DepressantsDepressants

DepressantsDepressants

Depress the central nervous system by Depress the central nervous system by interfering with the transmission of interfering with the transmission of neural impulses in the nerve cells neural impulses in the nerve cells (neurons)(neurons)

Effects of DepressantsEffects of Depressants

Slow down bodily functions especially motor Slow down bodily functions especially motor activity and mental activityactivity and mental activity

Low dosesLow doses Feelings of calm and reduced anxietyFeelings of calm and reduced anxiety Induced sleepInduced sleep

Large dosesLarge doses Loss of consciousness, coma, deathLoss of consciousness, coma, death

AlcoholAlcohol

Ethanol is the only common alcohol Ethanol is the only common alcohol that can be consumed. Other common that can be consumed. Other common alcohols such as methanol and alcohols such as methanol and isopropyl are much too toxic.isopropyl are much too toxic.

Alcohols are used as antiseptics for Alcohols are used as antiseptics for injections and to harden skininjections and to harden skin

AlcoholismAlcoholism

Prolonged consumption of alcohol Prolonged consumption of alcohol leads to both psychological and leads to both psychological and physiological dependencephysiological dependence

Alcoholism also results inAlcoholism also results in Violent antisocial behaviorViolent antisocial behavior Social costs to familiesSocial costs to families Safety issues especially road accidentsSafety issues especially road accidents

Alcohol ConsumptionAlcohol Consumption

Short term effectsShort term effects Relaxation, confidence, and increased Relaxation, confidence, and increased

sociabilitysociability Dialation of blood vessels leads to Dialation of blood vessels leads to

feelings of warmthfeelings of warmth Impaired judgmentImpaired judgment Lengthened neural response timeLengthened neural response time

Alcohol ConsumptionAlcohol Consumption

Long term effects of heavy Long term effects of heavy drinkingdrinkingCirrhosis of the liver and liver Cirrhosis of the liver and liver diseasediseaseCoronary heart diseaseCoronary heart diseaseHigh blood pressure and strokesHigh blood pressure and strokesDementiaDementiaMiscarriageMiscarriageFetal abnormalities and fetal Fetal abnormalities and fetal alcohol syndromealcohol syndrome

Synergistic Effects of Synergistic Effects of AlcoholAlcohol

Ethanol can interact with other drugs, Ethanol can interact with other drugs, often enhancing their effect, because it often enhancing their effect, because it inhibits the functioning of the central inhibits the functioning of the central nervous systemnervous systemThe The synergistic effectsynergistic effect can be fatal when can be fatal when alcohol is taken with certain drugs alcohol is taken with certain drugs includingincluding BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines NarcoticsNarcotics BarbituatesBarbituates

When taken with aspirin it increases the When taken with aspirin it increases the likelihood of stomach bleedinglikelihood of stomach bleeding

Alcohol WithdrawalAlcohol Withdrawal

Sudden discontinuation of alcohol by Sudden discontinuation of alcohol by heavy drinkers leads to withdrawal heavy drinkers leads to withdrawal symptoms includingsymptoms including DeliriumDelirium Tremors’Tremors’

Legal limits for drivingLegal limits for driving

All states in the US and many All states in the US and many countries have established countries have established 0.08% blood alcohol as the legal 0.08% blood alcohol as the legal limit for driving.limit for driving.

After drinking the concentration After drinking the concentration of alcohol in the blood increases of alcohol in the blood increases as the alcohol is absorbed and as the alcohol is absorbed and then gradually declines.then gradually declines.

Legal limits for drivingLegal limits for driving

Estimates of the alcohol consumption needed to Estimates of the alcohol consumption needed to exceed the legal limit of 80 mg per 100 cmexceed the legal limit of 80 mg per 100 cm33 of blood of blood for an average adult.for an average adult.

1 unit = 280 cm3 of beer= Glass of wine= Shot of liquor

Time taken for Time taken for drinking in drinking in

hourshours

Number of units Number of units menmen

Number of units Number of units womenwomen

11 4.04.0 2.82.8

22 5.05.0 3.53.5

33 6.06.0 4.24.2

44 6.56.5 4.54.5

55 7.57.5 5.25.2

Values are based on an average adult male weighing 150 pounds. Unit valuesFor women are somewhat less due to a lower body mass and lipid distribution

Alcohol detectionAlcohol detection

Breathalyser testsBreathalyser testsReduction of potassium dichromate to Reduction of potassium dichromate to CrCr3+3+ ion ion

Fuel cell where alcohol is oxidized to Fuel cell where alcohol is oxidized to produce an electric currentproduce an electric current

Infrared spectroscopy- intoximeterInfrared spectroscopy- intoximeter

Gas ChromatographyGas Chromatography

Chemical BreathalyzersChemical Breathalyzers

The dichromate ion, CrThe dichromate ion, Cr22OO772-2-, has an orange color , has an orange color

while chromium (III) ion, Crwhile chromium (III) ion, Cr3+3+, is green. , is green.

