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≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yÎ˚ !v˛ Ï≤’yõyS!v˛. ~ú. ~v‰˛V

(DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION)

(D.El.Ed)

ˆÑ˛y¢≈ ÙÈ 506

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Á ÏÎ˚Ó ¢y£z›˛ ı www.nios.ac.in

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~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 1 ı

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ÓœÑ˛ ÈÙÈ 1 ı ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 2 ı


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!Ó Ïü°Ï â˛y!£îy¢¡ôß¨ !üü%

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ˆõ ÏÎ !üü% ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ


!ü«˛yÎ !úAÜ¢õ¢ƒy


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ÓœÑ˛ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛¢õ)£ (Block Units)

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1 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ11 ı !ü«˛y ˆ«˛ Ïe !úAÜ ¢õ¢ƒy 2

2 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ12 ı ˆõ ÏÎ !üü% ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎò 36

3 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ13 ı !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ~ÓÇ xy£zò myÓy x!ïÑ˛yÓ õO$Ó 55

1506-Block4 : !ü«˛y ˆ«˛ Ïe !úAÜ ¢õ¢ƒy

!ü«˛y ˆ«˛ Ïe !úAÜ ¢õ¢ƒy

ˆòy›˛

2 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 11 !ü«˛y ˆ«˛ Ïe !úAÜ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ‡˛ò

11.0 – ¢)â˛òy

11.1 – !üÖò v z Ïjüƒ

11.2 – !ú ÏAÜÓ ïyÓíy

11.2.1 – fl f#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ !ú ÏAÜÓ õ Ïïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ

11.2.2 – Óƒ!=˛Ó ã#Óì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !úAÜÜì˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ

11.2.3 – ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !òõ≈yí !£¢y ÏÓ !úAÜ

11.3 – !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ

11.3.1 – ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ xÌ≈

11.3.2 – !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ v zÍ¢ ~ÓÇ Ü‡˛ò

11.3.3 – !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ Ñ˛yÓí¢õ)£

11.3.4 – !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ v zÍ¢ ~ÓÇ £z!ì˛£y¢

11.4 – !úAÜ !ò Ïî≈üÑ˛ xÓfiÌy

11.4.1 – ˆÎÔò xò% ôyì˛

11.4.2 – !ü«˛y

11.4.3 – fl ∫yfiÌƒ

11.4.4 – Ñ˛õ≈ Ï«˛ Ïe xÇü@˘Ã£í

11.4.5 – xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓyï

11.4.6 – !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ x!ì˛Ñ õ Ñ˛Óy

11.4.7 – ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ Ï«˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ

11.4.8 – !úAÜ !òÓ Ï ô«˛ ¢õyã ˜ì˛!Ó Ïì˛ !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó ¶) !õÑ˛y

11.5 – ¢Ç!«˛ÆÑ˛Óí

11.6 – xy˛ôòyÓ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ v z_Ó !îò

11.7 – ≤ÃÑ˛“ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú#

11.8 – ≤Ãhfl Ïy!Óì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓö˛y ÏÓ™

11.9 – ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˆü Ï°ÏÓ xò%ü#úò



ˆòy›˛

11.0 ¢)â˛òy ı

˛ô) ÏÓ≈Ó ~Ñ˛ ÏÑ˛ xy˛ô!ò !Ó!¶˛ß !˛ô!äÈ ÏÎ ˛ôv˛y ˆÜy¤˛# ~ÓÇ ì˛y ÏîÓ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ˛ô Ïv˛ ÏäÈò– xòƒ

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ˆõ ÏÎ ~ÓÇ òyÓ# ÏîÓ x ÏòÑ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ Ïì˛ £Î !òäÈÑ˛ õ!£úy £ÁÎyÓ Ñ˛yÓ Ïí£z–

~!›˛ ¢õhfl Ï !â˛hs˘˛yü#ú Óƒ!=˛ñ ¢õyãñ ãy!ì˛ ~ÓÇ !Ó ÏŸªÓ ü%¶˛Ó%!Âï¢¡ôß õyò% Ï°ÏÓ ãòƒ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ Ó,£Í

~Ñ˛!›˛ v z Ïm ÏÜÓ !Ó°ÏÎ– !˛ô!äÈ ÏÎ ˛ôv˛y òyÓ#Óy ~Ñ˛ ïÓ ÏòÓ x¢%!ÓïyÓ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò !Ó!¶˛ß v z ôy ÏÎ

£ ÏÎ Ìy ÏÑ˛– ì˛y£z xyõy ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛ £z£y ˛ô,ÌÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Óy ≤Ã ÏÎyãò– xyõy ÏîÓ ˛ô!ÓÓyÓñ

¢õyã Á ãy!ì˛ ÏÑ˛ Ñ õÓï≈õyò¶˛y ÏÓ ¶˛y Ïúy òyÜ!ÓÑ˛ Á òƒyÎ¢AÜì˛ Ñ˛ÓyÓ ãòƒ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒy!›˛

ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Óy Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈– £z£y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó# Ñ˛ÓyÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á xÌ≈ Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v zßÎ ÏòÓ

v z ôÓ Ü%Ó%ì˛Ó îyÎ¶˛yÓ Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ– ~£z ~Ñ˛ ÏÑ˛ xyõÓy òyÓ# Á ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ õ Ïïƒ ˜Ó°Ïõƒñ ì˛y ÏîÓ Ñ˛yÓíñ

ì˛y ÏîÓ ö˛õ≈ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ !üÖ ÏÓy– xyõÓy ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ ãòƒ xy ÏÓyÁ ¢õyò ~ÓÇ òƒyÎ¢AÜì˛

¢õyã ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v z ÏîƒyÜ !ò ÏÎ˚ xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓy– xyõÓ˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ v zß¨ì˛ì˛Ó˚ !ÓŸª

˜ì˛!Ó Ïì˛ fl%Òú Á !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y !ò ÏÎ xy Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó ÏÓy ˆÎÖy Ïò òyÓ# Á ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ÏîÓ ¢õyò

◊Âïy Ñ˛Óy £Î ~ÓÇ v zßÎ ÏòÓ ãòƒ ¢õyò ¢% ÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎy £Î–

11.1 !üÖò v z Ïjüƒ ı

~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó ˛ôÓñ xy˛ô!ò Îy Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ¢«˛õ £ ÏÓòÈÙÙÙÈ

ˆÎÔò ~ÓÇ !úˆÏAÜÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò

˜ã!ÓÑ˛ Ü%íyÓú# ~ÓÇ !ú¶Ü Ü%íyÓú#Ó˚ ãòƒ v zîy£Ó˚í v zÂï,ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ ÏÓò

ˆÎÔò ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ Óy !úAÜ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ !£¢y ÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆ◊í#ÓÂïÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y–

ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˜Ó!üˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y

!úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÓƒyÖƒy

!úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò ÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y

xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ !ú ÏAÜÓ˚ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ x!hfl Ïc ˆîÖy ÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ î,T˛yhs˘˛/xyÜ%≈ Ïõr›˛/ì˛Ìƒ îyò

!úAÜ !òÓ˚ Ï ô«˛ ¢õyã ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ïì˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ÓƒyÖƒy

11.2 !ú ÏAÜÓ ïyÓíy (Concept of Gender)

11.2.1 fl f#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ !ú ÏAÜÓ õ Ïïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ı

4 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ Úˆã[˛yÓÛ ü∑!›˛ ü% Ïò ÏäÈò⁄ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆúyÑ˛ ~£z ü∑!›˛ ˆÎÔòì˛yÓ õy Ïò ˆÓyG˛y ÏòyÓ ãòƒ

ÓƒÓ£yÓ Ñ˛ ÏÓ– Îy£z Ï£yÑ˛ ~£z ü∑ î%!›˛Ó x ÏÌ≈Ó !Ó!¶˛ß ≤Ã!ì˛FäÈ!Ó Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛yò îÓÖyhfl Ï ˛ô)Ó ÏíÓ

¢õÎ xy˛ôòyÓ !úAÜ v z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ Óúy £Î–

xy˛ô!ò xy˛ôòyÓ !úAÜ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Óy õ!£úy !£¢y ÏÓ

!ò Ïî≈ü Ñ˛ ÏÓò– ÎyÓ xÌ≈ ˆÎÔòì˛y £z!AÜì˛ ˆîò

ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ ~Ñ˛ãò ˆäÈ Ïú Óy ˆõ ÏÎñ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Óy

õ!£úy– ~£z ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ üÓ# ÏÓÓ !Ó Ïü°Ï xÇ ÏüÓ

v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy ãòˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛–

v zîy£Ó˚ífl ∫Ó) ôñ òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ ãÓ˚yÎ% xy ÏäÈ– ~!›˛

ì˛y ÏîÓ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ xÇüñ xò%Ó) ô¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ÏîÓ ≤Ã¢ Ï›˛›˛ @’ƒy[˛ xy ÏäÈ– Îy ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ üÓ# ÏÓÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛

xÇü– ~£zÓ) ô ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ õ!£úy ÏîÓ üÓ# ÏÓÓ õ Ïïƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ xy ÏäÈ– £z£y ≤Ããòò ~ÓÇ

Ñ˛ ÏÎÑ˛!›˛ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ#ì˛y ¢£ãì˛Ó Ñ˛ÓyÓ ãòƒ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ myÓy ˜ì˛!Ó– ~£z¶˛y ÏÓñ ˆÎÔòì˛y

~Ñ˛ãò Óƒ!=˛Ó ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ Îy ~Ñ˛ãò ÏÑ˛

˛ô%Ó%°Ï Óy õ!£úy Ñ˛ ÏÓ ˆì˛y Ïú–

~Öò Ûˆã[˛yÓÛ ü∑!›˛ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòÁÎy

ÎyÑ˛– ¢õyã ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ !¶˛ß

≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ xyüy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚

¢yïyÓíì˛ ¢y£¢# Á xyÑ õíydÑ˛ Ó Ïú xyüy

Ñ˛Óy £Î– xyüy Ñ˛Óy £Î ˆäÈ ÏúÓy Óy£z ÏÓ Îy ÏÓñ

Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôyã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˆ¢ Ó˚%!›˛

v z ôyã≈òÑ˛yÓ#– òyÓ# ÏîÓ ¢yïyÓíì˛ £yúÑ˛y ¶˛#Ó%

ÓˆÏú xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛

Ü,£fiÌyú#Ó Ñ˛y Ïã ˆîÖy ÎyÎ– £z£y ¢õy ÏãÓ myÓy ˜ì˛Ó# ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈ Ó#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛

≤Ãî_ òÎ– ¢õyã ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ òyÓ#Ó ãòƒ !¶˛ß ¶) !õÑ˛y !òï≈yÓí Ñ˛ ÏÓ ÏäÈ– Ñ˛yã ÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ Ñ˛yã

Á òyÓ#Ó Ñ˛yã Ó) Ï ô ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛ ÏÓ ÏäÈ– ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ õ!£úyÓ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ !¶˛ß õ)úƒyÎò Ñ˛Óy £Î–

î%£z ÏÎÓ ãòƒ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜ Á îy!Îc ˆîÁÎy £ ÏÎ ÏäÈ– ~õò!Ñ˛ £z£y òyÓ# Á ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ ãòƒ !¶˛ß

ïÓ ÏíÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓrïÑ˛ì˛y â˛y!˛ô ÏÎ !î ÏÎ ÏäÈ–

~£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ xy¢y ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛c ÏÑ˛£z xyõÓ˚y ˆÎÔòì˛y

Sˆã[˛yÓV Óú Ïì˛ ˛ôy!Ó–

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ !úAÜ Sˆã[˛yÓ˚V Óú Ïì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õy Ïã ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒy!üì˛

Ü%íyÓú#ñ ¶) !õÑ˛y~ÓÇ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛yÓ#ì˛y ˆÓyG˛yÎ– !úAÜ ¢õÎ Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ Ï¶˛ Ïî ˛ô!ÓÓ!ì≈ ì˛ £Î–

â˛ú%ò ~Öò ˆÎÔòì˛y Á !ú ÏAÜÓ õ Ïïƒ ≤Ãïyò ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒÜ%!ú Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòÁÎy ÎyÑ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ

Óƒ!=˛Ó ˆÎÔòì˛y !ò Ïî≈ü Ñ˛ ÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈ Ïú Óy

ˆõ ÏÎñ ˛ôÓ%°Ï xÌÓy õ!£úy õƒyò Óy Á Ïõò–

~£z ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ≤ÃyÑ, !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈ ÏÑ˛ƒÓ v z ôÓ !¶˛!_

Ñ˛ ÏÓ Îy ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ òyÓ#Ó üÓ# ÏÓ !Óîƒõyò–

~£z ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ¢yïyÓíì˛ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò

£Î òy–

ˆã[˛yÓ £ú xyõÓy ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ myÓy

˜ì˛!Ó Ñ˛!Ó– ~›˛y £ú ì˛y ÏîÓ !ÓÑ˛y ÏüÓ ãòƒ

xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !î£z– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zîyÓ˚ì˛yñ

¢õyãì˛s˛ fñ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yú õˆÏv˛ú

v˛ z ˛ôfiÌy˛ôòyÓ˚ õyïƒˆ Ïõ ~!›˛ xyõyˆ ÏîÓ˚

˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆã[˛yÓ˚ £ú Îy

¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ Ü Ïv˛

ˆì˛yˆÏú–



ˆòy›˛

ˆÎÔòì˛y Sˆ¢:V !úAÜ Sˆã[˛yÓV

1. ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ 1. ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ ¢õyã

myÓ˚y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˜ì˛!Ó˚

2. !fiÌÓ 2. ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ òü#ú

3. Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ 3. !¢ Ïfi›˛ Ïõ!›˛Ñ˛

4. xÈÙÈˆ◊!í!Óòƒy¢Üì˛ 4. ˆ◊í#!Óòƒy¢Üì˛

5. ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ òy 5. ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ òü#ú

11.2.2 Óƒ!=˛Ó ã#Óì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !úAÜÜì˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ı

Óƒ!=˛Ó ã#Óì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ı ~Ñ˛ãò õyò%°Ï ¢yïyÓíì˛ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Óy òyÓ# £ ÏÎ ãß√yÎ– ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛

òyÓ# ÏîÓ Ü¶≈ ïyÓíñ !üü% ≤Ãîyò ~ÓÇ !üü% ÏÑ˛ Ó% ÏÑ˛Ó î%ï ÖyÁÎy ÏòyÓ ãòƒ !î ÏÎ ÏäÈ– ~Ó ãòƒ

!Ó Ïü°Ï x ÏAÜÓ ≤Ã ÏÎyãò– ˆÎ Ï£ì% ~£z ïÓ ÏòÓ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ ˆîÎ !ò– ~£z ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛

xAÜ ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ ˆò£z– ì˛Ìy!˛ô ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ ˆî Ï£ xyõÓy !¶˛ß ïÓ ÏòÓ xAÜ ˆîÖ Ïì˛ ˛ôy£z Îy ãò Ïò

¶) !õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ ÏÓ– ~£z ïÓ ÏòÓ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛Üì˛– ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á òyÓ# ÏîÓ ãò ÏòÓ ¢y ÏÌ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛

!Ñ˛ä%È ãòò xAÜ !â˛eÈÙÈ1 ~ ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏúy– Îb ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !â˛e!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó%ò ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚#

Á ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ãò Ïò ¢y£yÎƒÑ˛yÓ˚# xAÜÜ%!ú !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛Ó%ò–

!â˛eÈÙÈ1 ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Á õ!£úyÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇˆÏü ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ

xy¢%ò ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Á õ!£úyÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛y ¢õ,Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È

v˛zîy£Ó˚í ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ˛– ~Ñ˛ãò ≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚flÒ ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï ü%Ñ yí% v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚# !v˛¡∫yí%

v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– £z£y ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚

≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ãy!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãy!ì˛ Óy ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÜy¤˛# myÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £Î˚ òy– â˛ú%ò

òyÓ#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ õ Ïïƒ xy ÏÓÑ˛!›˛ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ì% Ïú ïÓy ÎyÑ˛– XX ˆ¢: ˆÑ y Ïõy Ïãyõ ~Ñ˛ãò ÏÑ˛

òyÓ˚# ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– XY ˆ¢: ˆÑ yˆÏõyˆÏãyõ ~Ñ˛ãòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

!˛ô›%˛ƒ£z›˛y!Ó˚ @˘Ã!rÌ !˛ô›%˛ƒ£z›˛y!Ó˚ @˘Ã!rÌ

Óœyv˛yÓ˚

ˆÑ˛yúò£zv˛zˆÏÓ˚Ì y

≤Ã Ïfi›˛›˛

ˆ˛ô!ò¢ˆ›˛!fi›˛¢

¶˛y¢!v˛ö˛y ÏÓ™

ˆÎy!ò

!v˛¡∫yüÎ

ãÓ˚yÎ˚%Ü¶≈˛yüÎ˚

hfl˛Ïò

ö˛ƒy Ïúy!˛ôÎyò!›˛v zÓ

6 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

~Ñ˛ãò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ãÓ˚yÎ˚% ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ì˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ~Öò xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ

ˆÑ˛ò⁄ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ £z£yÁ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ– â˛ú%ò òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ !Ñ˛ä%È ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ì%˛ˆÏú

ïÓ˚y ÎyÑ˛–

˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï òyÓ˚#(1) ˆÎÔÓòyÜõò Ñ˛y Ïú ÜúyÓ˚ fl ∫Ó˚ (1) ˆÎÔÓòyÜõò Ñ˛y Ïú ÜúyÓ˚ fl ∫Ó˚

ˆõy›˛y £ ÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ¢Ó% £ ÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–

(2) õ%Öõ[˛ Ïú ˆúyõ ÜãyÎ˚– (2) ˆÎÔÓòyÜõò Ñ˛y Ïú hfl Ïò Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚–

Sîy!v˛¸ Á ˆÜ§yö˛V

(3) üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆ˛ôü#Ó£%ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ (3) üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yõú £Î˚ Á òÓ˚õ £Î˚–

(4) Ó˚ãÉâ˛Ñ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ òy– (4) ˆÎÔÓòyÜõò Ñ˛y Ïú Ó˚ãÉâ˛Ñ ü%Ó% £Î˚–

(5) xòƒyòƒ (5) xòƒyòƒ

Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !úAÜÜì˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ı ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒÈÙÙÙÈ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á õ!£úy £ÁÎ˚y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ˆÑ˛yò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛

!Ñ Î˚yÑ˛úyˆÏ˛ô xÇü@˘Ã£í xÌÓy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yòÁ ¢#õyÓÂïì˛y ˆò£z– Îy£z Ï£yÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y

˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !ò!î≈T˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Á òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !ò!î≈T˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛ò⁄

¢õyã õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ñ˛ä%È !ò!î≈T˛ Ñ˛yã ˆÑ˛Óúõye ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏÓ˚y£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛ä%È õ!£úyÓ˚y£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

v zîy£Ó˚ífl ∫Ó)˛ôñ xyõÓ˚y Ö%Ó Ñ˛õ£z ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z ˆÎ õ!£úyÓ˚y úyAÜú !îˆÏÎ˚ ã!õ â˛y°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–

xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ Ñ˛°Ï≈í £ˆÏúy Ú˛ô%Ó˚% Ï°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yãÛ– xò%Ó˚) ô¶˛yˆÏÓñ xyõÓ˚y Ö%Ó Ñ˛õ£z ˆî!Ö

ˆÎñ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏÓ˚y !üü%Ó˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xòƒ ¢î¢ƒˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– £z£yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ

Úõ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ó Ïú õ Ïò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ Ü,£fiÌy!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÏÑ˛ õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ó Ïú£z

!ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Ü,ˆÏ£Ó˚ Óy£z ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yãˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Óy ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÓˆÏú£z õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–

xyõÓ˚y xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛£z !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ÚÑ˛!‡˛ò Ñ˛yãÛ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ Ú¢£ã Ñ˛yãÛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò

õ!£úyÓ˚y– ~õò!Ñ˛ xyõÓ˚y ~Á õˆÏò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ õ!£úyÓ˚y ˆÑ˛Óúõye !Ñ˛ä%È â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÓ!ü

õyòyò¢£zÈÙÙÙÈˆÎõò ˆ¢!ÓÑ˛y xÌÓy !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛y– xò%Ó) ô¶˛y ÏÓñ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ÏîÓÁ !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛yã ˆÓ!ü õyòyò¢£z

ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy !Ñ˛⁄

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ â˛y!Ó˚!eÑ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy xyˆÏäÈ– Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚

ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !Ñ˛ä%È£z Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆò£z– Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎÔòì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ¢õyã Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ Ñ˛yÎ≈ñ

˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy !¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y!˛ôì˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yñ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy ~ÓÇ

xò%¶)˛!ì˛Ó˚ ~£z ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒÜ%!ú !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚

¢ˆÏAÜ xyõÓ˚y £z£y Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòˆÏÓy–

¢õyã ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ òÓ˚õñ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ¢¡ôß¨ñ £yúÑ˛yñ Óyïƒ ~ÓÇ ~£z

Ó˚Ñ˛õ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓñ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y £ˆÏÓ ¢y£¢#ñ ü!=˛üyú#ñ xyÑ õíydÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ~£z

Ó˚Ñ˛õ xˆÏòÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È– xyõÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ò ~õò ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚í ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ



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£ ÏÓ⁄ ~£z ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛Üì˛ òÎ˚– ~¢Ó ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ myÓ˚y â˛y!˛ô ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚

~£z ïÓ˚ ÏíÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Îy ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛Üì˛ òÎ˚ ì˛y !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ òÎ˚– ˆÎÔòyAÜÜ%!ú Óƒì˛#ì˛ !üü% ˆäÈ Ïú

Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÜ%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò î,üƒõyò ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆò£z– Îy£z Ï£yÑ˛ñ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛

˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ì˛#Ó Á î,üƒõyò £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ÓÎ˚É¢!rïÓ˚ ü%Ó% Ïì˛– ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ˜Ó!üˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ £Î˚– !òˆÏ¡¨ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏú ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È

˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ˆîÁÎ˚y £úÈÙÙÙÈ

!â˛eÈÙÈ2 ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Oyõ ˆÎõò Óƒy›˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÖúòy !ã˛ô ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ

~ÓÇ Ó˚yßÿÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Oyõ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ

v˛z˛ôyîyò¢õ)£ ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï òyÓ˚#!úAÜ ü!=˛üyú# fl˛f#ãyì˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ î%Ó≈ú

ˆî£ Ó%«˛ ~ÓÇ ü!=˛üyú# õ¢,í ~ÓÇ î%Ó≈ú

x Ï¶˛îƒ òÓ˚õ ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚#¢%ú¶˛ òõò#Î˚

xˆÏÓyïƒ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ G§˛%!Ñ˛˛ô)í≈

v˛zFâ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚ ì˛#«¯˛ fl˛∫Ó˚

¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õ%Öƒ v z ôyã≈òÑ˛yÓ˚# ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛

˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛ì≈˛y xyîü≈ õyñfl˛f#ñ ˆÓyò

¢õy ÏãÓ˚ ˆòì˛y v zÍ¢Ü≈Ñ˛yÓ˚#

ˆòì≈, c !î Ïì˛£z ãß√ x!¶˛ Ï≤Ãì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓüÑ˛

!òÎ˚yõÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fíÑ˛yÓ˚#

v z ôyÎ˚ ÓÓ˚yjÑ˛Ó˚í ¢y£yˆÏÎƒÓ˚ v z ôyÎ˚ ˆ¶˛y=˛y

Ñ˛Ñ≈ ü fl ∫Ó˚ òÓ˚õ fl ∫Ó˚

!â˛hs˘˛y Á Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ fl˛∫yï#ò !â˛hs˘˛y Á Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú

î%É¢y£!¢Ñ˛ !Óâ˛«˛í

v zÂïì˛ «˛õy˛ô)í≈ Á ¢%®Ó˚

Ó%!Âïõyò ≤ÃÌyÜì˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚

Îy!s˛fÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã î«˛ì˛y Îy!s˛fÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã xî«˛

8 D.El.Ed. 506


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Ü!íì˛ Á !ÓK˛yˆÏò ¶˛yˆÏúy ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ü!=˛üyú#ó

˛ôy!Ì≈Ó K˛yò !òˆÏÓ≈yï

õyò!¢Ñ˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ Î%!=˛¢AÜì˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ xy ÏÓÜ≤ÃÓí

v zFâ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ó%!Âïõ_y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ó%!Âïõ_yÎ˚ î%Ó≈ú

ïy®yÓyã xyˆÏÓÜ≤ÃÓí

v zîy¢#ò ~ÓÇ v z!m@¿ ˜ïÎ≈ü#ú ~ÓÇ üyhs˘˛

!â˛_yÑ˛°Ï≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ◊õ¢yïƒ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛ò

ü!=˛â˛y!úì˛ !òõ!Iì˛

¶˛y Ïúy ˆâ˛£yÓ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Îbü#ú xÌ≈ Á õÎ≈yîy ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ Îbü#ú

¢õyã ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ xyúyîy ¶˛y ÏÓ õ)úƒ ˆîÎ˚– v zîy£Ó˚ífl ∫Ó) ôñ ÎÖò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈ Ïú

¢hs˘˛yò ãß√yÎ˚ ì˛Öò ì˛y ï%õïyõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v zî‰Îy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ xyÓ˚ ÎÖò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛òƒy ¢hs˘˛yò ãß√yÎ˚

ì˛Öò ì˛y xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ£z ¢% ÏÖÓ˚ á›˛òy òÎ˚–

ˆÑ˛ò ~õò £Î˚⁄ xyõÓ˚y !¶˛ß¨¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ úyúò ˛ôyúò Ñ˛!Ó˚– xyõÓ˚y !¶˛ß¨

Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ïí ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ üy!hfl Ï ≤Ãîyò Á ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛!Ó˚– ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõÓ˚y !¶˛ß¨

ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢yõ@˘Ã# ˛ôy£z– õyò%°Ï !Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £z£y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ £z£y !úAÜ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛#Î˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ–

ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚yÁ ˆÖúòy !ã˛ô Á Óƒy›˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚yÁ ˆÖúòy ˛ô%ì% ú ~ÓÇ Ó˚yßÿÓ˚

¢yõ@˘Ã# !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~õò !Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏã xyò® v˛z ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Î!îÁ Ö%Ó Ñ˛õ£z

~!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–

˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü

¢#õyÓÂïì˛y Ìy ÏÑ˛– ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÖy Ïò á ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy£z ÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ïì˛ v zÍ¢y£ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˆ¢Öy Ïò ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚

áˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ v zÍ¢y£ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛cˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛

Ñ˛ ÏÓ–

11.2.3 ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ !òõ≈yí !£¢y ÏÓ !úAÜ ı

!úAÜ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢õyã myÓ˚y !ò!õ≈ì˛– ~ãòƒ ¢õhfl˛Ï ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛£z

xyõÓ˚y !úˆÏAÜÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚) ôñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚

ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ xÇˆÏü£z xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ñ üy!v˛¸ ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ î#á≈ â% ú Ó§yïˆÏÓò–

!Ñ˛ä%È xòƒ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ flÒy›≈˛ ˛ôÓ˚y ~ÓÇ â%˛ú ˆäÈy›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y›˛y fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛– õyò%°Ï !úˆÏAÜÓ˚

ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Á ≤Ãì˛ƒyüyˆÏÑ˛ xhs˘˛Ó˚#í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !üü%Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛£z

!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ !úˆÏAÜÓ˚ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆüˆÏÖ– ~£z !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü £ˆÏúy Ú˛ô%Ó%°ÏÛ Ü%íyÓú#

Á ÚòyÓ˚#Û Ü%íyÓú#Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü– ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ü!=˛ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆüˆÏÖ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚



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Óhfl% !£ Ï¢ ÏÓ ˆîÖ Ïì˛ ˆü ÏÖ– !üü%Ó˚y !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xòƒ !ú ÏAÜÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚í !òÓ˚#«˛í Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ

xòƒˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛y !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õyì˛yÈÙÈ!˛ôì˛yñ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ!üñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ñ !¢ˆÏòõy xÌÓy !õ!v˛Î˚y v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôò–

!úAÜÈÙÈ!Ó!FäÈß¨ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ü%!ú !ÓŸªy¢ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !úAÜ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒÜ%!ú ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈

≤ÃÑ, !ì˛Ó˚– ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õ)úƒˆÏÓyï Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú !úAÜ

˜Ó°Ïõƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ñ !ÓŸªy¢ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ü!=˛üyú# £ˆÏÎ˚ v z Ï‡˛ˆÏäÈ– ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á

òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆîÖy !úAÜ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y ü!=˛üyú# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆäÈˆÏú

Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !úAÜ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ õ)úì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,£_Ó˚ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !ü«˛y ˆîÎ˚ Îy õ)úì˛ ¢õyãì˛s˛f

Á ~òÑ˛yúâ˛y!Ó˚Ç ~Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú– ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z xyõÓ˚y Ó!ú !úAÜ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛

!òõ≈yí–

Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ôÈÙÙÙÈÈ11.1

1. !òˆÏ¡ÿ=˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛!›˛ Ú¢ì˛ƒÛ Óy Ú!õÌƒyÛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚%ò– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ö§˛yÑ˛y ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ ˛Î˚y !úÖ%òÈÙÙÙÈ

(a) !úAÜÈÙÈ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÜ%!ú £ ÏFäÈ ≤ÃyÑ, !ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ

ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ

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(b) ˛ô%Ó%°Ï Óy õ!£úy £ÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ Ü%íyÓú#–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(c) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒyÓú# ~Ñ˛ ¢õyã ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ xòƒ ¢õy Ïã ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈ ì˛ £Î˚–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(d) ~Ñ˛ãò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !úAÜ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ï %ÓÑ˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢Öy Ïò ˆÎÔò Sˆ¢:V ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈ ÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



