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ECOECOECOECO LEARNINGLEARNINGLEARNINGLEARNING
Selected papers of SACON’s Selected papers of SACON’s Selected papers of SACON’s Selected papers of SACON’s Children’s Ecology Congress Children’s Ecology Congress Children’s Ecology Congress Children’s Ecology Congress
between 2005 between 2005 between 2005 between 2005 ---- 07070707
Edited byEdited byEdited byEdited by
P. PramodP. PramodP. PramodP. Pramod
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History
Anaikatty P.O., Coimbatore 641108
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ForForForFor
the the the the childrenchildrenchildrenchildren who wait fwho wait fwho wait fwho wait for a sparkor a sparkor a sparkor a spark
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Contents Acknowledgements Preface Forward 1. Habitat Utilization and Behavioural Patterns of Peafowl Poornima.M, Banupriya.S, Linda.R, Sureka.K.G, Muthulakshmi.V, Manimekalai.S, Ramya.A 2.Ecological Study of White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Manoj kumar, G.. 3. Ecology of Hawk moth Daphnis nerii S.Vani . 4. Life Strategies of Squirrels (Funambulus palmarum) M.B. Praveen 5. Growth Study of Common Rose (Pachyliopta aristolochiae) S. Vani 6. Variations in the Leaves : strategies of plants Prisy P. Cherian 7. Diversity in the barks of trees and associated organisms D. Mohan Ram 8. Biodiversity of Narasipuram village K. Krishnaveni, Revathi, Anbarasan 9. Biodiversitry of Kodikal Village, Mangalore district, Karnataka Anitha.S 10.Sulur Wetlands : An ecosystem study through birds as indicators Swathy M., Swathika, D., Dhinesh Kumar, S.K., Gokul Ram, N., Saravana Kumar, R. 11. The Knowledge of Herbs among Public Ashok Kumar, S., Venkatesh, R., Santhiya Lakshmi, R., Vishnu Vardhan, R., Gowtham, R., Jaya Lakhsmi., Anantha Lakhsmi., Shanthi., Celine Carolina Elizabeth. 12..Medicinal plant biodiversity and conservation Akhilandeshwari R., Ragavi A., Ramya R. 13.Common Birds Monitoring Programme in Peelamedu Region Muthulakshmi., G,. Poornima., M and Sureka., K. G
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14.Tribal People and Biodiversity K. Anitha 15.Panchyakavya- An Organic Plant Booster and Insect Repellent Priya Dharshini, R., and Rukmani, N. 16.“Organic Farming – Chemical Farming” Anitha., N, Ramya., P, Santhiya., P, Premalatha., P, Alagumani., P. 17. Dominance of Peacock and its Effect on Agriculture in Tirupur’s Surrounding Area Revathi S., Banupriya T., Anusha P., Charmila J., Kiruthika M. 18. Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Simple Solution Banupriya C.B and Saranya.R 19. Eradication of Gingivitis (Dental Disease) Wasteland Development in the Villages of Coimbatore Karthikeyan, R., Santhosh, K., Gowtham, R., Manikandan, S., Manoj Kumar, R 20. Effect of Herbal Plants on Treating Skin Diseases Dhivya Bharathi S., Narmatha S., Divya Rangaraj, Vaishnavi G., Meena I. 21. Reclaiming Grey Water In Our School Soundarya. S., Karpagavalli. M., Meenakshi Deepa Saraswathi. P., Sandhiya. V., Lavanya. B., and Bhuvanesanthi. V. 22. Water Loss due to Improper Management in Rackiapalayam Area Sumaiya Banu, N.A., Tharani, R.C., Tariq Ahmed, M.A., Kavin, T.M., Mohammed Abdul Quadir Junaid, V.M 23. Pollution Control in Acid-Pickling Process Chandra Leka, V 24. Recycling of Textile Effluent Vikram Anandh, A.G., Shaik Mohammed Shameer, K.S., Gokul Srinivasan, S. 25. Nutritional hygiene and Human Impact on Living Environment of An Urban Area (In and around Gandhipuram) Karthikeyan,. S, Ramkumar., V,Nithin., S, Sivashankar., S, Muralidharan., R, Lakshmi Kanthan ., R and Dharvesh., M. U.
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Acknowledgements Many children have motivated me with their curious eyes, unfailing enthusiasm and inexhaustible energy. It is my pleasure to express my appreciation to those young ones and their teachers for their effort behind the contents of this book. These students and teachers have received strong support from their parents, principals and the school managements, and hence indirectly they are also responsible for the success of this work. With out their cooperation the whole work would have been impossible. Director and my colleagues of SACON have given me encouragement and support whenever it is needed. Without their timely support this programme would have been a failure. All the nature education staff who worked with me in these years has put all their energy for the success of each programme. I express my gratitude for them. Ms. Bidisha Banerjee, has put her valuable time for the editorial assistance during her short visit to India from US and Mrs. Roshini Edward has helped for the language correction in the earlier version of this volume. I would like to put in record gratitude for their effort.
Editor
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Preface
The world is facing a very vast spectrum of environmental problems that are the inevitable consequences of our own activities. The need of conservation action exists everywhere and hence conservation education assumes prime importance. Hon. Supreme court of India has already given the ruling that environment should be one of the subject, students of all discipline should learn. On the other hand, we have hundreds of NGOs and thousands of educators working towards educating the masses with more and more details regarding the problems. But all these efforts don’t seem to generate the required momentum, which can show that the environmental consciousness in India, is on the right track. The reason could be due to our education system which by and large, remains unable to communicate the sensitivity of conservation concern rather than the information required to the students as well as the public.
The knowledge of the present day students definitely is flying with the expanding visual media in a world increasingly ruled by the information technology. They may be well aware of the life and requirements of Kiwis, Cassowarys, Penguins and Kokkaburras through the National Geographic and Discovery Channels, but may not able to recognize a Common Drongo or Bulbul that live right in the backyard of their house or the school.
Conservation education partnerships in schools with the conservation scientists are being suggested and emerging as the way to take up this challenge elsewhere in the world. To me, involving students as partners in the process of learning the wonders of nature is the key. This does not mean students can do all kinds of research. In the process of leaning the natural history of our land, its rich biodiversity and associated conservation problems, if we can involve the students judiciously, that might create wonders. May be it is a dream, but I have received enough encouragement and support from my colleagues, well-wishers, students and teachers to believe that it is possible. This book carries a collection of extended abstracts of the simple observation based research work school students have done in three years. This represents only a beginning. In many of the works we can see the seeds of inquisitiveness, scientific temper and rigor. Some of them are planned well and some are yet to learn that. A great majority of them are carried out by rural school students and the reports were submitted in the local language. Abstracts of these are translated to English at SACON. ‘Eco-learning’ represents an attempt by children to learn about their HOME (i.e., the nature that surround them), through their careful observation, meticulous recording and discussion among themselves.
Pramod
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AGHARKAR RESEARCH INSTITUTEAGHARKAR RESEARCH INSTITUTEAGHARKAR RESEARCH INSTITUTEAGHARKAR RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AGARKAR ROAD, PUNE411004, MAHARARSHTRA, INDIA
EEEE----mail: mail: mail: mail: [email protected] Phone (O): 91-20-25652970, 25653680 Ext 211,Fax: 91-20-25651542
Residence: A-18, Springflower Apartments, Panchavati,
Pashan, Pune 411008.Phone: 91-20-25893424
PROF. MADHAV GADGIL
Foreword This is a most unusual book, the handiwork of children in the age range of 11to 17 years. It is a selection of 25 of the best ecology projects by students from city as well as rural schools of Coimbatore district. These projects came out of last three years of Children’s Ecology Congress during the course of which over 110 presentations were made. Notably enough these projects are grounded in meticulous first hand observations by the children, not in mere surfing of the web, a soft option increasingly popular amongst the more affluent students of the day. But, as the psychologist Stuart Pinker remarks, “ (human) mind is a system of organs of computation, designed by natural selection to solve the kinds of problems faced by our ancestors; in particular, understanding and outmaneuvering objects, animals, plants and other people”. So observing nature at first hand, and figuring out what is going on comes easily to human beings, especially children who have the good fortune of being exposed to a world that has not been wholly shaped by the hand of man. When such children are encouraged to record what they see systematically, look for patterns in what they see and search for processes underlying these patterns, they can generate information of immense value. This is especially so in the context of ecology which deals with a subject matter so tremendously variable over space and time. As the reader will see, these projects are a treasure trove of information on a diversity of themes like the role of urban birds as indicators of environmental quality, and on what is happening to the wetlands of Coimbatore, in terms of the quality of water as well as bird communities, and to the bird and butterfly communities of many school campuses. Similarly, a girl student of her own initiative generated for the first time meticulous data on the growth of the Common Rose butterfly. In another project the students did a careful comparative study of organic versus chemicalized agriculture and successfully communicated the relative merits of the two approaches to the farmers. To cite just one more, the students worked out and successfully implemented a scheme for recycling of the grey water in their school. Involving the students in enhancing our understanding of the status of the environment, about which so little good information is available today, and then engaging them in positive actions is clearly the way forward. This pioneering attempt spearheaded by Dr Pramod and is colleagues at SACON would hopefully be a trail blazer for the rest of country. This little book would hopefully help others follow this lead.
Madhav Gadgil
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1. Habitat Utilization and Behavioural Patterns of Peafowl Poornima.M, Banupriya.S, Linda.R, Sureka.K.G, Muthulakshmi.V, Manimekalai.S and Ramya.A PSGG Kanya Gurukulam Hr. Sec. School for Girls. Peelamedu, Coimbatore-14 Abstract We wanted to save the peafowl on our campus so we studied their population movements, habitat utilization and behavioral patterns. We also surveyed student knowledge about peafowl, formulated an ecological history of the area, and recommended conservation measures. Introduction
The peacock is the national bird of our country and occupies a prominent place in Indian art, culture, and folklore. They announce the arrival of rain with their dance. In agriculture, they play a vital role in controlling rodents and snakes. For Hindus, they are the vehicle of Lord Karthikeya. And, local health traditions claim that oil prepared from peacocks has medicinal uses.
