of the animals above would
have the most toxins due to biomag-
nifications?
Eagle; owl; vulture; bear
12. True or false (and why): pollutants
in the environment only hurt ani-
mals and not humans. Humans
eventually eat animals that are
higher on the food chain and have
higher levels of toxins—we get the
highest dose!
Bear, eagle, owl
Mouse, cricket, bird
Bear, owl, eagle
Decomposers
eventually eat
everyone.
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________
I. Adaptation – genetic mutation of organisms as
they adapt to their environment (animals that
produce large amounts of young [some will
survive]; needles on cacti).
II. Behavior – about attracting a mate: many spe-
cies of birds have complex dances; songs; nests
in a certain way; longer plumes.
III. Diversity – due to adaptations over great
amounts of time, species become diverse within
themselves (height; race) and result in many
different species in an ecosystem.
IV. Speciation – if enough adaptations occur, two
organisms can be different enough to be a dif-
ferent species (can’t mate and have fertile off-
spring). Can occur because of geographic or
environmental separation (like continents sepa-
rating).
V. Phylogeny – over time we can see ancestry and
which “branched off first”.
VI. Extinction – sometimes organisms cannot
adapt enough and disappear OR are too spe-
cialized. If the environment changes, they can’t
adapt back.
Illustrate results of natural selection:
Evidence of change in species:
I. Fossils: the fossil record shows gradual changes over millions of years.
II. D"A sequences: some of our genetic code is the same as bacteria.
III. Anatomical similarities: dogs and humans have same bone structures
in their appendages (legs and arms).
IV. Physiological similarities: even protistas have a “kidney-like” structures
[helps get rid of water].
V. Embryology: during gestation [in the egg or womb] organisms look
similar – especially vertebrates.
Day 12—Theory of Biological Evolution
1. As an embryo grows is it undergoing mitosis or meiosis?
2. What is a fossil?
3. Physiology or anatomy?
A. ____ What parts are in an organism.
B. ____ How something functions (works).
C. ____ How the gills of a fish pull oxygen from water.
D. ____ Location of bones in an organism.
4. Which of the above evidence for change in species (I—V above)?
A. ____ The pictures at the above right.
B. ____ Lung of animals and gills in fish are both for breathing.
C. ____ Bats and birds have the similar bones in their arms for flight.
D. ____ Apes and humans have 99% of the same DNA.
E. ____ Bones are found in deeper strata (layers) of rock that look similar.
5. Some seeds have wings that allow them to fly some distance.
How does this help the plant?
6. When are two organisms defined as different species?
7. Which result of natural selection?
A. ___ One insect eats the pollen at the top of a plant and
another eats the sap at the bottom.
B. ___ Male lions fighting each other for dominance.
C. ___ An organism community on a thermal vent in the ocean
disappears when the vent goes dormant (stops).
D. ___ There are many different varieties of dogs.
E. ___ A moth becomes gray to blend in with soot from pollution.
A
B C
D
E F 8. Which organism is the ancestor of all of the
other?
9. Which organism is most closely related to F?
10. How many adaptations is F from A?
11. Each adaptation comes from a mutation,
which is a change in what?
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________ Day 13—Viruses and Bacteria
Host Cell
Head—hard
protein coat
Tail—
injects into
cell
One type of virus
Genetic
material
(DFA or RFA
fragments)
A Little About Bacteria (which are very little, themselves)…
…living, single-celled organisms.
…have cell membrane, actual DNA and ribosomes, but no organelles. (prokaryotes [no nucleus]).
…cause diseases such as streptococcus (strep throat; pneumonia) and diphtheria (rare in US).
…killed by antibiotics, but they adapt quickly, so overuse of antibiotics is bad.
…Spread by contact between people. Stopped by washing hands; hand sanitizer; coughing into your elbow;
staying home when sick.
…are necessary for good health, especially in digestion (we can’t digest plant matter [cellulose] without them).
…being “too clean” (or overusing antibiotics) can kill good bacteria (but they can be repopulated, like with yogurt).
…surrounded by hard protein coat with DNA or RNA fragments (no genes) [see diagram].
…can’t make their own energy or proteins and need a host cell to
reproduce, so VIRUSES ARE 3OT ALIVE!
…CA33OT BE KILLED WITH A3TIBIOTICS (which attacks cell membranes).
…cause AIDS: attacks helper T-cells [white blood cells]
…cause smallpox: like chickenpox, but more dangerous; eradicated
throughout the world; US hasn’t vaccinated for it since 1972.