10 D.El.Ed. 506


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(e) !úAÜ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ¢õyã !ÓÑ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ö˛úyö˛ú–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(f) õ!£úy £ÁÎ˚y ~Ñ˛ãò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ò ÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



2. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛Ü%!ú Ú˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÛ ~ÓÇ Ú!úAÜ ˜Ó!ü ÏT˛ƒÓ˚Û !£¢y ÏÓ ˆ◊í#ÓÂï Ñ˛Ó%ò–

(a) òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ Ó%!Âïõyò–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(b) òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ¢hs˘˛yò ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(c) òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛t˛fl˛∫Ó˚ ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ì˛#«¯˛–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(d) òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏÓ˚y ˆÓü# xyd!ÓŸªy¢#–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(e) ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ õ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ãòƒ v˛z ôÎ%=˛ òÎ˚–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ





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(f) òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó%°ÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü ÓƒyÖƒy ¢£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(g) õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ XX ˆÑ ˛yˆÏõyˆÏãyõ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÎÖò ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ XY ˆÑ yˆÏõyˆÏãyõ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(h) ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ ~ÓÇ â˛!Ó˚e xòƒ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ì% úòyÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(i) !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛yã ˛ô%Ó%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü õyòyò¢£z–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(j) ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã £ˆÏFäÈ ¢Ñ˛ú òyÓ˚# Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ–ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



(k) òyÓ˚#ñ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ òyõ £ˆÏúy {°Ï≈yÊÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ



11.3 !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ı

xyõÓ˚y ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ~Ñ˛£z ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚ òy– ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ

Óyã Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ xÌ≈ Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ¢õhfl Ï Ñ˛yÎ≈ Ï«˛ Ïe xÇü@˘Ã£ ÏíÓ ¢õyò ¢% ÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÎ òy–

12 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

ˆÑ˛ò⁄ xy˛ô!ò Ñ˛Ö Ïòy ~ Óƒy˛ôy ÏÓ !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ ÏäÈò⁄ òyÓ#Óy !Ñ˛ ã#Ó ÏòÓ ~¢Ó ˆ«˛ Ïe ¢õyò

£ÁÎyÓ x«˛õ⁄ ~Ñ˛ãò ˆõ ÏÎ Óy õ!£úy £ÁÎy ¢ Ï_¥Á ì˛yÓ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ ¢#õy ˆò£z– ì˛y ¢ Ï_¥Á

òyÓ# ÏîÓ ã#Ó ÏòÓ x ÏòÑ˛ Ï«˛ Ïe !Ó!¶˛ß Ñ˛y ÏãÓ ¢% ÏÎyÜ !î Ïì˛ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓ Ñ˛Óy £Î– xfl ∫#Ñ˛y ÏÓÓ

¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ Á ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ xyáyì˛– xy¢%ò xyõÓ˚y ~£z !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ !úAÜ

˛ô«˛˛ôy Ïì˛Ó xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ˆäÈ Ïú Ïõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ £z£y ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ ì˛y xïƒÎò Ñ˛!Ó–

11.3.1 ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ xÌ≈ ı

â˛ú%ò ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Ú˜Ó°ÏõƒÛ ü∑!›˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ v zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Ó% ÏG˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyÑ˛– ˆÎõò Óúy

ÎyÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõ ì˛˛ô!üú# ãy!ì˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òúÑ)˛˛ô ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãú ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆò£z

ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xòƒÓ˚y !Óòy ÓyïyÎ˚ ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ãú ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ â˛y!£îy– !òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛#

òúÑ) ˛ô ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãú !îˆÏì˛ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y õyˆÏò fl ∫ì˛s˛f x¢%!Óïy Ñ˛Ó˚y– £z£y ãy!ì˛Üì˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ–

â˛ú%ò xòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v zîy£Ó˚í ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÑ˛– Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ î%Ûãò Óƒ!=˛ ¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢«˛õñ

~Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yˆÏúy â˛yõv ¸yÓ˚ xòƒãò ö˛¢≈y â˛yõv ¸yÓ˚– ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛yˆÏúy â˛yõv˛¸y £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ îÓ˚%í Óƒ!=˛!›˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ òy £ÁÎ˚y õyˆÏò ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛

xò%ü#úò–

˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ ãy!ì˛ ¢ÇˆÏáÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Îy ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ xyâ˛Ó˚íÜ%!ú

xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó) ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛hs%˛ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ã!v ¸ì˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÚÚÓã≈ò Óy ≤Ãì˛ƒyÖyòÛÛ–

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò Óƒ!=˛ Óy ˆÜy¤˛#Ó˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï xyâ˛Ó˚í Óy !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛yÓ˚í

Óƒ!=˛/ ˆÜy¤˛# ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆ◊!í Óy !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛– ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ â˛y!£îyñ Ü%íyÓú#

~ÓÇ ¢«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ v z Ï˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆò!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚íy xyˆÏäÈ– £z£y ~õò

!ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ñ˛ä%È xyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì £zˆÏFäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛õ xò%˛ôÎ%=˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚

ˆ◊í#ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒyÎ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ ≤ÃÌy

Ö%§ˆÏã ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò⁄ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚%ò– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆòì≈,˛c !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚

~õò ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–

~Öò xy¢%òñ xyõÓ˚y !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ !î ÏÑ˛ Îy£z– !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ £ Ïúy !ú ÏAÜÓ˚ Sˆ¢:V

!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ– ~!›˛ £ú ˆÑ˛yò Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔòì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ x¢õ

xyâ˛Ó˚í– !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ö Ïòy Ñ˛Ö Ïòy ˛ô%Ó%°ÏÈÙÈ≤Ãyïyòƒ Ó Ïú v z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˛ô%Ó%°ÏÈÙÈ≤Ãyïyòƒ

ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ áˆÏ›˛– ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˛ô«˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyâ˛Ó˚í £Î˚ñ Îy áˆÏ›˛!äÈú òyñ ì˛y

!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !úˆÏAÜÓ˚ !äÈú ˆÑ˛yò xòƒyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛ƒñ ò#!ì˛ñ x¶˛ƒy¢ Óy !ÓŸªy¢– òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó%°ÏˆÏÑ˛

x¢yõƒ Ó) Ï ô xyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£zãòƒ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ˆÎÔò ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ Ó˚ ¢î¢ƒ ÏîÓ˚

ãòƒ ÓyäÈy£z Óy ˛ôäÈ®Ü%!ú xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!›˛ ˛˛ô)Ó≈ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛

~ÓÇ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y x˜ÏÓï– ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢õ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˜Ó°Ïõƒ

òÎ˚– ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ £z£y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÔò !úAÜ ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#úì˛y xy£zò ˆîÖyˆÏFäÈ–



ˆòy›˛

!â˛e ÈÙÈ 3 ~ Ó!í≈ì˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ÖòÁ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ

¢%fl˛ôT˛ òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– £z£y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ á›˛ˆÏì˛

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yò Ñ˛yÓ˚í

Óy Î%!=˛ £ˆÏÓ òy–

xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ !ÓK˛y˛ôò ã% Ïv˛ ~ Ï¢ ÏäÈò⁄

˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏãˆÏQÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ Órï%Ó˚ Óy!v ¸ ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚– £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛

ˆÎ Ïì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ ÏÓ òy xÌÓy ¢rïƒyÓ˚ xy ÏÜ£z â˛ Ïú xy¢ Ïì˛ Óúy £ ÏÓ– ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe ~£z

ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ã!ì˛ÓrïÑ˛ì˛y ˆò£z– Ö%Ó ¢£ã ¶˛yˆÏÓ£zñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y

£Î˚ òyñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ãò Úˆõ ÏÎ˚Û–

xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ â˛Ó˚õ ˆÑ˛¢ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó%ò– !ò!î≈T˛ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ òy– ˛ô%Ó%°ÏÓ˚y òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Üy!v ¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚ òy Î!î òy ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ö%Ó!òÑ˛›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ £Î˚– ~ÖyˆÏòñ m®¥˛ £ˆÏúy ˛ô%Ó%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y â˛y!úì˛ ÓyˆÏ¢ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ÎyˆÏÓ– Î!î ˆÑ˛yò ˛ô%Ó%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ fl%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛ôˆÏü≈ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y òy £Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚Óy¢ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ òy ˆõˆÏúñ ì˛y£ˆÏú fl%Òú Óy¢ â˛yúyˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛⁄ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄

xyõÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ˆî!Ö ˆäÈ ÏúÓ˚y ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Oyõ !ò ÏÎ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ õy Ï‡˛ ˆÖú ÏäÈñ xòƒÌyÎ˚ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚£z Ïu˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ ÏõÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛T˛ ¢£Ñ˛y ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Oyõ !ò ÏÎ˚ ˆÖú Ïì˛ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–x ÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ £z Ïu˛yÓ˚ ˆÜõ ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜ ˆõ Ïú Á ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ Ó!M˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~õò á Ï›˛ ˆÑ˛ò⁄£z£y !Ñ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò ÏÎyÜƒ⁄

!úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˛ô%Ó%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚Á ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– v zîy£Ó˚ífl ∫Ó) ôñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆäÈˆÏúÎÖò ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ xyáyì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ ì˛Öò Ñ§ yî Ïì˛ £Î˚ òy õ Ïò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆÑ˛ò⁄ £z£yÓ˚ Ö%Ó ¢yïyÓ˚íÑ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏúy ˆ¢ ÚˆäÈˆÏúÛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yò !Ñ˛ä%È£z ˛ôÓ˚y!ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚ òy– ~Ñ˛ãò ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏÚˆ£yõ ˆõÑ˛yÓ˚Û £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~!›˛Á !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒñ Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏò õ!£úyÁ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ v z˛ôÓ˚ xì˛ƒy!ïÑ˛ â˛y˛ô ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆõˆÏÎ˚ Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚% ÏÂï˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õòˆÏÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£z xyãˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ !úAÜ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï ˜Ó°Ïõƒ–

11.3.2 !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ v zÍ¢ ~ÓÇ Ü‡˛ò ı

˜Ó°Ïõƒ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ñ !ò®ò#Î˚ Óy ¢)∏ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ áˆÏ›˛ ÎÖò

!úAÜˆÏÑ˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%fl˛ôT˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– xy¢%òñ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚

¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ˛– xy˛ô!ò xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛ãò äÈye ì˛y !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

â˛yò– xy˛ô!ò ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎñ ~Ñ˛ãò ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÑ˛ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ ˆòì˛y

!£¢yˆÏÓ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ì% úòyõ)úÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yˆÏúy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚– ~!›˛ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ–

Ü¶≈ yÓfiÌyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ïì˛ Ñ˛õ≈# ÏîÓ˚ Öy!Ó˚ã Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ–

14 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ áˆÏ›˛ ÎÖò ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ x¢%!ÓïyÜ%!ú !òÎ˚õ Á x¶˛ƒy¢ !£¢yˆÏÓ

≤ÃˆÏÎyãƒ £Î˚–

v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚)˛ôñ Î!î ˆÑ˛yò !òˆÏÎ˚yÜÑ˛ì≈˛y òì%˛ò xy¢ÓyÓ˛ôe ü%ï%õye ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ

ì˛ˆÏÓ £z£y ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ–

!â˛e 4 : !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ v zÍ¢

ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~õò!Ñ˛ £z£y ~Ñ˛

¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !¶˛ß¨ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zÍ¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_

£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– £z£y ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü%Ó˚% £Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ ˆúyÑ˛yúÎ˚ñ Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚

!òÎ%!=˛ñ Ìyòyñ ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ îúñ ˛ôyú≈yˆÏõr›˛ ~ÓÇ xy£zò≤ÃíÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ ~õò xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ«˛e

˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !â˛e-4 !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v zÍ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy

ˆîÎ˚– !â˛e!›˛ Îb ¢£Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó%ò– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ xhs˘˛ì˛ î%!›˛ xò%ü#úò ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe

!â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó%ò–

!â˛e 5 : ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ º)í£y!ò ~ÓÇ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ˜üüÓ ú%Z˛ò

!òÎ%!=˛ ˛ô Ïîyß!ì˛ñfiÌyò !òí≈Î˚

Ü,ˆÏ£Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ◊õ!Ó¶˛yãò

¢¡ô!_ñ ¢¡ôî~ÓÇ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚v z ôÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí

!ü«˛yñ ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£zñ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)â˛# ~ÓÇ

!ü«˛Ñ˛⁄

xy£zò ~ÓÇ!òÎ˚õ

˛ô%!T˛ñ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ~ÓÇxÓ¢Ó˚

!ü«˛yÜì˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜ

¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ò#!ì˛

˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Á!˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛y

!úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚v˛zÍ¢ Á Ü‡˛ò



ˆòy›˛

ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛ô) ÏÓ≈£z !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ü%Ó% £Î˚– ~£z xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï xy£zò ÌyÑ˛y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á

õ!£úy º)í£y!ò î,T˛yhs˘˛õ)úÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ xy ÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆäÈ Ïú ¢hs˘˛y ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !˛ôì˛yõyì˛yÓ˚ S¢õy ÏãÓ˚V

â˛y!£îy Ö%Ó ˆÓ!ü ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ£z xÓˆÏ£!úì˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y

!ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyî,ì˛ £Î˚– ˛ô%!T˛Üì˛ ~ÓÇ fl ∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ â˛y!£îyˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÓˆÏ£úy Ñ˛Ó˚y

£Î˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ,ì% ƒÓ˚ v zFâ˛£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜˆÏÑ˛ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ

ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôäÈ®õˆÏì˛y ˆÑ˛y¢≈ ˆÓˆÏäÈ ˆòÁÎ˚yˆÏì˛ !òÓ%Í¢y£ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ v zFâ˛ !ü«˛y @˘Ã£ˆÏí !òÓ%Í¢y£

Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Á Ö%Ó ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛– Ñ˛õ≈¢ÇfiÌy ÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ ÏeÁ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ÏîÓ˚ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ì% úòyÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü

x@˘Ãy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–

≤ÃyÎ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !úAÜ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x¢yõƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z x¢yõƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó) ô !òˆÏì˛

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– v zîy£Ó˚ífl ∫Ó) ôñ x¢yõƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó˚ Îb ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚

õ!£úy Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óüyú ˆÓyG˛y â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– £z£y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yñ

Ñ˛õ≈!òˆÏÎ˚yÜ ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏîyß¨!ì˛Ó˚ v z ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú– £z£y Ó!£!Ó≈Ÿª ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚òyˆÏÑ˛

¢#!õì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~õò !Ñ˛ £z£y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ˆ˛ôüyîyÓ˚ Ó, Ï_Ó˚ K˛yò Á ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨

ïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ¢%î)Ó˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl ÏyÓ˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–

x ÏòÑ˛ x“ ÓÎflÒy ˆõ ÏÎÓy£z ˛ôy!ÓÓy!ÓÑ˛ Ñ˛y Ïã ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ ÏÓñ ˆäÈy Ï›˛y ¶˛y£z ÏÓy ÏòÓ Îb ˆòÎ ~ÓÇ

ì˛y ¢ Ï_¥Á ì˛y ÏîÓ Óy!v˛ Ïì˛ ÌyÑ˛ Ïì˛ â˛y˛ô ˆîÁÎy £Î– £z£y ì˛y ÏîÓ !ü«˛y Á ¶˛!Ó°Ïƒ Ïì˛Ó v z ôÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

ˆö˛ Ïúñ v z ôÓhs%˛ ì˛y ÏîÓ ˜üüÓ ˆÑ˛ Ïv˛ ˆòÁÎy £Î– x ÏòÑ˛ v zîy£Óí xy ÏäÈ ˆÎÖy Ïò ˆõ ÏÎÓy ≤ÃyÆÓÎflÒ

xã≈ ÏòÓ xy ÏÜ£z !ÓîƒyúÎ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ äÈy!v˛ ÏÎ ˆòÁÎy £Î– !Ñ˛ä%È ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ Ïì˛ñ ãò ÏÜy¤˛#Ó !Ó Ïoy Ï£Ó

x¶˛ƒy¢ !Óîƒõyò– ˆäÈ Ïú¢hs˘ yò v zÍ˛ôyîò òy Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓyÎ õ!£úy ÏîÓ Îs fíy ˆîÁÎy £Î– x˛ô%!T˛Ó

Ñ˛yÓ Ïí x!ïÑ˛ Ñ˛òƒy ¢hs˘ yò õyÓy ÎyÎ– ~õò v zîy£Óí xy ÏäÈ ˆÎÖy Ïò õyÈÙÈÓyÓyÓy ˆõ ÏÎ !üü% ÏÑ˛

˛ô!Óì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ ÏÓ Óy ˆõ ÏÓ ˆö˛ Ïú– ~£zÜ% Ïúy £ú ¢yõyòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ î,ÈT˛yhs˘ –

ÎÖò ˛ôv ¸y Ïüyòy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛y¢≈ ˛ôäÈ Ï®Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ xy Ï¢ñ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ!›˛ ¢)∏¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–

ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï ˆÑ˛y¢≈ !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ î) ÏÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛y¢≈ @˘Ã£í

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !òÓ%Í¢y£ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ˆõÑ˛y!òÑ˛ƒyú £z!O!òÎ˚y!Ó˚Ç ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛y¢≈

ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ v z ôÎ%=˛ òÎ˚– Ñ˛Ó˚!íÑ˛ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛yñ òy!¢≈Ç ~ÓÇ £yv z¢!Ñ˛!˛ôÇ ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛yãÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛

ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ v z ôÎ%=˛ Ó Ïú !Ó ÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–

â˛úyˆÏö˛Ó˚y Á ºõˆÏí !òˆÏ°ÏïyK˛yñ ã#!ÓÑ˛y xã≈ˆÏò !òÓ%Í¢y£ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ £z¶˛!›˛!ãÇ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚

˛ôäÈ® õ Ïì˛y â˛yÑ˛!Ó Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ Óyïy ˆîÁÎyñ ¢¡ô!_Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓñ ≤ÃÑ˛yü ~ÓÇ Ü!ì˛!Ó!ïÓ

¢% ÏÎy ÏÜ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓñ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ ãyÎÜyÎ ˆÎÔò £ÎÓy!òñ £z¶˛!›˛!ãÇñ Üy£≈fiÌƒ ¢!£Ç¢ì˛yñ üyÓ#!ÓÑ˛ !òÎ≈yì˛ò

≤Ã¶, !ì˛ £ Ïúy !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ !Ñ˛ä%È ïÓò– Ñ˛y ÏãÓ !Ó!¶˛ß üì≈ y!î ≤Ãîyò Á !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ– £z£y

ˆÓì˛òñ !ò ÏÎyÜñ ˛ô Ïîyß!ì˛ Óy ˆÓyòy Ï¢Ó õyòî Ï[˛Á á›˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ– ¶˛!ì≈ ñ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò ~ÓÇ ˆ≤’¢ Ïõr›˛

Óy xƒyÌ Ïú!›˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ flÒúyÓ!ü Ï ôÓ ¢% ÏÎyÜÜ%!ú Ïì˛Á !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ á›˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ–

16 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

xyõÓ˚y õy!úÑ˛yòy Á ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆîÖ Ïì˛ ˛ôy£z– ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ¢¡ôî

ˆÎõò Óy!v ¸ òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x¢õ¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ îy!ÓÓ˚ xò% ô!fiÌ!ì˛

õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛í≈ ˆÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– £z£y Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚

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Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ Î!îÁ !Ñ˛ä%È fiÌyò#Î˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚) ôñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ xÇˆÏü£z

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˛ô%Ó%°Ï ÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ îõò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–

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≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ Ïú– ÓyÓyÈÙÈõy ÏÑ˛£z ˆäÈ ÏúÈÙÈˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚yú õ Ïv˛ú !£¢y ÏÓ ˆîÖy £Î˚– ˆÎÖy Ïò

ˆäÈ ÏúÓ˚y ÓyÓyÓ˚ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆõ ÏÎ˚Ó˚y õy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ xò%Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛y ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¢hs˘˛yò ÏîÓ˚

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18 D.El.Ed. 506


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xy¢ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò£z ÎÖò õyÈÙÈÓyÓyñ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ õyò%°Ï ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïñ Üíõyïƒõñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ îú ~ÓÇ

!òõ≈yì˛yÓ˚y ¢õÈÙÈ¢% ÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛¢yˆÏÌ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

!˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛yÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ Á !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆ¢!›˛Ç v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚£z xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ≤Ãüy¢òñ

!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓüƒ£z ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôv ¸yü%òy ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚

v zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ– ÎÖò£z £z£y £ ÏÓñ ì˛Öò !úAÜ ¢õì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆãyÓ˚îyÓ˚ £ ÏÓ–

11.3.4 !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ v zÍ¢ ~ÓÇ £z!ì˛£y¢ ı

!úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÖyˆÏò xˆÏòÑ˛ õì˛Óyî Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚

¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆãyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Óí≈òy ˆÎ õì˛ÓyˆÏî ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚ ÚÓhfl%˛Óyî# õì˛ÓyîÛ–

òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó%ˆÏ°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~£z õì˛ÓyˆÏî xyv˛¸yxy!v˛¸ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛

ˆv˛›˛y ÓƒÓ£yÓ Ñ˛Óy £ ÏÎ ÏäÈ– ~£z õì˛Óyî#Óy Î%!=˛ ˆîò ˆÎñ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ £ Ïúy ¢õy Ïã òyÓ#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó%°ÏÓy

!Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛ú– ì˛yÓ˚y õ)úƒÓyò ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí

Á !Óì˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîò Îy õ)úì˛ÈÉ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛ fiÌyò ˆîÎ˚–

xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒñ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛yñ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !Óºy!hs˘˛ ~ÓÇ xfl˛∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛

òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ õ)ú Ñ˛yÓ˚í– ~£z î,!T˛¶˛!AÜ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xï#òì˛y

ˆÑ˛yò ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚y òÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú–

~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ü‡˛ò v zay˛ô Ïò ◊õ!Ó¶˛yãò ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò– ˆÓyïÜõƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £úñ Üy£≈fiÌƒ Ñ˛y Ïã

xyˆÏ¢ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˛ô%Ó˚% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ã!v˛¸ì˛ !äÈú Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Óy£z ÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ õ– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ◊õ

!Ó¶˛yãˆÏò !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!ï!òˆÏ°Ïï ~ÓÇ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢%!Óïy ≤Ãõy!íì˛ £Î˚– ˛ô%Ó%°ÏÓ˚y

¢¡ôîñ «˛õì˛y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô!_Ó˚ £ ÏÎ˚ ~ Ï¢!äÈ Ïúò– Üy£≈fiÌƒ ◊ ÏõÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ≤Ããòòõ)úÑ˛ ¶) !õÑ˛y

~ÓÇ îy!Î˚cÜ%!ú òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢#õyÓÂïì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õ)úƒÓyò

¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛íyˆÏÓ«˛í ~ÓÇ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚y– !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ v zÍ˛ô!_ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ xòƒyòƒ

ì˛_¥ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó%ò–

˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ ˆÎÔòì˛y õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚£z x¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏäÈ– ãyì˛#Î˚

!ü«˛yò#!ì˛ 1986 !úAÜ˜ÏÓ°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ î#á≈ £z!ì˛£y¢ˆÏÑ˛ fl ∫#Ñ, ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ~!›˛ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ

!úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ £ú xì˛# Ïì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ú¢Ç ÏÑ˛yâ˛òõ)úÑ˛ !ÓÑ, !ì˛Û–



ˆòy›˛

õ!£úy xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ïyÓ˚íy v˛zayò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ 200 !Ö T˛˛ô)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ õò% Ñ˛ì≈,˛Ñ˛

!òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ !òÎ˚õ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ı 1 × 3. ì˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓy ˜üüÓÑ˛yˆÏú Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ# ˆÎÔÓˆÏò Sì˛yÓ˚V

Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%eÓ˚y Ó,Âï ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ñ˛ãò òyÓ˚# fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛z ôÎ%=˛

òÎ–

!Ñ˛ä%È ÜˆÏÓ°ÏÑ˛ ~£z ïyÓ˚íy xyÑ˛ˆÏv ¸ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ~Ñ˛£z ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ õÎ≈yîy Á

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ò– ì˛ˆÏÓñ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õÎ≈yîy fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛õˆÏì˛ ü%Ó% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛

ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyÜì˛ üy¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%ÈÑ˛yú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôíƒ !£¢yˆÏÓ

ï ÏÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– õïƒÎ%Ü#Î˚ ¢õ ÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌy xyÓ˚Á ÖyÓ˚y˛ô £Î˚ ÎÖò !Ñ˛ä%È

¢¡±îy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ õ Ïïƒ ¢ì˛#îy£ñ Óyúƒ!ÓÓy£ñ ˆÎÔì% Ñ˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ !ÓïÓy ˛ô%ò!Ó≈Óy£ !ò!°ÏÂï £Î˚ Îy

≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ xÇü £ ÏÎ˚ Á Ï‡˛– ˛ô)Ó˚î£ ≤ÃÌy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !äÈú– õ!® ÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ!£úy Óy ˆîÓîy!¢Ó˚y

ˆÎÔò ˆüy°Ïí £ì˛– Ó£%!ÓÓy£ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !äÈú ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ £z£y ÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ÏîÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛

˛ôîõÎ≈yîy !£¢y ÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ì˛– !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚õ)úÑ˛ xy Ï®yúò £ ÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆÎ ˜ãòÓ˚y òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ïõ≈#Î˚ xyˆÏîü !£¢yˆÏÓ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– £z£y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á õ!£úyÓ˚y î#á≈ Ñ˛yÓ˚yÓy¢ ~ÓÇ

¢#õyÓÂïì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ– £z£y !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÎñ Óyúƒ!ÓÓy£ ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ ü%Ó% äÈÎ˚ üì˛ ÏÑ˛Ó˚

ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛–

~õò!Ñ˛ xyã !ü«˛yÓ˚ v zß¨Î˚ò ~ÓÇ xy£zò ¢ Ï_¥Á xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ îõò xyãÁ

â˛úˆÏäÈ– ˆÎÔò ˆüy°Ïíñ ˛ôyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆÎÔì% ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ,ì% ƒñ Üy£≈fiÌ ¢!£Ç¢ì˛yñ x˛ô£Ó˚íñ !ò˛ô#v ¸òñ ï°Ï≈íñ

xƒy!¢v˛ xyÑ õíñ ˆÎÔòyAÜ !Ó ÏFäÈîñ Ñ˛òƒy º)í £…y¢ñ !üü%!ü«˛yñ ÓÎ˚flÒ ÏîÓ˚ xÓ Ï£úy ¢õ¶˛y ÏÓ

x«% ]–

Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô ı 11.2

I. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú ¢ì˛ƒ Óy !õÌƒy !Ñ˛òy ì˛y Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó%ò– Î!î !õÌƒy £Î˚ñ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!ú

¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó%ò ı1. ˆäÈˆÏú !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ˛ôäÈˆÏ® x@˘Ãy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò–

2. !úAÜ ¢õì˛y ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¶) !õÑ˛y ˆò£z–

3. ~Ñ˛!›˛ !úAÜ ¢yõƒ ¢õyã ˜ì˛!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ¶) !õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–

4. ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔì%˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ î%!Ó≈°Ï£ Î% ÏÂï !˛ô~ò!v˛!›˛ (PNDT) xy£zò ≤Ãí#ì˛ £Î˚–

5. ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy–

6. xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü ≤Ã!ì˛ £yãyÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó% Ï°Ï òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õˆÏäÈ–

7. òyÓ˚# îõ ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ õ)úì˛ Óy ÏÎ˚yú!ãÑ˛ƒyú Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ü%!ú îyõ#–

8. ¢õhfl Ï !ü«˛Ñ˛ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ Ï«˛Ó˚ â˛â≈ yÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ !úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#úì˛y ˆîÖyò–

20 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

II. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Óy !úAÜ ˛ô«˛˛ôy Ïì˛Ó˚ v zîy£Ó˚í⁄

1. ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !ò!î≈T˛ ïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò ÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ÓÓ˚yj Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ò òy–

2. v zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚ !ü«˛y @˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚# ¢Ñ˛ú ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !ö˛ äÈyv ¸ ~ÓÇ Ó,!_ ≤Ãîyò–

3. ˆãúy ˛ôM˛y ÏÎ˚ì˛ Á @˘Ãyõ ˛ôM˛y ÏÎ˚ Ïì˛ õ!£úy ≤ÃyÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ xy¢ò ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í–

4. ˆÑ˛yòÁ õ!£úy ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏú ˛ô%!úü õyõúy !òÓrïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò òy–

5. Óy Ï¢ £z¶˛!›˛!ãÇ–

6. ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú õ!£úy ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ó˚«˛í ÓƒÓfiÌy–

7. òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õyì,˛c ~ÓÇ â˛y£z”˛ ˆÑ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ä%È!›˛ õO$Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

8. ˆÎ ˆÎÔò !òÎ≈yì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ì˛y Ñ˛yv˛zˆÏÑ˛ òy ÓúyÓ˚ ãòƒ Óúy–

III. !ò Ïâ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v z_Ó˚!›˛ ÓyäÈy£z Ñ˛Ó%ò ı

1. òyÓ˚# fl ∫yï#òì˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒ òÎ˚– ~£z !ÓÓ,!ì˛!›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ

(a) Ó˚yõyÎ˚í (b) õò% fl˛ø,!ì˛ (c) õ£y¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ (d) v z ô!ò°Ïî

2. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ x˜ÏÓï òÎ˚⁄

(a) ¢õ˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy ¢ì˛# (b) ˛ôí ˆîÁÎ˚y Óy ˆòÁÎ˚y (c) òyÓ˚# !Ñ ˛v˛¸y v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏò ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚

¢% ÏÎyÜ ≤Ãîyò (d) Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ˆÎÔò £Î˚Ó˚y!ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

3. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ v zîy£Ó˚í⁄

(a) ¢hs˘˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏ@˘Ã¢ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôyˆÏ›≈˛ !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛y v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(b) ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ xÈÙÈ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ˆÑ˛y¢≈Ü%!ú xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ v zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

(c) òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ ¢¡øyò ~ÓÇ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆÜy˛ôò#Î˚ì˛y ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò–

(d) ˛ô%Ó%°ÏÓ˚y ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆÓì˛ò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò–

11.4 !úAÜ !ò Ïî≈üÑ˛ xÓfiÌy ı

˛ô%Ó%°Ï Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌy Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛

£ˆÏÓ– òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ ¢õyò ¢% ÏÎyÜñ ¢õyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢õyò ¢¡øyò ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄

¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ !Ñ˛⁄ Î!î ~ÖyˆÏò !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ !Ñ˛⁄ !ü«˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyñ

fl ∫yfiÌƒñ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ õy!úÑ˛yòyñ Ñ˛yˆÏã xÇü@˘Ã£íñ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ñ òyÓ˚#ñ !òÎ≈yì˛ò £zì˛ƒy!î xyõyˆÏîÓ˚

¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xy¢%ò xyõÓ˚y ~£z !fiÌ!ì˛ ¢)â˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú

¢Ç!«˛Æ¶˛y ÏÓ xïƒÎ˚ò Ñ˛!Ó˚ ı



ˆòy›˛

11.4.1 ˆÎÔò xò% ôyì˛ ı

¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#ú ¢)â˛Ñ˛ £ú

ÚˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛Û– ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ 1000 ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°Ï òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy– ˆÑ˛yò

¢õy Ïã ≤Ã!ì˛ 1000 ˛ô%Ó%ˆÏ°Ï òyÓ˚#¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ 1000

ãò £ÁÎ˚y v z!â˛ì˛– î%¶≈˛yÜƒÓüì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü ˆÎÔò

xò%˛ôyì˛ !ò¡¨Üyõ#– ü£%ˆÏÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ xyÓ˚Á

¶˛Î˚yÓ£– xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ú !üü%

ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛– ~!›˛ 0-6 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢# !üü% ÏîÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ

ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛– £zv˛zòy£zˆÏ›˛v˛ ˆòüò !â˛úˆÏv»˛ò ö˛y[˛ xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ÎˆÏbÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚

Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíñ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ º)í £…yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ õ,ì% ƒ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí 50 !õ!úÎ˚ò

ˆõ ÏÎ˚ Á õ!£úy ¶˛yÓ˚ Ïì˛Ó˚ ãò¢ÇÖƒy ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ Ú!òÓ% ÏjüÛ– 1901 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 2011 ~Ó˚ ãòÜíòy

xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎÔò xò% ôyì˛ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛õˆÏäÈ– @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ì% úòyÎ˚ ü£% ÏÓ˚

~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôì˛ò xyˆÏÓ˚y o%ì˛– 2011 ¢y ÏúÓ˚ ãòÜíòy xò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ xyõy ÏîÓ˚

ˆîˆÏü ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛ 940 ~ÓÇ !üü% ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛ 914– ˆõyˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v z ôÓ˚ xfl ∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌy

xÓƒy£ì˛– xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°Ïƒì˛ Ó˚«˛ ÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ xÓüƒ£z òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–

11.4.2 !ü«˛y ı

˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢õy Ïã òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢y ÏÌ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈ ì˛– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ !úAÜ

¢õì˛y Á «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ö%Ó ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ !òÎ˚õ– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ òyÓ˚# !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ñ

fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ õyeyÎ˚ !úAÜ !òï≈yÓ˚í !òˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ v»˛˛ôxyv˛zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ £yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛

¢)â˛Ñ˛– !ü«˛yÓ˚ v zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ xyd!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#úì˛yñ v zFâ˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ î«˛ì˛yñ ¶˛yˆÏúy fl ∫yfiÌƒ ~ÓÇ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚

ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí xyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆÓ!ü !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Î%!=˛ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ õ)ˆÏúƒÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ¢ˆÏ_¥Á !ü«˛yÎ˚ ¢õì˛y ú%E˛y!Î˚ì˛–

¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ £y ÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óüyú !úAÜ ü)òƒì˛y ~ÖòÁ !Óîƒõyò– xyãÁ ˆõ ÏÎ˚Ó˚y !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚

!Ó!¶˛ß¨ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ v»˛˛ô xyv˛z›˛ £ˆÏFäÈ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 245 !õ!úÎ˚ò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛ôv ¸y Á ˆúÖyÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛

¢yõÌ≈ ˆò£z– 2000 ¢yˆÏú ÓÎ˚flÒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 15 ÓäÈÓ˚ Óy ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 46.4%

~ÓÇ ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 69%– xy˛ôòyÓ˚ î,!T˛¶˛AÜ# xò%ÎyÎ˚# òyÓ˚# !ü«˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚ !ò¡¨ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ

îyÎ˚# Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú !Ñ˛⁄ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ¢Ó ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !Ñ˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢⁄ Î!î

òy £Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ¢Ω˛yÓƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !Ñ˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄ ¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ö§% Ïã ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ü%ï%õye ~Ñ˛!›˛

!òˆÏî≈üÑ˛– ~ÖyˆÏò xòƒyòƒ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶% !=˛Ó˚ £yÓ˚ñ v»˛˛ô xyv˛z›˛

22 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

£yÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ õ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy– ~£z ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌy Ö§% Ïã ˆÓÓ˚

Ñ˛Ó%ò–

!â˛e 7 : ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ¢yö˛úƒ [¢)e ı !ãÁxy£z (GOI), 2001]!â˛e-7ÈÙÈ~ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ¢yö˛úƒ ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xy˛ô!ò ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò ˆÎñ xyõÓ˚y !ü«˛yÜì˛ õ£z ~Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Îì˛ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ ££zñ ˆì˛õ!ò òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õˆÏì˛

ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ≈ãò#ò#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ ~ÖòÁ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– xy˛ôòyÓ˚

Ó˚y ÏãƒÓ˚ xÓfiÌy !Ñ˛⁄ â˛ƒy ÏúO ˆõyÑ˛y ÏÓúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yò ÓƒÓfiÌy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏFäÈ⁄

11.4.3 fl ∫yfiÌƒ ı

¢Ñ˛ú ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Á òyÓ˚#Ó˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á Ñ˛úƒyˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ

˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyò ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎÔò !ò!Óv˛¸ì˛y Ü%!ú fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ xyfiÌyñ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü

~ÓÇ fl ∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛úÜ%!úˆÏì˛Á !Óîƒõyò– xòƒ ¢Ñ˛ú ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì% úòyÎ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õ,ì% ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚

˜üü ÏÓ£z ¢ ÏÓ≈yFâ˛–

!Ñ˛hs%˘˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Sxy£z. ~õ. xyÓ˚V (IMR) ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ¢ÇÖƒy !£¢y ÏÓ ¢ÇK˛y!Î˚ì˛È

Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ã!ì˛ 1000 ãò !üü% ãß√@˘Ã£ ÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÓäÈÓ˚£z ˆÓ§ Ïâ˛ ÌyÑ˛ Ïì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– ˜ã!ÓÑ˛

~ÓÇ !ãòÜì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ñ˛òƒy !üü%Ó˚ ì% úòyÎ˚ ˛ô%e !üü%Ó˚y õ,ì% ƒÓ˚ ãòƒ x!ïÑ˛ ¢!®£yò ÓˆÏú õˆÏò

Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛òƒy !üü%Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˛ô%e !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ ˛õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– £z£y õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚

v z ôÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ÈÙÈ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Üv˛¸ ˛ô%!T˛Ó˚ xyò%õy!òÑ˛ £yÓ˚ ˜î!òÑ˛ 1400 Ñ˛ƒy Ïúy!Ó˚– ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ ãòò#Ó˚ â˛y!£îy

£ˆÏúy xyò%õy!òÑ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 2200 Ñ˛ƒyˆÏúy!Ó˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ õ!£úyÓ˚ ˛ô%!T˛Üì˛ x¶˛yÓñ Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y

~ÓÇ Áãò Ñ˛ Ïõ ˆ¶˛y ÏÜ–

ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓy Ï£Ó˚ ò%òƒì˛õ ˜Óï ÓÎ˚¢ £ Ïúy 18 ÓäÈÓ˚– üì≈ yÓú# ¢ Ï_¥Áñ ¶˛yÓ˚ Ïì˛Ó˚ Ó£%

õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#~ÓÇ v˛zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚ (4%)

õyïƒ!õÑ˛(5%)

õyïƒ!õÑ˛(9%)

≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛(13%)

≤ÃÌyÜì˛(7%) x≤ÃÌyÜì˛

(1%)

!Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚òy ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚

£yÓ˚(61%)



ˆòy›˛

ˆõ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï¢Ó˚ xy ÏÜ£z !Ó ÏÎ˚ £ ÏÎ˚ Îy ÏFäÈ– õïƒ≤Ã Ïîüñ Ó˚yãfiÌyòñ xrï ≤Ã Ïîüñ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ~ÓÇ v z_Ó˚≤Ã Ïîü Ó˚y Ïãƒ ~£z ¢õ¢ƒy ~Ñ˛›˛y Óyúƒ!ÓÓy Ï£Ó˚ ö˛úfl ∫Ó) ô ≤ÃyÎ˚£z x“

ÓÎ˚ Ï¢ Ü¶≈ ïyÓ˚íñ ˜üüÓ òT˛ £ ÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ !ü«˛y ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ Ó!M˛ì˛ £ ÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– x“ ÓÎ˚ Ï¢

Ü¶≈ ïyÓ˚ ÏíÓ˚ ö˛ Ïú Ñ˛õ Áã ÏòÓ˚ !üü%ñ õ,ì˛ ¢hs˘˛yò ≤Ã¢Ó ~ÓÇ Ü¶≈ ˛ôy Ïì˛Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–

!ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ ˆÎ¢Ó õyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó%@¿ fl ∫yfiÌƒ ~ÓÇ ˛ô%!T˛Ó˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜ– 2008 ¢yˆÏú fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á

˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛úƒyò õs˛fòyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ 2001¢y Ïú ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓy Ï£Ó˚ Üv ¸ ÓÎ˚¢ 18.3 Îy 2008 ¢y Ïú 20.6 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ Ó,!Âï ˆ˛ô ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ–

~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl ∫yÜ!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓíì˛y–

£z£y xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ~£zâ˛ xy£z !¶˛ (HIV) ˛ô!ã!›˛¶˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 38%£z òyÓ˚#– Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ~£zv˛¢‰ (AIDS) ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%!úÓ 25% £z õ!£úyÓ˚y îÖú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ–

fl˛ôT˛ì˛£z xòƒˆÏîÓ˚ v z Ï˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 92% õ!£úyÓ˚y£z ≤Ããòò ã!òì˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚

ˆ¶˛y ÏÜ– ≤Ã¢ÓÑ˛yú#ò ~ÓÇ Ü¶ ≈yÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ïí ≤Ã!ì˛!îò ≤ÃyÎ˚ 300 õ!£úy õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚

1,00,000 ã#Óhs˘˛ ÓyFâ˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏÓ õyì,˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Î!îÁ Ñ˛ˆÏõˆÏäÈñ ì˛Ó%Á £z£y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈

xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚–

fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ õyì, õ,ì% ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚ñ v˛zÓ≈Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚%–

~£z ˛ôÓ˚y!õ!ì˛Ó˚ v z˛ôÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ãyòˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–

11.4.4 Ñ˛õ≈ Ï«˛ Ïe xÇü@˘Ã£í ı

˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôî «˛õì˛y ~ÓÇ ˛≤Ã!ì˛˛ô!_ !òï≈yÓ˚ˆÏò Ñ˛yã ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ¶) !õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò

Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– Ñ˛õ≈ Ï«˛ Ïe xÇü@˘Ã£í Óú Ïì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï¢Ó˚ ãò ÏÜy¤˛# ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÑ˛yò

Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%=˛ xyˆÏäÈ xÌÓy ¢!Ñ Î˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛õ≈¢ÇfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚

Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏúy £z£y xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓ,!ÂïÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢õ,!ÂïÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚

≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ≤Ãïyò v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!ú £ˆÏúy ãò¢ÇÖƒyñ xÇü@˘Ã£í ~ÓÇ v˛zÍ˛ôyîòü#úì˛y–

ˆõy›˛ ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ 50% õ!£úy– Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ◊õü!=˛ ~ÓÇ v zÍ˛ôyîòü#úì˛yÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í

Ñ˛õ Ìy ÏÑ˛–

Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛e ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ¢!›˛Ç £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò xyõÓ˚y !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏõƒÜ%!ú ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–

~äÈyv˛¸yÁ £z£y x¢yõƒì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £z£y òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏÑ˛

≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– Ñ˛õ≈ Ï«˛ Ïe òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ ÏíÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ Ïõ≈ Ñ˛õ xÇü@˘Ã£í ÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ÓÜì˛ !ì˛ò îúˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z £z£y @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏú 35% ~ÓÇ ü£Ó˚yM˛ˆÏú 15% ˆÑ˛ x!ì˛Ñ ˛õ

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!ò– @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í ü£Ó˚yM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ì˛òÜ%í–

Ñ˛õ≈ Ï«˛ Ïe òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í !ÓÜì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ÓäÈ ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õ xy¢ Ïì˛ ˆîÖy Îy ÏFäÈ– £z£yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ Ïúy

xyˆÏúyâ˛òy–

ˆÓ!üÓ˚ ¶˛yÜ õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚£z £Î˚ ˆÑ˛yò x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ Ïe ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈÑ, !°Ïñ ˜î!òÑ˛

24 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

õã%!Ó˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ !òõ≈yˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã xÌÓy !ò¡¨ ˛ô!Ó˚◊ˆÏõÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã– ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚£z

x˜ÏÓì˛!òÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛ xò%õyò xò%ÎyÎ˚# õ!£úyÓ˚y ˆõy›˛ õò%°Ïƒ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ 2/3 ¶˛yÜ

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ xò%îyˆÏò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÎÌyÌÌ fl˛∫#Ñ, !ì˛ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òy– £z£y ˆÑ˛ò⁄

òyÓ˚#Ó˚y Îy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y !Ñ˛ ÚÑ˛yãÛ òÎ˚⁄

xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúy õã%!Ó˚ ¢õì˛y– õã%!Ó˚ ¢õì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ ¢õÑ˛yˆÏãñ

¢õ ÏÓì˛ò– ˆ¢Öy Ïò òyÓ˚#Ó˚y !ÓÜì˛ 30 ÓäÈÓ˚ ¢õÈÙÈõã%!Ó˚ Ïì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó Ïv ¸y x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ xã≈ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏäÈ–

~ÖòÁ ¢õyò ã#!ÓÑ˛yÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ v z ôyã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ö§˛yÑ˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò

Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ õ) ÏúƒÓ˚ !úAÜ!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚íy xy ÏäÈ–

˙!ì˛£ƒÜì˛¶˛y ÏÓ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ◊!õÑ˛ ÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Á ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÑ˛yÓ˚# !£¢y ÏÓ ïÓ˚y £Î˚– ~£z Ñ˛yã ÏÑ˛

˛ô%Ó%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ¢õõyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ òy– £z£y ˛ôy!Ó˚◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– òyÓ˚# Ü%ˆÏFäÈÓ˚ !ò¡¨ ˆÓì˛ˆÏò xÓfiÌyò Á !ò¡¨ îÓ˚˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ «˛õì˛y xyˆÏäÈ– xÇü#îyÓ˚# Ñ˛yˆÏã

˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ ˆÓ!ü ¢Ω˛yÓòy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã ¢õÎ˚

Ñ˛y›˛yÎ– £z£y ì˛y ÏîÓ Óy!v˛ Ïì˛ ˆÓì˛ò !ò Ïì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛õ≈ã#Ó ÏòÓ ¢% ÏÎyÜ ÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ– xÇ¢Ü!‡˛ì˛

ÖyˆÏì˛ õã%!Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–

òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ òyˆÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òãfl ∫ ˆÑ˛yò ¢¡ô!_ ˆò£z– Î!îÁ Óy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛yÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ö%Ó

¢yõyòƒ !òÎ˚s˛fí ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~õò!Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ !òÎ%=˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ Ö%Ó ¢yõyòƒ

xÇü£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– £z£yÁ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

11.4.5 xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚yï ı

¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚yï ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy ¢)â˛Ñ˛– Î!îÁ

õ!£úyÓ˚y v˛yÑ˛y!ì˛ Á ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚íyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆÑ˛yò ¢yïyÓ˚í x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ü%ï%õye

Îy ˆÑ˛Óúõye òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z Úõ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï x˛ôÓ˚yïÛ

!£¢y ÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–

õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï !Ñ˛ä%È ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ x˛ôÓ˚yï £ ÏúyÈÙÙÙÈÑ˛òƒy º%ò £ì˛ƒyñ Ö%òñ !üü% ÎÔò !òÎ≈yì˛òñ

£z¶˛!›˛!ãÇñ £Î˚Ó˚y!òñ ˆÎÔì%˛Ñ˛ñ ≤ÃÌõ !ÓÓy£ñ ï°Ï≈íñ ÓM˛òyñ ˛ôyâ˛yÓ˚ñ ˛ô!ì˛ì˛yÓ,!_ñ ˆãyÓ˚˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛ Ü¶≈˛˛ôyì˛ñ

x˛ô£Ó˚íñ !ãòì˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ó¶˛yãòñ xüyú#ò v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôòyñ ≤Ãì˛yÓ˚íy ~ÓÇ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢!£Ç¢ì˛y–

òƒyüòyú Ñ ˛y£zõ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ 2005 ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyò xò%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ 29 !õ!òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ

~Ñ˛!›˛ ï°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ 15 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zÍ˛ô#v˛¸í ~Ó˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ 53 !õ!òˆÏ›˛Ó˚

ˆÓ!üˆÏì˛ ˆÎÔò !ò˛ô#v˛¸ò áˆÏ›˛ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ 14 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛ãò õ!£úy Ö%ò £Î˚ñ ≤Ã!ì˛ 9 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛

!ò¤%˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ñ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛ 77 !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ˆÎÔò £Î˚Ó˚y!òÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~Ñ˛ãò õ!£úy õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

xyˆÏÓ˚yÁ !Óhfl˛Ïy!Ó˚ì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ xy˛ô!ò ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ x˛ôÓ˚yï Ó%ƒˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ÁˆÏÎ˚Ó¢y£z›˛

v zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–



ˆòy›˛

Üy£≈fiÌ ¢!£Ç¢ì˛yñ ¢!£Ç¢ì˛y Îy Óyv ¸#Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÏúÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ á Ï›˛ñ £z£y !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛

Ü%Ó%ì˛Ó˚ Ñ õÓï≈õyò ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ !£¢y ÏÓ fl ∫#Ñ, ì˛– v zFâ˛!ü«˛y Á ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ îÖú ~ÓÇ ¢¡ôî Üy£≈fiÌƒ

¢!£Ç¢ì˛y ÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– òyÓ˚# Üy£≈fiÌƒ ¢!£Ç¢ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 2005 ¢yˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ xy£zò

≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ÏäÈ–

~Ñ˛!›˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈÈÙÙÙÈ¢õy Ïã òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ õy˛ôÑ˛y!‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–

Îy£z ˆ£yÑ˛ñ xyõÓ˚y ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ Á ¢õyã myÓ˚y !ò!õ≈ì˛ òyÓ˚# !Óã!v˛¸ì˛ xï#òì˛y Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôy£z– !â˛e 8

~ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛!“ì˛ ò:yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ö˛§yˆÏî ˆö˛úyÓ˚ î%T˛ â˛Ñ ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï

~ÓÇ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ xyÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü ¢õyã ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z â˛ƒyˆÏúOÜ%!ú

x!ì˛Ñ ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ Ö§%ˆÏã ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

!â˛e 8 : ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ö§˛yˆÏî ˆö˛úyÓ˚ î%T˛ â˛Ñ

Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ôÈÙÙÙÈ11.3

1. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v z˛ôÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ Î˚y!›˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚%ò ~ÓÇ ˆÜyú Ñ˛Ó˚%ò ı

1. !òˆÏ¡ÿ=˛ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌy !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy⁄

(a) ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ v z˛ôÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ (b) !ü«˛y

(c) õyì,˛¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ K˛yò (d) ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛

˙!ì˛£ƒÜì˛ !ÓŸªy¢

Üy£≈fiÌƒ îy!Î˚c

î!Ó˚o !ÓîƒyúÎ˚

Ñ˛õ/ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ü«˛y ò£z ¢#!õì˛ ˛ôäÈ®

ãß√ ã!›˛úì˛yñ ãˆÏß√Ó˚¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛õ Áãò x!ïÑ˛¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ¢îƒãy Ïì˛Ó õ,ì% ƒ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Ü¶≈˛ïyÓ˚í

x˛ô%!T˛ Á Ó˚%@¿fl˛∫yfiÌƒ

Óyúƒ !ÓÓy£ÓyúƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚Ü¶≈˛ïyÓ˚í

↑↓

↑

↓

↓

↓↓ ↓

↓↓ ↓

26 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

2. ˆÎÔò xò%˛ôyì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇK˛y!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ

(a) ≤Ã!ì˛ 1000 ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒy

ÙÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙ

ÙÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ

ÙÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÈ

(b) ≤Ã!ì˛ 10000 òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy




(c) ≤Ã!ì˛ 1000 ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÖƒy




(d) ≤Ã!ì˛ 10000 ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ òyÓ˚# ¢ÇÖƒy




3. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛⁄

(a) !úAÜ xò%˛ôyì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zß¨ì˛ Ó˚yãƒÜ%!úˆÏì˛Á Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–




(b) òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÜì˛ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ˆÓ!ü–




(c) x!ïÑ˛ xÌ≈ ≤ÃîyòÑ˛yÓ˚# ˆ˛ôüyÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ˛ô%Ó˚% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ì% úòyÎ˚ òyÓ˚# ˆÓ!ü Ö§%!ã–






ˆòy›˛

.

(d) Ü¶≈ yÓfiÌy ã!òì˛ ã!›˛úì˛y ~!v ¸ ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Ïì˛ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ Óyúƒ!ÓÓy£ ¶˛y Ïúy–




4. xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ¢õy Ïã õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãy!hs˘˛Ñ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ ¢y ÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈÈÙÙÙÈ

(a) x!¶˛K˛ì˛y ã!òì˛ x¢%!Óïy (b) ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛

(c) ü!=˛£#òì˛y (d) ¢ÓÜ%!ú

5. !òˆÏ¡ÿ=˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ⁄

(a) !ò¡¨ !ü«˛yÜì˛õyey ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôäÈ®Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢#!õì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

(b) Üy£≈fiÌƒ îy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ ˙!ì˛£ƒÜì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú £ˆÏúy !ò¡¨ ˛ôv ¸yˆÏüyòy–

(c) Óyúƒ !ÓÓy£ Óyúƒ Ü¶≈ yÓfiÌyÁ Ó%@¿ fl ∫y ÏfiÌƒÓ˚ !î ÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–

(d) v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ¢ì˛ƒ–

6. !òˆÏ¡ÿ=˛ ˆÑ˛yò !ÓÓ,!ì˛!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ⁄

(a) v˛zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚ !ü«˛y hfl˛ÏÓ˚ òyÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ¢%Ö# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòì, c !îˆÏì˛ x¢Ω˛Ó–

(b) ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ Á ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xÓîyò Ó˚yˆÏÖ–

(c) ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛£z ˆÓì˛ò ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyÓ˚# ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆò£z–

(d) xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ v zß¨!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ◊ˆÏõÓ˚ Ü!u˛ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy–

11.4.6 !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ x!ì˛Ñ õ Ñ˛Ó˚y ı

!úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Ñ%˛¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ü!=˛üyú# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢õyˆÏã ãáòƒì˛y Á x¢õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

xyõy ÏîÓ ~£z Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ Ñ˛yÓí ~!›˛ xòƒyÎ ~ÓÇ ¶% ú– !úAÜ Ó°Ïõƒ ì˛y ÏîÓ xyÑ˛y!A«˛ì˛ñ

¢Ω˛yÓƒì˛y Óy ˆÎyÜƒì˛y xò%ÎyÎ˚# SòyÓ˚# Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚V ¢õyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓñ ~!›˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚

Ó,!Âïñ ãy!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ v zß¨Î˚ò ~ÓÇ ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓì≈ ò ÏÑ˛ ï ÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ ÏÖ ÏäÈ– !úAÜ ¢õì˛y xÌ≈ Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ

õyòÓ v zß¨Î˚ò Ñ˛w#Ñ˛– ÎÖò òyÓ˚# Á ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ¢õyò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ o%ì˛ì˛Ó˚ £Î˚– !üü% ÏîÓ˚

fl ∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ v zß¨!ì˛ £Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ v zFâ˛ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ¢¶˛ƒì˛y â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢– !úAÜ ¢õì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛

Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ õyòÓ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ˆÑ˛yò ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢#õyÓÂïì˛y £ Ïúy !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í

£z£y ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ x Ïï≈ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜ ÏÑ˛ ¢#!õì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y x¢Ω˛Ó ˆÎÖy Ïò

xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ õyòÓãy!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˙ ãò¢ÇÖƒyˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Á xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛

Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úy˛ô ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î) ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚– ÎÖò òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ¢Ω˛yÓòyÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢#õyÓÂï

£Î˚ ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ¢õyã !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ «˛!ì˛ £Î˚– v z ôÓ˚hs%˛ñ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ xˆÏòƒÓ˚

òyÎƒì˛y Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ xì˛~Ó ¢õì˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl Ï ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ Î%Âï ãÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚_ Ñ˛Ó˚y xyÓüƒÑ˛–

!úAÜ ¢õì˛y v z¶˛Î˚ !úAÜ ÏÑ˛ îõòñ â˛y˛ô ~ÓÇ äÈÑ˛ ˆõ Ïò Î%=˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z¶˛y ÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛

28 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

ü,Cúy ì˛Ó˚# £Î˚– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !úAÜ Ó°Ïõƒ ¢%fiÌñ !ü«˛y ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛

!úAÜ K˛yò Á !úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#úì˛y ¢Ç£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ç@˘Ãyõ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–

11.4.7 ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ Ï«˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ı

!úAÜÜì˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ~ÓÇ !úAÜãyì˛ ü!=˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˛ô%ò!Ó≈ˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ü«˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!=˛üyú#

£y!ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛

Ó˚)˛ôyhs˘˛Ó˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓñ

!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ Á ˛ôy‡˛ƒÑ ˛õ

ˆäÈ Ïú Á õ ÏÎ ÏîÓ õ Ïïƒ Ó°Ïõƒ

~ÓÇ x¢õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !â˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚#

Ñ˛ˆ ÏÓ ˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ Üˆ ÏÓ°ÏíyÎ ˚

ˆîÖy Ïòy £ ÏÎ ÏäÈ Î (i) äÈ ÏúÓy

!ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õòˆÏÎyÜ ˛ôyò (ii) !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ (iii) ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü

˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòyÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ ˛ôyÎ˚ (iv) ˆ◊í#Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy Á

õì˛yõì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ò– (v) ˆõúy Ïõüy Á ˆòì≈, ÏcÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y ≤Ãîü≈ ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆäÈ ÏúÓ˚y ˆÓ!ü ¢% ÏÎyÜ

˛ôyÎ˚ (vi) ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !úAÜ ¶) !õÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Óâ% ƒì˛ £Î˚– !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ü%Ó%ì˛Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òy

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò (vii) !ü«˛Ñ˛ õ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ Ì ÏÑ˛ !ò¡¨ õy ÏòÓ˚ ôy![˛ì˛ƒ˛ô)í≈ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy Ó˚y ÏÖ (viii) !úAÜ

˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ !ãK˛y¢yÓyî äÈyv ¸y£z ˛ôy‡˛ƒÑ ˆÏõÓ˚ v z ôÑ˛Ó˚íÜ%!ú ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ (ix) !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚

˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛c !ò ÏÎ˚ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ ¢¡ôî ÓÓ˚yj Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ (x) !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y õ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã Ïò x¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú

(xi) !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ Á Óy£z ÏÓ˚ v z¶˛Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆúòˆÏîˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÎÔòì˛y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–

˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛_¥ Á ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ~ÓÇ !üÖ ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ÓïπÇ¢# £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚y ¢!£Ç¢ì˛yñ

!Ó!FäÈßì˛yñ !ò¡ !ÓîƒyúÎ Ñ˛õ≈î«˛ì˛yñ ÓƒÌ≈ì˛y ~ÓÇ £ì˛yüyÎ v zß#ì˛ £Î–

11.4.8 !úAÜ !òÓ Ï ô«˛ ¢õyã ˜ì˛Ó# Ïì˛ !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó ¶) !õÑ˛y ı

ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛y ò#!ì˛ 1986 ÓúˆÏäÈ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ xÓfiÌyò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚

~Ñ˛!›˛ õyïƒõ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ– xì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ !ÓÑ, ì˛ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚

ãòƒñ òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ ˛ô Ï«˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £z!ì˛Óyâ˛Ñ˛ñ £hfl Ï Ï«˛˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚# ¶) !õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ õñ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl ÏÑ˛ñ

!ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ü«˛í Á Á!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ^˘›˛üò !¢Âïyhs˘˛ @˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚#ñ ≤Ãüy¢Ñ˛Ó,® ~ÓÇ !ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%!úÓ˚