The population of peacocks in and around our school campus is quite
large. Due to increased human activities in this region, we fear that their survival may be threatened in the near future. For any conservation effort, we need a scientific study for information. Hence this study was carried out to understand the population characteristics, habitat utilization and behavioral pattern of peafowl in and around PSGG School. Objectives of the study a) To estimate peafowl population in the study area. b) To find out how the peafowl use the available habitat for their survival. c) To understand the behavioral pattern of peafowl on feeding and breeding activities. d) To understand the ecological history of peafowl in the area. Methodology a. Preliminary study
To start off, we chose some places on our school campus and observed the population and behavior of peafowl during mornings, afternoons and evenings. In the nine days of preliminary study, we observed a maximum of 54 and a minimum of 2 peafowl per day. On one of those days, 27 out of 54 were young ones. Based on that, we planned a detailed study.
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b. Detailed Study 1) Point counts method.
This method was used to estimate population of peafowl in the five different study sites:
planetarium, CMC ladies hostel, CMC water tank, CMC scrub jungle and school scrub jungle. (Figure 1 – map of study area)
2) Behavioural Pattern.
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The feeding and breeding activity of peafowl in the five areas was recorded. Types of food, time of feeding and the number of both sexes peafowl were recorded. 3) Vegetation Analysis 20*20m Quadrate was used for the vegetation studies of the five different areas. The plants were identified and recorded. 4) Survey method A survey was conducted using a questionnaire. It was given to students of age group 12-14 years to analyse their knowledge and attitude about peacocks. 5) Interview method
The local people were interviewed about the history of the peacock population and the behavioral pattern of peacocks in that area. Results Breeding Cycle
Normally 3-6 oval eggs are laid between January and May. Hatching, feeding and protection is given by the females. Up to six months of age, there is no difference between male and female. After six months we found a blue-coloured neck with black spots appearing on the males and bright green-coloured necks on the females. The males develop the tail only after two years. Ratio of males is higher than that of females.
Maintenance Activity
In early mornings they are seen on the roof tops, compound walls, and stone pillars of fences sitting leisurely preening their feathers. Insects are removed and feathers are dried in the sunlight.
Feeding Area
We found that fowls feed on the left-over food in the mid-day meals area
and in the hostels. They also like sorghum, wheat, rice and pearl millets.
Breeding Area
The scrub jungle of our school campus is a place of lush green with plenty of peafowl moving about elegantly. We could find the young ones here only.
Utility Value of the study area by peacock
S.No
Topography % Of cover
Mode of Utilization Time spent in the area
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age 1 Roof top of buildings
and compound walls 10 Preening, Drying of
feathers Early mornings and evenings
2 Near hostels 5 Feeding 9,11 am and 1.30,5 pm 3 Open grounds 20 Stray around feeding
insects and seeds Early mornings and evenings
4 Tall trees 15 Roosting Night time and midday
5 Wild growth 50 Resting, Laying eggs, Rearing young ones
Throughout the day
Table.3.Survey result in five selected areas P P P P L L L L W W W W J1 J1 J1 J1 J2 J2 J2 J2 Date F M Y T F M Y T F M Y T F M Y T F M Y T 12.3.05 2 6 8 16 0 2 0 2 5 6 5 16 0 2 7 9 0 4 7 11 20.4.05 4 9 6 21 5 4 9 18 9 16 10 35 5 0 0 5 1 2 3 6 19.5.05 5 14 19 38 2 1 1 4 6 0 0 6 3 3 12 18 0 1 4 5 25.6.05 1 8 7 16 2 10 0 12 4 4 4 12 1 0 4 5 1 7 3 11 17.7.05 3 5 0 8 1 5 0 6 6 4 0 10 2 8 0 10 2 4 0 6 14.8.05 2 4 0 6 3 7 0 10 3 5 0 8 3 3 0 6 1 5 0 6 TOTAL 17 46 42 105 13 29 10 52 33 35 19 87 14 16 23 53 5 23 17 43 P-Planetarium, L-CMC Ladies Hostel- CMC Water Tank, J1-Scrub Jungle1, J2-Scrub Jungle2 Analysis of awareness and attitude of students about peafowl.
Among 180 students of our school only 92 said that peafowl are found
near their homes. Hence they were interviewed about their knowledge and attitude towards peafowl.
The response to the questionnaire showed that the distribution of peafowl was greater in the rural areas (45%) and semi urban area (27%). The peafowl distribution was less in urban areas. A total of 60% of the students responded that they have seen more than 20 individual peafowl in the neighboring areas of their homes. The respondents had fairly good knowledge about the following: nesting places, feeding time and food, habits, enemies, roosting places, and sexual dimorphism. However, few people knew details about flight and first tail development. Both urban and rural students had a similar amount of knowledge. Students think that peafowl are used as food, medicine, and beauty and for making craft items. 45 people thought they were killed for medicinal use. Beauty was given importance with 38 responses. Only 5 students
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highlighted the usage of feathers in craft item preparation as a reason for killing peafowl. Ecological History of the Landscape.
From the response by various local people we came to know that peafowl were not present in the study area till 1990. Occasional sightings were reported in 1995. There has been a sudden boom in their population only in the past ten years and they are welcomed by the each and every person.
Threats.
Dogs pose immense threat on the young ones but the parents manage them keeping the young ones inside the scrub bushes. In November 2005 the scrub was partly cleared and the work will be completed in future to convert the area into a coconut groove nowadays we could not see the peafowl coming out. We feel depressed about the loss of habitat. But we are helpless. Discussion
Peafowl feed on the leftovers of midday meals .We have also recorded that their visit to the area coincides with breakfast and lunchtime of the people. It could be concluded that peafowl depend on the available resources provided by humans. Moreover their activity pattern changed in the course of time
Peafowl distribution was recorded more in the rural areas and less in the
urbanized areas. It could be urbanization that leads to pressure on their breeding population.
Awareness about peafowl was uniform among people irrespective of rural
or urban mode of life. General details were relatively well-known by people. However finer details about breeding and growth were lesser known. Most people highlighted their beauty and status as national bird. The nuisance by the peafowl was less mentioned by people. Developers have cleared the scrub jungle, the breeding habitat of the area. This has to be stopped for the conservation of the breeding population of peafowl in the area. Suggestions for Conservation Strategies 1. A portion of natural scrub jungle vegetation shall be earmarked, fenced, and protected so that peafowl can lay eggs and rear their young ones safely. 2. Reducing movements of dogs in the area. 3. Growing more trees for peafowl to roost.
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4. Spreading awareness among the students to not disturb the birds. 5. To keep signboards wherever necessary with proper instructions so that new comers are also educated. Conclusion
The above study reveals that the present setup with an appropriate mix of scrub jungles, tall trees, buildings, and playgrounds supports the population of about 60 peafowl, without any effort or expenditure on our part. It is totally free of cost. The continued survival of these winged creatures requires protection of their natural habitat. Let us allow nature to perform its functions free of cost and enliven our lives.
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2. Ecological Study of White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Manoj kumar, G. Abstract During mornings and evenings for five months, I studied the water hens frequenting an abandoned well. Number of water hens, colour, feeding activities, reproduction, number of eggs, feeding of young ones, variation in colour and calls were noted. Introduction
“Time is gold” is a proverb but time is more valuable than gold because we cannot buy time. So I realized the value of time and planned to spend the holidays usefully studying the ecology of White Breasted Water Hen. This bird is quite interesting. I had not noticed this bird here earlier. Study area
A well present in Ondipudur Panchyat of Coimbatore district was selected as a study site. That well is present near R.V.Layout, a housing complex comprising 200 families. Long back there were wells. In due course of time it was converted into one. People do not use the well-water. Dense bushes surround it; some trees are present inside the well. Shredded leaves by the trees make it look deserted. White-breasted water hen was one among the birds visiting that well. Methodology 1. The common name, scientific name and vernacular names were written by referring literature. 2. Study period was 5 months from the first week of April to first week of August. The observations were done in from 6-7 am and from 5.30 –7.30 pm. 3. Number of water hens, colour, feeding activities, reproduction, number of eggs, feeding of young ones, variation in colour and calls were noted. Size of the bird was observed from some distance approximately and later confirmed with resources persons and also compared with water hens of River Noyyal and Senkulam. (Table.1) Result and Discussion. Tamil Name: Kambal Kozhi English Name: White Breasted Water Hen Scientific Name: Amaurornis phoenicurus
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Water hen built the nest in the broken tree inside the well with the
thorns of the bushes. It laid 4-6 white eggs. During incubation they produced different types of calls. After the 2 weeks of incubation period, eggs hatched and the chicken’s calls were “Khich, Khich,” and they were not visible they remained back inside the bushes. A week after hatching, they were seen behind the mother. After two weeks, they started searching for food by themselves without the help of mother. Colour
Ventral side of the hen starting from beak to lower part of the abdomen is pure white in colour. Dorsal side starting from neck to tail is totally brownish black. Beak is yellow in colour and the upper part of the beak is slight orange in colour. In the developmental stages the chicks show the colour changes. As the chickens started growing the colour changed and it attained the colour of the parents. Generally they did not swim in the water; they just walked on the algae blooms on the surface of the water.
Activities
Water hen cannot fly for a long distance. Whenever it hears abnormal sounds, suddenly it hides itself inside the bushes.
Food habits
Ground insects, water insects, worms, leaves, snails, water insects, tadpoles and some seeds formed the diet of water hen.
Reproduction Season
During the reproductive season, they hide themselves inside bushes. They didn’t come out even for their food. They reproduced in April & May and laid 4-6 white eggs. They gave Mimicry calls during that season. Table 1 Approximate size of White breasted water hen studied. S.No Date Measurement
(cm) Number Place of
sighting 1 21.4.05 18 2 Noyyal River 2 22.4.05 22 2 Noyyal River 3 Daily 30 1 R.V.Layout 4 Daily 28 3 R.V.Layout 5 Daily 28 2 Senkulam 6 19.5.05
Daily 10(Chicks) 6(Group
s R.V.Layout
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Summary
The colour changes and nesting behaviour of Water hens is peculiar and wonderful to observe. People hunt the bird for flesh so it should be controlled to conserve this strange bird.