…cause warts, common cold, influenza (flu) - again, antibiotics will not help.
(Taking antibiotics for a cold will only help bacteria become resistant.)
…stopped by prevention (hand washing), antiviral medication, or vaccines
(injection of weakened virus so immune system learns to fight it).
Viruses
1. Virus or bacteria?
A. ________ Has genetic material.
B. ________ Are alive.
C. ________ Help us with digestion.
D. ________ Needs a host cell to reproduce.
E. ________ Have hard protein coating.
F. ________ Have a cell membrane.
G. ________ Can cause diseases.
H. ________ Can be beneficial.
I. ________ Are in yogurt.
J. ________ Can replicate if given nutrients.
K. ________ Takes over a cell.
L. ________ Has complete DNA.
M. ________ Has a nucleus.
N. ________ Can make its own proteins.
O. ________ Killed by antibiotics.
P. ________ Causes colds and flu.
2. Give three ways to help prevent the spread of viruses or bacteria.
3. Give two ways that viruses “seem” to be alive.
4. Give proof that virus are not alive.
5. You feel ill, go to the doctor, and ask for antibiotics. What should the doctor do?
6. Why can the overuse of antibiotics be harmful to us?
7. Bacteria cause disease. As a result a friend of yours says that all bacteria should be eliminated. Respond.
8. Give three diseases that cannot be cured by antibiotics.
cstephenmurray.com Copyright © 2010, C. Stephen Murray
Name: _____________________
Period: _____________________ Day 13—Viruses and Bacteria
Host Cell
Head—hard
protein coat
Tail—
injects into
cell
One type of virus
Genetic
material
(DFA or RFA
fragments)
A Little About Bacteria (which are very little, themselves)…
…living, single-celled organisms.
…have cell membrane, actual DNA and ribosomes, but no organelles. (prokaryotes [no nucleus]).
…cause diseases such as streptococcus (strep throat; pneumonia) and diphtheria (rare in US).
…killed by antibiotics, but they adapt quickly, so overuse of antibiotics is bad.
…Spread by contact between people. Stopped by washing hands; hand sanitizer; coughing into your elbow;
staying home when sick.
…are necessary for good health, especially in digestion (we can’t digest plant matter [cellulose] without them).
…being “too clean” (or overusing antibiotics) can kill good bacteria (but they can be repopulated, like with yogurt).
…surrounded by hard protein coat with DNA or RNA fragments (no genes) [see diagram].
…can’t make their own energy or proteins and need a host cell to
reproduce, so VIRUSES ARE 3OT ALIVE!
…CA33OT BE KILLED WITH A3TIBIOTICS (which attacks cell membranes).
…cause AIDS: attacks helper T-cells [white blood cells]
…cause smallpox: like chickenpox, but more dangerous; eradicated
throughout the world; US hasn’t vaccinated for it since 1972.
…cause warts, common cold, influenza (flu) - again, antibiotics will not help.
(Taking antibiotics for a cold will only help bacteria become resistant.)
…stopped by prevention (hand washing), antiviral medication, or vaccines
(injection of weakened virus so immune system learns to fight it).
Viruses
1. Virus or bacteria?
A. both Has genetic material.
B. B __ Are alive.
C. B __ Help us with digestion.
D. V __ Needs a host cell to reproduce.
E. V __ Have hard protein coating.
F. B __ Have a cell membrane.
G. both _ Can cause diseases.
H. B __ Can be beneficial.
I. B ___Are in yogurt.
J. B ___Can replicate if given nutrients.
K. V ___Takes over a cell.
L. B ___Has complete DNA.
M. none _Has a nucleus. (neither of them)
N. B ___Can make its own proteins.
O. B ___Killed by antibiotics.
P. V ___Causes colds and flu.
2. Give three ways to help prevent the spread of viruses or bacteria.
Washing hands, sanitizer, sneezing in elbow, staying home when sick.
3. Give two ways that viruses “seem” to be alive.
Have genetic material and multiply
4. Give proof that virus are not alive. Feed host to reproduce
5. You feel ill, go to the doctor, and ask for antibiotics. What should the doctor do?
Is it a virus or a bacteria
6. Why can the over use of antibiotics be harmful to us? Can strengthen bacteria or kill good bacteria.
7. Bacteria cause disease. As a result a friend of yours says that all bacteria should be eliminated. Respond.
We need bacteria to survive.
8. Give three diseases that cannot be cured by antibiotics. Colds, warts, flu, small pox, AIDS.
