© Fraunhofer IBP

Understanding the Companionship and Quantification of Environmental Impacts – The example of Automotive E-Mobility

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerd Hauser

LCA supporting the future in Aviation and Surface Transport

© Fraunhofer IBP

Global trends

Globalisation and Urban sprawl

Demographic change

Informational society and new technologies

Increasing mobility and transportation

Energy consumption and resource depletionClimate change

© Fraunhofer IBP

Methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)What is LCA?

Definition of Life Cycle Assessment (DIN ISO 14040):

„Life Cycle Assessment is the compiling and evaluation of the inputs and outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system during its lifetime“

LCA ?

© Fraunhofer IBP

Life Cycle Assessment (ISO 14040)

Production ofIntermediates

Raw Material Extraction

Production ofMain Products

Use Phase Recycling,Recovery, Disposal

Life Cycle Phases

Impact Assessment

Resource Consumption (Materials and Energy Carriers), Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, Summer Smog,

Acidification, Eutrophication, Human-Toxicity, Eco-Toxicity, Land use ...

Life Cycle Inventory

EmissionsEmissionsWastesWastes

ResourcesResources

OutputInput

OutputInput

OutputInput

OutputInput

OutputInput

© Fraunhofer IBP

Life Cycle Assessment

Use of the Product

Recycling of the Product

Production of Intermediates

Raw Material Extraction

Disposal of the Product

Production of Parts / Product

© Fraunhofer IBP

Methodology of LCA – The ISO 14040 and 14044

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessmentIn

terp

reta

tio

n

LCA framework Direct applications:

• Product development and improvement

• Strategic planning

• Public policy making

• Marketing

• Other

© Fraunhofer IBP

ELCD database – ILCD-format

ILCD1.1 format: Documentation and exchange format for the documentation and publication of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) data sets;

ELCD database: the database behind the ILCD1.1 data format is called ELCD database (as it is up to now dealing with European datasets); an international database is planned.

© European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 1995-2010

ILCD

International Reference Life

Cycle Data System

ILCD

International Reference Life

Cycle Data System

© Fraunhofer IBP

Life Cycle Assessment Software GaBi4

GaBi4GaBi4 Database manager

GaBi4GaBi4Analyst and scenario manager

GaBi4GaBi4Plan editor

© Fraunhofer IBP

Example: Aeronautics Industry – LCA supporting Innovation and Optimization

123

4

56

7

8

123

123

4

5

4

56

7

8

6

7

8

© Fraunhofer IBP

LCA in the automotive industry

© Fraunhofer IBP

……An Assessment of Complex Systems !

LCA in the automotive industry…

© Fraunhofer IBP

Assessment of Complex Systems: Automotive Industry

© VW: The Golf, Environmental Recommendation – Detailed Version

© Fraunhofer IBP

Environmental Recommendations

Concept

Profile of the environmental performance over the entire life cycle

Point out the improvements in comparison to the predecessor

Specific technological highlights related to the environment

Requirements of the target groups

Reliable: Certification according to ISO 14040/44.

Clear and understandable message: Environmental Recommendation

Comprehensive and transparent: Background Report

© VW: Presentation of S. Krinke, Volkswagen AG, GaBi Symposium, Leinfelden, 2009

© Fraunhofer IBP

Environmental Recommendations & CertificatesExamples

Volkswagen

© VW: The Golf, Environmental Recommendation – Detailed Version

© Mercedes-Benz: Environmental Certificate C-Class

Mercedes-Benz

© Fraunhofer IBP

Example: Environmental Assessment of E-MobilityThe Fraunhofer System Research for Electromobility (FSEM)

Energy generation and Infrastructures

Interfaces between Power Gird and Electric Vehicles,

Energy storage

New vehicle concepts / infrastructures

Utilization- and metering concepts

Environmental Assessment

Fraunhofer Systemforschung Elektromobilität

Energie-erzeugung

Energie-transportund

-verteilung

SchnittstelleStromnetz –

Fahrzeug

Elektr. Energiespeicher

Neue Fahrzeugkonzepte

Kreislauf-wirtschaft

© Fraunhofer IBP

Example: Environmental Assessment of E-MobilityResults: Comparison to conventional vehicles (Global Warming Potential)

0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000

BEV (mini; 20kWh), DE-Mix

BEV (mini; 20kWh); Wind Power

BEV (compact; 40kWh); DE-Mix

BEV (compact; 40kWh) ; Wind Power

Hybrid (compact, 14kWh); DE-Mix

Hybrid (compact, 14kWh); Wind Power

Conventional (mini) (Gasoline)

Conventional (compact) (Gasoline)

Conventional (mini) (diesel)

Conventional (compact) (diesel)

[kg CO2-Equiv.]

Car Platform

Inverters and Electronics

Motor (PMSM)

Battery System

Fuel Tank

Generator

Motor (ICE)

Conventional Car

Add. Battery (Maintenance)

Power (2010-2021)

Fuel (prod. and Combustion)

Wind Power

© Fraunhofer IBP

Example: Environmental Assessment of E-Mobility Results: City car scenario 2010-2020, high mileage (e.g. car sharing fleet)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 40.000 80.000 120.000 160.000

[t CO2-Equiv.]

km

Scenario 2010

Global Warming Potential

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 40.000 80.000 120.000 160.000

[t CO2-Equiv.]

km

BEV (Mini);DE Powermix

BEV (Mini); Wind Power

Car diesel <1,4 l

Car petrol <1,4 l

Scenario 2020

Bandwidth of power generation mix

© Fraunhofer IBP

Relevant Indicators of E-Mobility

Technology mix of power generation

Battery system: Technology, dimensioning and lifetime

Production of required High-Tech materials

Vehicle specific driving profiles and total mileage

LCA is a great companion for comprehensive and reliable assessment of complex systems and future oriented technologies

Example: Environmental Assessment of E-MobilitySummary and conclusion