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3. Ecology of Hawk moth Daphnis nerii S.Vani. Kadri Mills Higher Secondary School Oddarpalayam, Coimbatore-16 Abstract I have studied the growth and leaf-consumption of the Hawk moth, Daphnis nerii, from larva to adult. The number of leaves consumed increased incrementally as growth increased. Introduction
Butterflies and moths are terrestrial invertebrates belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda, Class Insecta, and Order Lepidoptera. They are economically important insects; most of them are pests and pollinators. Hence they are one among the best indicators of ecological changes. We saw larvae of different sizes on Eravatimia coranaria Stapt plant in the school campus. We collected a larva and studied the life cycle of the Hawk moth, Daphnis nerii from larva to adult. Methodology
We collected a larva of .5 cm length from Eravatimia coranaria stapt on 7.10.05. It was maintained in semi-natural conditions in a caged box with proper aeration and light and fed with Eravatimia leaves. Growth and consumption of food was recorded every 12 hours (day and night). Segments of the body, colour of the body, colour of eyes, true legs, prolegs, antenna and claspers were noted. Period of pupation, changes during pupation, and changes during the emergence of the moth were recorded. Colour of the moth, and length and breath of the wings were also noted. Result and Discussion
The larva took 16 days to become a pupa. The larva was green and had 13 segments, 3 pair of legs, prolegs and a clasper in the last segment. Eyes were pinkish with white ring in the margin; the body had prominent white margin on the side. Excreta were dark green. The growth of the larva was not significant at night in the intial period (9-14.10.05). Food consumption and growth were higher one day before pupation.
On the sixteenth day (22.10.05), the larva changed from green to blackish
by afternoon. It was wriggling and restless. Fluid-like secretion oozed from its abdomen. It helped the larva to stick on leaves and make a case for pupation. The pupal case was very hard to the touch. It did not feed during the pupal stage. The adult emerged after sixteenth day of pupation. A colourless fluid
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secretion was observed during morning hours. The adult moth emerged afterwards; the secretion could have helped the moth to soften the pupal case. The moth was green and possessed some rose spots on the wings. We released it outside. It flew for about 40 meters and returned. We left it to the host plant.
The larval growth rate and consumption rate were positively related (Figure 1). The larval growth started at 0.5 and reached 7 cm. The number of leaves consumed increased from 1 to 20 during initial to end period respectively. The consumption rate was higher during daytime and less during nighttime. However one day before the pupation consumption was higher during night and the growth was also significant (0.8cm) Table.1: Shows the feeding and growth of the larvae
S. No Days
No. Of. Leaves
Growth/Day
Growth in Day time
Growth in Night time
1 7.10.05 2 0.5 0.2 0.1 2 8.10.05 2 0.8 0.1 0.1 3 9.10.05 3 1 0.2 0 4 10.10.05 3 1.2 0.3 0 5 11.10.05 3 1.5 0.1 0 6 12.10.05 4 1.6 0.2 0 7 13.10.05 5 1.8 0.1 0 8 14.10.05 7 1.9 0.2 0.1 9 15.10.05 9 2.2 0.4 0.4 10 16.10.05 10 3 0.3 0.2 11 17.10.05 10 3.5 0.4 0.2 12 18.10.05 10 4.1 0.4 0.2 13 19.10.05 15 4.6 0.4 0.3 14 20.10.05 15 5.4 0.4 0.8 15 21.10.05 18 6.9 0.6 0.4
Discussion
The positive increment of leaf consumption was observed during the larval stage. It could be because energy requirement needed was more during growth. Growth during nighttime was observed a day before pupation. It could be because growth was maximum during that period. In future we are planning to collect eggs and study the ecology of various insects.
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4. Life Strategies of Squirrels (Funambulus palmarum) M.B. Praveen Kadri Mills H.S. Oddarpalayam, Coimbatore 641016 Abstract I have raised four male squirrels and two female squirrels. I have studied their behavior and life strategies. I have observed squirrels in and around the school campus, on trees near my house, and in a playground. I have tabulated the results from April 2005 to October 2006. I have noted their food habits, interaction with humans, breeding strategies, life stages, and health. During this observation, I have used neem leaves to treat health problems. I also observed the length of the squirrel’s tail, body, and, in winter, their activities. Introduction “Time and tide wait for no one.”
-- (Paraphrase of Thirukkural) The squirrel is a very common animal living in human settlements in India. It has a hairy tail and three stripes down its back and it makes a whistling sound. These features made me enthusiastic about this project. Since I am an N.C.C. cadet, I often patrol the school campus. This gives me ample time to observe squirrel activities. Students will feed the remnants of their lunch to squirrels and squirrels will fight with crows for the food. Observing this behavior also deepened my interest. Squirrels live in tree nests, and sometimes, a few fall out. Over time, I took four male and two female injured ones to my house and started caring for them. Since neem is an antiseptic, I used neem extract to treat them. I wish to share with you some facts about squirrels which I have observed. Materials and Methods I collected injured squirrels (4 male and 2 female) from the ground and from my friends. Some of the observed squirrels were infants. I differentiated between the males’ activities and the females’. I also measured their hair growth and observed their breeding and number of offspring. Results and Discussion
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Food Habits – the squirrel is omnivorous. It eats fruits, vegetables, nuts, small insects, and leaves. The domesticated squirrels ask for food by raising their forelegs. They only ate the yolks of eggs. They eat spiders and dragonflies and leftovers cooked by humans. They also eat tamarind fruits and flowers, and neem flowers and naval. Medical Treatment – Once a squirrel got a nose-bleed after being bitten by a dog. So I treated it with neem leaves since neem is an antiseptic. It stopped bleeding and the wound healed within a week. On another occasion, one squirrel had stopped eating. I gave it neem extract, it started eating and became active again. So neem is a key medicine for squirrels. Interaction between Squirrels and Humans – The males interact with humans much more than females do. They show love and affection by running behind us and rubbing their nose against us. They keep their nests clean. They bring straw or pieces of cloth to their nest to keep themselves warm. They don’t relieve themselves inside the nest. If we are raising them in our home, they don’t usually relieve themselves inside the house. They’ll call us and go outside. When we let them out, the domesticated squirrels will return back to us. They like being close to the body heat of humans. Breeding – At the beginning of the breeding season, they start to build their nests. They use coconut fibre, cotton, and human hair. They give birth to two to three litters per year (minimum 2 and maximum 5 offspring). They usually reproduce in February, May, August, and October. In each litter, at least one offspring will be dead. They live with their parents only for 2 months. Growth – New-born squirrels look like baby rats. Male infants will be 5 cm. and females will be 3 cm. in length. They’ll open their eyes within 1 to 2 weeks of birth. At that time, males are 7 cm. and females are 5 cm. Their tails will be longer than their bodies. The length of their hair is 1.5 cm. Male squirrels require 3 months to attain maturity, and females take 4 to 5 months. The stripes are evident at the time of birth. Eventually, hair starts to grow. When female squirrels are around 6 months old, they start to reproduce.
Male Female Adult Height 13 cm. 11 cm. Time of birth 5 cm. 3 cm. Opening of eyes 7 cm. 5 cm. Time of weaning 2 months 2 months
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Total offspring --- 2 - 5 Maturity 3 months 5 months Conclusion I have observed the following activities of four males and two females.
• Squirrels are omnivorous. • Males are quicker to interact with humans than females. • Males are 13 cm. and females are 11 cm. Males take 3 months to attain
maturity and females take 5 months. • They reproduce 3 to 5 times in one year. About 2 to 5 offspring are born
each time. • They live with their parents only for two months. • Their health problems can be treated with neem extract.
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5. Growth Study of Common Rose butterfly (Pachyliopta aristolochiae) By S. Vani Kadri Mills H.S., Oddarpalayam, Coimbatore 641016 Abstract I have collected 36 eggs and 22 larvae belonging to the common rose, a butterfly. I fed the larvae with Aristolochiae leaves as this plant is observed as the larval food plant of this butterfly. I have noted their daytime growth, nighttime growth, and the duration of the larval period. One of the larva was fed by insulin as an experimental case. The butterfly emerging from this larva is larger than the other butterflies. One pupa was kept in rain water. Its growth period was extended by few more days.. Introduction There are about 1,40,000 species of butterflies in the world. It’s a well-known fact that insects are crucial to our world. Birds and other organisms feed on butterfly larvae. Pollination of flowers is impossible without butterflies. That’s why we say there’s no world without insects. Butterflies take nectar from different flowers, but during their larval period, they depend only upon the leaves of one particular plant. A group from our school went to Chinna Kuili village to study biodiversity. Normally we consider aristolochiae a weed, but in this village, we were impressed by the many larvae and purplish-black eggs we saw on this plant. We got interested in this phenomenon Therefore collected 22 larvae and 36 butterfly eggs to study their growth rate and larval period. I would like to share my findings with you. Materials and Methods I kept each sample (of eggs and larvae) separately in a Petri dish, covered it with a sieve cloth, and numbered it. We fed the larvae with aristolochiae leaves, flowers, and fruits. We studied the growth of both the eggs and the larvae. Eggs grew into larvae then pupa, then adult. Larvae grew into pupae, then adults. I. Egg-Larvae-Pupae-Adult We noted the shape, size, texture, and color of each egg. We also noted when the larvae emerged from the egg, dead larvae, and non-emergent larvae. The larvae’s nighttime and daytime growth were also tabulated. We noted the amount of food consumed and also the growth period of the larvae and pupae. II. Larvae-Pupae-Adult
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Again, we tabulated the nighttime and daytime growth of larvae and their growth period as larvae and as pupae. One 2.5 cm larva was given 0.2 ml. of insulin, and its growth was noted. Also, a pupa was kept in rain water and its growth was noted. Results and Discussion Growth of larvae: We studied the larvae emerging from 16 eggs. 11 larvae were 0.2 cm, 3 were 0.4 cm, and 2 were 0.3 cm. The larval stage lasts between 12 and 25 days. Out of the larvae emerging from 16 eggs, 7 reached maturity. The pupae we studied took between 7 and 19 days to transform into butterflies.
Among the ones reared from eggs, the maximum growth of the larvae is 3.2 cm., and minimum growth is 2.3 cm.
