DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF SHEIKHPURAmines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Sheikhpura.pdf · DISTRICT...

5/3/2019

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF SHEIKHPURA Sand Mineral and Brick Kilns

As per Notification No. S.O. 3611 (E) New Delhi, the 25th

July, 2018 of Ministry of

Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India

Prepared by

INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENT & ECO- DEVELOPMENT, PATNA

Ground Floor, Shyam Nagar Colony, Maurya Path, Khajpura P.O. B.V. College,

Patna-800014, Bihar, India E-mail- [email protected] Website-

www.ieedindia.in Tel.: 0612-2590373, Telefax- 0612-2590373 M-+91-

9472919161, 7004620817

Submitted to

Under Secretary

Mines & Geology Department, Government of Bihar

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ieedindia.in/

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT-SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT -BIHAR Page 1

PREFACE

The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India, made

Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification of 27th

January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986. Keeping in view the

experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the MoEF&CC

came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th September 2006. Now

again Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India

amended the notification S.O. 141(E) Dated 15th

January, 2016 videS.O. 3611(E) Dated 25th

July, 2018. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different kinds of

development projects as listed in Appendix-X of the Notification.

Further, in pursuance to the order of Hon‟ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A.

No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of Deepak

Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now become

mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And also in view of

the Hon‟ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the matter regarding sand

mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for mining leases in cluster for

minor Minerals, The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in consultation with State

governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand Mining detailing the provisions on

environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District Environment Impact Assessment Authority

and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining using information technology and information

technology enabled services to track the mined out material from source to destination.

The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of mining

of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding document

which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and

ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various

departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report will form the basis

for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The

Report will be updated once every five years.


OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand

Mining Guideline) is to ensure the following –

Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed;

and

Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and

installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of

replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area.

Identification of mineral wealth in the district.


INDEX

Sl. No. Chapters Page

No.

Chapter-1 Introduction 4

Chapter-2 Overview of Mining Activity in the District 14

Chapter-3 The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area

and period of validity

16

Chapter-4 Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years 18

Chapter-5 Detail of Production of Sand or minor mineral in last three

years

19

Chapter-6 Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 20

Chapter-7 General Profile of the District 23

Chapter-8 Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture,

Horticulture, Mining etc

25

Chapter-9 Physiography of the District 27

Chapter-

10

Rainfall: month-wise 29

Chapter-

11

Geology and Mineral Wealth

Drainage System with description of main rivers

Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams

33

Chapter-

12

Status of Brick kilns in Sheikhpura

38

References 39

Annexures


CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

As per Gazette Notification of 15th January, 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change a survey shall be carried out by the District Environment Impact Assessment

Authority (DEIAA) with assistance of Irrigation department, Drainage department, Forest

department, Mining department and Revenue department in district of preparation of District

Survey Report as per the sustainable sand mining guidelines to ensure identification of are of

aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed, and identification of areas of erosion

and proximity to infrastructural structures and installation where mining should be prohibited

and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining

in that area.

Every effort has been made to cover sand mining locations, areas and overviews of mining

activity in the district with all the relevant features pertaining to geology and mineral wealth in

replenishable and non-replenishable areas of rivers, stream and other sources. The mineral

potential is calculated based on field investigation taking coordinates of the area and gather all

relevant information and geology of the catchment area of the river or stream. Also gather all

data for bricks mining, taking area coordinates with local soil quality, availability of soil etc.

Also as per the site condition and location depth of mineable mineral is defined. The area of

removal of mineral in the river and stream is decided on geomorphology and other factors, it can

be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river or stream. Similarly for bricks mining all data

gathered. Other constituents like clay and slit are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral

potential of particular river or stream. This District Survey Report shall form the basis of

application for environmental, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The report shall

be updated once every 5 years.

Historical Perspective:-

Sheikhpura district came into existence on the 31st July 1994. Sheikhpura district is a part of

Munger Division.Sheikhpura was separated from Munger District and was made a separate

district with headquarters at Sheikhpura on the 31st July 1994. So more or less the history of

Munger is the history of Sheikhpura district.

Though there is no authentic history of Sheikhpura scripted in any book or records but according

to knowledge collected from various sources history of Sheikhpura dates back to the age of

Mahabharata. It is believed that in the Mahabharata age a demon girl Hidimba lived on the

hillocks situated on its Eastern stretch with whom one Pandava brother Bhima married and gave

birth to a heroic son „Ghatotkach‟. Later on this hill was called „Girihinda‟ after the name of

Hindimba or Hidimba. Girihinda village is still situated over there.

According to one belief about six hundred years ago a great suphie saint „Hazarat Makhdum

Shah Shoeb Rahamatullah Aleh‟ had founded the city of Sheikhpura. He settled over here and

the dense forests were cleaned and people started settling over here. Later on it became densely

populated.

During the Pallava reign also Sheikhpura was one of the chief administrative centres. It is

believed that the famous Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri had got the famous „Dal Kuan‟ constructed

over here. Till now „Dal Kuan‟ and Sheikhpura is believed to be synonymous with each other.

During the mughal period, Sheikhpura got the status of Thana. In the British period Sheikhpura

was accorded the status of Big Kotwali and after independence it was given the status of Block.


On 14th April 1983 Sheikhpura became a Subdivision and on 31st July 1994 it was upgraded to

District status.

Location, Area and Administrative Details:-

Sheikhpura is a new district carved

out of erstwhile Munger District on

31st July 1994. It lies between 240

45‟ North to 250 North and 85

0 45‟

to 860 45‟ East longitude. It is

bounded by Nawada and Patna

District in the North and Jamui in

the South. Lakhisarai district in the

east Nalanda and Nawada district in

the west. This district stretches over

an area of 605.96 sq.km. It

comprises of one Subdivision and

06 blocks 45 Panchayats and 310

villages. The district has rich

alluvial soil composed of sand silt

and clay in most part of the district.

