Detailed bathymetric features in the outer-arc high off ... · Kenji Hirata1,2*, Haryadi Permana3,...

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JAMSTEC Rep. Res. Dev., Volume 15, September 2012, 1_11

― Original Paper ―

Kenji Hirata1,2*, Haryadi Permana3, Toshiya Fujiwara2, Udrekh4, Eddy Z. Gaffar3,

Masahiro Kawano2,5a, and Yusuf S. Djajadihardja4

In October to November, 2009, a multi-beam bathymetry survey had been successfully completed in the outer-arc high off

northwest Sumatra during the KY09-09 cruise using R/V KAIYO of JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and

Technology). Then KY09-09 bathymetry data were integrated with a previous NT05-02 bathymetry data to make a new detailed

bathymetry map, gridded at approximately ~37 m cell size, in the middle part of the outer-arc high. The most predominant

morphological feature is the NNW trending sigmoidal structures consisting of a series of ridges and troughs parallel to the local trench,

which is more evident trenchward than landward. Secondary predominant structure is the N-S to NE-SW trending ridges and adjoining V

shaped valleys that offset the most predominant structures from north to south in the middle part of the integrated map area. Third

predominant structure is the NNE to NE narrow valleys that cut the NNW trending sigmoidal structures elsewhere in the whole

integrated map area.

Keywords: Sumatra, outer-arc high, multi-beam bathymetry, morphological feature, sigmoidal structures

Received 26 March 2012 ; Accepted 30 May 2012

1　 Seismology and Volcanology Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute

2　 Institute for Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)

3　 Research Center of Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI)

4　 Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)

5　 Department of Natural Environmental Science, Kochi University

Present affiliation

a　 HOPES Corporation

*Corresponding author:

Kenji Hirata

Seismology and Volcanology Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute

1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan

Tel. +81-29-853-8695

[email protected]

Copyright by Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

Detailed bathymetric features in the outer-arc high off the northwest Sumatra- results from KY09-09 cruise -

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Detailed bathymetry off the northwest Sumatra


1. Introduction

The December 26, 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman

earthquake (Mw9.2) caused a huge tsunami with averaged heights

of more than 20 meters that struck the western coast of the northern

tip of Sumatra (e.g., Tsunami field survey team, 2005; Jaffe et al.,

2006). The huge tsunami is ascribed to closely relate to a very large

amount of slip on the fault off northwest Sumatra (e.g., Hirata et al.,

2006; Tanioka et al., 2006; Sladen et al.,2008). However, the far-

field observations are not able to resolve more detailed features of

the December 26, 2004 tsunami generation mechanism.

International offshore surveys have been extensively

conducted to investigate geological features in the wide area of

ocean floor off the northwest Sumatra after the great earthquake

(e.g., Soh et al., 2005; McNeill et al., 2005; Henstock et al., 2006;

Sibuet et al., 2007; Franke et al., 2008; Mosher et al., 2008; Chauhan

et al., 2009). There are several working hypotheses proposed for the

coseismic fault model or the tsunami generation model (e.g., Plafker

et al., 2005; Soh et al., 2005; Sibuet et al., 2007; Mosher et al., 2008;

Lin et al., 2009). Among them, Hirata et al. (2008, 2010) proposed

a hypothesis that the Dec 2004 earthquake ruptured updip near the

deformation front along the megathrust (plate interface) as well as

main thrust, but branched onto one of splay faults in the outer-arc

high: either the Middle Thrust or possibly the Lower Thrust (Note

that the hypothesis includes a working hypothesis postulated by

Soh et al. (2005)). There were, however, lack of bathymetry data

around the Middle Thrust to evaluate the hypothesis (see Fig.1 of

Graindorge et al. (2008)).

From October 26 to November 5, 2009 (port call at Bali,

Indonesia for embarkation and disembarkation), we conducted

a detailed bathymetry survey during the KY09-09 Leg.1 cruise

to collect the bathymetry data around the Middle Thrust (Fig.1).