GROWTH FROM EGG TO ADULT
Egg no Initial length of larva
Final length of larva
Duration of larval period
Duration of pupal period
1 0.2 3.2 25 13
2 0.2 2.7 18 14 3 0.4 2.7 12 11
4 0.4 2.3 15 15
5 0.2 2.6 21 13 6 0.2 2.4 17 14
7 0.2 2.6 20 14
GROWTH FROM LARVA TO ADULT
Larva no
Initial length of larva
Final length of larva
Duration of larval period
Duration of pupal period
1 0.8 2.4 11 13 2 0.6 2.6 13 12 3 0.5 2.5 15 13 4 1.2 2.5 12 13 5 1.4 3.2 14 13 6 2.3 3.2 8 12
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7 2.1 3 7 13 8 2.6 3.1 4 12 9 0.8 2.7 12 8 10 2.2 3.1 7 11 11 1.5 2.6 9 10 12 2.8 3.4 6 10 13 1 2.5 10 9 14 3.2 3.5 3 7 15 2.1 3.1 7 13 16 2.6 3.1 5 12 17 1.4 2.7 14 12 18 1.3 3.2 12 11 19 2.8 3.3 3 18 20 2.3 3.5 4 11 21 2.1 2.7 4 19
22 died Among the 22 larvae directly collected from the field, 21 reached maturity and one died. Here maximum growth was 3.5 cm and minimum growth was 2.4 cm. Conclusion Below, we have listed our observations of the various growth stages of the common rose butterfly.
• The date of egg-laying was not known. Out of 36 eggs, there were no larvae for 20 eggs. The remaining 16 eggs had larvae, but 9 died. Only 7 larvae grew to maturity. These ranged between 0.2 and 0.4 cm.
• Of the 22 larvae we collected, 21 grew to maturity. Since we collected them we couldn’t know how old they were.
• It took pupae between 7 and 19 days to mature. • Daytime growth was 0.1 to 0.2 cm. Nighttime growth spanned the same
range. • The larvae didn’t eat the entire leaf – only a smart part. • We fed one 2.5 cm larva with 0.2 units of insulin; it grew to 3.5 cm. Its
size was bigger than the other butterflies.
The pupa that we kept in the rainwater took 19 days to mature. Immersion in rainwater led to an extended pupal stage. We don’t know the reason.
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6. Variations in the Leaves : strategies of plants By Prisy P. Cherian Shri Nehru Vidyalaya Abstract I have studied the variations in leaves in two localities. The first part of this study is a classification of the major types of leaves found Anaikatty hills. The second part applies the same methods to the leaves found around my home and school. I found that the majority of leaves are simple, moderate green and are thick in this region. Part I Introduction Our planet, Earth, is the most extraordinary planet in this solar system. Earth’s Biosphere makes it different from all other planets. The Biosphere includes various living organisms like animals, plants, and micro-organisms. Plants and animals are interrelated in this ecosystem. The plants provide food to the animals and the animals in turn provide the needed minerals to the plants through their excreta. The sun is the main source of energy. The plants trap the sunlight and prepare starch through photosynthesis. The plants feed all the living organisms of the Earth either directly or indirectly. Thus plants occupy a prime position in any food chain. This relationship between the plants and the food chain is really interesting. I was fascinated to discover the various types of leaves which are known as the plants’ ‘Food Factory.’ Leaves play a major role in preparing starch and directly or indirectly feeding most other living organisms. The green plants capture energy from sunlight by using chlorophyll, which is present in leaves. Chlorophyll helps the plant manufacture starch and carbon dioxide. The leaves not only help in photosynthesis but also in respiration. There are minute pores on the leaves called stomata which help in the exchange of gases. We find different leaves with varying size, shape, texture, colour, etc. There are plants which live in water, deserts, forests, and arctic regions. The leaves adapt to the required conditions. For example the leaves found in the evergreen forests are dark in colour and look evergreen on account of their dense foliage. In the deciduous forest, the trees shed their leaves in summer to prevent the loss of moisture. In the dry deserts the leaves are reduced to spines due to high temperature. Leaf Structure: The leaf is a green flat expanded structure borne on the stem at the node and is a lateral outgrowth of the stem. It is also known as the foliage leaf in order to
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distinguish it from other forms of leaves. The expanded part is called the blade or the lamina; then there is the stalk or the petiole which connects the lamina with the stem. The central line passing through the leaf is called the midrib. Veins are stream-like lines running from the midrib to the sides of the leaves. They help in the conduction of certain materials. The leaves are found in different shapes which naturally one’s interest in botany. Natural Composting: The leaves have other important roles in enriching the soil with nutrients. The leaves which fall down from branches are acted upon by certain types of bacteria and fungi and they convert them into useful manure. It is followed in the forests where no one except the trees themselves feed them with food. This is where nature shows its talent for feeding each and everyone on this Earth. The Blade of the Active The Green blade of the Active Swaying all in the way – In the rings of the wind. Getting ready to trap, The Light and the heat of the huge. The ticking nodes move about In the creaking sound of the wind. Venation, colouration, texture – Widely varies all in the way – In the glimpse of the sun. Aim of the Project: My interest in plants made me to choose the topic ‘variations in leaves.’ I studied leaf structure by observing particular plants around the SACON campus in anaikatty hills. I also classified the various kinds of leaves based on their shape, size, colour, and texture. I then tabulated them to figure out the average type of leaf found on the campus. Study Area: I studied the plants on the SACON campus I also collected data from the dry deciduous forests between SACON an Mangarai. I went around the campus and selected some of the typical plants and classified them according to shape, size, colour, and texture. It was really interesting. The trees of this dry, deciduous, forest area have a special characteristic. Methodology:
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I directly observed many leaves found on the campus, and measured their length and width. I also noted the shape of the leaves, and noted their texture, which I determined by touching the leaves. I even identified the leaves based on their arrangement. I observed different leaves with varying structure. Phyllotaxy: The mode of arrangement of the leaves on the stem is termed phyllotaxy. And it varies from plant to plant. To maximize efficiency, all the leaves should be well exposed to sunlight and air. The various kinds of arrangements help to achieve this objective and thus minimize the chance that the leaves of one plant will overcrowd or shade the leaves of the others. A comparative study of the morphological structure of the leaves: i.) I grouped the leaves according to the following categories: length; breadth; colour, shape; texture; and type.
• Type: Leaves are either simple or compound, and compound leaves are either pinnate or palmate. Simple leaves have only a single blade attached to the petiole. Compound leaves have a main petiole bearing a number of glades, each having a small stalk of its own.
• Size: I measured the length and breadth and found averages. • Colour: moderate green, light green, whitish green, and yellowish green. • Texture: thick, thin, hairy, soft. • Shape: obvate, needle, elliptic, heart, conculate, lobed, linear, octave,
oval. Results:
• I found more simple leaves (57%) than compound (43%). • I found more moderate green leaves (53%) than the other kinds because
my area is a dry deciduous forest. • Most leaves were below 10 cm in length and below 5 cm in width. • The trees and shrubs in my area have thick leaves to prevent loss of
moisture. • There were more elongated leaves than any of the other kinds.
Bibliography:
• Outlines of Botany by R.V. Narayana Swami, Prof. K.N. Rao, and Dr. A. Raman
• Trees by Allen J. Coombes
Part II.
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Introduction: Since I completed a formal study about the different kinds of leaves around the SACON campus, it helped me to identify some of the similar plants found in my area. During the early mornings when I went out to study the leaves, I was fascinated by small droplets of dew settled on the leaves. It kindled my inner mind to study more leaves. Study Area and Methods: Every day I used to go around the surrounding area of my house and study the leaves. Since my house is located in the heart of the city, I found it a bit difficult to find plants. So I extended my study area to my school campus. I used the same classification methods detailed in Part I above. S.no Name Type Length Colour Shape Texture 1) Nerium
oleander Simple leaf 16.8 Dark
green Linear thick
2) Tridax procumbens
Simple leaf 2.6
Moderate green
Elongated Thick
3) Parthenium Simple leaf 7.9 Moderate green
Lobed Thin
4) Calotropis gigantia
Simple leaf 8.2 Whitish green
Oval Thick
5) Ficus religiosa
Simple leaf 13.1 Moderate green
Heart shaped
Thick
6) Clitoria ternatea
Compound leaf
3 Moderate green
Oval Thin
7) Croton sps Simple leaf 10.1 Yellowish green
Elliptic Thick
8) Tamarindus indica
Compound leaf
7.2 Moderate green
Elongated Thin
9) Acacia Compound leaf
4.8 Light green
Elongated Thick
10) Small grass plants
Simple leaf 12 Light green
Linear Thick
11) Blue flowered herb
Simple leaf 2.2 Moderate green
Oval Thick
12) Mangifera indica
Simple leaf 15 Dark green
Linear Thick
13) Neem tree Simple leaf 3.2 Light green
Obovate Thin
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14) Red flowered tree
Compound leaf
5.6 Moderate green
Elongated Thin
15) Croton sps Simple leaf 4.5 Yellowish green
Oblongate Thick
16) Roadside grass
Simple leaf 2.6 Light green
Linear thick
17) Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Simple leaf 8.2 Dark green
Heart shaped
Thick
18) Red bunch of flowering plant
Simple leaf 5.6 Dark green
Obovate Thick
19) Papaya tree Simple leaf 7.6 Dark green
Heart green
Thin
20) Banana tree - Very big
Light green
-
Thick
21)
Croton sps Simple leaf 5.8 Light green
Heart shaped
Thin
22) Milk oozing plant
Simple plant
8.2 Light green
Obovate Thin
23) Croton sps Simple leaf 2.3 Whitish green
Linear Thick
24) Small herb Simple leaf 2.6 Light green
Linear Thick
25) Yellow flowered plant
Simple leaf 5.2 Dark green
Obovate Thick
26) Curry leaves
Simple leaf 2.4 Dark green
Conculate Thick
27) Ashoka tree Simple leaf 8.9 Dark green
Elliptic Thick
28) Tulsi plant Simple leaf 2.6 Light green
Conculate Thin
29) Rose plant Simple leaf 3.5 Light green
Obovate Thick
30) Small herbs Simple leaf 2.1 Dark green
Heart shaped
Thin
Results and discussions:
• Again, I found more simple leaves than compound. • Most leaves were of linear type, thick, green, and around 10 cm. I think
this is in order to reduce transpiration. • I re-studied many of the same leaves I studied at SACON. In addition, I
found many coconut trees. I also found Nirium oleander, Mangifera
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indica, Azadirachta indica, Hibiscus rosasensis, Papaya, Banana, Curry Leaf Tree, Tulasi, Rose, and some small herbs.