The soil is most fertile and suitable for agriculture. There are no perennial rivers worth to be

mentioned in the districts. There are small rivers flowing in rainy season namely Sony, Karihari,

Tanti, Kacchi etc. The District has hot summer and moderate winter. The economy of the District

is predominantly agriculture.

Boundaries of Sheikhpura:-

North- Nalanda & Patna District

South- Nawada & Jamui District

East- Lakhisarai District

West-Nalanda &Nawada District.

Topography:-

Sheikhpura Distirct is situated in

the southern part of the Gangetic

belt of Central Bihar. The lands are

mainly plain except some patches

of scattered small hills. The hilly

region start from southern parts of

the district and land is sloping

towards north eastern side. Because

of low lying area in some parts of

the north eastern sides water starts

accumulating during rainy season

leading towards water logging. This

area is called TAL area.


Basin/Sub-Basin and Drainage:-

Sheikhpura district forms a part of Phalgu-Kiul

sub-basin of Ganga Basin. The district is having

moderate to low drainage density with parallel to

sub-parallel drainage pattern. The Harorar and

Khorizri are the two main rivers flowing through

the district in the NE direction to meet the river

Ganga in Munger district.

River:-

The main Rivers of the district are Harohar,

Korihari, Shome, Sakri & Tanti. The Harohar

River flows in the north of the district. The Korihari and the Shome Rivers flow in the eastern-

south portion of the district. The Sakri and Tanti Rivers beautify its south-eastern part. Harohar

River divides Ghat Kusumbha C.D. Block in nearly two-equal parts as it flows through the

middle of the C.D. Block.

Agriculture:-

Sheikhpura district's economy is primarily

based on agricultural production. There are

three agricultural seasons in the district viz.,

Rabi, Kharif and Zaid. Rabi season starts in

October or November and harvesting is done

in March and April. The important crops of the

district are Rice, Wheat, Mustard, Lentil,

Chickpea, Maize, Cauliflower, Cabbage,

Tomato, Onion, Brinjal and other medicinal

and aromatic plants. Kharif season starts in

July and the harvesting is done in October or

November. Zaid crops which are of relatively

little importance, occupy the fields from April

to July. These crops are synchronized with the

winter, rainy and summer seasons respectively.


Location of Sheikhpura district in the map of Bihar:-


The district is divided into 1 subdivision and 6 blocks which are as under:-

Division District Sub-division Blocks

Munger Sheikhpura Sheikhpura Ariari, Sheikhpura, Barbigha, Ghatkusumbha,

Chewara,

Shekhopur Sarai

Demography:-

As per 2011 census, the

total population of the

district was 6,36,342 out of

which population of female

and male were 3,06,599 and

3,29,743. The district ranks

last in population at state

level and constitutes 0.61

percent of state population.

When compared with data as

per 2001 census, the decadal

growth in population of

Sheikhpura has been 21.09

percent i.e. 2.109 percent

growth per annum. Sheikhpura occupies 7 th position in the state in terms of sex ratio of 930

females per thousand males as against state‟s average of 918 females per 1000 male. With a

literacy rate of 63.86 percent, Sheikhpura's literacy is slightly higher than the state literacy rate of

61.8 percent. For male population, the literacy rate is 73.56 percent while it is very low for

females at 53.40 percent.


Hydrogeology:-

Hydrogeologically

the district is divided into two parts

(a) unconsolidated / porous formation

(b) hard rock/ fissured formation.

(a) Porous formation:- The Quaternary alluvium

constitutes this hydrogeological unit. The alluvial

tract spread over the major part of the district, with

sediment thickness ranging from 20 to 190 m. The

variation in thickness of the alluvium is due to

uneven bed-rock topography. Alluvium comprises

clay, silt and sand. There are 22 tube wells drilled

by CGWB and maximum depth being 190m bgl at Barbigha village. Aquifers in this formation

are in unconfined to semi-confined conditions and discharge varies from 25 to 65 lps.

(b) The hard rock / fissured formation: -

It comprises mainly quartzite. The secondary porosities developed by means of weathering and /

or fracturing are the main repository of ground water. In general these rocks form poor aquifers.

The exploratory drilling data of this area reveals three sets of fracture/ joints occuring at different

depths up to 100m bgl. Identification

of groundwater potential area has been

done based on study of lineaments

picked up from satellite imageries. The

zones of lineaments are the potential

areas for ground water exploration and

recharge. Weathered residium,

saprolite zone and fractures within 15-

35m bgl depths constitute shallow

aquifer in the hard rocks. There is one

bore well drilled in hard rock area to a

maximum depth of 104m bgl in

Sheikhpura town. Ground water occurs

under semi-confined condition in hard

rock and normally discharge ranges from 1 to 10

lps with a drawdown of 12-18 m. The pre-

monsoon depth to ground water level of phreatic

aquifer is ranging from 6 to 10m bgl, while the

post-monsoon depth to ground water level is

ranging from 1 to 7m bgl. Long-term water level

data (1997-2006) indicates no significant decline

in water level.


Ground Water Resources:-

Annually replenishable dynamic ground water resource of the district has been estimated for all

the blocks. The net annual replenishable ground water resource of the district is 180.68 MCM.

The gross ground water draft for all uses is 89.34 MCM and allocation for domestic and

industrial requirement up to year 2025 is 16.43 MCM. The present stage of ground water

development of the district is 54.75 percent. All the six blocks of the district fall under safe

category. At present maximum ground water development is in Shekhopursarai block (82.60%),

while minimum is in Ghat kusumba block (20.70%).

Climate and Rainfall:-

The climate of the district may be described as a mean condition of the climate of rest of Bihar

and Bengal. The rainfall begins earlier and is decidedly heavier than in other parts of Bihar.

Sheikhpura is among the southern district of Bihar which distinctly feels the dry and hot seasons.

Moisture laden breezes from West Bengal cause heavy rainfall. The year can be divided into

three seasons on the rotational basis:

a) The Winter season;

b) The Summer season; and

c) The Season of Monsoon rains.