¢!Ñ Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í ~Ñ˛!›˛ òì% ò õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ v zß¨Î˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– £z£y !ÓŸªy¢ ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÑ˛Ôüú

!£¢y ÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ–

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤ÃŸ¿ v˛zay!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÜ%!ú !Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚

≤Ã!ì˛ ¢!Ñ ˛Î˚⁄ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%!ú !Ñ˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ fl˛∫FäÈì˛y xyòÎ˚òˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ñ Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

¢yõƒ¶˛yÓ ~ÓÇ ¢õì˛y

!úAÜ òƒyÎ˚ £ˆÏFäÈ òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó˚% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ òƒyÎƒì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚y–

¢%¤˛ì˛y !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆ Ïì˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛

x¢%!ÓïyÜ%!ú ô)Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ ¢õì˛ú ÖúyÓ˚ õy‡˛ ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚

ãòƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚y £ ÏÓ– ¢yõƒ¶˛yÓ Óú Ïì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚

¢õì˛y Á òƒyÎ˚¢AÜì˛ ö˛úyö˛ú xyòyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ v z ôyÎ˚–



ˆòy›˛

≤Ãhfl% ì˛⁄ !ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%!ú !Ñ˛ îy!Î˚c ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛ò ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ Î˚yü#ú Á «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò

ˆüÖyÓ˚ v z ôyˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y !Ñ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ⁄ ¢õ¢ƒy £ˆÏFäÈñ !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z

!úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ î,ë ¸ì˛yÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#úì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ– £z£y !úAÜ

¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú !ü«˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ fl%Ò ÏúÓ˚ ¢£ ÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛◊%!ì˛Ó˚ õyïƒ Ïõ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó– !ü«˛Ñ˛

fl˛∫ì˛s˛f¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢!¡ø!úì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ K˛yòñ î«˛ì˛yñ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ~ÓÇ õ)úƒˆÏÓyïˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚

¢õyò¶˛y ÏÓ ¢õy Ïã òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ¢%fiÌ Á ö˛ú≤Ã¢) ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ v zß¨Î˚ Ïò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚

ãòƒ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò !úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#úì˛y–

!úAÜ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ö˛úyö˛ú ~ÓÇ

¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õy Ïã ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– !úAÜ ¢¡ôÑ≈ ~ÓÇ õyì, Ü Ï¶≈ Ó˚ Á

òyÓ˚# ÏcÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏŸ¿ äÈye ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl% !ì˛Ó˚ ã Ïòƒ !ü«˛yÜì˛ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÜ%!ú Ó) ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y xyÓ!üƒÑ˛–

!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ fiÌyò !£¢ˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò äÈyeÈÙÈäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ñ

ˆäÈ ÏúÈÙÈˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿ñ !Óì˛Ñ≈ ñ òì% ò î,!T˛¶˛AÜ# ˆîÖ Ïì˛ Á òì% ò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á ¢¡ôÑ≈ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚

¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xì˛~Óñ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y £ú ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛òyõ)úÑ˛– ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á

Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÈÙÈˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ó˚) ôyÎ˚ˆÏò !ü«˛Ñ˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ¶) !õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

˛ôy ÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yÓ˚y !úAÜÜì˛ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò ÏÑ˛ ¢õy Ïúyâ˛òyõ)úÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ¢õì˛y

≤Ãâ˛y ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚ò– ˆÎ Ï£ì% ñ ~!›˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ˆÎ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ¢õy Ïã ˆÎ ¢õhfl Ï !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ

Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛y õ% ÏäÈ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Á ì˛yÓ˚y !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ˆõyÑ˛yˆÏÓúyÎ˚ v z ÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ¢yö˛úƒ

xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚y ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒì˛y ~v ¸yˆÏì˛ ~£z ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛y!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–

ì˛yÓ˚y ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ !ü«˛yîyò Á ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy ~ÓÇ ◊õ!Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü !ÓˆÏüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚

˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó°ÏõƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ñ Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢ÇˆÏüyïò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò– ~ÖyˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Îy

!ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆÎÔò ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ ~v ¸yˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ¢õì˛yÓ˚ v zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–

xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ òyÓ˚# !îÓ¢¢yÓ˚y !ÓŸª ã% Ïv ¸ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 4£z õyâ≈˛ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ òyÓ˚# !îÓ¢ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ v zß¨!ì˛Ó˚

ãòƒ ¢õõyò Á ¢õ¢% ÏÎy ÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ç@˘Ãy ÏõÓ˚ !îò !£¢y ÏÓ ~£z !îò ÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~!›˛

~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !îòñ ˆÎÖy Ïò òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ÏîÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ fl˛øÓ˚í Ñ˛!Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ !úAÜ£#ò ¢õyã

˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ îy!Î˚c ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛– ãyõ≈y!òÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò ¢õyã ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ ˆòì˛y !Î!ò ü%Ó˚% Ïì˛ xy£z v˛!Óœ%v˛z !v˛

(IWD) v˛zî‰Îy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ îyÎ˚#– xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ~£z !îò!›˛ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò⁄

!ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á Óy£z ÏÓ˚ !úAÜ òƒyÎƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛–!úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~£z ïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ á›˛òy ~v ¸y Ïì˛ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛ò¶˛y ÏÓ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ Á!üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !òÓ˚#«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛–

30 D.El.Ed. 506


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¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔò ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛_¥ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úy v˛z!â˛ì˛– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !úAÜ!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚Á ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛£ˆÏÓ–îúÜì˛ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ Ó¢yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòyÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ˙ ÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛–!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y !úAÜ !¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚!›˛ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò– v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚)˛ôñ!ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢yö˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó£ò ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ˆÏâ˛!›˛Î˚yÑ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y xyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ~!v ¸ ÏÎ˚ â˛úy v z!â˛ì˛– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ !õ◊ îú Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÎ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚–ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyò ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy Ó˚yÖy v z!â˛ì˛– ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò Á ü=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ú¢£¢yÛ Á Úî%Ó≈úÛ Ñ˛yã xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛òÎ˚– !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ˚ xÓüƒ£z ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ Óyî !î ÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ ã Ïòƒ Ñ˛!‡˛ò ˆÖúyÓ˚xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛Ó˚y !‡˛Ñ˛ òÎ˚– !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÑ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ £z£y fl˛ôT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ˆÎ !úAÜ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z ôÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ≤Ã¶˛yÓˆö˛ú ÏÓ òy–!ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ˚ !úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú ~ÓÇ !úAÜõ%=˛ xyâ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–!úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ v zz¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yú õˆÏv˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶) !aõÑ˛y˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ–!úAÜ ö§˛yÑ˛ x˛ô¢yÓ˚ˆÏí !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!Ñ Î˚ ÌyÑ˛y v z!â˛ì˛– !úˆÏAÜ !òˆÏã£z ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ â˛ƒyˆÏúOãy!òˆÏÎ˚ £z£y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !úAÜ ö§˛yÑ˛ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ òƒyÎ˚¢AÜì˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy !òˆÏì˛!mïy Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–!ü«˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜ £yÓ˚yˆÏÓò òy ~ÓÇ ˆäÈˆÏúÁ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ò#!ì˛ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–!ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓrïÑ˛ì˛y x!ì˛Ñ õ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÎ˚¢õ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ¶%˛ú Óy x¢¡ô)í≈ v˛z_Ó˚Ü%!úÓ˚ ãòƒxˆÏÎÔ!=˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢õyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ òy–ˆòì, ≈c ~ÓÇ äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ îy!Î˚cÜ%!ú ¢£Ñ˛õ≈# Á !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyd¢¡øyòxã≈ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ î«˛ì˛yñ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ äÈ!Ó Á xyd≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ~õò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ïì˛≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyd¢¡øyòˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyò ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏ˛ô ü!=˛üyú#Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y£z !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ â˛cˆÏÓ˚ Óy ¢õhfl˛Ï !òˆÏî≈üõ)úÑ˛ ¢Ó˚OyˆÏõ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚yõîyÎ˚Ñ˛ñ¢yÜì˛ Óy ¢Ó ¢% ÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– â˛úyˆÏö˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ¢¡ôî ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !òˆÏ°ÏïyK˛y £ú ü!=˛ñ !òÎ˚s˛fí ~ÓÇ ¢õ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüyÓ˚ ü!=˛üyú# ˛ôy‡˛–!Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õhfl Ï Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛y Ï[˛ ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ õ Ïì˛y ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚Á xyÓ˚yõîyÎ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛ ÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy



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Ñ˛Ó˚y !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Î˚c– ≤Ã!ì˛›˛y ˆäÈˆÏú ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚£z !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˆÏõÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ v z ôú!kï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy ÏäÈ–xyã ÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ¶˛!Ó°Ïƒ Ïì˛Ó˚ òyÓ˚#Ó˚y ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛“ !£¢y ÏÓ Ñ˛õ≈ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ ã Ïòƒ≤Ãhfl% !ì˛ !òˆÏFäÈ– ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,!_Ó˚ v zß¨!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï äÈye Á !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛ Á üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ !òÎ≈yì˛ò £ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛ô#¢õ¢ƒy– ˆÎÔòì˛yÓ˚ õhs˘˛Óƒñ £yõúyñ ~ÓÇ G§ %!Ñ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚£z ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛y Ïã xÇü@˘Ã£ ÏíÓyïy !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíòƒyÎ˚¢AÜì˛ üì≈ Ü%!ú ˛ô)í≈ì˛õ ˛ôÎ≈y ÏÎ˚ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ–xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ˆî ÏüÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈ Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ xã≈ Ïò xÓîy ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒòyÓ˚#Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢¡øyò ~ÓÇ v zß¨Î˚ˆÏò !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãïyò ¶) !õÑ˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÓîyˆÏòÓ˚xÓüƒ£z ¢¡øyò Á fl ∫#Ñ, !ì˛ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛– xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ òyÓ˚# !îÓ¢ ˛ôyúòñ òyÓ˚# !ÓK˛yò#Á òyÓ˚# ˆòì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ãß√!îò ˛ôyúò ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ õ Ïò òyÓ˚# äÈ!ÓÓ˚ £z Ïõã Ó,!Âï Ïì˛~Ñ˛!›˛ î#á≈˛ôÌ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó%ò ı1. !òˆÏ¡¨ !Ñ˛ä%È ü∑ ˆîÁÎ˚y xyˆÏäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ú¶Ü ¢ˆÏõì˛ ü∑¢õ) Ï£ Ó˚) ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

!úAÜ Ó!£‹,Òì˛ ü∑ !úAÜ xhs˘˛¶%≈ =˛ ü∑

¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ

Óy!v˛¸ÁÎ˚yúy Ü,!£ò#Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛Óú

!˛ôÁò

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õò%°Ïƒ ¢,T˛

˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ õ!£úy

Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛

2. ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ v z ôÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ Î˚y â˛Î˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò¡¨ ≤Ãî_ õïƒˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ v z_Ó˚ !îò ı

(i) !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢!›˛ ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Á ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄

(a) ˛ôy‡˛ƒÓ£zˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Á õ!£úyÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyïyïÓ˚y Ó˚#!ì˛ò#!ì˛

(b) ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛_¥õ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛y ˛ôÂï!ì˛

(c) ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyúyîy fl%Òú £zv˛z!òö˛õ≈

32 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

(d) v z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÓÜ%!ú–

(ii) !òˆÏ¡ÿ=˛ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ !úˆÏAÜÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%=˛⁄

(a) ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ïy!ú ˆâ˛£yÓ˚y (b) òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y òÓ˚õ (c) Óy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ òƒyÎ˚ (d) îÎ˚yú%

(iii) ˆÑ˛yò !ü«˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ì≈,˛Ñ˛ !òˆÏ¡ÿ=˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ òÎ˚⁄

(a) ~Ñ˛ãò ˆõˆÏÎ˚ £ÁÎ˚y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì% !õ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ~ì˛ xˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚y⁄

(b) ¢ ÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ ˆ¢ ~Ñ˛ãò ˆäÈ Ïú– ˆ¢ ~Öyò ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ â˛ Ïú ˆÎ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚–

(c) Ü!íì˛ ¢£ ¢Ó !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚£z ˆäÈˆÏúÈÙÈˆõˆÏÎ˚ v z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚£z ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛Ó˚y Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈–

(d) ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢ÓyÓ˛ôe ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ¢Ó ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–

3. !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÎÔòì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò xyˆÏäÈ– £z£y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò ~ÓÇ ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛

õ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛!›˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚%òÈÙÙÙÈ

(a) !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ v zß¨Î˚ò Á !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyò õyÈÙÈÓyÓyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏ¡∫yïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–

(b) ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓK˛yò# ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ xy@˘Ã£#– ˆ¢ xy£zò Ö§% Ïã ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy

≤ÃÑ, !ì˛Ó˚ á›˛õyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

(c) ≤’y!fi›˛Ñ˛ Á !¢ˆÏõr›˛ £ˆÏúy õò%°Ïƒ ¢,T˛ v˛z ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í–

(d) ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏÓ˚y õyˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ õ!£úyÓ˚y Ó˚yßÿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á !üü%Ó˚ Îb ˆòÎ˚–

11.5 ¢Ç!«˛ÆÑ˛Óí ı

ˆÎÔòì˛y Sˆ¢:V £ Ïúy ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛ ≤Ãî_ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ¢õyã Á ¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ myÓy ˜ì˛!Ó– !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ

˛ô%Ó%°Ï ~ÓÇ òyÓ# v z¶˛ ÏÎÓ v z ôÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ú Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ– ì˛ ÏÓñ Óì≈ õy Ïò £z£y òyÓ# ÏîÓ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï£z

ˆÓ!ü â˛y˛ô ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó ÏäÈ– !ü«˛yÓ õyò ˆÎÔò ¢¡ôÑ≈ ñ õyì, cÑ˛yú#ò xÓfiÌyñ õ!£úy !üü%Ó õ,ì% ƒ£yÓñ

Ñ˛õ≈ü!=˛ Ïì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£íñ ¢¡ô!_Ó Á ¶) !õÓ õy!úÑ˛yòyñ Óyã Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í ~ÓÇ ¢!£Ç¢ì˛y

~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï x˛ôÓ˚yï¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ myÓ˚y òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– !úAÜ

˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ î#á≈ £z!ì˛£y¢ xy ÏäÈ ~ÓÇ xyõÓy xyã Îy ˆîÖ Ïì˛ ˛ôy!FäÈ ì˛y

£ Ïúy xì˛# Ïì˛Ó Ñ õÓï≈õyò !ÓÑ, !ì˛– !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !Ó!¶˛ß Ó) ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß

¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ ~ÓÇ õyòÓãy!ì˛Ó ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ ÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ– !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò ÏÎyÜƒ

~ÓÇ ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò Ñ˛Óy v z!â˛ì˛– !úAÜ ˛ô%òÜ≈‡˛ò ~ÓÇ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ó) ôyhs˘˛ ÏÓ !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈

¶) !õÑ˛y xy ÏäÈ–

11.6 xy˛ôòyÓ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ v z_Ó !îò ı

!Ó¶˛yÜ 11.3 ˆì˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ˆîÖ%ò ı

1. ¢ì˛ƒ xÌÓy !õÌƒy

(a) !õÌƒy



ˆòy›˛

(b) ¢ì˛ƒ(c) ¢ì˛ƒ(d) !õÌƒy(e) ¢ì˛ƒ(f) !õÌƒy

2. !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ/˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ

(a) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(b) ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(c) ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(d) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(e) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(f) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(g) ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(h) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(i) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(j) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ(k) !úAÜ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ

!Ó¶˛yÜ 11.4 ~ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ˆîÖ%ò ı

1. (c); 2. (a); 3. (b), 4. (d); 5. (d); 6. (b)I. ¢ì˛ƒ xÌÓy !õÌƒy1. ¢ì˛ƒ2. !õÌƒy3. ¢ì˛ƒ4. !õÌƒy5. ¢ì˛ƒ6. ¢ì˛ƒ7. !õÌƒy8. !õÌƒyII. !ÓÓ,!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó%ò !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛Ü%!ú !Ñ˛ !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ v zîy£Ó˚í⁄1. !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ xy£zò2. ˆÑ˛yò !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆò£z3. ˆÑ˛yò !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆò£z4. !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ xy£zò5. !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ xy£zò6. ˆÑ˛yò !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆò£z

34 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

7. ˆÑ˛yò !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˆò£z8. !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ xy£zòIII. 1-(b) 2. (c); 3.-(d)!Ó¶˛yÜ 11.5 ~ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ˆîÖ%ò ı

I. (c); 2. (a); 3. (b); 4. (d); 5. (d); 6. (b)

!Ó¶˛yÜ 11.5 ~ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ˆîÖ%ò ı

Ñ˛Ç Ï@˘Ã¢õƒyòÈ ÙÈ Ñ˛Ç Ï@˘Ã¢ Ïòì˛yãòü!=˛È Ù ÈõyòÓ ü!=˛ã!õîyÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ã!õÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛Ü,!£ò#È Ù ÈÜ,£Ñ˛ì≈,˛ˆ˛ôyT˛õƒyò ÈÙ Èˆ˛ôyT˛ Óƒ!=˛Ñ #v ¸y!ÓîÈ ÙÈ Ñ #v ¸yÓƒ!=˛cˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyò ÈÙÈ ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚¢òõò%°Ïƒ ¢,T˛ ÈÙÈ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚˛ô!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚Ñ˛ õ!£úyÈ ÙÈ ˛ô!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ≈#Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ ÈÙ ÈÑ˛õ≈# õyò%°Ï

2. (i)-(d); (ii)-(d); (iii) (c)3. (a) !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ v zß¨Î˚ò Á ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛!õ!›˛Ó˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ ÓyÓyÈÙÈõyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏ¡∫yïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–(b) ~Ñ˛ãò !ÓK˛yò# ≤ÃÑ, !ì˛Ó˚ ÜˆÏÓ°ÏíyÎ˚ xy@˘Ã£#– !ì˛!ò ≤ÃyÑ, !ì˛Ñ˛ á›˛òy !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ !òÎ˚õ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚

ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ò–(c) òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ v˛z ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛zîy£Ó˚í £ˆÏúy ≤’y!fi›˛Ñ˛ Á !¢ˆÏõr›˛–(d) ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyÓ˚# Á ˛ô%Ó˚%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y õyˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yßÿ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚

Îb Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–

11.7 ≤ÃÑ˛“ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ ≤ÃŸ¿yÓú# ı1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl˛ÏÑ˛ !òò Îy xy˛ô!ò ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏÓò– Î!î äÈ!Óñ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛ ~ÓÇ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò !úAÜ

˜Ó°Ïõƒ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò– xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ˜ì˛Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó%ò–

2. ˆÑ˛yòÁ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe ÓyäÈy£z Ñ˛Ó%ò– äÈ!Óñ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl% ~ÓÇ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !úAÜ˛ô«˛˛ôyì˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò– Î!î xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôäÈ® ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ xy˛ô!ò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛ Á ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏì˛!Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ò xyòˆÏÓò⁄

3. ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe ≤Ãî!ü≈ì˛ £Î˚ ~õò äÈ!Ó ~ÓÇ !üˆÏÓ˚yòyõ !îˆÏÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚xÓfiÌy ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl;ƒy˛ôÓ£z ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–

4. ˆfl ‘yÜyò ~ÓÇ ≤ÃŸ¿ ˆãyÜyv ¸ Ñ˛Ó%òñ Îy !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ¢õì˛yÓ˚ v zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–



ˆòy›˛

11.8 ≤Ãhfl Ïy!Óì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓö˛y ÏÓ™ ı1. Report of National Focus Group or Gender Issues in Education, NCERT,

20052. Gender Sonsitivity : A training Manual, UNESCO 2004.3. Girl’s Education in the 21st Century : Gender Equality, Empowerment are

Economic Growth; World Bank, 2004.4. UNICEF-Girl’s Education [www.unicef.org/girlseducation]5. UNESCO Education for All [http://www.unesco.org/education/efa/]6. The United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative (UNGEI) [http:///www.ungei.org/]7. Sarva Shiksha Abhigan, MHRD, Govt. of India [http:ssa.nic.in/news/

girlseducation-in-india]

11.9 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˆü Ï°ÏÓ xò%ü#úò# ı1. ˆÎÔò (sex) ~ÓÇ !úˆÏAÜÓ˚ (Gender) õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–2. xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏú Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !úAÜ ˛ôyÌ≈ˆÏÑ˛ƒÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–v˛z¶˛Î˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ õyòyò¢£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òˆÏî≈üõ)úÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì% ú%ò–3. !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !Ñ˛⁄ î%!›˛ v zîy£Ó˚í !îò–4. Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ !òˆÏî≈üˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#Ó˚ xÓfiÌy Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–5. ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛y ¢Ó≈ãò#òÑ˛Ó˚ ÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢#õyÓÂïì˛y !Ñ˛⁄6. ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓñ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ !ú!˛ôÓÂïÑ˛Ó%ò ˆÎÖy Ïò fl%Òú ˆ¢!›˛Ç ~ !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ !úAÜ ¢õ¢ƒy ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛!£¢yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yhfl˛Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò⁄7. !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó!fiÌ!ì˛ ˆÎÖy Ïò !Óîƒyú ÏÎÓ Ñ˛y ÏÎ≈ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !Óòy ÓyïyÎ xÇü#îy!Óc !ò Ïì˛ £Î– xy˛ô!ò~Öy Ïò !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢y ÏÓ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ˛ô Ï«˛ !Ñ˛ Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓò⁄ xy˛ô!ò £z£y !Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ Ñ˛Ó ÏÓò⁄(a) !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô«˛ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ºõ ÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ– x ÏòÑ˛ õyì˛yÈÙÈ!˛ôì˛y

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ºõˆÏí ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã £ò òy–(b) ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢£˛ôy‡˛#ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y !òõ≈õ¶˛yˆÏÓ !˛ôv˛¸#ì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ–(c) !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ xïƒÎ˚òÓ˚ì˛ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Óúõye £z Ï[˛yÓ˚ ˆÜõ£z xò% Ïõy!îì˛–(d) xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ü!íˆÏì˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ òy–(e) ˆ◊!íÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆäÈˆÏú ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–8. xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆ ÏãƒÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä% È ≤ÃÌy ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xyˆÏäÈ Îy ˆõˆÏÎ˚ Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚ %ˆ ÏÂï˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ÈÙÙÙÈì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶% =˛ Ñ˛Ó%ò–9. xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ !úAÜÜì˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ì˛y ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô

Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó%ò–

36 D.El.Ed. 506

Ñ˛òƒy !üü% ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎò

ˆòy›˛

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 12 Ñ˛òƒy !üü% ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎòÜ‡˛ò

12.0 – ¢)â˛òy

12.1 – !ü«˛yÓ v z Ïjüƒ

12.2 – «˛õì˛yÎò ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ïyÓíy!›˛

12.2.1 – «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ xÌ≈

12.2.2 – õ!£úy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ¢)â˛Ñ˛

12.2.3 – ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˛≤Ã ÏÎyãò#Îì˛y

12.2.4 – ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˛!ü«˛yÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y

12.2.5 – «˛õì˛yÎò xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ Á xòyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ

12.3 – Ñ˛òƒy !üü% ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ Ïò v z ÏîƒyÜ

12.3.1 – ¢Ç!Óïy ÏòÓ xy Ïîü˛ôe

12.3.2 – ¢ÓÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ˛ôî Ï«˛˛ô ~ÓÇ ò#!ì˛¢õ)£

12.3.3 – @˘Ãyõƒ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ãòƒ xò%¤˛yò

12.4 – ã#Ó ÏòÓ î«˛ì˛yÜ%!úÓ v zß!ì˛ Ñ˛Óy

12.4.1 – ˆõ ÏÎ Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎyÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe ¢ÇfiÌyÜ% ÏúyÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y

12.4.2 – ˆÓ¢ÓÑ˛yÓ# ¢ÇÜ‡˛òÜ% ÏúyÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y

12.4.3 – fiÌyò#Î ¢ÇfiÌyñ ¢¡±îyÎ Á SDMCÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y

12.4.4 – !ÓîƒyúÎ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y !üü%Ñ˛òƒy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe

12.5 – â˛ Ïúy xyõÓy ¢Ç!«˛Æ Ñ˛!Ó

12.6 – xy˛ôòyÓ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ˛ôÓ#«˛y Ñ˛Ó Ïì v z_Ó !îò

12.7 – ≤Ãhfl Ïy!Óì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã¢AÜ

12.8 – ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¢õy!ÆÓ˛ xò%ü#úò#–

12.0 ¢)â˛òy ı

õ!£úyÓy ¢yÓy ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó ãòƒ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ ≤ÃyÎ ˛ôM˛yü üì˛yÇü x!ï!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ– ì˛Ó%Á ì˛y£yÓy £Î

~£z ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó/ˆÜyúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÓˆÏÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏv ¸y Ó!£¶≈) ì˛ ˆ◊í#– ì˛y£yÓ˚y !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ î%£z ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛yã

Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôy!Ó˚◊!õÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ v z ôyã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¶˛yÜ ~ÓÇ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ ü%ï%õye

10 üì˛yÇˆÏüÓ˚ õy!úÑ˛yòy ˛ôyÎ˚– xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛/~Ñ˛ ÏÑ˛ !ü ÏÖ!äÈ !Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ

37506-Block4 : Ñ˛òƒy !üü% ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò


ˆòy›˛

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏã õ!£úy ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí ~ˆÏòˆÏäÈ– !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒÜì˛

≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ïí ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ õ!£úyÓ˚y£z x@˘Ã£í#Î˚ îy!Ó˚oì˛yÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏäÈ– ~£z á›˛òyÜ%!ú

áˆÏ›˛ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú £ú xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ xò%˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚

x¶˛yÓñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%§!ãÓ˚ x¶˛yÓñ !ü«˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ~ÓÇ fl ∫yfiÌƒ ¢ÇÑ yhs˘˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜÈÙÈ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ–

ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yò !Ñ˛ä%Ó˚ v zß¨!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ~ÓÇ !¢Âïyhs˘˛ @˘Ã£í ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÑ˛yòÓ) ô ïyÓ˚íy Óƒ=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛Í«˛íyì˛ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– !ü«˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyò ¢% ÏÎyÜÈÙÈ¢%!Óïy ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y xyîyÎ˚– Óì≈˛õyò ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛/~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛ˆÏú!äÈ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ñ òyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ü«˛yÓ˚

¶) !õÑ˛y ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ –

12.1 !ü«˛yÓ v z Ïjüƒ ı

~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó ˛ôÓñ xy˛ô!ò Îy Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ¢«˛õ £ ÏÓòÈÙÙÙÈ

«˛õì˛yÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õyò ¢%¤˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛–

òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ ˆÎ !òˆÏî≈üÑ˛Ü%ˆÏúy xyˆÏäÈ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢Ü% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛–

ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y–

˘!ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ v zß¨ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# !Óõy Á xòƒyòƒ ˆÎ v˛z ÏîƒyÜÜ% Ïúy ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ

ãyòy–

@˘Ãy ÏõÓ˚ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# Ü% Ïúy £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y–

NGOÈÙÈÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆõ ÏÎ˚ Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe–

ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ v zß¨ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y Á îy!Î˚cÜ% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛y–

ã#Ó Ïò î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c ˆÓyG˛y–

12.2 «˛õì˛yÎò ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ïyÓíy!›˛

«˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ïyÓíy ˆÓyG˛yÓ xy ÏÜ â˛ Ïúy xyõÓy ˛ô Ïv˛ !ò£z ÓõyÓ case study Ñ˛#⁄ £%!úÎ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y

Óv ¸ @˘Ãyõñ ˆÎÖy Ïò !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ fl ∫yfiÌƒ ÏÑ˛wñ ˛˛ôM˛y ÏÎ˚ì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yúÎ˚ ¢Ó xy ÏäÈ– Ó˚yïyÓy£z ~Ñ˛ãò

x!ü!«˛ì˛ñ î!Ó˚o !ÓïÓy ÎyÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ¢hs˘˛yò xyˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yõ#Ó˚ î%á≈›˛òyÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚

Ó˚yïyÓy£z ÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¶) fl ∫yõ#Ó˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏì˛y õã%Ó˚#Ó˚ ãòƒ– ì˛yÓ˚ Ö%Ó Ñ˛T˛¢yïƒ õˆÏò

£ˆÏì˛y– ~ì˛ Ñ˛õ v z ôyã≈ˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ â˛yúyˆÏòy– ì˛y£z ˆ¢ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúy ì˛yÓ˚ Óv ¸ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚õy ÎyÓ˚

ÓÎ˚¢ 9 ÓäÈÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òˆÏì˛ Á xòƒ î%£z ãò ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏîÓ˚ !¢ï% ÎyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 7 ÓäÈÓ˚

Á ÜÓ% ÎyÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 4 ÓäÈÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl%ÒˆÏú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛y– ~Ñ˛¢Æy£ ˛ôÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ á›˛òy!›˛ ãyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–

38 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

!ì˛!ò Ó˚õyÓ˚ ãòƒ î%ÉÖ ˛ôyòñ ~ÓÇ !¢Âïyhs˘˛ ˆòò Ó˚õyÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ Ïì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ !ì˛!ò fiÌyò#Î˚

õ!£úy ¢Ç ÏáÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ Îyò ~ÓÇ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ â˛yò Ó˚õyÓ˚ õy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ– ì˛yÓ˚y

¢Ñ˛ˆÏú Ó˚yïyÓy£z ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢y«˛yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ó˚õyˆÏÑ˛ fl%ÒˆÏú

ˆö˛Ó˚Í ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒñ î#á≈ ~Ñ˛ár›˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛!ò Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c ~ÓÇ

¢¡øì˛ £ò ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl%ÒˆÏú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛– ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ¢ÇˆÏáÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ì˛yÓ˚y

ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãÓ%Ó˚# xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ !ÓïÓy ˆ˛ôòüò ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ

˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúy–

¢!Ñ ˛Î˚ Ó˚õy !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢y£ Á ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ì˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛íˆÏÑ˛ xÓƒy£ì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏúy–

!ü«˛yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚õy £%!úÎ˚y˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛ãò ˛ôyüÑ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛¡ôyv˛zu˛yÓ˚

!£ Ï¢ ÏÓ !ö˛ ÏÓ˚ xy¢ Ïúy– ˆ¢ !¢Âïyhs˘˛ !òú ˆÎ ˆ¢ @˘Ãy ÏõÓ˚ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ fiÌyò#Î˚ ÓƒyAÑ˛

ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ¢y£yÎƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y Á°Ï% ÏïÓ˚ ˆîyÑ˛yò Ö%úˆÏÓ– ˆÖyúyÓ˚ !îˆÏò @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢Ó˚˛ôM˛

Ó˚õy ÏÑ˛ x!¶˛Óyîò ãy!ò ÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ö˛úì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ ì˛y ÏÑ˛ Ó Ïú!äÈú ~Ñ˛ãò «˛õì˛y≤ÃyÆ

õ!£úy Á ~Ñ˛ãò xyîü≈ Óƒ!=˛c @˘Ãy ÏõÓ˚ õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ– Ó˚yïyÓy£z ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ Ó˚õyÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ì˛

ÜÓ≈ˆÏÓyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú–

ˆÑ˛ò ¢Ó˚ ôM˛ Ó˚õy ÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y≤ÃyÆ õ!£úy Ó Ïú!äÈú⁄ ~Ó˚ õy Ïò !Ñ˛⁄ â˛ Ïúy xyõÓ˚y «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚

õyˆÏò Ó%!G˛–

12.2.1 «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ xÌ≈ ı

«˛õì˛yÎò ü Ï∑ñ v z ô¢Ü≈ Ú~õÛ ü!=˛ !î ÏÎ ÏäÈ xÌ≈!›˛ ÏÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó Ñ˛Ó ÏäÈ ÚÑ˛yÓí!›˛Û– ~£z¶˛y ÏÓ «˛õì˛yÎò

ü∑!›˛ Ó!í≈ì˛ £ ÏÎ ÏäÈñ ü!=˛üyú# £ÁÎyÓ ãòƒ– «˛õì˛yÎò ü∑!›˛Ó ˆÜyv˛y Ïì˛£z ü!=˛Ó ïyÓíy!›˛

xy ÏäÈ– ü!=˛ â˛y!úì˛ £Î â˛yÓ!›˛ !¶˛ß !¶˛ß ˛ô ÏÌ ı

1. ü!=˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì≈,˛c ı ~ÖyˆÏò ü!=˛ Î%=˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ xÌÓy xï#òì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛

xÌÓy !Ó¶˛y ÏÜÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ–

2. ü!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ı ü!=˛ Ñ˛ì,≈˛˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ !¢Âïyhs˘˛ ˆîÎ˚ñ ü!=˛ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ £ˆÏì˛

˛ôy ÏÓ˚ ¢,!T˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ ¢«˛õ–

3. ü!=˛Ó˚ õ Ïïƒ ı ~!›˛ v˛z ÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyd!ÓŸªy¢ñ xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ~ÓÇ î,ë˛¸ì˛y–

4. ü!=˛Ó˚ ¢y ÏÌ ı ~£z ü!=˛ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !òõ≈yì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ˆÎ!›˛ úy¶˛

Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ¢õ!T˛Üì˛ ú«˛ƒ–

v z ôˆÏÓ˚ ü!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛îÜ%!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ü!=˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛– ü!=˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ü!=˛Ó˚

õïƒˆÏÑ˛ v z!ß¨ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ü!=˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì,≈˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛“ !£¢yˆÏÓ– xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛

¢õhfl˛Ï xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ò˛ô#v˛¸ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ– òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò ïyÓ˚íy¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛



ˆòy›˛

ü!=˛Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ !Óì˛v ¸ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z ôˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢¡ôîÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛

â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôî Óúy £Î˚ñ ˆÎõò £ˆÏúy ¶) !õñ ãú ~ÓÇ

Óòñ Ó%!ÂïÜì˛ ¢¡ôî £ Ïúyñ ˆÎõò!›˛ £ Ïúy ì˛Ìƒñ K˛yòó õyòÓ ¢¡ôî £ Ïúyñ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈˆúyÑ˛ãòñ

◊!õÑ˛ ~ÓÇ î«˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôî £ˆÏúyñ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ›˛yÑ˛y˛ôÎ˚¢y ~ÓÇ ¢¡ô!_–

«˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ õ!£úyÓ˚y ˛ôyÎ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí ì˛y£z ¢õhfl˛Ï ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ü!=˛Ó˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚

¢ˆÏAÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ!›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xï#òì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ £z£y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚

¢«˛õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óv˛¸¢v˛¸ K˛yò ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ Ó˚yãfl˛∫ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !òãfl˛∫ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚

üy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ü!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ü,£õ%Ö# ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÜˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò–

«˛õì˛yÎ˚ò £ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ü#ú ˛˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÎyÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ £ú òyÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ fl ∫yï#òì˛y– ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%È

ÓyäÈy£z ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl ∫yï#òì˛y ~ÓÇ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢õyòì˛y– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ~£zÜ%!úÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ

õ!£úyÓ˚y ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ã#Ó Ïò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈ ò xyò ÏÓ–

~£zãˆÏòƒ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy!›˛ £Î˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– xyõÓ˚y «˛õì˛yÎ˚òˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ïyˆÏ˛ô ˆîÖˆÏì˛

˛ôy!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ

1. Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò ~ÓÇ

2. ¢Ç@˘Ã£õ)úÑ˛ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò–

Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xyÌ≈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ– ¢Ç@˘Ã£õ)úÑ˛

«˛õì˛yÎ˚ò Ìy ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç@˘Ã£õ)úÑ˛ ˙Ñ˛ƒ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ–

«˛õì˛yÎ˚ò £ˆÏúy ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zˆÏŒ›˛y xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ˆÎ!›˛ !Ñ˛òy ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚

ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y v z!â˛ì˛– ¢õhfl˛Ï Ó!£Ó˚yÜì˛

£hfl˛ÏˆÏ«˛˛ô ~£z ˛˛ôÂï!ì˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– «˛õì˛yÎ˚òˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇK˛y!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy !ò!î≈T˛ !Ñ˛ä%È

Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ ˛õ !îˆÏÎ˚ xÌÓy ˆü°Ï ö˛ú !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˆÎÌyÎ˚ õ!£úyÓ˚y

˛ôy ÏÓ˚ õ%=˛ ¶˛y ÏÓ !Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ñ v zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ãy@˘Ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y

~ÓÇ fl˛∫yÌ≈ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ñ Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚yÁ myÓ˚y ïyÎ≈ òy ££zÎ˚yñ v˛zˆÏŒ›˛y î,!T˛¶˛!AÜˆÏì˛ õ!£úyÓ˚y£z !¢Âïyhs˘˛ !òˆÏì˛

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– Ó˚õyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ü«˛y Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !¢Âïyhs˘˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚

«˛õì˛y– ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛∫yï#òì˛y– ~£z!›˛£z £Î˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò–

12.2.2 õ!£úy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ¢)â˛Ñ˛ ı

v z ô ÏÓÓ ˆÑ˛¢ fi›˛y!v˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ @˘Ãy ÏõÓ ¢Ó˛ôM˛ Óõy £Î ~Ñ˛ãò «˛õì˛yÎò õ!£úy– !Ñ˛ ì˛y ÏÑ˛

~ÓÑ˛õ Óú Ïì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛ ÏÓ!äÈú⁄ ~!›˛ !Ñ˛ £zFäÈy !äÈú @˘Ãy ÏõÓ v zß!ì˛Ñ˛Ó Ïí !Ñ˛ä%È îyò Ñ˛Óy xÌÓy

ì˛yÓ «˛õì˛y ¢Ç£ì˛ ¢¡ô ÏîÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe xÌÓy ì˛yÓ !ÓŸªy¢ !äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ÓƒÓ¢y ü%Ó%Ó ˆ«˛ Ïe⁄ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÈ £§ƒyÊ

~£zÜ%!ú £ Ïúy !Ñ˛ä%È ¢)â˛Ñ˛ õ!£úy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe– ò# Ïâ˛Ó ˆîÁÎy 1 ò¡∫Ó˚ !â˛e ˆî ÏÖyñ

40 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

v z ô ÏÓy=˛ ˛ô!Ó!fiÌ!ì˛ xïƒÎò Ñ˛ ÏÓ ãyòy ÎyÎ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÎy!Üì˛y î«˛ì˛yÓ ¢y ÏÌ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛ ÏÓ⁄

ÓyïyÓy£z xÌÓy Óõy⁄ ˆì˛yõyÓ Ñ˛y Ïä v z_Ó xy ÏäÈ– !òÉ¢ Ï® Ï£ Óõyñ ˆ¢ £Î !ü!«˛ì˛ñ «˛õì˛yÎ%=˛

~ÓÇ ˆÓü# Ñ˛ ÏÓ ¢«˛õ ã#Ó ÏòÓ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÎy!Üì˛y ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛–

K˛yò £Î ~Ñ˛!›˛ ü!=˛– !Ñ˛hs%˛ xyõy ÏîÓ ˛ô%Ó%°Ïì˛y!s fÑ˛ ¢õy Ïã ˆÓü#Ó¶˛yÜ õ!£úy ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛ !ü«˛y

ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ Ó!M˛ì˛ Ñ˛Óy £Î ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈ Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÓí ˆî!Ö ÏÎ– ì˛yÓ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ xyüy

Ñ˛Óy £Î õy ÏÎÓ õ Ïì˛yñ fl f#Ó õ Ïì˛yñ Ñ˛òƒyÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ ÏÓ ˆîÖ ÏÓ– ~õò!Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛õ≈Óì˛y

ˆÎ!›˛ £Î xyd ÓƒyÖƒyõ)úÑ˛ «˛õì˛yÎò Óy!v˛ ÏÎ ˆîÎ òyÓ# ÏîÓ xydõ)úƒ Óy xydõÎ≈yîy– xyd!ÓŸªy¢

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ fl˛∫yï#ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú– «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ ¢)â˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú £ú v˛zß¨ì˛ü#ú

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Î!îÁ xyõy ÏîÓ ¢Ç!Óïyò ≤Ãâ˛yÓ Ñ˛ ÏÓ òyÓ#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó% Ï°ÏÓ ¢õyò x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ˆ«˛ Ïeñ òyÓ# ~ÓÇ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ

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12.2.4 ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ Ïò !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı

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12.2.5 «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ Á xòyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ¶˛y ÏÓ ı

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42 D.El.Ed. 506


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1. Ñ˛ì≈,˛c Ñ˛Ó˚y (a) õ!£úyõ[˛ú

2. «˛õì˛y Î%=˛ (b) xyd!ÓŸªy¢

3. «˛õì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏv˛¸ƒ (c) ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôäÈˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl˛∫yï#òì˛y

4. «˛õì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ (d) î%Ó≈úì˛yÓ˚ v˛z ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì≈, c

5. «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò (e) xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÎyÜƒì˛y

6. «˛õì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈!Óì˛Ó˚í (f) õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ò¡¨ õÎ≈yîy

7. «˛õì˛yÓ˚ ¢õì) úƒyÎ˚ò (g) ¢õì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ £ÁÎ˚y

2. Ó˚õy ~ÓÇ Óyïy Óy!£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ÓyòyÁ– !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ £Î˚ ˆÓ!ü

«˛õì˛yüyú#–

3. ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú îyÁ⁄

ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛yÓ˚í

(a) ~!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚

(b) ~!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyì˛Ó˚ â˛yÑ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–(c)(d)(d)(f)(g)4. ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢#õyÓÂïì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ÓyòyÁ⁄

12.3 Ñ˛òƒy !üü% ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ Ïò v z ÏîƒyÜ ı

12.3.1 ¢Ç!Óïy ÏòÓ xy Ïîü˛ôe ı

¢Ç!Óïyò x¢ÇÖƒ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ Ó¢î xyõîyò# Ñ˛ ÏÓ ÏäÈñ ÎyÓ !ü«˛y ÏÑ˛ Ó£ò Ñ˛ÓyÓ ¢Óy¢!Ó «˛õì˛y

Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ–

45 òy¡∫yÓ˚ xˆÏAÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒÜ%!úÓ˚ v z ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆâ˛yˆÏjy

ÓäÈ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ Ïïƒ ¢õhfl Ï !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ ~ÓÇ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛¶˛y ÏÓ !ü«˛yîy ÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c

Ó˚yãƒÜ%!úÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ xyÜyõ# 10 ÓäÈ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ Ïïƒ–

15 ò¡∫Ó˚ xò% ÏFäÈˆÏî !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ xÓú¡∫ò ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–

15(3) òy¡∫yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓˆÏrï òyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛úƒyˆÏí Ó˚¢î ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒÜ%!úÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò

â˛y˛ôyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ó˚ ö˛úfl ∫Ó) ô ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜƒì˛y Óy!v ¸ ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ

44 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

!ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ñ˛ä%È ÓÓ˚yˆÏjÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏòyîˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ–

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ â%˛!=˛ (CEDAW) ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ 1980 ¢yˆÏú ~ÓÇ ~!›˛Ó˚

Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓÂï˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚– ~!›˛ Ó˚yãƒÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚òÑ˛yÓ˚# ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ã£í

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏõƒˆÏÑ˛ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛– !ü«˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ £z£y !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyò ≤ÃˆÏÓü

Á ¢õyò ¢% ÏÎyÜ ÏÑ˛–

¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xy£zò¢¶˛y 2009 ¢yˆÏú !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£zò ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢!›˛ 6 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 14ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ ~ÓÇ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yÓ≈ãò#ò

≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ £z£y £Î˚ !˛ôì˛yõyì˛y ~õò!Ñ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚

Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

12.3.2 ¢ÓÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ˛ôî Ï«˛˛ô ~ÓÇ ò#!ì˛¢õ)£ ı

fl ∫yï#òì˛yÓ ˛ô ÏÓ ¶˛yÓì˛ ¢ÓÑ˛yÓ x ÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛!õüò !òÎ%=˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ ÏäÈ– !ü«˛yÓ ˛ôÂï!ì˛!›˛ ÏÑ˛

˛ôÎ≈y Ïúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ÓyÓ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓyõü≈ ¢% ôy!Óü Ñ˛ÓyÓ ãòƒ– ì˛y ÏîÓ ¢% ôy!Ó ÏüÓ v z ôÓ !¶˛!_

Ñ˛ ÏÓ ~!›˛ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ãòƒ x ÏòÑ˛ Ó¢î ˜ì˛!Ó Ñ˛ ÏÓ– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ!Óòyõ) Ïúƒ !ü«˛yñ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ !ü«˛yÓ

¢yõ@˘Ã#ñ Ó,!_ñ xyÓy!¢Ñ˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜ¢%!Óïyñ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ ÏòÓ˚ ¢% ÏÎÜy ¢%!Óïyñ õ!£úy !ü!«˛Ñ˛y !ò ÏÎ˚yÜ

~ÓÇ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ !ò ÏÎ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú ˛ôy‡˛ƒÑ õ £zì˛ƒy!î–

¢ÓÑ˛yÓ î%!›˛ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ ò#!ì˛ ≤ÃíÎò Ñ˛ ÏÓ ÏäÈò ˆÎ!›˛Ó ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !ü«˛yÓ Óƒy˛ôy ÏÓ ¢Óy¢!Ó ¢¡ôÑ≈

xy ÏäÈ– ì˛y£yÓy £ú ãyì˛#Î ò#!ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ v z ô ÏÓ ãyì˛#Î ò#!ì˛ õ!£úy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ v z ôÓ–

ãyì˛#Î !ü«˛y ò#!ì˛ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ ÏÎ!äÈú 1985 ¢yˆÏú ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏüy!ïì˛

£Î˚ 1992 ¢yˆÏú– ˙!ì˛£ƒÓy£# !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒì˛y !ü«˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y Á ¢yö˛úƒ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl ∫#Ñ, !ì˛

ˆîÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛yˆÏÑ˛– !üü% ã!›˛ú !â˛hs˘˛y ¶˛yÓòyÓ˚ ïÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ Óy!v˛¸ ÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ~ÓÇ

≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyd¢¡øyò ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢õ@˘Ã ãy!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏ“ îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ õ£!úyˆÏîÓ˚

!òÓ˚«˛Ó˚ì˛y î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~ÓÇ Ó§yïyˆÏÑ˛ îõò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛ì≈, c– !Ó Ïü°Ï ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ

Ó˚¢î ¢Ç@˘Ã£ ~ÓÇ ö˛úîyÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆîÖyü%òyÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ– õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ò#!ì˛ 2001¢yˆÏú Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ñ˛hs%˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ãyÎ˚ÜyÜ%!úˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚

ò#!ì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎõò!›˛ÈÙÙÙÈ¢õyò ≤ÃˆÏÓüñ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˛ôÂï!ì˛ñ ˜Ó°Ïõƒì˛y î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe

!ÓŸªÑ˛ì≈, cñ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú ˛ôy‡˛ƒÑ õñ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ ö§ yÑ˛ !ü«˛y ˆ«˛ Ïe

Ñ˛õyˆÏòy–

~£z ò#!ì˛Ó˚ xï#ˆÏò ˛ôÓ˚y!õ!ì˛ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ xòƒyòƒ xò%¤˛yòñ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yT˛…#Î˚ ¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛y

x!¶˛Îyòñ ◊!õÑ˛ !Óîƒy˛ô#‡˛ñ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ õ£!úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yü%òyÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏîyß¨!ì˛ñ õ!£úy ¢õ«˛

xò%¤˛yòñ !ü«˛y ãyÓ˚# Ó˚yÖy ~ÓÇ Üíõyïƒ ÏõÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ !ü«˛y @˘Ã£í–



ˆòy›˛

12.3.3 @˘Ãyõƒ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ãòƒ xò%¤˛yò ı

xyõÓy ãy!ò ˆÎ !ü«˛yÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒì˛y xy ÏäÈ– !Ñ˛hs%˛ ~£z ˜Ó°Ïõƒì˛y @˘Ãyõƒ ~úyÑ˛y Ïì˛£z

ˆÓü#– ¢ÓÑ˛yÓ myÓy x ÏòÑ˛ xò%¤˛y ÏòÓ ˛ôî Ï«˛˛ô ˆòÁÎy £ ÏFäÈ @˘Ãyõƒ ~úyÑ˛yÎ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ Á

ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶% !=˛Ó £yÓ Ñ˛õy Ïì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛y ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛ ï ÏÓ ÓyÖ Ïì˛– ì˛y ÏîÓ õ Ïïƒ xyõÓy ˆîÖ Ïì˛ â˛ Ïú!äÈ

!üü%Ó Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ £hfl Ï Ï«˛˛ô–

ãyì˛#Î Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ hfl Ï ÏÓ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !ü«˛yÓ ãòƒ– ~!›˛ £ ÏFäÈ ¶˛yÓì˛ ¢ÓÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛

£hfl Ï Ï«˛˛ô ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈy Ïì˛ Ú¢Ó Ïâ˛ ÏÎ Ñ˛!‡˛òì˛ÓÛ ˛ôÎ≈y ÏÎ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ˆ«˛ Ïeñ !Ó Ïü°Ïì˛ ÎyÓy £Î !Óîƒyú ÏÎÓ

Óy£z ÏÓ– ~£z Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛#!›˛ ü%Ó% £ ÏÎ!äÈú 2003 ¢yˆÏú ¢Ó≈!ü«˛y !õüˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z ôyîyò !£¢yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛

!ü«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚y ÓœˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ˆÎÖyˆÏò @˘Ãyõƒ õ!£úy ¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚ £Î˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Üv˛¸

˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Üv˛¸ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓü#–

~£z Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛#!›˛ 24!›˛ Óy ÏãƒÓ 3272!›˛ ÓœÑ˛ !ò ÏÎ £ ÏÎ!äÈú– ~£z Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛#Ó õ)ú ú«˛ƒ £ú ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛

!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy !ü«˛yÓ˚ ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £z£y ˆîÎ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ¢õÌ≈ò ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚

ãòƒ !Ó!ò ÏÎ˚y ÏÜÓ˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe–

~£z Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# ÚõˆÏv˛ú fl%ÒúÛ ~Ó˚ v zß¨!ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏ“ ˆîÎ˚ñ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ–

ÈÙÙÙÈˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶% =˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôy ÏÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Ó˚«˛íy ÏÓ«˛í–

ÈÙÙÙÈ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢Ç£!ì˛–

ÈÙÙÙÈ!ü«˛y¢õ)£ !úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#úì˛y

ÈÙÙÙÈ!úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú v z ôyîy ÏòÓ˚ v zß¨!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í

ÈÙÙÙÈ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y xò%¢y ÏÓ˚ Öyîƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã Ï£Ó˚ Ó˚¢î–

ÈÙÙÙÈï#Ó˚Ü!ì˛¢¡ôß¨ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !òÓ˚yõÎ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# !üÖy–

ÈÙÙÙÈ¢õÌ≈òÑ˛yÓ˚# Ü‡˛ò !£¢y ÏÓ !üü% ¢%Ó˚«˛y ˆÑ˛w–

ÈÙÙÙÈ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò ~ÓÇ ¢£ ÏÎyÜ#ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ òyÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒñ

õy!¢Ñ˛ ¢õß∫Î˚ ¢¶˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ @˘Ãyõƒ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü%!úˆÏì˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛ ~ÓÇ

ˆîÖyü%òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚°Ïîñ !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛y ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¶˛yÜ%!úÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ–

Ñ˛hfl% Ó˚¶˛y Üyrï# Óy!úÑ˛y !ÓîƒyúÎ˚– (KGBV)~!›˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ £hfl˛ÏˆÏ«˛˛ô ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yÎ˚ !úAÜÈÙÈ˜Ó°Ïõƒ Üíòy– ~£z Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛#Ó˚

2004 ¢y Ïú (SSA) ~Ó˚ xhs˘˛Ü≈ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛yú% £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– !ü«˛yÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚y ÓœÑ˛Ü%!úˆÏì˛

ˆÎÖy Ïò õ!£úy ¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ Ü Ïv ¸Ó˚ ˆâ˛ ÏÎ˚ Ñ˛õ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ï ÏõƒÓ˚ ö˛yÓ˚yÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚

Üv˛¸˛ôÓ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü– KGBVs £Î˚ xyÓy!¢Ñ˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆÎÖy Ïò 100 ãò ˆõ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚

Ó Ï®yÓhfl Ï xy ÏäÈ SC/ST ~ÓÇ õ%¢!úõ !Ó¶˛y ÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ– ~£z ¢õhfl Ï !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü%!úÓ˚ !Ó Ïü°Ï !Ñ˛ä%È

˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ò# Ïâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £úÈÙÙÙÈ

46 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

ÈÙÙÙÈ˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ x“¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ˆúyÑ˛Óy¢ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~õò ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜ

¢%!Óïy ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

ÈÙÙÙÈ¢% ÏÎyÜ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆ¢£z ¢õhfl Ï ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ ÎyÓ˚y ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶% =˛ òÎ˚– ~õò!Ñ˛ @˘Ãyõƒ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚

ˆÓ Ïv ¸ Á‡˛y ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛Á–

ÈÙÙÙÈfl%Òú ä%È›˛ ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛ ¢òy=˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ ¢yïyÓí !Óîƒyú ÏÎÓ õ)ú Ïfl Ày Ïì˛ Ó #ã ˆÑ˛y Ï¢≈Ó õyïƒ Ïõ ˆö˛Óì˛ xyòy–

ÈÙÙÙÈ!ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò Á ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%=˛ £ˆÏì˛ Ü, Ï£Ó˚ õ)ú Ñ˛õ≈ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ ¢ˆÏ£yîÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚

ˆîÖyˆÏüyòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–

ÈÙÙÙÈxyÓ!¢Ñ˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜ ¢%!Óïy @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ õ%=˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛–

ÈÙÙÙÈ˛ôy‡˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y Ö%Ó ï#Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ìy ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓˆÏú !òˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ

x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÑ˛y!â˛Ç ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

ÈÙÙÙÈˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ã#Ó Ïò î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ü«˛í–

ÈÙÙÙÈˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y Órï%c˛ô)í≈ Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜ¢%!Óïy–

õ!£úy ¢õ«˛ (MS) : NPE, 1986 £Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ òyÓ˚# Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛z ÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ

˜Ó!üT˛– ~!›˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy Óy Óyv˛¸yˆÏòy !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy– õ!£úy !òÓ˚«˛Ó˚ì˛y î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚í ~ÓÇ ¢#õyÓÂïì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛

!ü«˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢õÌ≈ò ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ó˚¢î ¢Ç@˘Ã£

Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– Ñ˛yã!›˛Ó˚ õ)ú ~Ñ˛Ñ˛!›˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚

Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò £ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ã!›˛ú ˛ô)Ó≈üì≈˛ !úAÜ ¢õì˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï ú«˛ƒÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛

xò%Óyî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ õ!£úy ¢õhfl˛Ï Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ Ö%Ó£z Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈– (MS) :Ñ˛òƒy!üü% ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ≤Ãîyò ı˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛ xò%¤˛yò !£¢yˆÏÓ 1989 ¢y Ïú xAÜ Ó˚y ÏãƒÓ˚ 10›˛y ˆãúyÎ˚ ü%Ó% £Î˚– xyã ÏÑ˛

xò%¤˛yò!›˛ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ 21707!›˛ @˘ÃyˆÏõ 83!›˛ ˆãúyÎ˚ Á 9!›˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ– ~£z xò%¤˛yò!›˛Ó˚

~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ˆÎyÜ¢)e xyˆÏäÈ xòƒ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªyÎ˚ò

á›˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ ˆÎõò SSA ~ÓÇ DTEP, MS ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫Î˚Ç!Ñ Î˚ ¢Çá Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#

¢ÇÜ‡˛ò !£¢y ÏÓ– !Ñ˛hs%˛ ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# Á ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï v z¶˛Î˚£z xy ÏäÈ–

!Ó Ïü°Ï Ñ˛ ÏÓ ˆÎ !ü«˛y õ!£úy ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ˆîÎ ¢yõƒ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ xò%¤˛yò!›˛ òõí#Î Á ú«˛ƒ¶% =˛–

xò%¤˛yò!›˛Ó Óyhfl ÏÓyÎ ÏòÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe £z£y @Ã£í Ñ˛ ÏÓ!äÈú v z Ïmyïò# ˛ôÂï!ì˛– !ü«˛yÓ ïyÓíy!›˛ ÏÑ˛ ãyòy £Î

ü%ï%õye !ü«˛yÓ î«˛ì˛y xã≈ ÏòÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe òÎ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ !£¢y ÏÓ ˆÎõò !ü«˛y ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ñ ã!›˛ú

!Ó ÏŸ’°Ïí# Óƒy˛ôyÓ ~ÓÇ ¢õ¢ƒy Á ¢õyïyò ˆÖ§yãyÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe– MS !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ ÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó ÏÓü ˜ì˛Ó#

Ñ˛ÓyÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe ˆÎÖy Ïò õ!£úyÓy ì˛y ÏîÓ !ò Ïã ÏîÓ üy!hs˘ ¢¡ô ÏÑ≈ ˆü ÏÖ ~ÓÇ !ò Ïã ÏîÓ x@Ãy!ïÑ˛yÓÜ% Ïúy ÏÑ˛

fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛ ÏÓñ K˛yò ÏÑ˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛ ÏÓ ~ÓÇ ãyòy Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ !ò Ïã ÏîÓ ˛ôäÈ®Ü% Ïúy ÏÑ˛–

õ!£úy ¢Çá S@˘Ãyõhfl Ï ÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ!£úy ¢õ!T˛V £ Ïúy Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ ¢Ç ÏÎyÜfiÌú ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ó˚– ~!›˛



ˆòy›˛

õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ ãyÎ˚Üy ˆîÎ˚ ¢y«˛yÍ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ñ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü% Ïúy ÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe ~ÓÇ

¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ó˚ õyïƒ Ïõ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãòÜ% Ïúy ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç ÏÎyãò Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛– MS ¢ÇáÜ% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛

¢õ,Âï Á ≤Ã!ü«˛ ÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @˘Ãyõ#í Á ˆãúyhfl Ï ÏÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ @˘Ã% ô !£¢y ÏÓ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚

¢¡ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚y v zß¨!ì˛õ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛

¢«˛õ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ Á !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !ò Ïì˛–

~Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ MS Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢!rïÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛

!ü«˛y ÏÑ˛wÜ% Ïúy â˛yúyÎ˚ñ õ!£úy !ü«˛y ÏÑ˛wÜ% Ïúy â˛yúyÎ˚– ¢Ó≈ xyÓy!¢Ñ˛ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ õ Óyî

˛ôÓ˚y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒV– ~!›˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyúyîy ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe NPEGEL~ÓÇ KGBV ÏÑ˛ Óyhfl ÏÓyÎ˚ò Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ú Îî,ü £Î˚ MS xM˛ Ïú– ¢Ç ÏáÓ˚ ì˛y!Üî

xy Ïúy ˆîÖy ˆÎ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨Ó˚Ñ˛õ Óƒy˛ôy ÏÓ˚ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ

!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜÜ% ÏúyˆÏì˛ ˆÎyÜyò ˆîÁÎ˚y !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ–

Ñ˛òƒy!üü% ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ≤Ãîyò ı!ü«˛yÜì˛ ~ÓÇ x¢ÇÖƒ î«˛ì˛y ˆÖ§yãy ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ–

¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎõò õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ% ÏÂï !£Ç¢y ˛ôí≤ÃÌyñ ˆîÓîy¢#

~ÓÇ ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ xyÓ˚Á x ÏòÑ˛–

Ó˚yã Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ ÏúÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÓü

fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á ˛ô%!T˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fí xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–

≤Ã ÏÓü Á !òÎ˚s˛f ÏíÓ˚ v zÍ¢

òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ v zß¨!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y

~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛òƒy ~ÓÇ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚

≤Ã¢ˆÏAÜ ~Ñ˛!›˛ îy!Ó v zÍ˛ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–

Ñ˛òƒy!üü% ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó%òÈÙÙÙÈ21. !òˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓ,ì˛Ü%ˆÏúy ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôäÈ®!›˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÎ

˛ôäÈ®Ü% Ïúy ˆîÁÎ˚y xy ÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛

1) xò%¢y ÏÓ _____¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ÏÑ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚y˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ !ü«˛y Ï«˛ Ïe !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛–

a) Airticle 45 b) CEDAW c) RTE ACT d) Article 15(3)2) RTE !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x˜ÏÓì˛!òÑ˛ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛y !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒÈÙÙÙÈ

a) 8-14 ÓäÈÓ˚ b) 6-18 ÓäÈÓ˚ c) 6-14 ÓäÈÓ˚ d) 6-12 ÓäÈÓ˚

3) xyõy ÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç!Óïy ÏòÓ˚ xò% ÏFäÈî 45 ¢Ç!Óïy ÏòÓ˚ îy!Î˚c›˛y ÏÑ˛ xy ÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ v z ô ÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ

a) Ó˚yãƒ b) ãò¢õyã c) !ü«˛Ñ˛ d) !˛ôì˛yõyì˛y

48 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

2) Ñ˛õ≈˛ôrÌyÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ òyõ îyÁ Îy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò

~ÓÇ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÜ% ÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ

3) ≤ÃŸ¿Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ ı

1. ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ îy!Î˚c Ñ˛yÓ˚⁄

a) !˛ôì˛yõyì˛y b) ãò¢õyã c) Ó˚yãƒ d) ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛v˛z òy

e) ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Óy£z

2. !ü«˛yÓ˚ £hfl˛ÏˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏòy Ñ˛!‡˛ò

a) ˆõyÓ˚yÓ˚!ã ˆîüy£z !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ b) KGBVSc) NPFGFL d) Mahila Somakhya3. ________ xyîü≈ hfl˛ÏÓÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

a) KGBV b) MS c) NPEGFLd) Mahila Shikshna Kendra4. xyÓy!¢Ñ˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ SC/ST ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ˆõ ÏÎ˚Ó˚y

a) KGBV b) ò ÏÓyîÎ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚

c) NPEGEL D) ~Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò›˛y£z òy

5. ¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ !ü«˛y £ˆÏúy ~Ó˚ v˛z Ïjüƒ

a) KGBV b) MS c) NPEGEL d) NPEGEL

12.4 ã#Ó ÏòÓ î«˛ì˛yÜ%!úÓ v zß!ì˛ Ñ˛Óy ı

«˛õì˛y ≤ÃyÆ £ˆÏì˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛Ó˚yâ˛!Ó˚ì˛ !ü«˛y ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚Á≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xyˆÏäÈ– ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z!â˛ì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ÁÎ˚y ~£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¶) !õÑ˛yxyˆÏäÈ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü– ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y !ü«˛y !Óhfl˛,Ïì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÑ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Á ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜyò ˆîÎ˚– Îy ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yñ î,ë˛¸ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Ü!ì˛ü#ú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ˆîÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚– !¢Âïyhs˘˛ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe £z£y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚#ì˛y›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Îy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛– ã#Óò î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ~£z˛≤Ã!ü«˛í xyÓ˚Á xhs˘˛¶%≈˛=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!_õ)úÑ˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛í Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛Á– xˆÏòÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%ˆÏúy ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ã#Óò î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛z Ïjüƒ›˛y£ˆÏFäÈ «˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y x!¶˛ˆÏÎy!ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– positive ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ x!¶˛ ÏÎy!ãì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– Îyì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢«˛õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ö˛ú≤Ã¢%¶˛yˆÏÓ v z_Ó˚ !îˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛– îü≈ò £úˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ–

¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò ã!›˛ú !â˛hs˘˛y¶˛yÓòy–



ˆòy›˛

ö˛ú≤Ã¢% ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y !¢Âïyhs˘˛ ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y– ¢,!T˛õ)úÑ˛ !â˛hs˘˛y¶˛yÓòy xyhs˘˛ÉÓƒ!=˛Üì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Ó˚ î«˛ì˛y xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ˜ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚ î«˛ì˛y

¢£õ!õ≈ì˛y ~ÓÇâ˛y˛ô ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Öy˛ô ÖyÁÎ˚yˆÏòy–~›˛y xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÎ ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ≤Ãâ% Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí ¢% ÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢Í ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ÓÑ˛“ xò%¢rïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !¢Âïyhs˘˛ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÁ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛!â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛–

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó%òÈÙÙÙÈ3

1. !ÓÓ,!ì˛ îyÁ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ xÌÓy ¶% úˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò ã#Óò î«˛ì˛y !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÈÙÙÙÈ(a) ~!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ü#úì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚(b) ~!›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ¢¡øyò ˆîÎ˚(c) ~!›˛ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚(d) ~!›˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xyd!ÓŸªy¢ˆÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚(e) ~!›˛ ¢£ã £Î˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ fl˛∫yõ# ˛ôyÁÎ˚y(f) ~›˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ˆîÎ˚(g) ~›˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí# «˛õì˛y Óyv ¸yÎ˚(h) ~›˛y !¢Âïyhs˘˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

12.4.1 ˆõ ÏÈÎ Á õ!£úy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎyÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe ¢ÇfiÌyÜ% ÏúyÓ ¶) !õÑ˛yÈÙÙÙÈ

¢ÓÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y ı ¢ÓÑ˛yÓ ˆÎ ¢Ó !Ó°Ï ÏÎ ≤Ãyïyòƒ ˆîÎ ì˛y ÏîÓ õ Ïïƒ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !ü«˛y £ ÏFäÈ

¢ ÏÓ≈y_õ– ~õò !ü«˛y £ ÏFäÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !üü%Ó Ñ˛y ÏäÈ Îy ÏîÓ ÓÎ¢ £ ÏFäÈ äÈÎ

ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛yj ÓäÈ ÏÓÓ õ Ïïƒ– ~ÓÇ ~!›˛ Óy ÏãƒÓ îy!Îc x ÏÓì˛!òÑ˛ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛y ≤Ãîyò

Ñ˛Óy ~£z ¢õhfl Ï ÓÎ Ï¢Ó !üü% ÏîÓ– ~›˛y v z ôú!kï Ñ˛Óy ˆÜ ÏäÈ ˆÎ !ü«˛y £ ÏFäÈ ¢õyã ÏÑ˛ ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò

Ñ˛ÓyÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Îs f– ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !ü«˛yÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe ì˛y ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎy £Î ì˛y ÏîÓ ã#Óò ÏÑ˛

˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò Ñ˛ÓyÓ ~ÓÇ «˛õì˛y ˛ôyÁÎyÓ– ~£z¶˛y ÏÓ ¢õfl À ÓÍ¢Ó v zß!ì˛Ó ú«˛ !ò ÏÎ ¢ÓÑ˛yÓ ÏÑ˛

Óyïƒ Ñ˛Óy £Î !ü«˛y ˆ«˛ Ïe ˜Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ Á «˛õì˛y !ò ÏÎ xy¢ Ïì˛– ÎÌy¢yïƒ ¢ö˛úì˛y ˆ˛ô Ïì˛

¢ÓÑ˛yÓ ÏÑ˛ !ò ÏÎ ÓƒÓfiÌyÜ% Ïúy !ò Ïì˛ £ ÏÎ ÏäÈÈÙÙÙÈ

1. x@˘Ãy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

2. ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢õyò ≤ÃˆÏÓüy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ò#!ì˛ Á Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚

50 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

˛ôrÌyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy–

3. ¢õhfl˛Ï fi›˛Ñ˛ˆÏ£y”˛yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xyˆÏäÈ !ü«˛y !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ñ NGO ~ÓÇ õ!£úy ¢ÇÜ‡˛òÜ% Ïúy–

ÎyÓ˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ≤’ƒyˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚yñ Ñ˛yˆÏã ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xò%¤˛yˆÏò !úAÜ

¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#úì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)â˛#Ó˚ Ó,!ÂïˆÏì˛

4. ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ !ã!ò¢Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ Ó˚¢î ˆãyÜy ÏÓ ˆÎõò !Óòy ˛ôÎ˚¢yÓ˚ ˛ô%hfl ÏÑ˛ Ó,!_ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ

¢% ÏÎyÜ ¢%!Óïy ˆÎõò ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ˆ£y Ïfi›˛úñ ˆÎyÜy ÏÎy ÏÜÓ˚ ¢%!Óïy !ò Ïã ÏîÓ˚ Îb ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚

ˆÑ˛w ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ xyÓ˚Á–

5. 50% õ!£úy!ü«˛Ñ˛ !ò ÏÎ˚yÜ–

6. !ü«˛Ñ˛ñ !ü«˛y!Óî Á !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ !úAÜ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚y ≤’ƒyòyÓ˚ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú

Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy–

7. òì%˛ò ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%¤˛yòÜ% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

8. !òÎ˚!õì˛ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xò%¤˛yò Ü% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚y–

12.4.2 ˆÓ¢ÓÑ˛yÓ# ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò Ü% ÏúyÓ ¶) !õÑ˛yÈÙÙÙÈ

ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛òÜ%ˆÏúy Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òy ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyò ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚

ˆ«˛ Ïe– ì˛yÓy ¢!Ñ Î xÇü#îyÓ !£¢y ÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ– ˆÎ Ï£ì% ì˛y ÏîÓ ¢Óy¢!Ó Á Óƒ!=˛ ÏÑ Ï

ˆÎyÜy ÏÎyÜ Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ ãò¢õy ÏãÓ ¢y ÏÌ– ì˛y£z ì˛yÓy ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !ü«˛yÓ îy!Ó Ïì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyÓ£yÁÎy

˜ì˛Ó# Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ– ì˛yÓy ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ !ü«˛y Á «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe !Ó!¶˛ßÓÑ˛õ ¶) !õÑ˛y ˆòÎ–

ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ

1. ãò¢õyã ~Ó õ Ïïƒ ¢ Ïâ˛ì˛òì˛y ˜ì˛Ó# Ñ˛Óy ~ÓÇ ˙!ì˛£ƒÜì˛ ...... ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò Ñ˛Óy ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ

!ü«˛yÓ ≤Ã!ì˛–

2. ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôî Ï«˛˛ô Ü% Ïúy ÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÈ

¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ xò%¤˛yòÜ% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÎ≈ Ó˚) ôyhs˘˛!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢õhfl˛Ï fi›˛Ñ˛ˆÏ£y”˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚

!òˆÏÎ˚ !úAÜ ¢ÇˆÏÓîòü#úì˛yÓ˚ xò%¤˛yòÜ% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–

Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ãò¢õy ÏãÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò ÏÑ˛ Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !úAÜ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú ˛ôy‡˛ƒÑ õ ÏÑ˛

v zß¨ì˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–

3. fl˛∫yï#ò ¶˛yˆÏÓ !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ xò%¤˛yòÜ%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ Óyhfl˛ÏÓy!Î˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ!ÓÑ˛“ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚

â˛yúyˆÏòyñ xòyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˆÑ˛wÜ%ˆÏúyñ xò@˘Ã¢Ó˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy– ÓÎ˚flÒ

!ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛wñ òì%˛ò !ü«˛y ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ Îb ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛wñ ~ÓÇ

ÓÎ˚¢!rïÑ˛y ÏúÓ˚ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ã#Óò î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛y ≤ÃÓì≈ ÏòÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ–

4. !ü«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛òÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô«˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ~Ñ˛ú¶˛ƒñ ≤ÃÌõñ õ!£úy¢õy«˛ñ ˆúyÑ˛–



ˆòy›˛

12.4.3 fiÌyò#Î ¢ÇfiÌyñ ¢¡±îyÎ Á SDMCÙÈ~Ó ¶) !õÑ˛y

fiÌyò#Î ¢ÇfiÌy ˆÎõò ˛ôM˛y ÏÎì˛/!òÜˆÏõÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈ !ü«˛y ¢ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~£z

ú«˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛– ¢î¢ƒÓ˚y ˆ≤Ã°ÏíyÓ˚ (motivator) !£¢yˆÏÓ !˛ôì˛yõyì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚

ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl%ÒˆÏú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛– ì˛yÓ˚y !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ#ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ãò¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

ì% úˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# Ü% ÏúyˆÏì˛ xÇü !òˆÏì˛– ~!›˛ fiÌyò#Î˚ ¢ÇfiÌyÜ% ÏúyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c î)Ó≈ú

ˆ◊í#Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ !ü«˛yÁ Ñ˛úƒyí Ñ˛Ó˚y– xò%¤˛yòÜ% ÏúyÓ˚ x!¶˛¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ˛ôyò#Î˚ ã ÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy

Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ â˛y˛ô›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õyˆÏòyñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z ô!fiÌ!ì˛ Á

¢¡ôyîò Óyv ¸y Ïòy– ãò¢õy ÏãÓ˚ ¢!Ñ Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í ˆÎ ÏÑ˛yò xò%¤˛y Ïò ¢ö˛úì˛y !ò ÏÎ˚ xy Ï¢–

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ãò¢õy ÏãÓ˚ xÇü @˘Ã£í x!ì˛ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ xò%¤˛y Ïò ~ÓÇ ¢¶˛yÜ% Ïúy ⁄⁄

ˆ¢Ü%ˆÏúy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ˆÎ ˙!ì˛£ƒõ)úÑ˛ !â˛hs˘˛y¶˛yÓòy ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò !òˆÏÎ˚

xyˆÏ¢– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v zß¨!ì˛ Á ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í ¢!õ!ì˛ (SDMC) £ Ïúy ãò¢õy ÏÓü ˆ«˛e ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚

xyîyò ≤Ãîy ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ õy ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ¢y ÏÌñ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï ÏîÓ˚ ¢y ÏÌÁ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈â˛yÓ˚# ÏîÓ˚ ¢y ÏÌ–

~!›˛ ü%ï%õye !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# Á äÈyeˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡ôyîòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òy ÓÓ˚Ç xyˆÏÓ˚y

¢%!Óïy ˆîÎ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !â˛hs˘˛yÎ˚ Á fiÌyò#Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õ¢ƒy ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛– ~!›˛ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚

˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛y‡˛y ÏõyÜì˛ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã ÏòÓ˚ ˆÎõò ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ fl%Ò ÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãú ~ÓÇ

ì˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢% ôy!Ó˚ü Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~!›˛ xyÓ˚Á ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ fiÌyò#Î˚ ¢õÌ≈ò ÏÑ˛ Ü!ì˛õÎ˚

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ v zÍ¢Ü% ÏúyˆÏÑ˛ Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛–

12.4.4 !ÓîƒyúÎ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y !üü%Ñ˛òƒy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe

¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò !£¢y ÏÓ !ÓîƒyúÎ Ü% ÏúyÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶) !õÑ˛y xy ÏäÈ !úAÜ !â˛!£´ì˛Ñ˛Óí Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Óy

!üü% ÏîÓ õ Ïïƒ– ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ÏòÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï !£¢y ÏÓ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ ¶) !õÑ˛y ÏÑ˛ xÓõ)úƒyÎò Ñ˛Óy ÎyÎ òy–

!üü% ÏîÓ õ ÏòÓ Ü‡˛ò ÏÑ˛ ˛ô!ÓÓì≈ ò Ñ˛ÓyÓ ≤Ã ÏÎyãò ˆîÖy Îy ÏFäÈ òì% ò òì% ò ïyÓíyñ !â˛hs˘˛y¶˛yÓòy

Á x¶˛ƒy Ï¢Ó õyïƒ Ïõ–

1. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ

ˆÎÖy Ïò ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ v zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ¢ö˛ú £ Ïì˛ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ òÎ˚– ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛y ÏÓ ˆäÈ ÏúÓ˚y

ˆÓü# õ Ïòy ÏÎyÜ ˛ôyÎ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛– !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆäÈ Ïú ÏîÓ˚ ˆÓü# ≤ÃŸ¿ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ò–

~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓü# ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ¢%!Óïy ˆîÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ~›˛y ˆÓü#

£Î˚ !ÓK˛yò Á xˆÏAÑ˛Ó˚ òyˆÏõ– ~£z !úAÜ ˛ô«˛˛ôy!ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c ˜ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚

v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú– ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y Ñ˛õ xÇü@˘Ã£íÑ˛yÓ˚# £Î˚ ⁄⁄– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚

¢¡ôîò Ñ˛# Óyïy ˛ôyÎ– ¢%ì˛ì˛ÓyÇ ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó Ñ˛y ÏäÈ !úAÜ Óƒy˛ôy ÏÓ ¢Ç ÏÓîòü#ú

£ÁÎy ≤Ã ÏÎyãò– ì§ yÓ v z!â˛ì˛ x!ïÑ˛ ö˛ú≤Ã¢)¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ô!Ó!fiÌ!ì˛ ÏÑ˛ ¢yõúy Ïòy– ì§ yÓ v z!â˛ì˛

ˆäÈ Ïú Á ˆõ ÏÎ î%ãò ÏÑ˛£z ¢õyò¶˛y ÏÓ ¢% ÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎyñ õ Ïòy ÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎy Á ≤ÃüÇ¢y Ñ˛Óy–

52 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

«˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˛ô ÏÌ ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó v z!â˛ì˛ Ó§yïyïÓy òÎ ~Öò Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ü% Ïúy ÏÑ˛ v zÍ¢y!£ì˛

Ñ˛Ó˚y–

2. ~Ñ˛ãò õ!£úy !ü«˛y !òˆÏã£z ~Ñ˛ãò xyîü≈Óƒ!=˛ äÈyeñ äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ ì˛yÓ˚

î,!T˛¶˛!AÜñ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#ñ ÓƒyÓ£yÓ˚ñ v˛z˛ôú!kïñ !òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛# £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ Ïc

¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó ÏÓñ !Ó Ïü°Ï Ñ˛ ÏÓ ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ–

ˆ¢Öy Ïò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈ Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ õ!£úy !ü!«˛Ñ˛y Á ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶% =˛ Ñ˛Ó ÏíÓ õ Ïïƒ

!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏú– !Ñ˛ä%È ÓyÓy õyÓ˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛íü#ú õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚

ˆõ ÏÎ ÏîÓ ÏÑ˛ xò%õ!ì˛ !î Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓòy ˛ô%Ó%°Ï !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ ˆüÖyÓ ãòƒ– ì˛yÓy õ%=˛ Á

¢%Ó!«˛ì˛ õ Ïò Ñ˛ ÏÓ õ!£úy !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ ¢y ÏÌ–

3. !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶) !õÑ˛y Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õhfl Ï Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# ÏÑ˛ ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ ÏíÓ˚

ˆ«˛ˆÏe v zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ Órï%c˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˜ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í

Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy–

4. !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ãò¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ xyˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ˆ˛ôˆÏ

˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ ˙!ì˛£ƒÜì˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xò%õyò Ñ˛Ó˚y

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– !ì˛!ò ãò¢õyã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ¢õÌ≈ò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛

xyÓ˚Á Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó%òÈÙÙÙÈ4

1. ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇÜ‡˛òÜ% ÏúyÓ˚ òyõ ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚!Ñ˛ xÓîyò ˆúÖ–

2. ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ !òˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÜ% ÏúyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xy˛ô!ò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ Îyò⁄ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛˛ôäÈ®!›˛ !úÖ%ò

(a) @˘Ãyõ ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ (b) ãò¢õyã(c) !ü«˛y !Ó¶˛yÜ (d) fl%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ Á ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í ¢!õ!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ (SDMC)(e) õ!£úy Á !üü%Ñ˛úƒyí !Ó¶˛yÜ(f) ¢õyã Ñ˛úƒy ÏíÓ˚ ˛Ñ˛yÎ≈yúÎ˚1. ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !òÎ˚!õì˛ òy Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ¶˛y£z ÏîÓ˚ ˆîÖyü%òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–2. ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y õïƒy£´ˆÏ¶˛yãˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Óy!v ¸ ÎyÎ˚–3. ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ¶˛yˆÏúy ¢¡ôyîò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òy–4. @˘Ã# Ï‹ø ã ÏúÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ £Î˚– ˆõ ÏÎ˚Ó˚y Óƒhfl Ï Ìy ÏÑ˛ ãú ¢Ç@˘Ã Ï£– ì˛y£z v z ô!fiÌ!ì˛ Ñ˛õ £Î˚–5. ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÎyÎ˚– ì˛y£z v z ô!fiÌ!ì˛ Ñ˛õ–

3. ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚òˆÏÑ˛ v˛zß¨#ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛yõkyjÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ì% !õ!Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v z˛ôú!kï Ñ˛Ó˚⁄



ˆòy›˛

12.5 xy¢%ò xyõÓy ¢Ç!«˛Æ Ñ˛!Ó

«˛õì˛yÓ˚ x¢ Ór›˛ò ¢õy Ïã !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚– x¢y ÏõƒÓ˚ ö˛ Ïú õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ îõò Áˆüy°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˛ô%Ó%°Ïüy!¢ì˛ ¢õy Ïã–«˛õì˛yÓ˚ Ü‡˛ò Á !úAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ õ!£úy ÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò–«˛õì˛yÎ˚ò õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yñ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á xÌ≈ò#!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z ôÓ˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£ Óyv ¸yÎ˚ Á ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!›˛ xydõÎ≈yîy Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ÁÓ˚yã Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ã#Ó Ïò !¢Âïyhs˘˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ÏÑ˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–ˆõ ÏÎ˚ ÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y≤Ãy!Æ–¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y £ˆÏúy x@˘Ãy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy ~ÓÇ ¢õhfl˛ÏÓ˚Ñ˛õ ÓƒÓfiÌy !òˆÏì˛ yÓ˚y˛ô≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚–NPEGEL, KGBV ~ÓÇ õ!£úy ¢õ«˛ £ˆÏFäÈ xò%¤˛yò @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ õ!£úy Á Ñ˛òƒyˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÁ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ì˛ò ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ–î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ü«˛yÁ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ–ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y â) v˛¸yhs˘˛–

12.6 xy˛ôòyÓ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ ˛ôÓ#«˛y Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ v z_Ó !îò

x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ 1 ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y

1. !òˆÏâ˛Ó˚ Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ õƒyâ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y1. d, 2. a, 3. b, 4. e, 5. c, 6. g, 7. fx@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ 2 ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y

1. !ÓÓ,!ì˛Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ì˛y1. b, 2. c, 3. a≤ÃŸ¿Ü% ÏúyÓ˚ v z_Ó˚ îyÁ1. e, 2. c, 3. c, 4. a, 5. bx@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ 3 ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y

1. !‡˛Ñ˛ ¶% ú Ó Ïúy(a) I, (b) I, (c) I, (d) I, (e) F, (f) I, (g) I, (h) Ix@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ 4 ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y1. e, 2. a, 3. b & d, 4. a, 5. b

12.7 ≤Ãhfl Ïy!Óì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã¢AÜ

1. !ü«˛yÓ v z ô ÏÓ ãyì˛#Î ò#!ì˛ 1986-http://education.nic.in/policy/npe86-mod 92

2. õ!£úy ÏîÓ «˛õì˛yÎ ÏòÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe ãyì˛#Î ò#!ì˛ñ 2001- http://wcd.nic.in/empwomen.htm

54 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

3. NPEGEL –http://ssa.nic.in/girls-education/npegel4. Kasturaba Gandhi BalikaVidyalaya – education.nic.in/kgbv_guidelines.asp

MahilaSamakhya –http://www.education.nic.in/ms/ms.asp

12.8 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ¢õy!ÆÓ xò%ü#úò#

≤ÃÑ˛“ Ñ˛yã ıõ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ äÈ!Ó ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÓyïyïÓ˚y£#ò ¶) !õÑ˛yÎ˚ ÖÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÜã ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!eÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛~ÓÇ «˛õì˛y≤ÃyÆ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ xò%≤Ãy!íì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛–Ñ !õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy äÈ!Ó Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ òyõ ˆ«˛e ≤Ãy!Æ

1 Ñ˛“òy â˛yÁúy ˆfl˛ô¢ !ÓK˛yò ˆfl˛ô¢ £z!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚

2

3

55506-Block4 : !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !òÎ%!=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í

!üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ Á !òÎ%!=˛Ñ˛Óí

ˆòy›˛

~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÈÙÈ 13 !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ Á !òÎ%!=˛Ñ˛ÓíÜ‡˛ò

13.0 – ¶) !õÑ˛y

13.1 – !ü«˛ ÏíÓ v z Ïjüƒ

13.2 – !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ïyÓíy

13.2.1 – x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ õyò!ÓÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ

13.2.2 – !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ

13.2.3 – ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏOÓ v z Ïîƒy ÏÜ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ

13.2.4 – !üü% ÏîÓ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ xy£zò 2009 ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

13.3 – !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¢%Ó«˛y

13.3.1 – !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¶˛AÜ

13.3.2 – !Óîƒyú ÏÎ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¶˛AÜ

13.3.3 – !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¢%Ó«˛y ı Ñ˛!õüò ~ÓÇ ˜Óï üì≈

13.3.4 – !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ Ó«˛yÎ !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó ¶) !õÑ˛y

13.4 – ¢Ç Ï«˛ Ï ô v z ôfiÌy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛Óy

13.5 – xy˛ôòyÓ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó v z_Ó ˛ôÓ#«˛y Ñ˛Ó%ò

13.6 – ≤Ãhfl Ïy!Óì˛ ˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó ¢£yÎÑ˛ @˘ÃrÌ

13.7 – ˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó ˆü Ï°Ï xò%ü#úò#

13.0 ¶) !õÑ˛y ı

xy ÏÜÓ Óœ ÏÑ˛ ˆì˛yõyÓ xïƒÎ ÏòÓ õyïƒ Ïõ !ü«˛yÓ xhs˘˛¶%≈ =˛ ~ÓÇ x ÏòÑ˛ v z ôú!kï Îy ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ !üü%Ó

ˆ«˛ Ïe xòòƒ– ì% !õ Ó%G˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ ÏÓ ≤Ã ÏÎyã ÏòÓ ãòƒ ˜ì˛Ó# !ü«˛ ÏíÓ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛ô!Ó ÏÓü– xòƒ

¢õyò Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ !Ó°ÏÎ £ú !üü%Ó ˛ô!Ó˛ô)í≈ !ÓÑ˛yü– !ÓîƒyúÎ Á ¢õy ÏãÓ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÃÎy Ï¢Ó õyïƒ Ïõ

ú Ï«˛ƒ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈy Ïòy ¢Ω˛Ó– ~£z á›˛òyÎ ÎÖò !üü% ì§ yÓ ˜üüÓ !Ó°ÏÎ ¢¡∫ Ïrï xyò® úy¶˛ Ñ˛ ÏÓ–

Óì≈ õy Ïò ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó Óv˛ xÇ ÏüÓ õ Ïïƒ ~›˛y á›˛òy òÎ– Î!îÁ £z£y ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%O Ó=˛ ÏÓƒÓ

õyïƒ Ïõ ˆîüÜ%!ú Ïì˛ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ˜üü ÏÓÓ˚ xyò®õÎ˚ õ%£) Ïì≈ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò xò%¶) ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z ~Ñ˛ ÏÑ˛

56 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

ˆÓyG˛yÓ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ÓÓ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓñ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¶˛AÜ Ñ˛Óyñ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ÏÑ˛ Ó«˛y Ñ˛Óy

~ÓÇ ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ÓyÓ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó ¶) !õÑ˛y–

13.1 !ü«˛ ÏíÓ v z Ïjüƒ ı

~£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ xïƒÎ ÏòÓ ˆü Ï°Ï

x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ñ õyò!ÓÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Óí≈òy

!üü%Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ òyòyïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y

!Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ õ Ïïƒ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛AÜ

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò ÓƒyÖƒy

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ üì≈˛ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶) !õÑ˛y ÓƒyÖƒy

13.2 !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ïyÓíy

!üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ïyÓíyÓ xÌ≈

13.2.1 x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ xÌ≈ ~ÓÇ õyò!ÓÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ

!üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ !Ó°ÏÎ ˆÓyG˛yñ x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ xÌ≈ ãyòyñ ˆ¢£z ¢ ÏAÜ õyò!ÓÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ–

Óyïy ~ÓÇ Óy!ö˛Îy £ú ≤Ã!ì˛ ÏÓü#– ì˛yÓy ¢Æõ ˆ◊í# Ïì˛ ˛ô Ïv˛– ~Ñ˛!îò î% ô%Ó ÏÓúy ÎÖò !Óîƒyú ÏÎ

õïƒy£´ ˆ¶˛yã ÏòÓ ˛ôÓñ ì˛yÓy ì˛y ÏîÓ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ ÏîÓ ¢ ÏAÜ Öy!ú ˛ôye Á Óyú!ì˛ !ò ÏÎ ˛ôM˛y ÏÎì˛

x!ö˛ Ï¢ !Ü ÏÎ!äÈú– x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ ÏîÓ ¢ ÏAÜ ãòÜí !£¢y ÏÓ òyÓ# Á ˛ô%Ó%°Ï ãõy ÏÎì˛ £ ÏÎ!äÈú

˛ôM˛y ÏÎì˛ x!ö˛ Ï¢Ó ¢yõ Ïò Öy!ú ˛ôye Á Óyú!ì˛ !ò ÏÎ ã ÏúÓ îyÓ# Ïì˛ ˆŸ’yÜyò ˆîÁÎy £!FäÈú–

Óyïy ~ÓÇ Óy!ö˛ÎyÓ ~£z›˛y ˆî ÏÖ xy¢ Ïì˛ ì˛y ÏîÓ ˆîÓ# £ ÏÎ!äÈú– ì§ yÓy ˆîÓ# Ñ˛ ÏÓ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ Ï«˛

≤Ã ÏÓü Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ õ£yüÎ˚ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ˆîÓ˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ãyò Ïì˛ â˛yò– ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚–

˛ôM˛y ÏÎì˛ x!ö˛ Ï¢Ó î,üƒ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ ÏÓò ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ v zay˛ôò Ñ˛ ÏÓò ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ Ï«˛Ó õ Ïïƒ !Ñ˛ä%È

≤ÃŸ¿ xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ ãòƒ–

ãòÜ ÏíÓ Ó£òÑ˛yÓ# ˛ôye Á Óyú!ì˛ !Ñ˛ Ï¢Ó ˜ì˛Ó#⁄

ãòÜ ÏíÓ ˛ôM˛y ÏÎ Ïì˛ x!¶˛Üõ ÏòÓ Ñ˛yÓí ˆÑ˛ò⁄

ãòÜíÓy !Ñ˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ ˛˛ôM˛y ÏÎ Ïì˛Ó ¢yõ Ïò ¢õ ÏÓì˛ £ Ïì˛⁄

xyõÓy ãy!ò ˆì˛yõyÓ ~£z ïÓ ÏòÓ ≤Ã ÏŸ¿Ó v z_Ó ãyòy– £§ƒy ãòÜí ì˛y ÏîÓ x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ îyÓ# Ïì˛

üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈¶˛y ÏÓ ˛ôM˛y ÏÎì˛ x!ö˛ Ï¢Ó ¢yõ Ïò ¢õ ÏÓì˛ £ ÏÎ!äÈú– x!ïÑ˛yÓ £ú !ò!î≈T˛ üì≈ ˆÎ›˛y



ˆòy›˛

ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òyÎ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ xÌ≈˛ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ

Ó¢Óy Ï¢Ó ˆ«˛ Ïe ãòÜí Óyïƒ Ìy ÏÑ˛– x!ïÑ˛yÓ £ú fl ∫yï#òì˛y ˆÎ›˛y ¶˛y Ïúy Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˆ«˛ Ïe

x˛ô!Ó£yÎ≈ ~õò !Ñ˛ ¢¡±îy ÏÎÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe xyõÓy ~Öò !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ ˛ôy!Ó ãòÜ ÏíÓ x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ

ÓƒyÖƒy v z ô ÏÓÓ Óí≈òyÎ⁄ ì% !õ !úÖ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓ ˆÎ ÏÑ˛yò î%!›˛ ˆì˛yõyÓ ãyòy⁄

1.

