Designby2 150215215501 Conversion Gate02

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DESIGN BY: AKRM ABDULAH RASSAM AMAL ABDULRAHMAN HAMOUD.

SAMAR ABDULKAWEALSHARAIE MOHAMMED ABDULJABBAR QAID MOHAMMED ABDUL-RAHMAN NADA YASIN ABDULSALAM

Taiz University

Dep.COM.

Level 52015

LTE Network

(Coverage and capacity) Optimization


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Introduction of LTE

Network Planning

LTE System Architecture

Network Optimization


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INTRODUCTION OF LTE


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Requirements and Targets for the LTE

Reduced delays.

Increased user data rates.

Increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision.

Greater flexibility of spectrum usage.

Simplified network architecture.

Seamless mobility.

Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.


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Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiple Access

(OFDMA) in downlink.

Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Multiple Access

(SC-FDMA) in uplink.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas.

Packet-Switched Radio Interface.

Technologies for the LTE


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3GPP Release 8 Freeze Date 2008

Up to 300Mbit/s downlink and 75Mbit/s uplink. Implementation in bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20MHz, to allow for

different deployment scenarios. (OFDMA) downlink. (SC-FDMA) uplink.

(MIMO) antennas.


Self-Organizing Network (SON) features, such as optimization of the

random access channel. Evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (EMBMS) Provides improved support for Public Warning Systems (PWS) and some

accurate positioning methods.

LTE Release and LTE-Advanced


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Up to 3Gbit/s downlink and 1.5Gbit/s uplink. Carrier Aggregation (CA), allowing the total transmission bandwidth to be

increased up to 100 MHz . Uplink MIMO transmission for peak spectral efficiencies greater than 7.5

bps and targeting up to 15 bps.

Downlink MIMO enhancements, targeting peak spectral efficiencies up to30 bps.

Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (EICIC) to improve

performance towards the edge of cells.


Enhancements to Carrier Aggregation, MIMO, relay nodes and eICIC Introduction of new frequency bands Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception to enable

simultaneous communication with multiple cells



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New antenna techniques and advanced receivers to maximize

the potential of large cells.

Interworking between LTE and Wi-Fi or HSPDA.

Further developments of previous technologies.



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Together LTE of the Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

(E-UTRAN) and SAE of the EPC comprise the Evolved Packet System

(EPS). EPS is the umbrella that covers both the LTE of (E-UTRAN) and the

SAE of the EPC network.

EPC and LTE under the umbrella of EPS.



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The main components of LTE networks are:

User Equipment (UE) Evolved-UTRAN (E_UTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

LTE network elements



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User Equiment (UE)

user equipment (UE) is any device used directly by an end-user to communicate

!nd it is connected to the LTE network via the "# channel throu$h the %& that is

part of the e'%

t can be a hand-held telephone a laptop computer equipped with a mobile

broadband adapter or any other device

UE handles the followin$ tasks towards the core network:

o *obility mana$ement +all control and dentity mana$ement

User Equipment connected to LTE network



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Evolved-UTRAN (E_UTRAN)

The E-UTRAN is responsible for all radio-related functions, which can besummarized as:

Radio Resource Management : This covers all functions related to the radio

bearers, such as radio bearer control, radio admission control, radio mobility

control, schedulin and dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplin!

and downlin!"

Header Compression : This helps to ensure efficient use of the radio interface

by compressin the #$ pac!et headers, which could otherwise represent a

sinificant overhead, especially for small pac!ets such as %o#$"

ecurit! : All data sent over the radio interface is encrypted"

"ositioning : The E-UTRAN provides the necessary measurements and otherdata to the E-&'() and assists the E-&'() in findin the UE position

Connectivit! to t#e E"C : This consists of the sinallin towards the ''E

and the bearer path towards the &-*+"



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Arc!itecture o" t!e evolved U#T$ terrestrial radio access network

T!e eNode%s are normall& inter-connected wit! eac! ot!er '& means o" an inter"ace

known as * and to t!e EPC '& means o" t!e $+ inter"ace,

T!e rotocols w!ic! run 'etween t!e eNode%s and t!e UE are known

as t!e Access $tratum (A$) rotocols,



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Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Evolved ,acket +ore is responsible for the overall control of the UE and the establishment

of the bearers The main lo$ical nodes of the E,+ are: ,' .ateway (,-./)

&ervin$ .ateway (&-./)

*obility *ana$ement Entity (**E)

0ome &ubscriber &erver (0&&)

,olicy +ontrol and +har$in$ "ules #unction (,+"#)

EPC elements



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,-./(,acket ata 'etwork- .ateway)

The $-*+is the E$).s point of contact with the outside world "

Throuh the &*i interface,

The $-*+ is responsible for #$ address allocation for the UE, /o&

enforcement and flow-based charin accordin to rules from the

$)R0"

&-./ (&ervin$ .ateway)

acts as a router and forwards data between the base station and the

,' $ateway

**E (*obility *ana$ement Entity)

The ''E is the control node, which processes the sinalin between

the UE and the E$)"

The main functions supported by the ''E are :

establishment, maintenance and release of the bearers"

pain subscribers in the E$& )onnection 'anaement"

the ''E performs manaement of handovers"



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,+"# (,olicy +ontrol and +har$in$ "ules #unction)

The $)R0 is responsible for controllin the flow based charin

functionalities in the $olicy )ontrol Enforcement 0unction $)E0, whichresides in the $-*+"

0&& (0ome &ubscriber &erver)

The 1&& contains user.s subscription data such as the E$&-subscribed /o&

profile and any access restrictions for roamin"



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NETWORK PLANNING


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1-COVERAGE PLANNING


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LTE Radio access network planning refers to analytical approach which is

based on algorithmic formulation and focuses on the radio engineering

aspect of the planning process, i.e :

2 on determining the locations.