The cold

weather commences by the end of

October and continues till the

beginning of April. It, thus,

commences earlier and lasts longer

than that of the most parts of Bihar.

It is also colder than other southern

districts of Bihar. Hoar-frost is

being often found in the morning. The maximum and minimum temperatures begin to decline

from October onward till January. The prevailing winds blow from west to east and are

influenced by pressure distribution and trend of Himalayas.

Rainfall:-

The season of rain commences from

mid of June with the outburst of south-

west monsoon. The advent of monsoon

brings a complete change in weather

with appreciable falls in temperature. As

per the data available with the

department, the average annual rainfall

in the district is 1127 MM. Maximum

rainfall occurs during the month of June

to September when the district receives

almost 80 percent of its average total

rainfall.


The district receives minimum rainfall during the month of December. Weather conditions

become hot and humid during the rainy season. The average number of rainy days in district is

45. The heavy rainfall during the monsoon months is due to the change of direction impressed

upon the monsoon current by Himalayan range. Rainfall is more irregular in September than in

other monsoon months.

Flora & Fauna:-

The area is virtually denuded with vegetation. Neem, palash, oeucalyptus, Akashmani trees are

seen at places around the area.

Only domestic animals like cow, goat, buffalo, cat, dog etc are observed / found in the area' As

there is no natural forest cover, the area does not contain any wild animals. only stray jackals are

seen sometimes. Both poisonous and non-poisonous types of snakes are seen during summer and

rainy seasons.

Geomorphology and Soil:-

Geomorphology

The major part of the district Sheikhpura

is occupied by alluvial plain except the

hill near to the Sheikhpura town. Older

Alluvial Plain forms a major part of the

district and comprises sediments

deposited by tributaries of Ganga River.

Average height of this plain is 45 m amsl.

Younger Alluvial Plain forms the

northeastern parts of the district, mainly

in Ghat Kusumbha block. The relief of

this plain varies on an average from 40 to

55m above mean sea level. The rocky

upland mainly occurs near Sheikhpura

town where it constitutes landmasses of

quartzite, trending in east west direction.

It is surrounded on all sides by alluvial

plains thus forming inselberg. The hill attains its maximum height of 220 m amsl near

Sheikhpura town. Along the northern fringe of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex are

low-grade supracrustals covering the Kharagpur hills, Rajgir hills and Gaya hills referred to as

the Satpura Range, comprises schists, ferruginous phyllite, quartzite and phylliticshales.


Soil:-

The district has rich alluvial soil

composed of sand,silt and clay in

most parts of district. The soil is

most fertile and suitable of

agriculture. The alkaline and saline

deposits are rarely found. Soils of

Sheikhpua district is the part of river

Ganga on the so uthern side, and the

sediments are received both from the

river Ganges and those flowing fro

m the south having their origins in

Chhotanagpur plateau which rise

abruptly from plains. The texture

varies from sandy loam to clay loam

in some areas. The soil reaction

varies fro m 6.8 to 7.9 The N content

varies from low to m edium, status

of P was lower side and K varies

from medium to high. The striking

soil featur es are the presence of wet

lands (Tal Lands) e.g. Extensions of

Baraihia Tals in north – eastern

regions and the salinity- sensitive

nor th-western regions. Textures of

Soils of are medium to heavy,

moderately to poorly fertile, deep to

very deep, poorly drained and

neutral to alkaline in reactions. The

soil colour varies between grey to

dark grey, polygonal cracks and clay

skins on ped-faces in sub-soil la

yers. Paddy, gram, maize and wheat

are the majo r crops preferred by the

farmers. These soils are suitable for

all kinds of crops. Unavailabilit y of

irrigation water and heavy texture

are the main limiting factors.


Connectivity:-

Roadways

The town is connected by road to major hubs in the region with frequent bus service.

Railways

Sheikhpura is located on the broad

gauge line Gaya-Kiul

line connecting Kiul and Gaya. The town is

served by a direct daily train to Kolkata, and a

weekly service to Guwahati via Bhagalpur.

The state capital Patna could be reached

through a stop-over at Kiul from where rest of

India is well connected.

Very recently the Fatuha-Islampur and

Bakhtiyarpur-Rajgir branch lines have been

connected with this route. Extension of

passenger services to inter-link Sheikhpura

with Hilsa, Bihar|Hilsa and Bihar Sharif is

expected very soon.

Airways

Nearest airport from Sheikhpura is Patna Airport i.e, Jay Prakash Narayan Airport

Local transport

Sheikhpura has a well developed transport system inside city on very cheap rate. Tum-Tum is

generally Driven by Horse, and used to travel in all part of city as a local transport. Tum-Tum are

now old memory of sheikhpura auto has been started in the city since 2 years.


CHAPTER - 2

OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT

Topography:-

Sheikhpura Distirct is situated in the

southern part of the Gangetic belt of

Central Bihar. The lands are mainly plain

except some patches of scattered small

hills. The hilly region start from southern

parts of the district and land is sloping

towards north eastern side. Because of low

lying area in some parts of the north

eastern sides water starts accumulating

during rainy season leading towards water

logging. This area is called TAL area.

General Geology:-

The District has long been famous as the home of the well-known quartzites & Phyllite Schist

and associates rocks , The main geological formations of the district are the following:-

1) Recent deposits of alluvium and soil

Land form ---younger Alluvial plain Older Alluvial plain

2) Unconsolidated Formation --- Quatemary----- Alluvium sand

Pegmatite veins of quartz fault rocks (mylonite, quartz feldspar epidote rocksS' cherts, jasper and

breccias) Tectonic Contact

3)Unconsolidated Formation -Precambrian to Proterozoic- - Quartzite &Phyllite & Schist.

Mete sedimentary - Phyllite, Quartzite Phyllite with patches of chlorite schist, basal

Quartzite

……………………………..Unconformity...................................

Quartz Vein ..