We here briefly report the result of KY09-09 cruise, including a

morphological interpretation of the outer-arc high off northwest

Sumatra.

2. Bathymetry survey specification

2.1. Bathymetry data acquisitionWe used the SEA BEAM 2100 multi-beam echo sounder

system equipped on R/V KAIYO during the KY09-09 cruise. The

multi-beam bathymetric system uses sonar acoustic arrays placed

in a Mils Cross arrangement to form the beams. The crossed

arrangement of hydrophone and projector arrays enables SEA

BEAM 2100 to process up to 81 soundings spaced at angles of one

degree in an athwartship accurate pattern. Because of the broad

athwartship beam pattern of the projector, the system can achieve

a wide swath in intermediate depths, depending on array size,

sea state, and bottom backscatter. Table 1 lists general hardware

performance specifications for the SEA BEAM 2100 of R/V

KAIYO (SeaBeam Instruments, Inc., 1997, 1999) as well as those

Fig. 1. Survey area of the KY09-09 Leg.1 bathymetry survey cruise on a map based on ETOPO-2 bathymetry (Smith and Sandwell, 1997). Survey tracks

are shown as solid lines. Small square shows the XBT station. A rectangle enclosing survey tracks is the area mapped in Figs. 3 to 7. A star is the epicenter

of the December 26, 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (Mw9.2).

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K. Hirata et al.


for the SeaBat 8160 of R/V NATSUHIMA that was used to acquire

the previous NT05-02 bathymetric data which will be integrated

with the present KY09-09 bathymetric data later.

2.2. Sound velocity correctionTo obtain sound velocity profile for water depth correction,

expendable bathythermograph (XBT) measurements were carried

out at 3°07'N, 94°54'E (1505 m in water depth, 29.6ど on surface)

at 13:50 (UT) (Local Time 19:50 (+6 hrs)), October 31, 2009)

(Fig.1). Fig. 2 shows the water temperature profile obtained. We

used the water temperature profile to calculate sound velocity

profile for correcting bathymetry. We conducted an additional

XBT measurement just after the bathymetry survey to confirm

no considerable change in water temperature profile in the area,

although the additional one is not displayed here.

3. Bathymetry data collection

The bathymetry survey started at 19:29 (UT) on October

31, 2009, and ended at 16:07 (UT) on November 5, 2009. Survey

tracks were designed to allign sub-parallel to the along-arc direction

(Fig. 3a). Track spacing was 1.3-1.4 nautical mile (2.4-2.6 km) in

areas deeper than ~2000 m in water depth, and track spacing in other

areas was 1 nautical mile (1.85 km) to get complete bathymetric

Fig. 2. XBT temperature profile by an XBT experiment conducted just

before the KY09-09 bathymetry survey. This XBT temperature profile

was used for sound velocity correction.

Fig. 3. Survey tracks (red lines) for bathymetry. (a) KY09-09 cruise. (b) NT05-02 cruise (NT05-02 scientific party, 2005).

Table 1. General hardware performance specifications of multi-narrow

bathymetric systems used in the KY09-09 and NT05-02 cruises.

SEA BEAM 2100 (KY09-09 cruise)

SeaBat 8160 (NT05-02 cruise)

Beam Frequency 12 kHz 50 kHz, nominal

Depth Range 100 to 11,000 meters 1,750 to 5,000 meters

Beam Spacing 2° x 2° 1.5 ° x 1.5°

Number of Beams 81 126

Available Swath width 80 ° 130 °

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coverage. However, there remained gaps of the beam coverage

in the portions where the water depths are shallower than 800 m.

Survey ship speed was set to be 10 knot (18.5 km/h). As the result

of our survey, total of approximately 3500 km2 areal coverage was

obtained.