2 estimated capacity and size of the cell sites (coverage and

capacity planning).

2 and assigning frequencies to them by examining the radio-wave

propagation environment and interferences among the cells.

Network Planning


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LTE Access Network Dimensioning:

The target of the LTE access network dimensioning is to

estimate the required site density and site configurations for

the area of interest.

Initial LTE access network planning activities include:

radio link budget .

a coverage analysis.

cell capacity estimation.

estimation of the amount of eNB.

Coverage planning


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Radio Link Budget:

Maximum allowed propagation loss gives the attenuation of the signal as

it travels from transmitted to the receiver. Path loss is converted into

distance by using appropriate propagation models. This is the distance

from the base station where the transmitter signals can be received by theusers (receiver). This distance or the radius of the cell is used to calculate

the number of sites required to cover the whole area with respect to

coverage estimation.

Coverage planning


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Link budget and coverage planning is calculated, for both cases UL and

DL a following the procedure steps are :

Step 1:Calculate the Max Allowed Path Loss (MAPL) for DL and UL.

Step 2:Calculate the DL and UL cell radiuses by the propagation model

equation and the MAPL.

Step 3:Determine the appropriate cell radius by balancing the DL and UL

radiuses.

Step 4:Calculate the site coverage area and the required sites number.

Coverage planning

Radio Link Budget:


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Propagation models:

budget among other important performance parameters. These

models are based on the frequency band, type of deployment area

(urban, rural, suburban, etc.), and type of application .

The Cost231-Hata model can be expressed by the following

formula:

Coverage planning


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Coverage-based site account:

For Omni-directional configuration Sites:

Coverage planning


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2-CAPACITY PLANNING


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Capacity planning gives an estimate of the resources needed for

supporting a specified offered traffic with a certain level of QoS

e.g.

throughput

blocking probability

Theoretical capacity of the network is limited by the number of eNodeBs

installed in the network.

Cell capacity in LTE is impacted by several factors,

2 interference level,

2 packet scheduler

2 supported modulation

2 coding schemes.

Capac!" P#a$$$%

LTE C it Di i i P


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The LTE Cell Capacity (Throughput) depends on:

o

Cell Range (Path loss)

Channel Bandwidth (1.4 MHz... 20 MHz)

LTE Features

2 MIMO:

Open/Closed Transmit diversity

it results in coverage improvement therefore, it is more suitable to be

used at the cell edge.

Open / Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing Spatial multiplexing on the

other

hand doubles the subscriber data rate

LTE Capacity Dimensioning Process


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2 Scheduling:

A scheduling with support for QoS provides

for efficient scheduling of UP and CP data.


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4. Cell Load:It has to be noticed that when the neighbour cell load

is decreasing the cell throughput is increasing as expected.



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Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR(

The basic idea on which the FFR schemes rely is to

divide the whole available .resources in .to two subsets

or group FFR scheme has two main classes:

Partial Frequency Reuse (PFR):

in this scheme a common frequency band is used in

all sectors with equal power to create one sub-band

with a low inter-cell interference level in each sector.



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Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR):

in this scheme, each sector transmits in the whole frequency band.

However, the sector uses full power in some frequency sub-bands

while reduced power is used in the rest of the frequency band.



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Cell capacityprovided from the link level simulation as input to these approach

assumes that

the target date rate is #Mbps per subscriber. Since only some of the subscribers

are downloading data simultaneously, we can apply anoverbooking factor. This

essentially means thatthe average busy hour data rateis:

Where:

Overbooking factor (OBF)is the average number of subscribers that can share a

given unit of channel

Data rate based approach


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2 The number of subscribers per site using this approach calculated

as:

# of sub per site =3cellcapacity

2 The number of sites to satisfy the traffic demand requirement for

the each subscriber calculated as:

# of site for capacity requirement =



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LTE&RF'

OPTIMI(ATION


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LTE(RF) optimization

2 To meet customers' requirements for high-quality

networks, LTE trial networks must be optimized

during and after project implementation.

2 Radio frequency (RF) optimization is necessary in

the entire optimization process.


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What is optimization:Optimization is the finetuning of a nominal cell plan to a real

en!ironment.

Ob"ecti!e:2 The design criteria in regards to co!erage# capacity and quality.2 The standards defined by local go!ernment authority.



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Need for optimization

2 Perceived reduction in network quality.2 Indications from network performance monitoring.2 Subscriber's experience of using the network.

2 Maximizing the use of existing infrastructure.

.2 Introduction of new services.


LTE(RF) ti i ti


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LTE(RF)optimization


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LTE(RF)optimization


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Network Optimization Methods



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Thank you

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