Quartzite & Phylhte Schist

Archean (Coarse to grey variety with biotite) mica schist and quartzmica schist

Approach to Sand Mining:-

River sand mining is a common practice as habitation concentrates along the rivers and the

mining locations are preferred near the markets or along the transportation route, for reducing the

transportation cost. River sand mining can damage private and public properties as well as

aquatic habitats. Excessive removal of sand may significantly distort the natural equilibrium of a

stream channel.

Main objectives of Sustainable Sand Mining:-

To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and

socially responsible manner.


To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.

To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out

material:

Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environment by protection

and restoration of the ecological system.

Avoid aggradations at the downstream reach especially those with hydraulic structures

such as jetties, water intakes etc.

Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.

No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in

stream habitats.

Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.

To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground

water.

To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works

as filter prior to ground water recharge.

To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in

determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted

Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for

sustainable mining.

RIVER BASIN MAP OF BIHAR


CHAPTER - 3

LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND

PERIOD OF VALIDITY

Sl No. Name Of River Name Of Ghat Area Period (In

Yrs) GPS Cordinates

1 Sakri RahichaKabirpur 3.0

Up to 31st

December,2019

25° 6'53.66"N

85°36'12.10"E

25° 7'14.67"N

85°36'10.51"E

25° 7'14.33"N

85°36'8.98"E

25° 6'53.07"N

85°36'14.97"E

2 Bhalua BhaluaGhat 1.0

25° 1‟ 18.66"N

85°51‟ 3.11"E

25° 1‟ 6.71"N

85°50‟ 54.49"E

25° 1‟ 6.21"N

85°50‟ 54.61"E

25° 1‟ 19.14"N

85°51‟ 2.7"E

3 Bhalua MahuliGhat 1.5

25° 0'46.12"N

85°50'34.26"E

25° 0'35.84"N

85°50'23.38"E

25° 0'36.82"N

85°50'22.82"E


25° 0'46.79"N

85°50'34.32"E

4 GANGA Pain Ghat 4.6

25° 8'55.52"N

85°46'15.78"E

25° 8'41.01"N

85°45'29.69"E

25° 8'40.36"N

85°45'30.99"E

25° 8'56.62"N

85°46'14.90"E


CHAPTER - 4

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS

Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)

1 2014-15 2270.10

2 2015-16 3278.71

3 2016-17 4246.65

Total 9795.46


CHAPTER - 5

DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED FROM SAND IN LAST THREE

YEARS

Sr. Year Revenue (In Lakh Rs.)

1 2014-15 NIL

2 2015-16 NIL

3 2016-17 NIL

Total


CHAPTER - 6

PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT

Process:-

Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and

erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of

gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is

transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume,

density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to

rise, while larger or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.

Deposition is the processes

where material being

transported by a river is

deposited. Deposition occurs

when a river loses energy. This

can be when a river enters a

shallow area (this could be

when it floods and comes into

contact with the flood plain) or

towards its mouth where it

meets another body of water.

Rivers flood on a regular basis.

The area over which they flood

is known as the floodplain and

this often coincides with

regions where meanders form. Meanders support the formation of flood plains through lateral

erosion.

When rivers flood the velocity of water slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to

transport material is reduced and deposition occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment

across the whole floodplain. After a series of floods layers of sediment form along the flood

plain.

Larger material and the majority of deposition occurs next to the river channel. This is the result

of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore

rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the

river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.

If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported

Downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling

velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load

by rolling, sliding, and saltating (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance

then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will

be transported high in the flow as wash load.


As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of

different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions.

The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e.

geological disposition, climate, and rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity

of water current. Rivers have a lot of energy and because they have energy, they do stuff. The

obvious things rivers do with their energy is flow but, besides this, they also transport load, erode

load and erode the channel through which they flow. Erosion is the breaking down of material by

an agent. In the case of a river, the agent is water. The water can erode the river‟s channel and

the river‟s load. A river‟s load is bits of eroded material, generally rocks, which the river

transports until it deposits its load.

Capacity & Competence Rivers can only carry so many loads depending on their energy. The

maximum volume of load that a river can carry at a specific point in its course is called the age

river‟s capacity. The biggest sized particle that a river could carry at a specific point is called the

river‟s competence. Deposition to transport load a river needs to have energy so when a river

loses energy it is forced to deposit its load. There are several reasons why a river could lose

energy. If the river‟s discharge is reduced then the river will lose energy because it isn‟t flowing

as quickly anymore. This could happen because of a lack of precipitation or an increase in

evaporation. Increased human use (abstraction) of a river could also reduce its discharge forcing

it deposit its load. If the gradient of the river‟s course flattens out, the river will deposit its load

because it will be travelling a lot slower. When a river meets the sea a river will deposit its load

because the gradient is generally reduced at sea level and the sea will absorb a lot of energy. As

rivers get nearer to their mouths they flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The

channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its

tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be

small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the

material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers

flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend

most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now

eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral

erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore

be shallow and slow-flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be

deposited.

This is called a point bar or slip off slope Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition

on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion

narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river

will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest

current, called the thalweg, will now tend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is

likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks. Eventually deposition will block off the old

meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy

rain or during a flood. Streams lose velocity and make deposits when their gradient decreases,

when the volume of water decreases, when there is an increase in cross section, when they

encounter obstructions, or when they enter still water. They deposit alluvial fans, alluvial cones,

piedmont alluvial plains, channel fill, bars, flood plains and deltas.


Rivers in the Gangetic plains have a habit of meandering, i.e., changing course. In India this is a

prominent feature of rivers which swell in the monsoon, occasionally suddenly, and the torrential

movement carves out a new course in the soft alluvial plain. The Ganga River, in Patna, has

meandered and migrated northwards in the Patliputra area. This migration has resulted in

deposition of earth on the south [right] bank of the river and created a massive space of a few

hundred hectares between the urban development line and the active river channel.