2.

ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ÚÚãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ãú¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ£Ó˚ ãòƒÛñ ãòÜí ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ üy!hs˘˛˛ô)í≈

¢õyˆÏÓü⁄ ì˛Öò ì% !õ !Ñ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛⁄ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ xïƒÎ˚ˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ v z ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– ò#ˆÏâ˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚

¢õì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

ïõ≈#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

¢Çfl,Ò!ì˛ Á !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

¢Ç!Óïyòõ)úÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyõ ˆÎ›˛y ãòÜí v z ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ

òy Ïâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˛ô) ÏãyÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÓ˚ äÈ!Ó !üü% ◊!õ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ äÈ!Ó

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

v z ô ÏÓ˚ Ó!í≈ì˛ ¢õhfl Ï õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ õyò!ÓÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ õyò% Ï°ÏÓ˚ õyòÓ#Î˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ Á

xÌ≈˛ô)í≈ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ Ö%Ó ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ v z ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ

Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy ÏäÈ– Î!îÁ ãòÜ ÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e ~Ñ˛£z òÎ˚– ãòÜ ÏíÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

£ú xfl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛– ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏO Ü,£#ì˛ Á !ÓK˛y!˛ôì˛

¢Ó≈ãò#ò õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆáy°Ïíy (UDHR) £ ÏÎ˚!äÈú 10£z !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 1948– £z£y õyòÓ#Î˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ xhs˘˛¶)≈˛=˛ ˆÎ›˛y ¢yïyÓ˚í õyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãîyò xã≈ò ¢õhfl˛Ï ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ

ãy!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆî ÏüÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ ÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y ÏäÈ }í@˘Ãhfl Ï ãòÜí– !Ó ÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y !ÓŸªÓƒy˛ô# ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛

58 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ~£z ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyõÓ˚y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛!Ó˚ !ÓŸª õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !îÓ¢ ≤Ã!ì˛ÓäÈÓ˚ 10£z

!v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ fl˛ø,!ì˛Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !îÓ¢ !£¢yˆÏÓ–

xyõy ÏîÓ ˆî Ïü fl ∫y«˛ÓÑ˛yÓ#Ó ˛ô Ï«˛ ¢yÓ≈ãò#ò õyò!ÓÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ ˆáy°ÏíyÓ õyïƒ Ïõñ ~›˛y ¢ÓÑ˛y ÏÓÓ

îy!Î˚c !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛Ï òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ~£z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ì˛y ¶˛AÜ

Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì% !õ !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ úAáòÑ˛yÓ˚#⁄ ~›˛y £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ãòÜíñ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò

Óy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ Î!î £Î˚ ˆÑ˛ ~›˛y Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛!õüò

õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ (NCPHR) ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ~ÓÇ Ó˚yãƒ Ñ˛!õüò õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚

ãòƒ (SCPHR) Ó˚yãƒhfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ö˛¢ ˆãúyÓ˚ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚– ~£z

¢ÇfiÌyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛AÜ ~ÓÇ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ì˛›˛fiÌ ÌyÑ˛y Óy !òãfl˛∫¶˛yˆÏÓ– ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ

~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛AÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È á›˛òy xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛!›˛

á›˛òyÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–

£zFäÈy ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈–

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ 1

1. !Ñ˛ä%È !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ú– !›˛Ñ˛ !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í Óí≈òy îyÁ–

ì˛yÓ˚y ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüy!ïì˛

ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚# ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õ,Âï ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ ˆòì, c

ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛y ˆÎ›˛y ˛ôäÈ® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚

ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ

2. ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y

(a) x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ ÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢£ãú¶˛ƒ¶˛y ÏÓ ˜ì˛Ó˚# ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ

(b) UDHR ~Ó ˛ô% ÏÓy Ü‡˛ò £ú ÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ

(c) õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã ÏÈÎ˚yãò ˆòì, ÏcÓ˚ ãòƒ ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ ã#Óò–

(d) õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !îÓ¢ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ÓäÈ ÏÓ˚ ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ ÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈÈÙÈ

S!îòV Sõy¢V

(e) ¢ÇfiÌyÓ myÓy ˜ì˛Ó# Óyãƒhfl Ï ÏÓ õyòÓ#Î x!ïÑ˛yÓ Ó«˛yÎ ÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙ

ÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙÈÈÙÙÙ

13.2.2 !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ

˛ô) ÏÓ≈Ó v z ôïyÓyÎñ x!ïÑ˛yÓ Á õyòÓ#Î x!ïÑ˛yÓ !Ó°ÏÎ ˛ô Ïv˛äÈ– ~£z xÇ Ïü xyõÓy ãyò Ïì˛ ˛ôy!Ó

!üü% ˆÑ˛ !äÈúñ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ Ñ˛# ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ ãòƒ x˛ô!Ó£yÎ≈ì˛y–

xyõÓy Ó%G˛ Ïì˛ ˛ôyÓÓ á›˛òyÓ õyïƒ Ïõ !üü% ˆÑ˛ !äÈú– ˆÎÖy Ïò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!ÓÓy ÏÓÓ xhs˘˛¶%≈ =˛ !äÈú

!˛ôì˛yñ õyì˛y ~ÓÇ ¢hs˘˛yòÓyÈÙÙÙÈÚãòÛ Á Úã!òÛ– Î!îÁ ÚãòÛ !äÈú 19 ÓäÈÓ ÓÎ Ï¢Óñ Úã!òÛ !äÈú



ˆòy›˛

12 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ Ï¢Ó˚– ~Ñ˛!îò ¢rïƒy ÏÓúyÓ˚ ÓyFâ˛yÓ˚y õy ÓyÓy ÏÑ˛ ãμyúyì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈú ¶˛ ÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈ!Ó

ˆîÖyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ›˛y !¢ˆÏòõy £ˆÏú â˛úˆÏäÈ– õy ãyˆÏòò ˆÎ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ÓyFâ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÖy v z!â˛ì˛

òÎ˚– ˆÎ Ï£ì% Úã!òÛÓ˚ 12 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ñ õy Óú Ïúò ÓyFâ˛y ÏîÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó Ïì≈ x ÏòÑ˛ õãyÓ˚ äÈ!Ó

ˆîÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ– ÚãòÛ Á Úã!òÛ Ó˚y!ã £ú ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚y â˛yÓ˚ãò ‘Baby’s Day Out’ ˆîÖˆÏì˛

!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– v z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ á›˛òy !ÓˆÏŸ’°Ïí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

ì%˛!õ !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÑ˛ò õyò Úã!òÛˆÏÑ˛ !ãK˛y¢y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈ!Ó òy ˆîÖyÓ˚⁄

≤ÃˆÏŸ¿Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ v z_Ó˚ Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyˆÏÓ– !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ äÈ!Ó ˆîÖy Ñ˛yõƒ òÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú

¶˛#!ì˛õ)úÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ õˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôˆÏv ¸– ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ 18 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò Óƒ!=˛ !üü%– !üü% ÏîÓ˚

Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ¶˛!Ó°Ïƒì˛ õyòÓ#Î˚ ¢¡ôî ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ~›˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò

˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ¢Ó !üü%Ó˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈– !üü%Ó˚ ~£z ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ ÓyÑ˛#

xÇˆÏü ¢ÇÑ˛›˛˛ô)í≈ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ òyòyïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !üü% ÏîÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ v˛z!ß¨ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y

xò%¶)˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÌ xã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¢,!T˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò !üü%Ó˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚

¢% ÏÎyÜ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏv ¸ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˜üüˆÏÓÓ˚ xyò®õÎ˚ xÓîyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ

òÎ˚⁄ ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy ÏäÈ– äÈ!ÓÓ˚ Öy!ú ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

!üü%Ó˚y ˆÖúˆÏäÈ !üü%Ó˚y !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ !üü%Ó˚y ˛ô%!T˛Ñ˛Ó˚ Picture by Google Öyîƒ Öy ÏFäÈ search

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖúyñ !ü«˛yÁ ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚– ì%˛!õ

!‡˛Ñ˛ !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢#õyÓÂï òÎ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ä%È

ì˛y!úÑ˛y ò# Ïâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ú–

¢!‡˛Ñ˛ fl ∫yfiÌƒ ˆ¢Óy

õì˛≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y

!üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ £zFäÈyÓ˚ !ÓÓ%ˆÏÂï x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyúyîy òy Ñ˛Ó˚y

!˛ôì˛yõyì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y Îb ˆòÁÎ˚y

òy ÏõÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ xy ÏäÈ

õyì, ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y

ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

60 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

¢Ó Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆüy°Ïí ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y

üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ üy!hfl˛ÏÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y

~£z òÎ˚ ˆÎ Îs˛fíyÎ˚ Óü#¶) ì˛Ó˚y xòƒ !ò¤% Ó˚ xõyòÓ#Ñ˛ì˛y Óy xïÉ˛ô!ì˛ì˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í Óy üy!hfl˛Ï

!Ó◊yõñ xÓ¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÖúyÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆâ˛ì˛òyòyüÑ˛ Ë°Ïï x˜ÏÓï ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Á õˆÏòy˜ÏÓK˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ Á !üü% ÏîÓ˚

≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ x˜ÏÓï v zÍ˛ôyîò ~ÓÇ ˛ôîyÌ≈ ˛ôyâ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛

¢Ó ãòÜíñ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü%!úñ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%!ú ˆ¢£z ¢ ÏAÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ £ ÏÓ v z ô ÏÓ˚

v zˆÏÕ‘!Öì˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛e

˜ì˛Ó˚# xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚– xyõÓ˚y ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôïyÓ˚yÎ˚ x@˘Ã¢Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ2

I. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ òy ¶%˛ú– T xÌ≈ !‡˛Ñ˛ñ F~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ¶%˛ú/!õÌƒy

1. !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ ¢#õy 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛

2. !üü%Ó˚ fl ∫yï#òì˛yÎ˚ !ò¤% Ó˚ Ó=˛Óƒ xòƒˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛

3. !üü%Ó˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yã ÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ õÎ≈yîy ˆîÁÎ˚y v z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚

4. ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇˆÏü !üü%Ó˚y ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ òÎ˚

5. !üü% ÏîÓ˚ fl ∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ

II. ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚⁄ !›˛Ñ˛ !â˛£´

1. !Ñ˛ä%È xÓ¢ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y

2. ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y

3. ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y

4. !ü!«˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚y

13.2.3 ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏOÓ v z Ïîƒy ÏÜ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ

¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%O ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇfiÌy !Ó!¶˛ß hfl ÏÓ Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ ü%Ó% ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ñ !Ó ÏŸª !üü% ÏîÓ

õ Ïïƒ ÓyïƒÓyïÑ˛ì˛y ÌyÑ˛yÓ x!ïÑ˛yÓ– òyòy v z Ïîƒy ÏÜÓ ≤Ã ÏÎyãò !ÓÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛Óy !üü% ÏîÓ Îb ˆòÁÎyÓ

!Ó°ÏÎ ≤Ã¢y!Óì˛ Ñ˛Óy– ¢yÓ≈ãò#ò ˆáy°ÏíyÓ v z ôÓ 1948 õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚

x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– 1959 ¢yˆÏú ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢¶˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆáy°ÏíyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ

Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚– xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ â% !=˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÓ¢yõ!Ó˚Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í

¢¶˛yÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ 1966 ¢yˆÏú– xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ â% !=˛Ó˚ v˛z ôÓ˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ü,£#ì˛ £Î˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢¶˛yÎ˚ 1966 ¢y Ïú !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~£z ¢õhfl Ï

¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ (CRC) @˘Ã£í 1989 ¢y Ïú ≤Ãïyò v z ÏîƒyÜ !äÈú– ¢ Ï¡øú ÏòÓ˚

õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ (CRC) Ö¢v ¸y ˜ì˛Ó˚# £ ÏÎ˚!äÈú– õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!õü ÏòÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ–



ˆòy›˛

1989 ¢y ÏúÓ˚ 20 Ïü ò Ï¶˛¡∫Ó˚ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏOÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í¢¶˛yÓ˚ ¢ Ï¡øú Ïò Ü,£#ì˛ £ ÏÎ˚!äÈú–

~ÓÇ ˆãyÓ˚˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛ 2Ó˚y ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1990 ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ü,£#ì˛ñ xò% Ïõyîò ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆî ÏüÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ ÏîÓ˚

myÓ˚y fl˛∫y«˛!Ó˚ì˛ £Î˚–

¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y !üü%ˆÏÑ˛ñ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛

˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¢,!T˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ xyòˆÏ®Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôÌ ˆò£z !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˘˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ¢õhfl˛Ï ˆîüÜ%!úÓ˚ fl ∫y«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y îy!Î˚c !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎ

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ãyÎ˚Üy ˆò£z– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆ«˛e ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ˆÎÖyˆÏò

!ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ ¢ÇfiÌy ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇfiÌy !üü%Ó˚ Ñ˛úƒyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ

v z!m@¿– ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# ˆÎõò UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO ~ÓÇ ILO ~Ó˚

ú«˛ƒ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yÖy– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆì˛yõyÓ˚

Î!î xy@˘Ã£ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ãyòyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛

ãyòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y–


˛ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó%ò

1. !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ö¢v˛¸y ˜ì˛Ó˚# £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú

–

2. !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢ Ï¡øú Ïò ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ ÏÎ˚!äÈú ÓäÈÓ˚ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛

3. ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y !üü%ˆÏÑ˛

~ÓÇ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¢,!T˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–

4. ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ î%£z!›˛ ¢ÇfiÌy v˛z!m@¿ !üü%Ó˚ Ñ˛úƒyˆÏíÓ˚ ¢!£ì˛ ~ÓÇ

–

13.2.4 !üü% ÏîÓ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ xy£zò 2009 ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ

2009 xy£zò ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ı

˛ô) ÏÓ≈Ó˚ v z ôïyÓ˚yÎ˚ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ xïƒÎ˚ ÏòÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏOÓ˚ v z Ïîƒy ÏÜ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– xy˛ô!ò

ãy Ïòò !üü%Ó ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓÓ õ Ïïƒ xy ÏäÈ !ü«˛yÓ x!ïÑ˛yÓ– Î!îÁ x ÏòÑ˛ !üü% ÓÎ¢ xò%ÎyÎ#

!Óîƒyú ÏÎ ÎyÎ òy xyõy ÏîÓ ˆî Ïü !Óîƒyú ÏÎ– !Óîƒyú ÏÎ òy ÎyÁÎyÓ Ñ˛yÓí !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛Ó%ò Î!îÁ

≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ hfl Ï ÏÓ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ !ü«˛yÓ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ– xy˛ôòyÓ ~úyÑ˛yÓ !üü%Óy ÎyÓy !Óîƒyú ÏÎ

Îy ÏFäÈ òy⁄ Ñ˛yÓí !Ñ˛ £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ⁄ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ò# Ïâ˛ !îò–

~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢¡±îy ÏÎ˚Ó˚ õ Ïïƒ £ Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚ xÌÓy x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛Ó˚y !ü«˛yÓ˚ !Ó°Ï ÏÎ˚ ¶˛#°Ïí¶˛y ÏÓ

62 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

xy@˘Ã£# òÎ– ÎÖò 1949 ¢y Ïú ¢Ç!Óïyò Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ¢Ç!Óïy ÏòÓ˚ 45 ò¡∫Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚

ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ !òÎ˚ˆÏõÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 10 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛y ¢õhfl˛Ï !üü% ÏîÓ˚

ãòƒ 14 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ òy £ÁÎ˚y ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– !Ñ˛hs%˛ ~ÖòÁ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ˆ¢£z úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛ô§ÔäÈyˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚!ò–

ˆÎ ÏÑ˛yò ˆî ÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛y @˘Ã£í ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò– xyõy ÏîÓ˚ õ Ïì˛y Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˆî ÏüÓ˚ ãòƒ

x!ïÑ˛ £ÁÎy îÓÑ˛yÓ– Î!î ãòÜí !ü«˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó Ïì˛ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓ Ñ˛ ÏÓñ ì˛y£ Ïú Üíì˛s f ˛ô«˛yáyì˛@˘Ãhfl Ï

£ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv ¸– òyòyˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢Ó≈ãò#ò ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–

~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ˆÏüÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ xy£zò 2009

(RTE) ~Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ 2010, 1úy ~!≤Ãú ˆãyÓ˚ ô)Ó≈Ñ˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆ¢£z!îò

ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛y ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xhs˘˛¶%≈˛=˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–

RTE xy£zò xò%ÎyÎ˚# ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ãîyò !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛

!ü«˛y ¢Ñ˛ú !üü%Ó˚ ãòƒ 6-14 ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôy‡˛ƒÑ õ ˜ì˛Ó˚# ¢Ç!Óïyòõ)úÑ˛ õ) ÏúƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe

¢AÜì˛– ~Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ v zß¨ì˛ !ü«˛y !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !òÎ˚õ xò%ÎyÎ˚# v zß¨ì˛õyˆÏòÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

xy£z ÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ÇflÒyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y– ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !ò˛ô#v ¸ ÏòÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛

v zÂïyÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!Ó!ïÓÂï ¶) !õÑ˛y Ó˚yÖy ¢%ü#ú ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ– ~£z xy£z Ïò ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ

!ÓÓ,ì˛ îy!Î˚c ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fiÌyò#Î˚ ¢ÇfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü%!úÓ˚ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ñ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ

¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚–

!Óhfl ,Ïì˛ xïƒÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒõ xy£z Ïò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Órï RTE xy£zò

~ÓÇ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ– RTE xy£zò Ó˚yÖy ¢õì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒñ î%Ó≈ú ÏîÓ˚ !Ó Ïü°Ï ≤Ã!ü«˛íñ

!ü«˛yÌ≈# !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛wñ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyñ üy!hfl˛ÏÓ˚î ~ÓÇ £Î˚Ó˚y!òñ õ%=˛ x!¶˛Óƒ!=˛ Á

xy ÏÓ˚y !Ñ˛ä%È– ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ !üü%Ó˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ Ïïƒ ¢Ñ˛ú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ÏîÓ˚ îy!Î˚c !£¢y ÏÓ

ˆîÖy ˆÎ !üü%Ó˚y ÓÎ˚¢ xò%ÎyÎ˚# !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– v zß¨ì˛ !ü«˛y ˛ôyˆÏFäÈ– üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ !òÎ≈yì˛ò xÌÓy

õyò!¢Ñ˛ £Î˚Ó˚y!ò £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%=˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ü«˛yñ ˆÎ›˛y !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ Á

Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛y ˛ôyˆÏFäÈ–


1. ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y

(a) RTE xy£zò ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ –

(b) RTE v z ôúkïÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó !üü%Ó˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛y–

(c) !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˆÎ›˛y RTE ~Ó˚ xï#ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛

ÓäÈÓ˚–

(d) RTE ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛w–



ˆòy›˛

13.3 !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¢%Ó«˛y ı

13.3.1 !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¶˛AÜ

Î!îÁ ¢ Ï¡øúò Á ò#!ì˛Ó õyïƒ Ïõ ò# Ïâ˛Ó hfl Ï ÏÓ ¢¡øy ÏòÓ ¢!£ì˛ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ â˛!â≈ ì˛ £Î òy

¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛y ÏÓÓ v zîƒõ– ˆÎÖy Ïò !Ó ÏŸª ú«˛ƒ ú«˛ƒ !üü% ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜ ¢%!Óïy ˛ôyÎ òy õyòÓ#Î¶˛y ÏÓ

Ó§yâ˛yÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe– ì˛y ÏîÓ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ ˆ«˛e ˜ì˛Ó# ~ÓÇ Ñ˛T˛¢£Ñ˛y ÏÓ ˜üüÓ x!ì˛Óy!£ì˛– ò# Ïâ˛Ó äÈ!ÓÓ

!î ÏÑ˛ ì˛yÑ˛yÁ– !Ñ˛ ˆîÖy ÏFäÈ⁄ xyõy ÏîÓ !üü% ÏîÓ ˆ¢ÓyÓ x!ïÑ˛yÓ⁄

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xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãyòy ˆÎ ú«˛ƒ ú«˛ƒ !üü% xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚

˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ–

!üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ Óúy £Î˚ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò Ñ˛yã !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ Îy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ Óy ˆüy°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y

!Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ õyò!¢Ñ˛ñ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óy ≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ myÓ˚y !ü«˛yÎ˚ Óyïy–

Î!îÁ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ãò#ò @˘Ã£í ÏÎyÜƒ ÓƒyÖƒy ˆò£z !üü% ◊!õ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ Ïeñ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ ÓƒyÖƒyÓ˚ fiÌy!Î˚ ÏcÓ˚

Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇfiÌyñ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇfiÌyñ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢Çá ~ÓÇ xòƒ

xy@˘Ã£# ¢ÇfiÌy– 2000 ¢y Ïú xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢Çá (ILO) xyò%õy!òÑ˛ 246 ú«˛ !üü%

◊!õ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 5 ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ 17 ÓäÈÓ˚ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ñ 171 ú«˛ Î%=˛ Ñ˛y ÏãÓ˚ ¢ ÏAÜ Îy

≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yñ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy õyò!¢Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ~ÓÇ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛Ó˚

ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ˛ôÓ˚hs%˘˛ 8.4 ú«˛ !üü% Î%=˛ Óúy £Î˚ ÚÚüì≈˛£#òÛÛ ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ñ ˆãyÓ˚˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛

xhs˘˛¶%≈˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á â%˛!=˛¶%˛=˛ ◊!õÑ˛ñ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ¢üfl˛f¶˛yˆÏÓñ m®¥ñ ˛ôyâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ

~ÓÇ Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ˆÎÔò ˆüy°Ï ÏíÓ˚ õyïƒ Ïõ–

xyã !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ– xyãˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ~ÓÇ 2020 õ Ïïƒ

≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ òì%˛ò Ñ˛õ≈#ñ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò ˆ¶˛yÜƒ˛ôíƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#ÈÙÙÙÈÎyˆÏîÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y Á

64 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y ˜ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe !Ó ÏŸªÓ˚ xÌ≈ò#!ì˛ Á ¢õyãÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈv zß¨Î˚òü#ú ˆî ÏüÓ˚ ˆÌ ÏÑ˛

xy¢ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí £zFäÈyü!=˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ «˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy

!ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óyïy@˘Ãhfl˛Ï Ñ˛Ó˚y⁄ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ü=˛ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÎ˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚# £zFäÈyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Î!î

!ü«˛yñ fl ∫yfiÌƒ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ v˛zß¨Î˚ò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ òy £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú !Ó˛ôî⁄ îy!Ó˚o Óƒy˛ôÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ

!ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆÑ˛ò !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xò%˛ôÎ%=˛ ÓÎ˚¢ xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈– !Ñ˛hs%˘˛

ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆÎõò ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy ~ÓÇ ˙!ì˛£ƒ !üü%Ó˚ x˛ôÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy

!Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¶˛yÓ Á Î ÏbÓ˚ x¶˛yÓñ xòƒ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ x¶˛yÓÈÙÙÙÈˆÎõò fl ∫y ÏfiÌƒÓ˚ Îbñ xÓ Ï£!úì˛

xyâ˛Ó˚í õy!úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ñ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò !òÎ%=˛ Á ü#á £z–

ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ !üü% ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ £Î˚⁄ Î!î £§ƒy £Î˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆúÖ–

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ó˚yãƒhfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!üñ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛y ˜ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ãyì˛#Î˚ Á xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z¶˛Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛

ÓyäÈy£z Ñ˛Ó˚y– !ü«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛y ¢õhfl˛Ï !üü%Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ 2009

~Ó˚ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ x!¶˛ò#ì˛– ˆÎÖyˆÏò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ÎyÓ˚y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛

ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ›˛y !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ§ˆÏâ˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢AÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ñ ˆÎõò ˆÓ˚yÜ Óy Ü,£ òy

ÌyÑ˛y Á xy◊Î˚–

xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ◊!õÑ˛ ¢ÇfiÌyÓ˚ (ILO) xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈¢)â˛#ˆÏì˛ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ Óã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ (IPEC)

!üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ !£¢y ÏÓ òyòy Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# x Ïß∫°Ïí Ñ˛Ó˚y £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ– ˆîÖ IPEC Ñ˛yÜã˛ôe

!£¢y ÏÓ www.oil.org site ~ÓÇ !ò!î≈T˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# ˆÖ§yãy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ î%£z!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆúÖ–

1.

2.