The KY09-09 survey area extends from ~3°50'N, 93°10'E

to ~5°00'N, 94°10'E adjacent to a previous survey area during the

NT05-02 R/V Natsushima cruise, conducted in 2005 (NT05-02

scientific party, 2005) (Fig. 3b). The KY09-09 survey area elongates

a length of 120 km in the along-arc direction, and a width of 40

km in the across-arc direction over the outer-arc-high. The area is

situated off the northwestern Sumatra, ~200 km northwestward

from the epicenter on December 26, 2004, and is one of the regions

of the largest vertical displacement predicted from the modelings

(e.g., Hirata et al.,2006; Tanioka et al., 2006; Sladen et al., 2008).

Spurious depth readings in the bathymetry data were edited

out using a ping-edit function of MB-System software (Caress and

Chayes, 2006). Then the KY09-09 bathymetry data were combined

with the previous bathymetry data of the NT05-02 survey (NT05-

02 scientific party, 2005) to make a complete set of bathymetry map

in this region.

The bathymetry data during the NT05-02 cruise were

collected using a SeaBat 8160 multi-narrow beam echo-sounder

system (Table 1). The survey ship speed was 6-8 knot, and track

spacing at shallower than ~2500 m in water depth was 1 nautical

mile (1.85 km), and the track spacing was about 0.5 nautical mile

(0.925 km) at deeper than ~2500 m to get complete bathymetric

coverage. (NT05-02 scientific party, 2005).

To compile different survey data at random sounding

locations, the bathymetric data in ascii form were gridded by using

the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software (Wessel and Smith,

1995). Continuous curvature surface gridding algorithm 'surface'

and pre-processor filter 'blockmedian' were operated for the

gridding, in order to filter out the beam artifact while preserving the

characteristic high resolution of the multi-beam data. Since the water

depth in the survey area is mostly shallower than 2200 m, the data

were gridded at a spacing of 0.02 arc-minute (~37 m, slightly larger

than the mean spacing of the raw soundings) to avoid aliasing. The

gridded data are perhaps the finest among existing bathymetric data

acquired off northwest Sumatra. There was almost no overlap area

between the NT05-02 and KY09-09 surveys, thus depth differences

between two data sets were not checked.

Quality of bathymetric data may be influenced by sea state

condition. Fig. 4a shows wind speed condition during KY09-09

bathymetry survey as a proxy of sea state condition, because the roll

and pitch data was not recorded during the survey. Fig. 4a indicates

that wind speed was mostly less than 5 m/sec so that the bathymetry

survey had been conducted under good weather condition. Fig. 4b

also indicates a good weather condition during the bathymetry data

collection of NT05-02 offshore survey. Fig. 4a and 4b suggest that

either bathymetric data acquired was not affected by the sea state

conditions.

Fig. 4. Wind speed condition during bathymetry surveys as a proxy of sea state condition. (a) KY09-09 cruise. (b) NT05-02 cruise (NT05-02 scientific

party, 2005).

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K. Hirata et al.


4. Morphology of the Outer-Arc High off northwest Sumatra

A detailed multi-beam bathymetry integrated the KY09-09

cruise data with the NT05-02 cruise data is shown in Fig. 5. In the

survey area, the water depth ranges from 300 m to 2800 m. The

shallowest depth is 300 m in the northeastern area, whereas the

deepest depth is at southwestern side, well-developed scarps, rising

above the Sumatra Trench (depth of approx. 4500 m).

The most prominent feature in the bathymetry is a sigmoidal

structure consisting of a series of ridge and trough structures along

the arc in the direction of NNW-SSE, parallel to the strike of the

Sumatra Trench (Fig. 5). Relative height of this rugged topography,

from bottoms of troughs to crests of ridges, reaches roughly

1000 m. A characteristic distance between bottoms of troughs

or crests of ridges is 4 to 15 km. The sigmoidal feature is more

evident trenchward than landward in the surveyed area. Landward

(NE) facing slopes of the ridges are generally linear and gentle.

Secondary feature is the N-S to NNE trending ridges and adjoining

V-shaped valleys that run from north to south in the middle part

of the integrated map area, which offset the most prominent NNW

trending sigmoidal structures. Third feature is existence of the NNE

to NE trending narrow and relatively short valleys that cut the major

NNW-trending sigmoidal structures.