A river system can be divided into three subsystems: -

Collecting system (branches) -- consisting of a network of tributaries in the headwater

region, collects and funnels water and sediment to the main stream.

Transporting system (trunk) -- the main trunk stream, which functions as a channel way

through which water and sediment move from the collecting area toward the ocean.

(Erosion and deposition also occur in a river's transporting system)

Dispersing system (roots) -- consists of a network of distributaries at the mouth of a river

(delta), where sediment and water are dispersed into an ocean, a lake, or a dry basin

Removal of washed in Silt Load:-

Geologically, the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract. The origin of the

Indo -`Gangetic tract as a whole is now attributed to the sag in the earth crust formed in the

upper Eocene times between Gondwana land and the raising of Himalaya belt. The economic

minerals found in the district are Sand, Soil and Kankar.

The sand deposits being an integral part of the dynamic river system to which it belongs.

Therefore, as a part of natural cycle, the monsoon flow of every river carries with it

replenishment of silt and washed out soil and clay from upstream areas in the catchment. This

silt shall be removed during the sieving of sand before it is loaded into truck/tipper/trailer to

carry to the consumers.

Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential

minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and

variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content)

etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and

deposition of sand etc.


CHAPTER-7

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Sl.

No.

ITEMS STATISTICS

01 GENERAL INFORMATION

i) Geographical area (Sq.km) 605.96

ii) Administrative Divisions 1

Number of Tehsil/Block 06

Number of Panchyat 45

Villages

310

iii) Population (As on 2011 Census):

Total

6,36,342

iv) Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1127

02 GEOMORPHOLOGY

Major physiographic units Hill, Pediplain, Alluvial Plain

Major Drainages Harohar, Korihari, Shome,

Sakri

03 LAND USE (in hec.)

a) Forest area:

b) Net area sown:

c) Total Cropped area:

04 MAJOR SOIL TYPES alluvium

05 AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS

IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Area in ha, Govt. of Bihar 2008-09)

Area (ha)

Dug wells and Tube wells

Canal

Net irrigated area

Gross irrigated area

06 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Hard rock/fissured formation

of Quartzite Phyllite and

Granite.

HYDROGEOLOGY

Major Water bearing formations

Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011

a) Hard rock/fissured

formation of Quartzite Phyllite

and Granite. b) b)

Unconsolidated Sediment of

Alluvium Plain

Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2011


Long term water level trend in 10 years (2002-2011)

in m/yr

No significant change

07 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB (As

on 31.03.2013)

No. of wells drilled (EW, OW, PZ, SH = Total) NIL

Depth Range (m)

Discharge

Storativity (S)

Transmissivity (m2/day)

08 GROUND WATER QUALITY

Presence of Chemical constituents more than

permissible limit (e.g., EC, F, As, Fe)

09 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (as on

31st March 2009) – in mcm

Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources

Net Annual Ground Water Draft

Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial Uses

upto 2025

Stage of Ground Water Development

10 MINING SCENARIO

Total No. Mining Leases (Major Minerals)

Total Area of Mining Leases (Major Minerals)

Total Number of Quarry Lease (Minor Minerals)

Total area of Quarry Lease

Total Roylty or Revenue Received from Minor

Minerals in 2015-2016

Total No. Notified Sand Lease

Total Area of sand Lease

11 BRICK KILNS

Total no. of Brick Kilns 53

Source: Centre for Ground Water Board (CGWB)


CHAPTER-8

LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: FOREST, AGRICULTURE,

HORTICULTURE, MINING

The total geographical area (TGA) of Sheikhpura is 66,894 hectare. The largest block of the

district is Sheikhpura which comprises of a TGA of 18,329 hectare i.e. about 27.4 percent of the

TGA of the district. Ariari is the second largest block of the district which comprise of 21.7

percent of the total geographical area (14,505 ha). Sheikhpurosarai is the smallest block of the

district which comprise of 5685 hectare i.e. around 4 percent of total geographical area of the

district.

It has been observed from agriculture department's records that the Gross Cropped Area of the

district is 67,046 hectare and the Net Sown Area is 36,793 hectare. Sheikhpura block occupies

around 27 percent of the gross cropped area of the district followed by Ariari which occupies

around 22 percent of the Gross Cropped Area. This is followed by Barbigha and Chewara both

of which occupy 16 percent of the gross cropped area. Ghatkusumbha and Shekhopursarai blocks

contributes in the gross cropped area to the extent of 9.0 percent and 10.0 percent respective

Horticulture:-

Sheikhpura district is

under Medium Level of

Production in

Horticultural Crops -

Horticulture level of

horticultural

development has found

in the district.

These districts come

under the periphery areas

where there is a lack of

infrastructure regarding

horticultural crops.

Floriculture in the district

is now developing in the

same fashion as

compared to other crops.

So, there is need to

emphasis on these crops.

Horticulture cultivation

is always advantageous.


It paves the ways and means of development. It has been observed that it could be developed in

the state if the government provides protection and subsidies to the farmers. There is a great need

to emphasis on marketing management and boosting the irrigation resource of the state along

with that there is need of awareness on profitability and techno managerial skill among farmers

to promote the horticultural cultivation in the state.

Mining:-

The mineral resources of Sheikhpura district playing massive role in industrial, social and

economic development of the district.

Available mineral resources in the district

Sand

Sandstones

Stones

Land use pattern of Sheikhpura district (in hac.)

