The investigation of sites for the purposes of assessing their suitability for the construction of civil engineering and building works and acquiring knowledge of the characteristic of a site that affect the design and construction of such work and the security of neighboring land and property.
1. Suitability -Site and Environment 2. Design -Adequqte and Economic Design 3. Construction -Method of Construction 4. Effect of Changes - Changes to ground and environmental condition 5. Choice of Site -Different site or different parts of the same site
1. Site Condition.
2. Ground Conditions
3. Contract Duration and Weather Prospects.
4. Economic Aspect of Earthwork Design
1. Site Consideration: i. Nature and extend of excavation ii. Available work area iii.Disposal of soil iv. Existing services and structure
2. Ground Conditions It is necessary to establish a clear picture of ground
conditions before any excavations commences. The information obtained will assist in establishing the following: i. Ground support during excavation. ii. Best method of keeping the excavation free from water iii. Type of plant to be used.
3. Contract duration and weather prospects: Earthworks are subject to two forms of change due
to weather. i. Superficial changes due to immediate weather
conditions (e.g: heavy rainfall). ii. Change due to seasonal conditions, by which soils
may be affected for a longer period of time. Consideration should be given to the duration of the
earthworks programme and the time of the year which the work is to commence.
4. Economic aspect of earthwork design
The economics aspects of earthwork designs take into account the following points:
i. The nature of work
ii. The availability of suitable plant
iii. The availability of suitable fill material
iv. The time of the year
1. Grader
2. Excavator
3. Multi Purpose Excavator
4. Bulldozer
5. Face Shovel
6. Dragline
7. Clampshell
8. Dumper
9. Scraper
10.Tractor Back Pusher
11.Tractor Shovel
12.Roller
13.Trencher
14.Skimmer
1. Excavation Grader, Skimmer & Trencher 2. Excavation and Loading Dragline, Clamshell, Shovel, Backactor & Multi
Purpose Excavator 3. Haul & Deposit Dumper, Dump Truck, & Lorries. 4. Excavation, Load, Haul and Deposit Dozer, Scrapper & Dredger