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7. Diversity in the barks of trees and associated organisms D. Mohan Ram Abstract: I was very interested to see the different textures and colour variations in tree-barks, so I have identified and classified the major types of tree barks found Anaikatty hills. I have also observed and recorded the diversity of life supported in these different types of barks Introduction: A tree is a living thing which has a woody stem, bark, a trunk, a root system, and branches, which are clothed with leaves in season. It may flower during seasons and later produce fruits. A tree is differentiated from a shrub due to its size and habit. A tree usually grows five metres or more and has a single stem that may divide into many branches, but a shrub is usually smaller and has many branches growing from its base. There are many species of trees in the world. Among these trees only approximately one lakh trees are named. The other trees are being researched to name them. My project is based on the barks of the various trees. A bark of one tree varies from the bark of another species of tree. For example, the bark of a neem tree is rough but it is brown in colour but the bark of a coconut tree is black in colour but its texture is soft. Trees develop their characteristic bark patterns and texture as a means of dealing with increasing circumference of their trunk as they grow. The outer bark is composed of dead cells. When the trunk expands, the bark cracks or peels in various ways. Bark is a useful feature in identification since it can be seen at any time of year. Types of barks: There are various kinds of barks. The five major types along with examples are:
i.) Smooth – Acras sapota ii.) Ridges and fissures - iii.) Vertically peeling – Tecoma stans iv.) Horizontally peeling – Ficus elastica v.) Rough – Millingtonia
Many other trees also exhibit these variations in bark type.
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Study Area: The study area of my project is at Anaikatty – Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore district. Uses: Trees use bark in numerous ways:
i.) The lenticles present on the barks of the trees act as openings for exchange of gasses.
ii.) The bark is composed of dead cells, which helps to cover the stem and also protects it.
iii.) Birds like hornbills use the holes to make nests. iv.) The small insects cover the openings to survive. v.) They are also used for medicinal purposes (for example, neem bark).
Observations: I observed many kinds of barks. Most were soft. I saw only some of the insects living on the trees. The bark of one tree is totally different from the bark of another tree. Colour, texture, and size all vary. The insects in Neem tree barks are quite different from the insects in mango tree barks. I also observed the insect holes present on the barks. The size of each hole varied. I also saw the nests of crows, pigeons, tailor birds, sparrows, etc. Pale orange and pale yellow sap was also oozing out from some trees. The Different Trees SN. Trees Colour Texture Insects Size 1 Millingtonia
hortensis D. Brown Rough Yes Large
2 Cyprus vine D. Brown Smooth Yes Small 3 Ficus elastica D. Brown Smooth No Large 4 Leucaena lucophala Brown Smooth Yes Large 5 Azadiracta indica Brown Rough Yes Small 6 Carica papaya Greenish
brown Vertically Peeling
No Small
7 Santalum album D. Brown V. Rough No Small 8 Tamarindus indica D. Brown Yes Yes V.
Large 9 Teconia grandis D. Brown V. Rough No V.
Large 10 Acras sapota D. Brown Rough Yes Small
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The charts reveal that 60% of barks are dark brown, 25% are light brown, 10% are blackish brown, and 5% are greenish brown. Additionally, 60% of trees are of medium height, 25% are small, and 15% are very small. Also, 60% have rough textured barks, 20% have smooth texture, 7% have vertical peeling, 7% have horizontal peeling, and 6% have very rough barks. Conclusion: From this project I was able to learn more about the barks of the trees and also about their textural differences. Though I observed only a few trees I am able to study more about it. Everyone studies leaves and roots but only some have studied barks. I am sad to have only learnt about some trees. In future, I wish to learn more about all the barks of the trees.
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8. Biodiversity of Narasipuram village K. Krishnaveni, Revathi, Anbarasan Govt. High School, Thondamuthur. Abstract Nature camp at SACON has motivated us to carry out observation on the biodiversity of our village and surrounding forest. A survey was conducted to study the diversity of agricultural lands, diversity of birds, wild animals and medicinal plants in and around the Narasipuram village. In the study about 63 birds, 19 species of mammals, 9 species of butterflies were identified and recorded from the village. We have also recorded 45 species of medicinal plants, their uses and the part used by the people in our village. Introduction.
Narsipuram is a small beautiful village situated on the bank of river Noyyal
and on the foothills of Western Ghats. It is covered by dense forest on three sides; it harbors many medicinal plants, climbers, wild flowers, butterflies and birds. This is predominantly an agrarian village. There are many wild animals frequent our farmlands. The livelihood of the major population here is mainly agriculture.
Methods.
We have traveled the length and breadth of the village for identification birds ( in the morning and evening hours) and butterflies ( during the day hours). Identified the birds using the book of Indian birds of Salim Ali and Thamilnattu paravaikal by Rathinam. We have used the book Butterflies of Peninsular India by Krishnamegh Kunte for the identification of butterflies. For the medicinal plants we had discussions and field walk with the local health practitioners.
Results : we have identified 63 species of birds of which most of them are resident
in this area. We have identified 9species of butterflies and 19 mammal species. More birds and butterflies were identified in the areas with more water availability.
Check list of birds of Narasipuram. 1. Little Cormorant 2. Little Egret 3. Great Egret 4. Pond Heron 5. Common Quail 6. Grey Francolin
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7. Grey Jungle Fowl 8. Red spur fowl 9. Peacock 10. White breasted water hen 11. Water cock 12. Common coot 13. Red wattled Lapwing 14. Black winged stilt 15. Blue Rock Pigeon 16. Southern Green Pigeon 17. Laughing Dove 18. Spotted Dove 19. Rose Ringed Parakeet 20. Plum headed parakeet 21. Asian Koel 22. Green bellied malkoha 23. Lesser coucal 24. Greater coucal 25. Barn Owl 26. Spotted owl 27. Jungle night jar 28. Alpine swift 29. Indian edible nest swiftlet 30. White-breasted Kingfisher 31. Small Green Bee-eater 32. Blue beared bee eater 33. Blue Jay 34. Common Hoopoe 35. Yellow napped woodpecker 36. House Swallow 37. Red rumped swallow 38. Jerdens bush lark 39. Large Pied Wagtail 40. Grey wag tail 41. Brown wood shrike 42. Pied flycatcher shrike 43. Red-vented Bulbul 44. Red Whiskered Bulbul 45. White browed bulbul 46. Indian Robin 47. Pied bush chat 48. White-headed Babbler 49. Ashy prinia 50. Tailor bird 51. Paradise flycatcher 52. Purple sunbird
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53. Red munia 54. Black headed Munia 55. House sparrow 56. Baya 57. Common Myna 58. Jungle myna 59. Golden Oriole 60. Black Drongo 61. Treepie 62. Jungle Crow 63. House Crow
Checklist of wild animals of Narasipuram Village.
1 Elephant 2 Tiger 3 Leopard 4 Gaur 5 Boar 6 Spotted Deer 7 Sambar deer 8 Hare 9 Bear 10 Wild dog 11 Rats 12 Tortoise 13 Giant squirrel 14 Langur 15 Wildcat 16 Civet 17 Varanus 18 Mongoose 19 Macaque Checklist of butteflies of Narasipuram village
1. Common gull 2. Blue tiger 3. Common crow 4. White orange tip 5. Yellow orange tip 6. Common jezibel 7. Common mormon 8. Blue mormon 9. Southern Bird wing 10.
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Cheklist of medicinal plants recorded from Narasipuram
S.no Names Parts used Medicinal values
1 Kuppai meni entire plant cures worms, and skin problems
2 Koyya leaf,root Cures thirst,gas trouble
3 Covai leaf,fruit,rhizome treats cracks, breathlessness
4 Karisalankanni entire plant
helps in hair growth, cures headache, guiddyness,eye disorders and stops premature ageing
5 Keezhanelli entire plant cures all kinds of eye disorders, migraine, jaundice
6 Aavarai leaf, flower, bark, root
skin cracks,and cures burning sensation
7 Lime or Lemon leaf,fruit,flower, root Ear pain,vomitting,diarrhoea
8 Amukkaara leaf,root swelling,bed sore
9 Arivalmanai poondu leaf stops bleeding
10 Sridevi sengaluneer leaf cataract, skin cracks,scalp
11 Sundai fruit
Tuberculosis, diarrhoea,piles,intestinal infection
12 Ammaan pachcharisi leaf Energy booster,burning sensation
13 Agathi leaf keeps eyes warm
14 Hibiscus leaf,flower,root gives cooling effect, hair growth, painful menstruation
15 Thumbai leaf,flower migraine,asthma
16 Thuthi leaf,flower,root TB,liver disorders
17 Nannari root kidney disorders, indigestion
18 Sivappu nayuruvi entire plant Diabetes, blood pressure
19 Nayuruvi entire plant asthma,diarrhoea,scorpion sticking
20 Nithya kalyani flower,root energy booster,loss of appetite
21 Nunaa leaf,bark,root,fruit back pain, constipation
22 Nerunjil entire plant burning sensation of eyes,kidney stone,liver stone
23 Nendira poondu entire plant gluacoma, cataract,migraine
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22 Turmeric rhizome antiseptic, cooking,heal wounds,cosmetics,piles,pimples