Nameof the

Block

Total

Geographical

Area

Gross

cropped

Area

Net

Sown

Area

Area

Sown

more

than

once

Cropping

Intensity

Area

under

Forest

Area

under

Wasteland

Area

under

other

uses

Ariari 14505 14802 6751 14802 219% 0 34 1990

Barbigha 9274 10782 7474 10782 144% 0 0 933

Chewara 11378 10608 5600 10608 189% 0 17 1294

Ghatkusumbha 7722 6065 4609 6065 132% 0 0 815

Sheikhpura 18329 18348 9110 18348 201% 0 340 3131

Shekhopursara 5685 6441 3249 6441 198% 0 0 1042

Total 66894 45140 36793 45140 182% 0 391 9205


CHAPTER-9

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

The Bihar state can be

broadly subdivided into

three major unit‟s i.e.,

main physical sub-

divisions is the Norhern

Mountains, the Gangetic

Plains and the Central

Highlands. Northern

Mountains comprises

the Himalayan ranges

including their foot

hills. The Gangetic

plains, situated between

the Himalayas and the

Deccan

plateau,constitute the

most fertile plains of the

sub-basin ideally suited

for intensive cultivation.The Central highlands lying to the south of the Great plains consists of

mountains, hills and plateaus intersected by valleys and river plains.They are largely covered by

forests.Aravali uplands, Bundelkhand upland, Malwa plateau, Vindhyan and Narmada valley lie

in the this region.Predominant soil types found in the sub- basin are sandy, loamy , clay and their

combinations such as sandy loam , loam , silty clay loam and loamy sand soils.

Geomorphology and Soil:-

Geomorphology

The major part of the district

Sheikhpura is occupied by alluvial

plain except the hill near to the

Sheikhpura town. Older Alluvial Plain

forms a major part of the district and

comprises sediments deposited by

tributaries of Ganga River. Average

height of this plain is 45 m amsl.

Younger Alluvial Plain forms the

northeastern parts of the district,

mainly in Ghat Kusumbha block. The

relief of this plain varies on an

average from 40 to 55m above mean

sea level. The rocky upland mainly occurs near Sheikhpura town where it constitutes landmasses


of quartzite, trending in east west direction. It is surrounded on all sides by alluvial plains thus

forming inselberg. The hill attains its maximum height of 220 m amsl near Sheikhpura town.

Along the northern fringe of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex are low-grade

supracrustals covering the Kharagpur hills, Rajgir hills and Gaya hills referred to as the Satpura

Range, comprises schists, ferruginous phyllite, quartzite and phylliticshales.

Soil:-

The district has rich alluvial

soil composed of sand,silt and

clay in most parts of district.

The soil is most fertile and

suitable of agriculture. The

alkaline and saline deposits are

rarely found. Soils of

Sheikhpua district is the part

of river Ganga on the so uthern

side, and the sediments are

received both from the river

Ganges and those flowing fro

m the south having their

origins in Chhotanagpur

plateau which rise abruptly

from plains. The texture varies

from sandy loam to clay loam

in some areas. The soil

reaction varies fro m 6.8 to 7.9

The N content varies from low

to m edium, status of P was

lower side and K varies from

medium to high. The striking

soil featur es are the presence

of wet lands (Tal Lands) e.g.

Extensions of Baraihia Tals in

north – eastern regions and the

salinity- sensitive nor th-

western regions. Textures of Soils of are medium to heavy, moderately to poorly fertile, deep to

very deep, poorly drained and neutral to alkaline in reactions. The soil colour varies between

grey to dark grey, polygonal cracks and clay skins on ped-faces in sub-soil la yers. Paddy, gram,

maize and wheat are the majo r crops preferred by the farmers. These soils are suitable for all

kinds of crops. Unavailabilit y of irrigation water and heavy texture are the main limiting factors.


CHAPTER-10

RAINFALL: MONTH -WISE

Climate:-

The climate of the district may be described as a mean condition of the climate of rest of Bihar

and Bengal. The rainfall begins earlier and is decidedly heavier than in other parts of Bihar.

Sheikhpura is among the southern district of Bihar which distinctly feels the dry and hot seasons.

Moisture laden breezes from West Bengal cause heavy rainfall. The year can be divided into

three seasons on the rotational basis:

a) The Winter season;

b) The Summer season; and

c) The Season of Monsoon rains.

The cold weather commences by the end of October and continues till the beginning of April. It,

thus, commences earlier and lasts longer than that of the most parts of Bihar. It is also colder

than other southern districts of Bihar. Hoar-frost is being often found in the morning. The

maximum and minimum temperatures begin to decline from October onward till January. The

prevailing winds blow from west to east and are influenced by pressure distribution and trend of

Himalayas.

Rainfall:-

The season of rain commences from mid of

June with the outburst of south-west

monsoon. The advent of monsoon brings a

complete change in weather with appreciable

falls in temperature. As per the data available

with the department, the average annual

rainfall in the district is 1127 MM.

Maximum rainfall occurs during the month

of June to September when the district

receives almost 80 percent of its average

total rainfall.

The district receives minimum rainfall

during the month of December. Weather

conditions become hot and humid during the rainy season. The average number of rainy days in

district is 45. The heavy rainfall during the monsoon months is due to the change of direction

impressed upon the monsoon current by Himalayan range. Rainfall is more irregular in

September than in other monsoon months.

Shaikhpura's climate is classified as warm and temperate. The summers here have a good deal of

rainfall, while the winters have very little. This location is classified as Cwa by Köppen and

Geiger. The temperature here averages 26.4 °C. The rainfall here averages 1004 mm.


CLIMATE GRAPH // WEATHER BY MONTH SHAIKHPURA:-

The least amount of rainfall occurs in December. The average in this month is 1 mm. Most of the

precipitation here falls in August, averaging 265 mm.


AVERAGE TEMPERATURE SHAIKHPURA:-

The temperatures are highest on average in May, at around 33.2 °C. January is the coldest month,

with temperatures averaging 17.7 °C


SHAIKHPURA WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES:-

The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 264 mm. Throughout

the year, temperatures vary by 15.5 °C.

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Avg.

Temperature

(°C)

17.7 20.4 26.1 30.6 33.2 32.2 29.8 29.4 29 27.1 22.3 18.5

Min.

Temperature

(°C)

11.1 13.4 18.7 23.7 26.6 27.4 26.5 26.4 25.8 22.5 15.5 11.5

Max.

Temperature

(°C)

24.3 27.5 33.6 37.6 39.8 37.1 33.1 32.4 32.3 31.8 29.1 25.6

Avg.