1989 ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ yhs˘˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ãòƒ !üü%Ó˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ !¢Âïyhs˘˛

ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 1979 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛!õ!›˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ

!üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ÏîÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛ÔüúÜì˛ ¢yã¢Ó˚Oy Ïõ £z!AÜì˛˛ô)í≈–

ãyì˛#Î˚ ò#!ì˛ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ÏîÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò £ ÏÎ˚!äÈú 1987 ¢yˆÏú xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü% ÏîÓ˚



ˆòy›˛

˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛– ◊õ õs˛fÑ˛ ~ÓÇ â˛yÑ% !Ó˚Ó˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ò Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ 100 !ü Ï“Ó˚

õˆÏïƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ãyì˛#Î˚ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ü%Ó˚% 1988

¢yú ˆÌ ÏÑ˛–

xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇfiÌy ˆÎõò ˆÑ˛Î˚yÓ˚ £z!u˛Î˚yñ !üü% õ%!=˛ Á ì% !õñ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛ô# !üü% ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚

!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂïñ ≤ÃÌõ £zì˛ƒy!î Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ¢õ) Ïú v˛zÍ˛ôy›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ–

ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xˆÏòÑ˛ á›˛òy Îy£yˆÏì˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆÖúyï)úy ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢% ÏÎyÜ

!ò Ïì˛ xfl ∫#Ñ, ì˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ !òÎ%=˛ ˆÎÖy Ïò G% §!Ñ˛@˘Ã£í fl ∫yfiÌƒ Á ã#Ó ÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ–

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˘˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí– ˆÎÖyˆÏò îy!Ó˚oƒñ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ xK˛ì˛y

Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò Óú ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ «%˛ïy !òÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢hs%˛T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚

xyáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~ÓÇ «%˛ïy !òÓ,_– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤Ãâ% Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚Ó£ò ~ÓÇ î#á≈

¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yã– ˆÓü#Ó˚ ¶˛yÜ !üü% ˛ôyÎ˚ òy ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ– ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï

˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˘˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ñ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚

~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛Ó˚y⁄ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò á›˛òyÎ˚ !üü%Ó˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛AÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚⁄ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

ˆÎÖyˆÏò òyòyïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–

!Ñ˛hs%˘˛ xyõÓ˚y !üü% ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôò#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈ !Ñ˛⁄ ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ

ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yãƒ/ˆÑ˛wüy!¢ì˛ xM˛ˆÏú !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ yhs˘˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒñ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ñ ¢¡±îyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ x¢ÇÖƒ

˛ôˆÏÌñ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# v˛z˛ôïyÓ˚yÎ˚ xyõÓ˚y ãyòÓ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ì§˛yÓ˚y !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˘˛ £ˆÏFäÈ–


1. ò# Ïâ˛Ó˚ Óy Ï:Ó˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ !î ÏÑ˛ ˆîÖ

v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˘˛⁄

3. !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ !Ñ˛ä%È !üü%Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £úñ ˆÎ!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ £z!AÜì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò !üü%Ó˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛AÜ £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ⁄ !›˛Ñ˛ !â˛£´ !îò–

66 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

(a) Ó˚yïy !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ !Ü ÏÎ˚!äÈú–

(b) £züyò Üƒy ÏÓ˚ ÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛y Ïã !Ü ÏÎ˚!äÈú–

(c) £z¢õy£zú Á Ñ˛R# ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v z ôˆÏÓ˚ v z Ï‡˛!äÈú xÓ¢Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚–

(d) Ñ˛ƒyÌÓ˚#ò ãμˆÏÓ˚ xyÑ ˛yhs˘˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÓy õyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ ˆò£z–

(e) ã¢≤Ã#ì˛ ÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò Öyîƒ–

(f) î%Ü≈y òyõ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yÎ˚–

(g) ˆÓ˚í%Ó˚ !˛ôì˛yõyì˛y xyúyîy ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ â˛yÎ˚ õyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ ÓyÓy ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛

â˛yÎ˚–

4. IPEC ~Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ Ü‡˛ò ˆúÖ–

5. ˆÑ˛yò ò#!ì˛!›˛ !äÈú ãyì˛#Î˚ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ x!¶˛ò#ì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚

Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛e⁄

13.3.2 !Óîƒyú ÏÎ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¶˛AÜ ı

ì% !õ ~Öò ãyòñ !Ñ˛¶˛y ÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛y ÏîÓ myÓy !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ x!ì˛Ñ yhs˘˛– ì% !õ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛Ó ÏÓ ˆÎ

!üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ !Óîƒyú ÏÎÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe x!ì˛Ñ yhs˘˛⁄ ˆ¢Öy Ïò òyòyïÓ ÏòÓ î,T˛yhs˘˛ ¶˛AÜ Ñ˛ÓyÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe–

xyõÓy ãyòÓ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¶˛AÜ Ñ˛ÓyÓ !Ó°ÏÎ–

xyõy ÏîÓ õ Ïïƒ ¢Ñ˛ Ïú ãy Ïòy ˆÎ !üü%Óy Ö%Ó Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ v z ôyîyò !£¢y ÏÓ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß

ˆ«˛ Ïe xy Ï¢ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈ Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ≤Ã«˛y˛ô Ï›˛– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ £ú ¢õy ÏãÓ˚ «% o

¢ÇflÒÓí ~ÓÇ ˆÎÖy Ïò òyòy ïÓ ÏòÓ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ Ó ÏÎ ÏäÈ– ì˛y ¢ Ï_¥Á ˆ◊í#Ó ¢õhfl Ï !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó ≤Ã ÏÎyãò

xïƒÎ ÏòÓ ¢õÎ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôy‡˛ƒ˛ô%hfl ÏÑ˛ñ ~Ñ˛£z Ñ˛yã ¢¡ôyîò Ñ˛Óyñ ~Ñ˛£z !òÎõ xò%¢Óí ~ÓÇ v z§â%

Ñ, !ì˛ ÏcÓ hfl ÏÓ ˆîÖy Ïòy– Î!î ¢¡ôyîò Ñ˛ÓyÓ ˆ«˛ Ïe ÓƒÌ≈ £Î ≤Ãì˛ƒyüy ˛ô)Ó Ïí !Óîƒyú ÏÎ ì˛yÓy

x ÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ î![˛ì˛ £Î– !Óîƒyú ÏÎÓ !¶˛ì˛Ó üy!hfl Ï î§yv˛y ÏòyÓ õyïƒ Ïõ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ Ï«˛Ó !¶˛ì˛Ó xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ–

¢ÇÓyî õyïƒˆÏõ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÁÎ˚y ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ˆ«˛ˆÏe î![˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˘˛–

!üü% ÏîÓ v˛yfi›˛yÓ myÓy xyáyì˛ Ñ˛Óyñ ˆflÒú ~ÓÇ Îy£y !Ñ˛ä%È !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˛ôy ÏÓò ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ Ï«˛Ó õ Ïïƒ

!üü% ÏîÓ õ Ïïƒ î,T˛yhs˘˛ ˜ì˛Ó# Ñ˛ÓyÓ ãòƒ î§yv˛ Ñ˛Óy/ˆîÔv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚y/£§y›% ˆÜˆÏv˛¸ Ó¢y ¢) ÏÎ≈ƒÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚–

!òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÖyˆÏò !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ õ)úƒ ˆò£z– !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y xÓ¢Ó˚

¢õ ÏÎ˚ xïƒÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ !òÎ≈yì˛ò xòƒ ÏîÓ˚ ¢yõ Ïò– !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÖy Ïò

≤Ãâ% Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ˆÎyÜƒì˛y ¢¡ôß¨ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x¶˛yÓ !ü«˛yîyˆÏò Î!îÁ Ü%íÜì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

!üü%Ó˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò– ˆüÔâ˛yÜy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌy ˆ¢Öy Ïò Ö%Ó ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ~ÓÇ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ã ÏúÓ˚ ¢%!Óïy

˛ôÎ≈yÆ òÎ˚– ˆÓü#Ó˚ ¶˛yÜ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõˆÏG˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ Ó°Ï≈yÓ˚ Óy



ˆòy›˛

ü#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚– ˆÓü#Ó˚ ¶˛yÜ !üü%Ó˚ ãòƒ ¶˛y°Ïy ˆüÖyˆÏòy £Î˚ Îy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ òy–

!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Ñ˛ÖòÁ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ üy!hfl Ï ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚ ì˛Öò ãyÎ˚Üy!›˛ £Î˚ ¢% ÏÖÓ˚– ˆ¢Öy Ïò

ˆÑ˛yò !òÿ˛Î˚ì˛y ˆò£z !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y– xy˛ô!ò Ó˚y!ã £ˆÏÓò Óyhfl˛ÏÓì˛yÓ˚

Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ïí– !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛AÜ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ ÏÓ˚–

ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôˆÏÌ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ ˛yhs˘˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚⁄ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆúÖ–

1.

2.

3.

!üü%Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˛ôv ¸yˆÏüyòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ˜ì˛Ó˚#⁄ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôäÈ® !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ Óy â˛ˆÏú

ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e⁄ ˆÑ˛ò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ¢%Ö# ÎÖò ì˛yÓ˚y !îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï î#á≈ á^˘›˛y ˆüyˆÏò⁄ ˆÑ˛ò ì§˛yÓ˚y

¢%Ö# ÎÖò !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛ˆÏú Îyò⁄ ˆÑ˛ò ì˛yÓ˚y ¢y@˘ÃˆÏ£ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ä%È!›˛Ó˚ !îˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ⁄ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚

¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãyòy ˆÎ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ î![˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ñ˛!õüò ~ÓÇ ò#!ì˛

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# v˛z ôïyÓ˚yÎ˚ ~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚ xïƒÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈÈ6

1. xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òÎ˚!õì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üì≈˛ ˆÓyG˛yò– ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

¶˛AÜ Ó˚ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ⁄ !›˛Ñ˛ îyÁ–

(a) ¢õhfl˛Ï !üü%Ó˚ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛«˛ G˛yv Y ˆîÁÎ˚y–

(b) !Ñ˛ä%È !üü% ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛y£z!òÇ ˆ›˛!Óú–

(c) ¢Æõ hfl Ï ÏÓ˚Ó˚ !üü%Ó˚y ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !üü% ÏÑ˛ ãú ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚ !õv˛ ˆv˛ !õ ÏúÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚–

(d) îüõ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !üü%Ó˚y ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ≤’›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚–

(e) !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÃyÌ≈òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆîÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îüÓyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛

ˆáyÓ˚yò £Î˚–

(f) !üü%Ó˚y ˆÖúyï)úy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ v z ôÑ˛Ó˚í äÈyv ¸y–

(g) !üü%Ó˚y Üì≈˛ ˆÖ§yˆÏv ¸ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛!â˛ â˛yÓ˚yÜyäÈ úyÜyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ–

(h) ö˛!ì˛õyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyÓ˚Öy ˛ôÓ˚yÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ òy–

13.3.3 !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ ¢%Ó«˛y ı Ñ˛!õüò ~ÓÇ ˜Óï üì≈

Ó˚¢î

xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü òyòyïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y !üü%Ó˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ– ¶˛yÓ Ïì˛ Î%=˛ÓyT …#Î Ñ˛y‡˛y Ïõyñ ˆÎÖy Ïò ãyì˛#Î Ñ˛!õü ÏòÓ õyïƒ Ïõ !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ Ó«˛y

68 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

Ñ˛Ó˚y (NCPCR) ˆÑ˛w Á Ó˚yãƒ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y (SCPCR) Ó˚yãƒ

hfl Ï ÏÓ˚– NCPCR Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚ 5£z õyâ≈˛ 2007~ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÁÎ˚y !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe

¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ– ì˛yÓ˚y ¢ÇÎ%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó !üü%Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õì˛y

xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ñ !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛y ¢Ñ˛ú !üü%Ó˚ ãòƒ 6-14 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ñ

Ó˚¢î ˛ôyâ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ◊ Ïõ ˆãyÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !üü% ◊!õ ÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚¢ ÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛e– ~Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ ò#!ì˛Ó˚

üˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈!üÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ˛ô«˛¢õÌ≈òÑ˛yÓ˚# !ò!°ÏÂï üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ üy!hfl˛Ï– SCPCR ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yã NCPCR

úy£zˆÏòÓ˚ v z˛ôÓ˚– xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ SCPCR xyˆÏäÈ⁄ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ, !ì˛c ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó%ò–

ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇfiÌy !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyˆÏõÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ì% !õ (CRY)– ~Ó˚

xyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v z˛ôÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y!Î˚ì˛ UNCRC Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÂï≈ì˛òñ

v zß¨Î˚òñ Ó˚«˛y ~ÓÇ xÇü@˘Ã£í !üü%Ó˚– xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ¢ÇfiÌy Óy ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü#

Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ˆÎÖyˆÏò !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yã⁄ ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ v˛z ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò î,T˛yhs˘˛ !üü%Ó˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e ¢ÇfiÌyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ–

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xfl ∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– xfl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò òyòy ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Óï ˆ«˛e

ˆÎ›˛y xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !üü% ÏÑ˛ v˛zÂïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò !üü% ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚% ÏÂï xy£zò– !ÓˆÏü°Ï

!Óâ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˜ì˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ«˛e Ó˚î Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– RTE xy£zò ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y– ì˛îò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò !üü% ÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy !Ó°ÏÎ˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ üy!hfl˛Ï Óy õyò!¢Ñ˛

!òÎ≈yì˛ò– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !üü%Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe õyòÓ#Î˚ £ÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚% ÏÂï xõyòÓ#Î˚ !£Ç¢ydÑ˛ Óy

ˆÖˆÏúy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– Î!îÁ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛v˛z£z üy!hfl˛Ï !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy !üü% ÏîÓ˚–

!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚ ÏÓ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ¢% ÏÎyÜÈÙÈ¢%!Óïyñ !Ó Ïü°Ï ≤Ã!ü«˛í ~ÓÇ v zß¨ì˛ õy ÏòÓ˚ !ü«˛yîyò–

!Ñ˛ä%È Ó˚yˆÏãƒ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¶˛yÜ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ãòÜí fl ∫#Ñ, ì˛ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚

ˆö˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Î!î !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ yhs˘˛ £Î˚– xy˛ô!òÁ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ˆ¢ú

Ö%úˆÏì˛–


1. !üü%Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏò !ò!ÿ˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏ°Ïï

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2. 2007 ¢y Ïú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y ÏÓ˚ ¢ÇfiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y

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ˆòy›˛

3. SCPCR ~Ó˚ ˛ô)í≈ Ü‡˛ò

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4. ˆÑ˛yò x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ UNCRC v˛zˆÏÕ‘!Öì˛⁄ ˆÓT˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yñ v˛zÂï≈ì˛ò v˛zFâ˛!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚

ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏîü ¢ö˛Ó˚ 5– ˆÑ˛yò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z!â˛ì˛ £Î˚Ó˚y!ò Óy !üü%Ó˚

ˆ«˛ Ïe–

13.3.4 !üü%Ó x!ïÑ˛yÓ Ó«˛yÎ !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó ¶) !õÑ˛y

xy ÏÜÓ ïyÓyÎ ˆî ÏÖäÈ !ò!î≈T˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ ≤ÃyÎ£z xfl ∫#Ñ, ì˛ !Óîƒyú ÏÎÓ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ ÏÓ– ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛ ÏÑ˛Ó

Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈ Óƒ!=˛ !£¢y ÏÓ !Óîƒyú ÏÎÓ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ !Î!ò ¢Óy¢!Ó !üü% ÏîÓ ¢ ÏAÜ ˆÎyÜy ÏÎyÜ ~ÓÇ

ˆÖúyÓ õyïƒ Ïõ !üü%Ó ¢¡ô)í≈ !ÓÑ˛y ÏüÓ ¢!Ñ Î ¶) !õÑ˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ ÏÓò– !üü% ÏîÓ ¢ Ïhs˘˛y°ÏãòÑ˛

!ÓÑ˛y ÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ïí x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ô Ïì˛ ˛ôy ÏÓ˚– ¢Ω˛Ó ˆÎ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß ˛ô ÏÌ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Óy– xy Ïúyâ˛òyÓ õyïƒ Ïõ xò% ÏFäÈîÜ%!ú xò%¢Óí Ñ˛Óy îÓÑ˛yÓ–

¢¡øy ÏòÓ ¢!£ì˛ !üü%Ó õÎ≈yîy ı

≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ !üü%Ó !Óîƒyú ÏÎ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xòòƒ ¢_y xy ÏäÈ– CRC Ó˚y Ïãƒ õyòÓ#Î˚ õÎ≈yîy !üü%Ó˚ ˆ«˛e

¢¡øyòãòÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ x!¶˛ˆÏ≤Ãì˛ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ !ü«˛y ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ÓÇ

xyd!òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ, !ì˛ˆÏc ˆüˆÏ°Ï

CRC ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛e xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !üü%Ó˚ õyòÓ#Î˚ õÎ≈yîyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy˛ô¢ òÎ˚–

xyõÓ˚y !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ üy!hfl˛Ï !£¢yˆÏÓ Üv˛¸ ü,Cúy fiÌy˛ôòñ

˛ô!Ó˚Ó Ïì≈ xï# Ïò ü,Cúy xyòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛e fiÌy˛ôò– xyõÓ˚y ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛Ó˚Ó !üü%Ó˚ Î ÏbÓ˚ ãòƒ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚

!ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ !üü%Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈– !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò î%£z!›˛

xyâ˛Ó˚í ˆú ÏÖyñ ˆ¢Öy Ïò ˆîÖyÁ ˆÎ !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y !üü%Ó˚ õÎ≈yîyÎ˚ ¢¡øyò !î ÏFäÈò–

1.

2.

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ó,!Âï

CRC ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò fiÌy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚– Ó˚yãƒ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚

¢% ÏÎyÜ ˆîÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òyÓ˚ ãòƒ– !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xÓîyò

70 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ xy£πyò

Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy– õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ õ)úƒ

!òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊Âïy Á ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ !ü«˛í ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü– !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚

Ü‡˛ò ≤Ã!Ñ Î˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛yv z!™ú ¢!Ñ Î˚¶˛y ÏÓ ã!v ¸ì˛ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õhfl ÏÓ˚Ñ˛õ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ïì˛ Îy ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛y ÏÓ

!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ v zÍ¢Ó ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– xy˛ôòyÓ˚

!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò î%£z!›˛ !Ñ ˛Î˚yÑ˛úyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ òyõ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò ÎyˆÏì˛ !üü%Ó˚y ã!v˛¸ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–

1.

2.

~Ñ˛!›˛ Óyì˛yÓÓ˚í ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎÖy Ïò ¶˛Î˚ õ%=˛ñ õyò!¢Ñ˛ xyáyì˛ Á v z ÏmÜ ı

xˆÏòÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛ä%È !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¶˛Î˚ñ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Á !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛úyˆÏ˛ô Ñ§˛yâ% õyâ%

Ìy ÏÑ˛ò– !òÓ≈yâ˛ò# ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛y ÏîÓ˚ ¶˛#°Ïí ˛ô!Ó˚õyí v z ÏmÜ Ìy ÏÑ˛– ¢Ó !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛

~Ñ˛£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yñ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ Î!îÁ Ñ, !ì˛ˆÏcÓ˚ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyúyîy– !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ~£z v z ÏmÜ

¢,!T˛ £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˜ì˛Ó˚# òÎ˚ ÓˆÏú– xyõÓ˚y ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢) ÏÎ≈Ó˚ Óyì˛yÓÓ˚í

˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ â˛â≈˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò Á fl˛∫ì˛s˛f ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ¢¡øyˆÏòÓ˚–

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛Öò ¶˛#°Ïí ˛ô!Ó˚õyí v˛z ÏmÜ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚⁄

ˆÎˆÏÑ˛yò î%!›˛ ˛ôÌ !úÖ%ò ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆÏmÜ £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–

1.

2.

≤Ãõyí ˆîÁÎ˚y !ú ÏAÜÓ˚ ¢õì˛yÓ˚ ı

!ú ÏAÜ ¢õì˛y ≤Ã Ïì˛ƒÑ˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyâ˛Ó˚í ˆäÈ Ïú Ïõ ÏÎ˚ v z¶˛Î˚ Ï«˛ Ïe ¢õyò

!ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ îy!Î˚c !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– !úˆÏAÜ Ó§yïyïÓ˚y S!ò!î≈T˛ ¶) !õÑ˛y ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yÎ˚Ñ˛ !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛

!ú ÏAÜÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ï ÏÓ˚ â˛ú ÏäÈ– ¢%î)Ó˚ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ ˆõ ÏG˛ Óy!úÑ˛y ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ !ò!î≈T˛ñ ÓyúÑ˛ ÏîÓ˚

ˆÓ!M˛ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛yúy !ò!î≈T˛V ˛ô!Ó˚ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–

ˆÎÖyˆÏò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòñ fl˛ôT˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆÎ›˛y !ò!î≈T˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ïy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ¢%!Óïy

x¢%!Óïy Ï¶˛yÜ# îú ÏÑ˛– v zîy£Ó˚í ı !Ó◊yõ Ü,£ ˜ì˛Ó˚# !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ Óy!úÑ˛y ÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ì% !õ !Ñ˛ !â˛hs˘˛y

Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚y !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ ÓyúÑ˛ Á Óy!úÑ˛y ÏîÓ˚ xyúyîy Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò⁄

!Ñ˛ä%È ˛ôÌ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ Îy ~Öò xyˆÏúyâ˛òy â˛úˆÏäÈ–

xòƒ ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xy˛ô!ò !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛Ó%ò ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛

˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ ˛ôÌ !úÖ%ò–



ˆòy›˛

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

!ü«˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏúò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛w– ~£z!›˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü%ï%õye

xyò®˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˜ì˛Ó˚#ˆÏì˛ òÎ˚ !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏAÜ !üü%Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–


¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ !›˛Ñ˛ !â˛£´ !îò ı

1. !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛yÓ˚í

ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò òÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛

ì§˛yÓ˚y ãyˆÏò òy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ

ì§˛yÓ˚y Ü%Ó%ãòˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆüyˆÏò

ì§˛yÓ˚y x˛ô!Ó˚íì˛

2. ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ ˜Ó¢yî,üƒ òÎ˚ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ⁄

v zÍ¢y£# !ü«˛yÌ≈# ÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í

!ü«˛yîyò xÓ¢ ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚

!üü%Ó˚ ¢£ã¶˛y ÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛

3. ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆîÖyò !üü% ÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢¡øyò⁄ !›˛Ñ˛

!â˛£´ !îò–

!ü«˛í ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ¶˛yÓïyÓ˚y

Ñ˛õ xã≈òÑ˛yÓ˚# !ãK˛y¢y Ñ˛Ó˚y !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y

Öyîƒ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò fl ∫ì˛s˛f¶˛y ÏÓ

˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ¢õÎ˚¢)â˛# Ïì˛ xòõò#Î˚

ˆÖúyÓ˚ v z ôÑ˛Ó˚í ≤Ãîyò

¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚¶˛y ÏÓ x¢%fiÌ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚y

˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆîÁÎ˚y !Ó Ïü°Ï !üü% ÏîÓ˚ !Ó Ïü°Ï !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ

72 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

13.4 ¢Ç Ï«˛ Ï ô v z ôfiÌy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛Óy

~£z ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ xïƒÎ˚ˆÏò !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ !îÑ˛– xy˛ô!ò !Ñ˛ ãyˆÏòò x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò fl ∫ì˛s˛f¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%O ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛

¢ÇfiÌy òyòyïÓ˚ ÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã Ïâ˛T˛yÎ˚ ˜ì˛Ó˚# x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãîy Ïò !Ó ÏŸª ãòÜ ÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ Ïe– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ãïyò hfl ÏÓ˚

1948 ¢yˆÏú õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆáy°ÏíyÎ˚ ˆÎ›˛y fl ∫y«˛Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˜ì˛Ó˚# ã!õÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

¢¡øyò ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü ¢,!T˛ fl ∫cÓyò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ– Î!îÁ UNDHR !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶%≈˛=˛–

!ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ î%Ó≈ú üˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ñ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏOÓ˚ xò%¶) ì˛ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ì˛y

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ü%Ó%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y– Î!îÁ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏO ¢ˆÏ¡øúˆÏò 1989 ¢y Ïú

!üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~ÓÇ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ xÇü !£¢yˆÏÓ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚

¢¡øyò ãyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ fl ∫y«˛Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ v z ÏÕ‘!Öì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ CRC õyïƒˆÏõ–

¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈ fl ∫y«˛Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ˆîü !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô% ÏOÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛yÎ˚ñ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !üü%

ÎyˆÏì˛ v z ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˜üüÓ ~ÓÇ !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ì% ˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛e òyòyïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚

xò%¤˛yò ~ÓÇ ò#!ì˛ xò%!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ Îy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y– !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 2009 xy£zò xò%ÎyÎ˚# ~Öò ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô– xì˛~Ó !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒˆÏÑ˛Ó˚

îy!Î˚c !üü%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Órï%c˛ô)í≈ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y ¢,!T˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !üü%Ó˚

xyò®˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ ÏÓü ˜ì˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y–

13.5 xy˛ôòyÓ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛Ó v z_Ó ˛ôÓ#«˛y Ñ˛Ó%ò ı


1. !Ñ˛ä%È !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜Ó!üˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ Óí≈òyÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ !›˛Ñ˛ îyÁ–

ì§ yÓ˚y ãòÜ ÏíÓ˚ õ Ïïƒ x˛ô!Ó˚ Ïüy!ïì˛

ãòÜí îyÓ# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ

2. !Ñ˛ä%È x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢òy=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í ~ÓÇ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ H Ó˚yÖy

Öyîƒ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y H

!òÓ˚y˛ôî ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy H

~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ xò%¶) !ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü H

3. ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í

(a) ãòÜí òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛

(b) ¢yÓ≈ãò#ò ˆáy°ÏíyÎ˚ õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

(c) 10£z !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚

(d) Ó˚yãƒ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z ôÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚



ˆòy›˛


1. xò%¢Ó˚íÑ˛yÓ˚# !ÓÓ,!ì˛ !‡˛Ñ˛ Óy ¶% ú– ¢!ì˛ƒÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ T ~ÓÇ !õÌƒyÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ F !úÖ%ò

!ÓÓ,!ì˛Ó˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ Órïò#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ–

(a) v˛zÂï≈ì˛ò ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢#õy !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ (T)

(b) !üü%Ó˚ fl ∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ !ò®y xòƒˆÏîÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ (F)

(c) !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛y ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã ÏÎ˚yãò ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ¢¡øy!òì˛ òÎ˚ (F)

(d) !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇˆÏü !üü%Ó˚y !òÓ˚y˛ôî òÎ˚ (T)

(e) ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ Ïì˛ Óyïƒ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ ¶˛y Ïúy Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ (T)

2. !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄ !›˛Ñ˛ !îò–

(a) !Ñ˛ä%È xÓ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyÎ˚

(b) ˛ô!Ó˚Óy ÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ ÏAÜ Óy¢ Ñ˛ ÏÓ˚

(c) xˆÏ^Èª°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y

(d) !ü«˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ÈÈÙÙÙÈ3

ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚%ò ı

(a) õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚

(b) 1990

(c) !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛⁄

(d) UNESCO ~ÓÇ UNICEF

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ìÈÙÙÙÈÈ4

1. ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í

(a) 1úy ~!≤Ãú 2010

(b) !Óòyõ) Ïúƒ Á Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛

(c) 6 ˆÌ ÏÑ˛ 14 ÓäÈÓ˚

(d) !üü%ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ !ü«˛y

xy˛ôòyÓ˚ x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛ÈÙÈ5

1. x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛ !üü%◊!õÑ˛

2. !Ñ˛ä%È !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ì˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛AÜ⁄ !›˛Ñ˛

!îò–

74 D.El.Ed. 506


ˆòy›˛

(b) {üyòˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ ÜƒyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã

(f) Ñ˛ƒyÌ!Ó˚ò ãμˆÏÓ˚ xyÑ yhs˘˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÓy õyÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ ˆò£z v˛y=˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚–

(g) ã¢≤Ã#ì˛ ÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò Öyîƒ–

(h) ˆÓ˚í%Ó˚ õy ÓyÓy xyúyîy ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ â˛yÎ˚ õyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ ÓyÓy ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚

ˆÎ Ïì˛ â˛yÎ˚–

3. xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%¤˛yò !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ Óã≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ–

4. ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ ò#!ì˛ !üü% ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ 1987 ¢y Ïú Ü!‡˛ì˛ £ ÏÎ˚!äÈú–


1. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òÎ˚!õì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˆÓyG˛yò– ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yò‰!›˛ !üü%Ó˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óîƒyú ÏÎ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛ ÏÓ˚ ¶˛AÜ £ ÏÎ˚ ÏäÈ⁄ !›˛Ñ˛ !îò–

(b) !Ñ˛ä%È !üü% ˛ô!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛y£z!òÇ ˆ›˛!Óú–

(e) !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÎyÓ˚y ≤ÃyÌ≈òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆîÓ˚#ˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îüÓyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â˛yÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛

á%Ó˚ Ïì˛ £Î˚–

(f) !üü%Ó˚y ˆÖúyï)úy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ v z ôÓ˚Ñ˛Ó˚í äÈyv ¸y–

(h) ö˛!ì˛õyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyÓ˚Öy ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ òy–


1. !üü% ◊!õÑ˛

2. ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛!õüò !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚

3. Ó˚yãƒ Ñ˛!õüò !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ v˛z ôÓ˚

4. ˆÑ˛yò x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚!›˛ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z ÏÕ‘Ö UNCRC myÓ˚y⁄ ˆÓT˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yñ v˛zÂï≈ì˛ò v˛zFâ˛!ü«˛y Ó˚«˛yÓ˚

ˆ«˛ Ïe !Ó Ïîü ¢ö˛Ó˚–

5. üy!hfl˛Ï ˆîÁÎ˚y/!òÜ,£#ì˛


¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v z_Ó˚ !›˛Ñ˛ !â˛£´ !îò ı

1. d.

2. b.

3. ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ xò%¢Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ü«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆîÖyò !üü% ÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢¡øyò⁄

!ü«˛í ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ x!¶˛Üõò

fl˛∫ì˛s˛f¶˛yˆÏÓ Öyîƒ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò



ˆòy›˛

ˆÖúyÓ˚ v z ôÑ˛Ó˚í ≤Ãîyò

¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚¶˛y ÏÓ x¢%fiÌ !üü% ÏîÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚y–

13.6 ≤Ãhfl Ïy!Óì˛ ˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó ¢£yÎÑ˛ @˘ÃrÌ

DevArjun, Dev India and Das Supta (1996). Human Rights- A Source Book.

New Delhi. NCERT

NPE (1986). National Policy on Education. New Delhi. MHRD.

Rao, DigumartiBhaskara (2011). Right to Education. Hyderabad. Neelkamal

Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Gazette (2009) The Gazette of India. New Delhi. Authority. 27th August.

13.7 ˛ôy Ï‡˛Ó ˆü Ï°Ï xò%ü#úò#

1. ˆÑ˛ò õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ü%Ó%c˛ô)í≈⁄

2. !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ õyòÓ#Î˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !îÓ¢ v zÍÎy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ !úÖ%ò–

3. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏAÜ ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò ~Ñ˛!›˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚í @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚%òñ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !üü%Ó˚

x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–

4. !Ñ˛ä%È !üü% ◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ò Ñ˛Ó%ò ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆÖ§yãyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚%ò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ òy ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚⁄

˙ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò !Ñ˛⁄

5. ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˜ì˛Ó˚# ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛yÎ˚ !Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛Ï !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚

ˆ«˛ Ïe⁄

6. ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yò î%£z!›˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛z˛ôúkï Ñ˛Ó˚%ò– !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü

¢,!T˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ v z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢¡ø!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–

7. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !üü%Ó˚ xyò®˛ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˜ì˛Ó˚#ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚%ò–

8. ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛#Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Îy !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ¢£!ü«˛y !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˆäÈˆÏú ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ¢õyò

¢¡øy ÏòÓ˚ !úÖ%ò–

9. !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ RTE xy£zò 2009 ~ !Ñ˛ Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄

10. Ó˚yãƒ Ñ˛!õüˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ˆÑ˛ò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ v˛z ôfiÌy!˛ôì˛

Ñ˛Ó%ò⁄

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