23 Mango leaf,seed, latex Skin cracks,vomitting,stomach ache
24 Musumusukkai leaf,root nose wounds,eye disorders,cough
25 Plantain - Vaazhai stem,leaf, flower extract heals wounds,stem treats kidney stone
26 Vishnu gandhi leaf, root energy booster, cough, hiccups
27 Rose flower gives energy to heart, liver, lungs, kidney
28 Vallarai leaf Memory plus,activeness
29 Tulsi leaf headache,fever, cold
30 Arugampul entire plant cooling effect, heat boils,eczema,cosmetics
31 Vembu leaf,fruit,bark,root fits,tuberculosis,skin allergy,heal wounds
32 Karivembu leaf
vomitting, dysentry,diarrhoea,cold and cough
33 Sandalwood entire plant Eczema, cosmetics, perfumes, soaps.
34 Thuthuvalai leaf,flower,fruit, seed
cough, constipation, typhoid,pneumonia
35 Coconut entire plant blood vomitting, nervous, mouth ulcer, stomachache
36 Nelli - amla seed,leaf,fruit eye disorders, jaundice, dandruff
37 Papaya latex, fruit, heat boils,fruit cause early abortion
38 Padhala mooli stem, root, fruit inflammation, skin disorders
39 Kandankathiri leaf, flower, root, bark
typhoid, pneumonia, cough, tooth pain
40 Korai kizhangu rhizome loss of appetite, indigestion
41 Pirandai stem, root, fruit heals wounds, diarrhoea, mouth ulcer,
42 Tamarind leaf, flower, fruit, seed, bark
swelling of legs and hands, stops growing of unwanted muscles
43 Poduthalai entire plant Cough, dandruff, bald
44 Maruthondri entire plant hair growth, fragrance induces sleep
45 Murungai leaf, latex, bark, flower guidyness, eye disorders
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9. Biodiversitry of Kodikal Village, Mangalore district, Karnataka Anitha.S Kadri Mills Higher Secondary School,Oddarpalyam, Coimbatore-16. Abstract Inspired by Professor Madhav Gadgil’s ideas about a people’s biodiversity register, I have catalogued the birds, butterflies, plants and trees seen in Kodikal village during 31 days of my visit. Introduction
A total of 5.30 million species live in earth of which 2.5 million species are scientifically recognized. India is one among the 12-mega biodiversity countries. India harbors 6,37,293 area of forest. It is 19.39 percent of the geographical area. Among 15,000 Gymnosperms reported, 1500 plants species are verge of extinction. India possesses 1228 species of birds -- 13 percent of the birds reported all over the world. The biodiversity of our country faces severe threat. People should have knowledge about biodiversity of our country for conservation and sustainable resources utilization pattern. Biodiversity can be conserved effectively by increasing knowledge and awareness about biodiversity among the students. Hence Gadgil suggested applying student power to monitor biodiversity. It is an essential need of the present situation .The present work is an attempt in a similar line. I have studied the biodiversity of a Kodikal village in Mangalore district of Karnataka during my visit in the summer vacation. Plants, birds and butterflies were recorded for a month to analyze the biodiversity of that village. Study Area
Kodikal is a small village situated in the Mangalore district of Karnataka. The native language of the people of this village is Kannada. Agriculture and cattle breeding is the major source of income for the people. The village looks green everywhere due to the abundance of plants and agricultural lands. Many birds and butterflies are present in that area due to vegetation structure of the area. (Table.1, 2, 3, 4, 5.) Methodology 1. Study period was one month (from 01-04-05 to 31-04-05). 2. Birds and butterflies were monitored in 1 km transect from 6.30-8am, and 10- 11am. The number of birds and butterflies observed during the transect walk were recorded. Trees, medicinal plants, and weeds were noted and identified with the standard references. 3. Prepared a checklist of the birds, butterflies, trees and medicinal plants with common name, English name, and scientific names. All species were recorded.
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Result
Crows were most abundant -- 346 individuals were counted. Koels were least abundant – only 7 individuals were sighted.
Crow, sparrow, and crow pheasant were the birds observed during each
day of the study area. Wagtail 28 days, Myna 17, Flower pecker 15, Tailor bird 12, and Robin 10 was noted.
Common Rose was the most abundant butterfly -- 184 individuals were
observed in 29 days. Common Emigrants were the least common – only 32 individuals were sighted. Common Indian Crow was seen on 19 days, Common Sailor and Mottled Emigrant were seen on 13 days, Common Emigrant and Great Egg Fly on 12 days, and Danaid Egg Flies were observed only 12 days.
Hisbiscus was seen abundantly. Kasi thumbai was also abundant in the
study area. Santhi flower and Palperuki were scarce. Coconut trees were most abundant among trees, while cassia and Ficus were least apparent.
Discussion
Kodikal village possesses a good number of birds, butterflies, and trees. Most were common birds such as crows and sparrows. It could be related to the available resources. Butterflies, too, were common. The abundance of species could be influenced by the profusion of food plants. The large number of coconut plantations could be because people of Kodikal depend on agriculture and cattle grazing. Hibiscus abundance could be due to the medicinal usage and ornamental uses.
The present study observed that although Kodikal possesses many
common species of flora and fauna, it also has relatively rich biological diversity.
In future, detailed studies of insect diversity, types of grasses and resources used by the village people will be undertaken. Table: 1Butterflies of Kodikal village
S.no Common name Scientific name 1 Common rose Pachliopta aristolochiae 2 Danaid egg fly Hypolimnas misippus
3 Common emigrant Catopsilia pomona
4 Mottled emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe
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5 Common grass yellow
Eurema hecabe
6 Common sailor Neplis hylas
7 Common Indian crow
Euploea core
8 Great egg fly Hypolimnas bolina
Table: 2 Trees of Kodikal Village s.no Common name Scientific name 1 Coconut Cocus nucifera
2 Mango Mangifera indica
3 Jack Artocarpus integrifolia
4 Moringa Moringa olifera
5 Ficus Ficus religious
6 Neem Azadiracta indica
7 Gauva Psidium guajava
8 Teak Tectona grandis
9 Pappaya Carica papaya
10 Cassia Cassia siamaea
11 Bannana Musa paradisiaca
12 Arecanut Areca catechu
13 Silk cotton Ceiba pentandra 14 Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum
15 Badam tree Prunus amygdalus
Table: 3 Birds of kodikal village
S.no
Common Name Scientific name
1 House crow Corvus splendens 2 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos
3 House sparrow Passer domesticus
4 Large pied wagtail Motacilla maderas
5 Tailorbird Orthotomus subtoris
6 Tickells flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
7 Greater coucal Centropus sisensis
8 Jungle fowl Gallus sonnerati
9 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea
10 Common myna Acridotheres tristis
11 Chestnut bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
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12 Indian robin Saxi colides fulicata
Table: 4 Medicinal plants of Kodikal village
S.No
Tamil name Scientific name
1 Hibiscus Hisbiscus rosa sinensis
2 Pal peruki Euphorbia heterophylla
3 Kinaitru pasanam
Tridax procumbens
4 Kandakathiri Solanum melojena
5 Kupaimanei Acalipha indica
6 Karpuravalli Coleus aromaticus
7 Thulasi Ocimum tenuiflorum
8 Sudankai Solanum torvum
Table: 5 Ornamental plants of Kodikal village
S.No
Tamil name
1 Crotons 2 Muilai 3 Kanakambarum 4 Jasmine 5 Kozhi kondai 6 Kakithapu 7 Perani 8 Madarasi malli 9 Bitter ground.
43
Birds observed in Kodikal village 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Crow 9 7 8 11 9 9 12 15 11 9 13 13 14 13 12 12 13 15 11 12 9 15 13 10 12 11 10 13 11 12 Sparrow 3 2 5 7 7 8 11 9 4 8 5 7 7 7 7 8 5 5 5 7 7 8 5 7 3 8 7 5 6 4 Coucal 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 5 2 2 3 1 2 Large pied wagtail 1 3 2 0 0 2 2 1 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 5 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 4 2 3 2 Indian robin 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 3 3 Tailor bird 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 Flowerpecker 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 0 5 0 0 3 0 3 4 0 5 5 0 0 3 0 5 3 4 0 0 0 3 0 Common myna 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 7 3 2 4 0 5 0 3 2 2 2 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 3 Asian koel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 Jungle bird 5 4 3 4 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 4 0 5 5 3 0 0 23 19 23 32 31 33 38 45 38 36 40 45 44 44 47 56 48 52 52 48 47 58 50 55 51 60 60 61 58 56
44
10.Sulur Wetlands : An ecosystem study though birds as indicators Swathy M., Swathika, D., Dhinesh Kumar, S.K., Gokul Ram, N., Saravana Kumar, R. Kadri Mills H.S.School, Oddarpalayam, Coimbatore, 641016 Abstract We have studied the bird diversity and water quality parameters of Sulur lake ecosystem and recorded the anthropogenic threats. Being the indicator of the health of ecosystem, bird identification and monitoring of wetlands like this has high importance. Many of the local and continental migratory birds we have observed in this lake. The data which we have generated is only first information. We propose to the juniors in our school to regularly monitor this wealth in the coming years. Introduction Aditya Chola constructed Sulur Dam in the 9th century. Information about Sulur pond and Sulur Dam can be seen in the temple at Tripur Sarkar Periyapalayam. The pond was reconstructed by the Pandiya King Sundhara Pandiyan (1285 – 1300 A.D.). Later this lake was maintained by ‘Pillaiyan’ Sempadhavar of Vellalore. During this period, fishing was left to ‘Pillaiyan.’ In those days, Sulur was known as ‘Sooralur’ because that area was covered by a variety of bamboo called Sooral, which was found on the pond’s banks. The pond used to be covered by lilies. The area also had many Betel trees. Now it is not there because in 1950, the trees were affected by root-rot disease. The average rainfall in those days was 500 mm. We have started our studies on the Sulur pond ecosystem with the following objectives:
1. To find out the bird diversity supported by the Sulur Pond. 2. To find out the pollution level in the pond.
Study Area: Sulur Village’s number is 80. It is situated on the north bank of the Noyyal river, and is about 18 km southeast of Coimbatore. There are two ponds in Sulur. One is the Big Pond and the other is the Small Pond. Both are on the northern side of the Noyyal. The special feature of these ponds is that when they are both filled with rainwater, the excess water goes into the Noyyal. Sulur Big Pond:
45
S.F. No.: 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 34, 365, 367(1), 368(1) Area: 171.62 Acres Water Covered Area: 7.18 Square Stone Water Depth: 6.5 feet – 20 feet Pond Volume: 17.15 Cubic Stone Pond’s Year Volume: 35.90 Cubic Stone Water Source: Noyyal Dam and its canal Irrigation Area: 183 Acres Sulur Small Pond: S.F. No.: 368/5,387 Area: 77.35 Acres Water Depth: 13 feet Area of Water: 3.59 sq. feet Pond Volume: 28.72 Cubic Stone Irrigation Area: 572 Acres Observation Methods: We keenly observed the pond and its surrounding areas every day from 6 to 7 a.m. and from 5.30 to 6.30 p.m. We noted each and everything in the pond and compared our data with the available historical data. We listed the benefits due to the pond’s development. We also noted the migratory birds and common birds seen in the pond from August to November. We also sent a sample of pond water to the District Environmental Laboratory to find out how polluted the water is. Discussion and Results: Result and Discussions
We have recorded 32 species of birds from the Sulur pond. The migratory
Painted Stork started coming during Second week of October, but during the
first week of December, the numbers got reduced. We have also observed
many species of fishes, crabs, algae, butterflies and molluscs in the Sulur pond.