Temperature

(°F)

63.9 68.7 79.0 87.1 91.8 90.0 85.6 84.9 84.2 80.8 72.1 65.3

Min.

Temperature

(°F)

52.0 56.1 65.7 74.7 79.9 81.3 79.7 79.5 78.4 72.5 59.9 52.7

Max.

Temperature

(°F)

75.7 81.5 92.5 99.7 103.6 98.8 91.6 90.3 90.1 89.2 84.4 78.1

Precipitation /

Rainfall (mm)

20 7 10 6 22 154 240 265 207 70 2 1


CHAPTER-11

GEOLOGY AND MINERAL WEALTH

Geology:-

Geologically, rocks of the area are belonging to Satpura Range. Quartzite is the major litho-unit

in the area. It belongs to the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex Formation which is mainly

comprised of quartzite & Phyllitic Shales. The quartzite exposed in the area under consideration

is of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex.

The major part of the district Sheikhpura is occupied by alluvial plain except the hill near to the

Sheikhpura town. Older Alluvial Plain forms a major part of the district and comprises sediments

deposited by tributaries of Ganga River. Average height of this plain is 45 m amsl. Younger

Alluvial Plain forms the northeastern parts of the district, mainly in Ghat Kusumbha block. The

relief of this plain varies on an average from 40 to 55m above mean sea level. The rocky upland

mainly occurs near Sheikhpura town where it constitutes landmasses of quartzite, trending in east

west direction. It is surrounded on all sides by alluvial plains thus forming inselberg. The hill

attains its maximum height of 220 m amsl near Sheikhpura town. Along the northern fringe of

the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex are low-grade supracrustals covering the Kharagpur

hills, Rajgir hills and Gaya hills referred to as the Satpura Range, comprises schists, ferruginous

phyllite, quartzite and phylliticshales.

Regional Geology:-

Geologically, it represents nearly two third of Bihar is under cover of Ganga basin composed of

alluvium and masks the nature of basement rocks.

Geological succession and their occurrences distribution

Age Geology Occurrences

Quaternary Alluvial Deposits(sand, clay, silt,

Fragments)

North Bihar Plain & Central Bihar Plain

Tertiary Sand Stones& Clay Stones North Champaran Hills

Gondwana Coal Measures,Forming a series of

small outlier basins

Banka District

Vindhyans Sandstones,shales, Limestones etc. Parts of Bahbhua and Rohtas Disricts

Satpura Schist, Phyllite, Quartzite Part of Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada,

Nalanda, Sheikhpura and Munger District

Proterozoic Schist, amphibolites, quartzite,

granites, dolerites and pegmatite‟s

Nawada, Jamui and Banka


Archaean Gneisses,

Granites,Schists,Phyllites,quartzites

, amphibolites & intrusive all

metamorphosed sedimentary and

igneous rocks

Part of Aurangabad ,Gaya, Nawada

,Jamui, Banka and Bhagalpur

Hydrogeology:-

Hydrogeologically

the district is divided into two parts

(a) unconsolidated / porous

formation

(b) hard rock/ fissured formation.

(a) Porous formation: -

The Quaternary alluvium

constitutes this

hydrogeological unit. The

alluvial tract spread over the

major part of the district, with

sediment thickness ranging

from 20 to 190 m. The

variation in thickness of the alluvium is due to uneven bed-rock topography. Alluvium

comprises clay, silt and sand. There are 22 tube wells drilled by CGWB and maximum depth

being 190m bgl at Barbigha village. Aquifers in this formation are in unconfined to semi-

confined conditions and discharge varies from 25 to 65 lps.

(b) The hard rock / fissured formation: -

It comprises mainly quartzite. The

secondary porosities developed by means of

weathering and / or fracturing are the main

repository of ground water. In general these

rocks form poor aquifers. The exploratory

drilling data of this area reveals three sets of

fracture/ joints occuring at different depths

up to 100m bgl. Identification of

groundwater potential area has been done

based on study of lineaments picked up from

satellite imageries. The zones of lineaments

are the potential areas for ground water

exploration and recharge. Weathered

residium, saprolite zone and fractures within


15-35m bgl depths constitute shallow aquifer in the hard rocks. There is one bore well

drilled in hard rock area to a maximum depth of 104m bgl in Sheikhpura town. Ground

water occurs under semi-confined condition in hard rock and normally discharge ranges

from 1 to 10 lps with a drawdown of 12-18 m. The pre-monsoon depth to ground water level

of phreatic aquifer is ranging from 6 to 10m bgl, while the post-monsoon depth to ground

water level is ranging from 1 to 7m bgl. Long-term water level data (1997-2006) indicates

no significant decline in water level

Ground Water Resources:- Annually replenishable dynamic

ground water resource of the

district has been estimated for all

the blocks. The net annual

replenishable ground water

resource of the district is 180.68

MCM. The gross ground water

draft for all uses is 89.34 MCM

and allocation for domestic and

industrial requirement up to year

2025 is 16.43 MCM. The present

stage of ground water

development of the district is

54.75 percent. All the six blocks

of the district fall under safe

category. At present maximum

ground water development is in

Shekhopursarai block (82.60%),

while minimum is in Ghat kusumba block (20.70%).

(a) Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district:-

Sand is one of the minor mineral of Sheikhpura district of Bihar. Baghail and Harohar

River is major sand source in the district.

(b) Availability of Sand or gravel or aggregate resources:-

Baghail nadi and Harohar River is major sand source and in district. The rivers of the

district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the monsoon period

and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the sediment as

braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.

(c) Existing Mining Lease of sand and aggregates:-

Refer to Chater-3


Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district:-

The rivers of the district bring out the sediment as bed load and suspended load during the

monsoon period and post monsoon when the carrying capacity of river decreases it deposit the

sediment as braided deposit, point bars, etc. these are the main source of sand in the district.