The morphological feature can be divided into 3 different

blocks in general, named Block-A, Block-B, and Block-C from SW

to NE (Fig.6). In Block-A, NNW trending ridges that are mostly

narrow with widths of 4 to 8 km shows very rough morphology,

which are indicated by dissected and narrow V-shape valleys. The

shallowest ridge that runs from NNW to SSE in middle of Block-A

is 1000 m water depth and the deepest valley in NW part of Block-A

is 2400 m water depth. Land sliding traces can be clearly observed

at almost all the SW facing scarps of the deepest ridge that run

along the southwestern side in Block-A. The shallowest ridge is

also featured by irregular circular failures in the SW facing slope.

Isolated circular morphology features are commonly observed in

the northeastern part of Block-A, for examples at 4°14'N-93°24',

4°12.5'N-93°25', 4°11'N-93°29.5', and 4°02.5'N-93°36', and those

are limited by very steep hill walls. A wide (4 km to 8 km) and long

(several tens of km up to 60 km) valley is parallel to the deepest

ridge. The valley surface is flat, smooth and bordered by steep scarp

on both sides. Another valley observed in the northeastern side of

Block-A shows an irregular shape with undulating surface.

NNW trending ridges in Block-B are mostly wider than

Block-A, varying its width from 8 km to 15 km in the north and 6

km to 8 km in the south, and dissected by V- to U-shaped valleys.

The shallowest area is located in the northern part of Block-B, up

to 700 m water depth (around 4°35'N-93°23'E) and the deepest area

is located in the southern part of Block-B (around 3°54'N-93°54'E)

at 2400 m water depth. The NNW trending ridges show rough but

slightly rounded topography that is subjected to surface erosion or

slope failures, suggesting that Block-B is less active than Block-A.

Many short steep scarps dissect the NNW trending ridges. In the

middle part of Block-B, the NS to NNE-SSW trending ridges

and adjoining V-shaped valleys are observed. Isolated hills

or depressions are located at 4°03'N-93°42', 4°05'N-93°40.5',

4°13'N-93°35', 4°19'N-93°35', and 4°28'N-93°26'E, which are

bounded by steep scarps. A steep and long valley is observed near

4°34'N-93°35'E with depths around 2200 m. An well-developed

valley with dimensions of at least 20 km long and 8 km wide, and

with water depths from 2200 m to 2400 m, is found in the southern

part of Block-B, centered at 3°54'N-93°54'E. Surface of another

valley with a length of at least 40 km, centered at 4°03'N-93°54'E,

is not flat but undulating.

A NNW-trending broad ridge with small internal sigmoidal

structures occupies Block-C. The shallowest part reaches at 600 m

water depth at around 4°32'N-93°43'E and the deepest part is 1700

m water depth in the southeastern corner of Block-C. Morphology

of Block-C shows still but less sigmoidal structure than Blocks-A

and -B and the most rounded morphology in the integrated map

area, suggesting that Block-C is less active than Blocks-A and -B. In

the northern half of Block-C, the NS to NNE-SSW trending ridges

and adjacent V-shaped valleys cut the NNW trending broad ridge

as a northern continuation of those in Block-B. Many short steep

scarps or narrow valleys oriented in the trench-normal direction

also dissect the NNW-trending broad ridge. Isolated and irregular

depressions are observed at 4°47'N-93°33'E, 4°37'N-93°41'E,

4°36'N-93°46'E, 4°29'N-93°43'E, 4°18'N-93°51'E, and 4°17'N-

93°52'E.

5. Morphological interpretation

Fig.7 shows a morphological interpretation of the

bathymetric features, which is slightly modified from the original

interpretation of Permana et al. (2011). The NNW trending ridges

show relatively gently dipping slopes facing to land and steep slopes

facing to trench. We interpret that most of the NNW trending ridges

in the integrated map area represent deformed fold-belts or thrust

folds and that the related thrust faults mostly run along the SW side

bases of the NNW trending ridges. Possible Middle Thrust and

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Fig. 5. A new detailed bathymetric map integrated KY09-09 bathymetry data with NT05-02 bathymetry data. Contour interval is 100 meters.