Fig-1: No. of Pelicans observed. Fig-2: No. of Painted stork
observed
46
120
100
60
110
70
4050
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Days
No
. o
f P
eli
can
s
175
67
25
0
50
100
150
200
October November December
No
. o
f P
ain
ted
sto
rk
Table: Water Quality Parameters: Source-Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board B.O.D 1.5 mgm/lit
C.O.D 8.0 mgm/lit
T.S.S 32.0 mgm/lit
(Total suspended solids)
T.D.S 1020 mgm/lit
Chloride 374 mgm/lit
Sulphate 90.0 mgm/lit
Dissolved Oxygen 10.2 mgm/lit
Total Hardness 290 mgm/lit
Magnesium 7.3 mgm/lit
PH 9.2
1. More algae are there. Hence the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of
the water is more.
2. Salt content of water is more.
Water is alkaline. The pH of the water is 9.2
47
In the past, Sulur’s sewage water of 28 lakh liters was regularly emptied into Sulur Small Pond. As a result, for the past 15 years, the pond’s water has been unusable by people. In 2002, with the World Bank’s aid, Sulur’s Panchat spent Rs. 15 lakh to remove the pollutants. They cleaned the water using some bacteria. This kind of cleaning is continuing. In the dried-up area of the pond, fishermen set their tents and collect the fishes. Many varities of butterflies are seen along the pond’s edges. Molluscans are also present, and their shells are visible at the pond’s shores. Some of the sewage water from Sulur directly goes into the Big Pond. On Sundays, nets are thrown in the pond. Fishermen catch fishes and birds (including pelicans) and consume them. A boathouse was established at Sulur Pond in 2001. Boat rides are regularly allowed from 3 – 7 p.m. The smoke from the boat pollutes the pond to a certain extent. On the lake’s shores, people bathe, wash their clothes, and wash their trucks and other vehicles. The chemicals from soaps and detergents mix with water and pollute the pond. Many plastic bags and polythene covers are found on the shores. The fertility of the soil goes on decreasing. In the Southwestern part of the pond, about 2 acres of land is now being used for the construction of an Additional Electric Power House. To compensate for this, the pond’s depth has been increased. There is a chance this powerhouse will lead to a decrease in migratory birds. Right now, due to lack of conservation, not even a single duck can be seen in the pond. Bamboo and lily were once found everywhere in the pond’s ecosystem, but now they have been completely eradicated. If the big pond is also cleaned and cared for like the small pond, the fertility of the soil can be increased and aquatic organisms can be saved. If we protect and preserve the birds in Sulur, we can make the pond into Coimbatore’s Vedanthangal. Summary: After doing this project, we know that 32 different species of birds (including migratory birds like pelicans and painted storks) come to the pond. During the first week of October, many pelicans arrived; but in the week’s time their numbers were reduced because many people hunted these birds. A good number of painted storks have also been observed in Sulur Pond. They used to come there the second week of October and leave by the first week of December. The large number of pelicans and painted stork indicates the high
48
availability of fish in the pond. This data and report is a preliminary basis for the continued monitoring of the life and ecology of Sulur pond. The number of birds is also decreasing due to the pollution caused by the sewage water. The fishes are also declining. The pond’s area is reduced. Though the water in the pond is not seriously polluted, it is nearing critical condition. So we should put a full stop to this deteriorating situation. In olden days, if the pond was damaged, people wouldn’t wait for kings or officers to repair it. They themselves reconstructed the pond. Likewise, people of today should come forward voluntarily to protect the pond from pollution. From today we should start working to make the pond clean and pure. Tamil Nadu has many perennial rivers like Cauveri, Vaigal, etc. But now they are often dry. We shouldn’t let our ponds and lakes get to that state. We should reconstruct our water bodies. Dear friends, due to our mistakes our worthy Nature becomes polluted. India’s younger generation should create a new, beautiful, and green India. Table 1. List of Birds observed in Sulur Lake
S.No Common Name(English) Scientific Name
1 House sparrow Passer domesticus 2 House Crow Corvus splendens 3 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos 4 Peacock Pavo cristatus 5 Black Kite Milvus migrans 6 Brahminy Kite Haliasturindus 7 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 8 Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 9 Median Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 10 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 11 Purple rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica 12 Small blue Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 13 White breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 14 Lesser pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 15 White headed Babbler Turdoides affinis 16 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis 17 Large pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 18 Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 19 Darter Anhinga melanogaster 20 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 21 Blackwinged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 22 Roseringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri
49
23 Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis 24 Little Grebe Tachyloaptus ruficollis 25 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala 26 Indian Shag Phalacrocorax fuscicollis 27 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 28 Pintail Anas acuta 29 Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 30 Brown breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa utti 31 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 32 Common Hoopoe Upapa epops
11. The Knowledge of Herbs Among Public Ashok Kumar, S., Venkatesh, R., Santhiya Lakshmi, R., Vishnu Vardhan, R., Gowtham, R., Jaya Lakhsmi., Anantha Lakhsmi., Shanthi., Celine Carolina Elizabeth. R. G. Matriculation School Higher Secondary School, Udamalpet Introduction: Herbaceous plants are generally considered a soft tissue Angiosperm or Flowering plant. It may also include the ferns, club-mosses and horsetails. The term ‘herb’ is applied by pharmacists to any plant or plant part that has medical properties. Herbal Medicine: Herbal medicine usage has been practiced through centuries and probably since several thousands of years ago. The most comprehensive classification of herbal remedies was originally given in John Parkinson’s “Theatrum Botanicum”, published in 1640. Depending on the plant and the treatment, the whole plant or individual parts can be used in the remedy. But in general most of the knowledge about the use of herbals as medicine are decreasing. To report the knowledge of herbal use the present study programmed with the following objectives 1. To know the knowledge of the people about the herbs we made 2. What are the herbs used as medicines, Cookers, Beautification
50
Methodology A questionnaire of 15 questions about the various criteria’s of herbal medication was prepared and circulated in urban and rural areas. Five nature club members met different people at various levels to collect the information about the herbal medication. We selected the urban and rural areas for this project. Specifically housewives, Students, Literatures and Physicians were categorized for their study. The purpose behind this is to infer the preliminary knowledge of the public regarding herbal treatment for common ailments like cough, cold, headache, Vomiting etc. Result and Discussion We have collected data and the results are presented in the 3 different categories such as Common medicinal herbs (Table 1). Medicinal herbs in Cookery, (Table 2) herbs in beautification (Table 3) and medicinal herbs but poisonous (Table 4). Eventually we were able to infer the percentage of awareness of medicinal herbs. Area: Urban - 70% Rural - 82% Category Housewives - 75% Students - 45% Literates & Physicians - 85% Table 1. Common Medicinal Herbs in our Vicinity for our Ready Use Common Name
Scientific Name
Tamil Name Chemical content
Parts Used Medicinal value
Neem Azadiracta indica
Vembu Margocin, Alcoloid
Leaf, Seed, Fruit, Flower
Deworminng, Jaundice, Insect bite, Itching, Small pox.
Aloe vera Aloe vera down
Kattralai Alloin, Glucoside, Barbalonion, Allemodin
Leave Menstrual cramps, Injuries, Skin diseases
Kizha Nelli Phillanthus fraternas
Kizhanelli Phillanthin Whole part Stomach pain, Indigestion, Diarrhoea, bleeding, Jaundice
Vilvam Eagle marmelos core
Vilvam Pepsin, Tannin,
Bark, Leaf Diarrhea, Vomit,
51
Sugar, Resin, Root, Fruit,
Constipation, Deworming, Fungal infection, Ear infections
Thippili Pepper longmlin thippli
Thippli Pipyartin, Piparin alcoloids, Steroids, Dehydrostymastyrene
Corns, Roots Cough, Anaemia, Piles, Indigestion, Post natal, gastric troubles
Thulasi Ocimum sanctum
Thulasi Basil campour
Leaf Vague pain, Fever, Hyper pyrexia, Expectorant, Goitre
Pitchi Jasminum grandiflorum
Kodi Malligai
Benzol acetate, Methyl anthralore, Alkaloid
Whole Blood purification, Deworming, Mouth ulcer.
Vetrilai Piperbetalin Vetrilai Arakin, alkaloid, Protein, Carbohydrate, Calcium, Phosporous, Iodine, Potassium
Root and Leaf
Rheumatic pain, Bronchitis, Digestion, Mouth infection, Contraceptive.
Sangu Pushpam
Clitoria ternitialin
Kuruvizhai Tannin, Resin, Carbohydrate.
Whole Memory power, Fever, to feel sleepy
Lemon Grass
Symbopogan fluxuosis
Karpura pull Citrol, Vit amin A
All parts Bronchittis, Cold, Vague pain
Ginger Ginger fecinealrox
Ingchi Protein, Fat, Fibre, Carbohydrate, Calcium phosphorou
Stem To provoke digestion
52
s, minerals, Iodine, Vitamin A,B,C
Asoka Poliathia longifolia
Nettilingam Tannin, Catecol, Ceponin
Bark, Flower Skin disease, Scabies, Uterus problems
Table 2. Medicinal Herbs in our Cookery Common Name
Scientific Name
Tamil Name Chemical Content
Parts Used Medicinal Value
Garlic Ullium sativum
Poondu Albumin, Starch, Sugar, Sulphur
Bulb Stomach problem, Ear pain
Coriander Coriandum sativumlin
Kothamalli Coriandrin, Geraniol, Alkaloids
Leaf, Fruit Digestion, Head ache, Bronchittis, Cough, Eye care
Ginger Gingiber fecinealrox
Ingchi Protein, Fat, Fibre, Carbohydrate, Calcium, Phosphorous, Minerals, Iodine, Vitamins A, B, C
Stem To provoke digestion
Cardamom Elitoria cardamom
Ealam Potash, starch
Seed Urinary block, Vomit, Indigestion
Cloves Cicigium aromaticummer
Kirambu Uginol, Galetanic alkaloid,
Leaf, Fruit, Bark, Root, Bud
Fever, Cough, Throat
53
Protein, Fat, Starch, Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron
infection, Tooth ache, Mouth refreshner, Colera
Tamarind Tamarandus indicus
Puzhi Tartaric acid, Citric acid, Malic acid, Acetic acid, Potassium, Sugar
Leaf, Seed, Fruit
Digestion, Rheumatic, Swelling
Lemon Citrus Aurantia folia
Elimichai Citric acid, Vitamin C
Fruit Immunity, Digestion, Refreshner
Castor Ricinus commumslin
Aamanakku Vitamin B Root, Leaf, Seed
Body pain, Swelling, Rheumatic complaints
Onion Ullium sachalin
Vengayam Sulphur cillapikrin, Cillamacrin, Cillinin, Sugar, VitaminsA, B, C
Bulb Digestion, Skin problem, Menstrual problem, Heart problem, Piles
Turmeric Curcuma logalin
Manjal Rhizomyl turmerol, Cucumin, Resin, Alkaloid
Rhizome, Leaf
Bronchitis, Leprosy, Pimples, Skin
Table 3. Herbs in Health Care (Beautification)
Common Name
Scientific Name
Tamil Name Chemical Content
Parts Used Medicinal Value
Sandal Sandalin album
Sandanam Resin sesque turpine alcohol, A sandolal, B sadolal in isomer
Root, Bark Urinary infection, Vomit, Swelling, Head ache, Skin ailments, Body odour
Kasthuri manjal
Karkamaaromatica salis
Kasthuri manjal Sugar, Albiminoid
Rhizome Blood purification, Skin diseases, Leprosy, Cough and bronhchitis.