District wise detail of River/stream and other sand sources:-

Total geographical area of Sheikhpura District: 605.96 sq. km.

S. No. Name of the River Area drained (Sq. Km) % Area drained in the District

1. Baghail 0.078 0.0128

2. Bain or Kumhari 0.14 0.0231

3. Harohar 0.9 0.1485

4 Kaurihari 1.5 0.2475

5 Nata 0.30 0.0495

6 Some 0.31 0.0511

Total 0.5325

Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams:-

S. No. Name of the River

of stream

Total Length in the

District (in Km)

Place of origin Altitude at origin

(in m.)

1. Baghail 2.4 Daudpur Itwa 65 Meters

2. Bain or Kumhari 3.2 Panchi 60 Meters

3. Harohar 11.5 Gadbadia 41 Meters

4 Kaurihari 70 Chorbar 66 Meters

5 Nata 16 Lohan 62 Meters

6 Some 11 Seani 53 Meters

Methodology Adopted for Calculating of Mineral Potential:-

The mineral potential is calculated based on field investigation and geology of the catchment

area of the river/ streams. As per the policy of the State and location, depth of minable mineral is

defined. The area for removal of mineral in a river or stream can be decided depending on geo-

morphology and other factors, it can be 50% to 60% of the area of a particular river/stream, e.g.

in river mineral constituents like sand up to a depth of three meters considered as resource

mineral. Other constituents like clay and silt are excluded as waste while calculating the mineral

potential of particular river/ stream.


The specific gravity of each mineral constituent is different. While calculating the mineral

potential, the average specific gravity is taken as 2.25. The percent of mineral constituent like

sand also varies for different river and streams. While calculating the mineral potential the

percentage of each mineral constituent is taken as Sand 25-30% and 5-10% for silt and clay.

The quantum of deposition varies from stream to stream depending upon factors like catchment

lithology, discharge, river profile and geomorphology of the river course. There are certain geo-

morphological features developed in the river beds such as channel bar, point bar etc. where

annual deposition is more even two to three meters.

The details are given below:-

River of Stream Portion of

the river

or stream

recommen

ded for

mineral

concessio

n ( in Sq.

Km)

Length of

area

recommende

d for mineral

concession

(in

Kilometer)

Average

width of

area

recommend

ed for

mineral

concession

in meter)

Area

recommended for

mineral

concession (In

lakh Square

Meter)

Mineable

Mineral

Potential (In

lakh Metric

Tonne) 60%

of total

Mineral

Baghail 0.078 2.4 32.5 0.78 2.148

Bain or

Kumhari

0.14 3.2 43.7 1.4 3.855

Harohar 0.9 11.5 78.2 8.9 24.785

Kaurihari 1.5 70 21.4 14.9 41.309

Nata 0.30 16 18.7 3 8.262

Some 0.31 11 28.1 3.09 8.537

Total 88.896

lakhMT

Mineral Potential is calculated in Following Way:-

Mineral Potential

Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential(MT)

88.896 Lakh MT 88.896 Lakh MT

Annual Deposition (30%)

26.66 Lakh MT 26.66 Lakh MT


CHAPTER -12

STATUS OF BRICK KILNS IN SHEIKHPURA DISTRICT

The state of Bihar is developing

rapidly. In the five year period from

2004 to 2009 Bihar‟s Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) has grown by 11.03%

and between 2001 and 2011 there has

been a significant increase in

urbanization with the number of

towns increasing from 120 to 213

according to the latest census. This

has been possible through investment

in various sectors, especially the

construction sector. If this growth rate

needs to be sustained, the demand for

quality building materials will

increase manifold. In rural areas too, Bihar faces challenges with the need for over 7.5 billion

bricks over the next five years to meet the rural housing gap. A field study was conducted in 5

districts on Bihar to understand the present scenario of the brick industry and to assess the

market potential and barriers for introducing energy efficient technologies for walling materials.

The major brick producing districts of Bihar is Patna, Nalanda, Siwan, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi,

East and West Champaran, Darbhanga, Samastipur and Madhubani. With over 5,700 authorized

brick kilns the state produces around 17 billion bricks per year. The brick sector in Bihar is

growing at a rate of 9%, however it continues to be dominated by traditional technology - the

Fixed Chimney Bulls Trench Kiln (FCBTK). Unlike the rest of India (except Punjab, Haryana,

Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) the state of Bihar is the only state which has transformed the

brick firing technology from movable to fixed chimney.

Status of Brick kilns in Sheikhpura district

S.N. No. of operational units of brick earth in

Sheikhpura district during financial year

(2016-17)

No. of units of brick earth in

Sheikhpura district identified by

IEED

1 49 53


REFERENCES

1. Singh, U,(1965): “Ditribution and Character of Cities of The Ganga Plain.” National

Geographical Journal of India,Vol.XI P.37

2. Optimum Utilisation of Surface Water and Ground Water Potential Using Fuzzy Approach

National Systems Conference, NSC 2008, 17–19 December 2008

3. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

4. Census of India 2011 - Provisional Population Totals - Bihar - Data Sheet" (PDF).

Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Vital Statistics Division. Office of the Registrar

General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. pp. 1 & 2. Retrieved 16 August 2012.

5. www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Patna.pdf

6. cgwb.gov.in/gwprofiles/st_Bihar.htm

7. www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

8. www.census2011.co.in › Bihar

10. http://www.cwc.nic.in

11. http://www.ecobrick.in

12. National wetland atlas bihar - Ministry of Environment and Forests 13. CLIMATE –DATA.ORG https://en.climate-data.org/location

http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov%20results/Census2011Bihar.pdf

http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Bihar/Patna.pdf

http://www.cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year.../GWYB%20MER%20(Bihar)%202015-16.pdf

http://www.cwc.nic.in/

http://www.ecobrick.in/

http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NWIA_Bihar_Atlas.pdf

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF SHEIKHPURAmines.bih.nic.in/DSR/MM/DSR-MM-Sheikhpura.pdf · DISTRICT...

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