The investigation of sites for the purposes of assessing their suitability for the construction of civil engineering and building works and acquiring knowledge of the characteristic of a site that affect the design and construction of such work and the security of neighboring land and property.

1. Suitability -Site and Environment 2. Design -Adequqte and Economic Design 3. Construction -Method of Construction 4. Effect of Changes - Changes to ground and environmental condition 5. Choice of Site -Different site or different parts of the same site

1. Site Condition.

2. Ground Conditions

3. Contract Duration and Weather Prospects.

4. Economic Aspect of Earthwork Design

1. Site Consideration: i. Nature and extend of excavation ii. Available work area iii.Disposal of soil iv. Existing services and structure

2. Ground Conditions It is necessary to establish a clear picture of ground

conditions before any excavations commences. The information obtained will assist in establishing the following: i. Ground support during excavation. ii. Best method of keeping the excavation free from water iii. Type of plant to be used.

3. Contract duration and weather prospects: Earthworks are subject to two forms of change due

to weather. i. Superficial changes due to immediate weather

conditions (e.g: heavy rainfall). ii. Change due to seasonal conditions, by which soils

may be affected for a longer period of time. Consideration should be given to the duration of the

earthworks programme and the time of the year which the work is to commence.

4. Economic aspect of earthwork design

The economics aspects of earthwork designs take into account the following points:

i. The nature of work

ii. The availability of suitable plant

iii. The availability of suitable fill material

iv. The time of the year

1. Grader

2. Excavator

3. Multi Purpose Excavator

4. Bulldozer

5. Face Shovel

6. Dragline

7. Clampshell

8. Dumper

9. Scraper

10.Tractor Back Pusher

11.Tractor Shovel

12.Roller

13.Trencher

14.Skimmer

1. Excavation Grader, Skimmer & Trencher 2. Excavation and Loading Dragline, Clamshell, Shovel, Backactor & Multi

Purpose Excavator 3. Haul & Deposit Dumper, Dump Truck, & Lorries. 4. Excavation, Load, Haul and Deposit Dozer, Scrapper & Dredger