By determining the level of green color present one By determining the level of green color present one can determine the ethanol concentration.. can determine the ethanol concentration..

The ethanol absorbed by the dichromate solution can The ethanol absorbed by the dichromate solution can be calibrated against blood alcohol levelsbe calibrated against blood alcohol levels

The reaction is somewhat time dependent, therefore The reaction is somewhat time dependent, therefore it is necessary to compare colors rather than titrate it is necessary to compare colors rather than titrate the solution to an endpoint.the solution to an endpoint.

Chemical BreathalyzersChemical Breathalyzers

Alcohol chemical breathalyzer tests employ a Alcohol chemical breathalyzer tests employ a chemical colorimetric test to ascertain alcohol chemical colorimetric test to ascertain alcohol blood levels. blood levels.

This test is based on the fact that primary This test is based on the fact that primary alcohols such as ethanol are oxidized by acidified alcohols such as ethanol are oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate as followspotassium dichromate as follows

  3 C3 C22HH55OH + 2 CrOH + 2 Cr22OO77

2-2- + 16 H + 16 H++ 3 CH 3 CH33COOH + 4 CrCOOH + 4 Cr3+3+ + 11 H + 11 H22OO

  

Other DepressantsOther Depressants

Certain medicines known as Certain medicines known as antidepressants are used to antidepressants are used to treat anxiety, stress, and clinical treat anxiety, stress, and clinical depressiondepression

These includeThese include Diazepam (Valium)Diazepam (Valium) Nitrazepam Nitrazepam Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac)Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac)

Fluoxetine Hydrochloride Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Prozac)(Prozac)

Prozac is an example of Prozac is an example of the selective serotonin the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)SSRIs work by preventing SSRIs work by preventing neurons (nerve cells) from neurons (nerve cells) from pulling in the serotonin that pulling in the serotonin that is floating in the space is floating in the space between neurons. This between neurons. This allows more serotonin to allows more serotonin to build up and improves build up and improves communication between communication between the neurons. the neurons.

TranquilizersTranquilizersValiumValium

XanexXanex

NitrazepamNitrazepam

• Tranquilzers depress the nervous system responses but do not address the underlying problems.

• They are used to sedate people in the short term but can be very addictive

TranquilizersTranquilizersTranquilizers are often Tranquilizers are often temporarily prescribed temporarily prescribed for people facing high for people facing high stress or anxiety.stress or anxiety.

ValiumValium

XanaxXanax • These drugs are usually prescribed for brief time until counseling and psychotherapy can be put in place.

• They are occasionally used as a pre-medication before surgery.

• Prolonged and over use of tranquilizers results in drug dependence.

Xanex – A Common Xanex – A Common TranquilizerTranquilizer

Xanex is a common Xanex is a common tranquilizer tranquilizer prescribed for prescribed for persons suffering persons suffering from acute anxiety. from acute anxiety. Prolonged use can Prolonged use can lead to addictionlead to addiction

The Chemical structure ofXanex

HalcionHalcion

Halcion is a trade name Halcion is a trade name for a type of compounds for a type of compounds known as a known as a benzodiazopine. It is benzodiazopine. It is similar in structure to similar in structure to other tranquilizersother tranquilizers

Halicon is a commonly prescribed sleeping medicine

• Barbiturates are short acting, and include pentobarbital, secobarbital, and amobarbital.

• Affect the cortex and create a state similar to alcoholic intoxication in large doses.

• Extremely dangerous when mixed with alcohol or other drugs.

• A person in withdrawal suffers anxiety, agitation, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, sweating, a fast heartbeat, tremors, and cramps.

• These symptoms can escalate to convulsions, delirium, and hallucinations.

BarbituatesBarbituates

Some BarbituatesSome Barbituates

Barbiturates have Barbiturates have been known since been known since 1864 when Dr. A. von 1864 when Dr. A. von Bayer synthesized Bayer synthesized barbituric acid.barbituric acid. In 1903, barbital was In 1903, barbital was introduced as a introduced as a hypnotic for routine hypnotic for routine medicinal use. medicinal use.

Barbituic Acid

Sodium pentathol