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K. Hirata et al.


Fig. 6. Three blocks demarcated morphologically.

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Fig. 7. Morphological interpretation from the integrated bathymetric map (slightly modified from the original of Permana et al. (2011)).

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K. Hirata et al.


Lower Thrust, if those exist, are inferred to appear along any of the

SW side bases of these NNW trending ridges (Sibuet et al.,2007;

Hirata et al., 2008). We will analyze the present bathymetry data

further in detail to identify candidates of fault traces of these possible

major thrusts.

We guess that landward-vergent thrusts, found by Mosher

et al. (2008), become predominant farther trenchward from the

southwestern side of the integrated map area. The N-S to NE-SW

trending ridges and adjoining V shaped valleys, found from north

to south in the middle part of the surveyed region, are interpreted to

be created by dextral strike-slip faults that offset the major NNW-

trending sigmoidal structures. The NNE to NE trending narrow

valleys, seen elsewhere in the whole area, are perhaps normal faults.

We inferred that both of N-S to NE-SW trending and NNE to NE

trending offset structures are attributed to oblique subduction of the

Indo-Australia Plate (KY09-09 scientific party, 2009).

6. Conclusion

During KY09-09 Leg.1 cruise in the late October to the

early November 2009, we conducted a multi-beam bathymetry

survey using R/V KAIYO to collect detailed bathymetric data in a

previously unsurveyed area around Middle Thrust in the outer-arc

high off northwest Sumatra. Then KY09-09 bathymetry data were

integrated with a previous NT05-02 bathymetry data (NT05-02

scientific party, 2005) to make a new fine bathymetry map, gridded

at ~37 m cell size, without any substantial bathymetry gap.

The most predominant morphological feature is the

NNW-trending sigmoidal structures consisting of a series of ridges

and troughs parallel to the trench. We inferred that the sigmoidal

structures represent a series of deformed fold-belts or thrust folds

and that the related thrust faults run on the SW side of these fold

structures. Secondary predominant structures are the N-S to

NE-SW trending ridges and adjoining V-shaped valleys, found

from north to south in the middle part of the integrated map area,

which are interpreted dextral strike-slip faults. Third predominant

structures are the NNE to NE trending narrow valleys dissecting

the predominant NNW trending ridges that can be seen in the

whole integrated map area, which are interpreted normal faults.

Both of second and third structures are perhaps relate to oblique

subduction of the Indo-Australia Plate (NT05-02 scientific party,

2005; Permana et al., 2011).

Acknowledgements

We thank Captain Kohji Samejima and the crews of the

R/V KAIYO for their cooperation and support during the cruise. We

are deeply grateful to Chief radio officer Tokinori Nasu with radio

officers Hiroki Ishiwatari and Mai Minamoto for their great efforts

of collecting and editing the bathymetric data on board. Manuscript

was well improved by valuable comments and suggestions from Dr.

Yukari Kido, an anonymous reviewer, and Dr. Daisuke Suetsugu

(editor). We thank the JAMSTEC Ship Operation Department for

their management of this cruise. We also thank to the JAMSTEC

Research Support Department, Foreign Research Permit of Ristek

and the BPPT to make all the necessary administration works

to allow us the scientific investigation in Indonesian Exclusive

Economic Zone. This work is partially supported by; (1) JSPS-LIPI

Joint Research Program, (2) SATREP by JST-JICA-RISTEK-LIPI,

and (3) KAKENHI (the Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

(22403007).

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ynu/indonesiasurveyynue.html>.

Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith, New version of the Generic Mapping

Tools released, EOS Trans. AGU, 76, 329, 1995

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Detailed bathymetric features in the outer-arc high off ... · Kenji Hirata1,2*, Haryadi Permana3,...

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