54
Iluppai Madhuka longifolia
Iluppai Sugar, Albunoid, Potash
Flower, Fruits, Bark, Seed, Leaf
Body building
Turmeric Curcuma longalin
Manjal Rhizomyl turmerolresin, Alkaloid
Rhizome, Leaf Bronchitis, Leprosy, Pimples, Skin diseases
Cury leaves Murayakoinigispreng
Karuveppilai Glucocide, Resin
Leaves, Bark, Root
Digestion, Constipation, Gastric problem
Thulasi Ocimum sanctum
Thulasi Basil camphor
Leaf Vague pain, Fever, Hyper pyrexia, Expectorant, Goitre
Table 4. Poisonous but Medicinal Herbs Common Name
Tamil Name Medicinal use
Calotropis Erruku Cough and respiratory problems, Skin diseases, Swelling, Antivenom
Datura Oomathai Rabies, Bronchial asthma, Acute rheumatism
Sesbania Arali Bronchitis, cough Conclusion:
The data reveals that students need more of an initiation to imbibe, impart, propagate and use nature’s treasure, derive maximum benefit and secure her blessings.
55
12. Medicinal Plants Biodiversity and Conservation Akilandeshwari R., Ragavi A., Ramya R. P.S.G.R. Krishnammal Hr. Sec. School for Girls Abstract: We studied urban, rural, and suburban areas to find out where medicinal
plants naturally occur. We found a larger number of them growing in
wastelands than in temples. We also interviewed 25 people about their
attitudes towards medicinal plants and found that children are more likely to
use herbal medicine than teenagers or adults.
Introduction :
Mother Nature has blessed us with the boon of resources – particularly
medicinal herbs. Unfortunately they are not being properly conserved.
Medicinal plants are efficient in healing even modern diseases. Most
importantly, they don’t have any side effects. In spite of their value since
antiquity, these medicinal plants are not used by us widely. This is because of
the importation of allopathic medicines, lack of knowledge of and faith in
medicinal herbs, and urbanization. Almost all the Western medicines are
manufactured from medicinal herbs. The importation of allopathic medicines
has led to the downfall of traditional medicine systems like Siddha, Ayurveda,
Unani, and Homeopathy. But we can’t deny the value of medicinal herbs.
Therefore, our research will investigate the biodiversity & conservation of
medicinal herbs.
Study Area :
The project sites selected for my research are mostly urban areas. Some
suburban areas were also sampled. In urban areas, medicinal plants were
located near fences, wastelands, and in scrubs. We were expecting to find our
target medicinal plants mostly in and around temples. Temples are the areas
were aromatic plants were grown. But they were abundant only in suburban
56
areas like fences, and wastelands. Some species were grown in roadside parks
and in home gardens.
Methodology :
Study period: October, November and December 2006
Initially we explored nearly 25 medicinal plant species and selected
them for our research. We studied their morphology and medicinal values.
Also, we made a comparative study on the impact of allopathic and herbal
medicine between the aged, youths and children and interpreted the data.
Finally, we analysed the lack of medicinal plant usage in the modern era.
Results:
We started by discussing the parts and uses of the selected 25 plants.
Secondly, we explored the diversity of medicinal plants in the field. To our
surprise, medicinal plants were more abundant in waste lands and scrubs than
in temples, as anticipated earlier. The main reason attributed for this condition
is lack of awareness among people. Next, we listed the places where the
medicinal plants grow. Finally, we made a comparative study among 25
peoples to understand the impact of allopathic and herbal medicine. Results
have been entered and a graph is drawn for better understanding. One
surprising factor is these herbal medicines are frequently used by children,
rather than youths and aged ones. Youth are rejecting this type of herbs
because of their advancement in their civilization. But when they become old,
they are facing some problems like diabetes, blood pressure, and heart block.
So, in order to feel free from these types of problems, they are addicted to
allopathic medicines. Lack of awareness and lack of faith is also an important
reason for the decline of medicinal herbs.
S.no Common name Botanical name Habitat Medicinal uses
1 Pavazha malli Nyctanthes arbortristis
grown in Home gardens , temples
stimulates heat, bald. It prevents ageing, flowers are the cooling agent , eye disorders
57
2 Pungai Pongamia glabra
Road side parks, temples
root -cure mouth ulcer, strenghtens gums and teeth, prevent Loss of appetite, digestion,cough
3 Punnai calophyllum inophyllum Temples, gardens
migraine,guidyness, eye allergy. a healing wounds and other skin disorders
4 Amukkara withania somnifera
grown abundant in waste lands
roots are available in every ayurvedic shops, Leaf extract is used to cure fever
5 Vilvam Aegle marmelos
Temples for workship, roadside parks
dysentry,stomach pain and nervousness. Leaf eye disorders, diabetes and asthma
6 Aamanakku Ricinus communis
More abundant in wastelands
headaches, roots constipation, Itching and backpain
7 Tulsi Ocimum sanctum
Mostly seen in temples and in home gardens for their fragrance and
aroma
It is an antiseptic used against communicable diseases, leaves- digestion ,hunger, Heart diseases and urinary disorders, leaves -good memory plus.
8 Karisalankanni Eclipta alba Wastelands, road side
stimulates heat, liver disorders, heals wounds, Blood pressure
9 Omavalli Plectranthes amboinicus Gardens,houses,temples
indigestion, cold and cough,stimulates heat, urinary diseases, kidney stone and Asthma.
10 Erukku Calotropis gigantia
waste lands, road side areas
joint pain, swelling, typhoid, kills intestinal worms
11 Omathai Datura metel
road side for shadows, waste lands
rabies, eye disorders, nervous, body pain, mumps, fits
12 Kalludai thumbai Trichodesma
indicum
roadside, wasteland, fence
removes faecel matters, cooling agent, thirst, leaf extract - drinking
13 Keezhanelli Phyllanthus
amarus
waste lands, fence, gardens
cooling agent, fever,jaundice, dysentry, diarrhoea
58
14 gundu malligai Jasminum sambac
home gardens, temples, parks
roots& leaf - eye disorders, skin allergy, heals wounds,fever,ear pain
15 Kuppai meni Acalypha indica
Scrub jungles, fence, wastelands
treats poisoning,vomitting, roots- to prepare medicines for diarrhoea
16 Siru thel kodukku Heliotropium
indicum
roadside areas, wastelands, fences
leaf- allergy, paralysis, juice- heals wounds
17 Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa
sinensis
home gardens, temples, parks
cooling agent,swells, wounds, diarrhoea, painful menstruation
18 Thakarai Cassia tora
roadside in all over Tamilnadu, wastelands.
cooling effect, seedstomachache, indigestion,fever, eye disorders, coough, cold, soreness
19 Thiruneetrupachilai Ocimum basilicum
home gardens, temples for their medicinaal
values
stimulates sweating and gives cooling effect,antiseptic, ear paseed- burning sensation,healing,stops bleeting
20 Thumbai Leucas aspera
wastelands, roadside lands
Induces digestion, intestinal worms,stomachache, leaf juice-brain allergy
21 Nanthiyavattai Ervattamia coronaria
home gardens, temples, parks
cooling agent, antiseptic, energy booster,flowerdisorder
22 Neichatti Vernonia cinera roadside, wastelands
root-dysentry, cough,leprosy,worms, leaf - patches, swells,elephantiasis,flower - eye disorder
23 Manathakkali Solanum nigrum
wasteland, home gardens
leaf - mouth ulcer, flower, fruit - cough, cold, hiccups,soreness of eye
24 Paruppu keerai Chenopodium
album
agricultural farms, villages
leaf - indigestion, gas trouble,worms,heart problem, tiredness
25 Pulluruvi Dendrophthoc
falcata grown in large trees cooling agent, swelling in muscles
59
Conclusion:
This project on medicinal plants biodiversity conservation, shows a clear
picture about the medicinal properties and uses of herbal plants. We feel very
happy when we come to know that the safety of Herbal plants is in our hands.
It’s a boon to us. So, before constructing a house, it’s necessary to identify the
herbal plants in that place and it can be replanted in some other place. This not
only shows the conservation of nature but our life too… This can be illustrated
in a single proverb,
SAVE NATURE ! SAVE LIFE !.
60
13. Common Birds Monitoring Programme in Peelamedu Region Muthulakshmi., G,. Poornima., M and Sureka., K. G P.S.G.G Kanya Gurukulam Hr. Sec. School, Peelemedu Introduction
The environmental is changing due to pollution, industrialization, urbanization
and various other activities of man. This changing environment is affecting the
ecosystem and has lead to decline of species diversity. There is
interdependence between these birds and man. Common birds are the one that
easily get affected. Our present study aims to know the status and how the
present environmental contamination affected the population of 14 common
birds in Coimbatore.
Study Area and Methods
Total of 17 different zones were chosen in and around our school. The area
chosen was in and around peelamedu region like Varadharajapuram,
Upilipalayam, Singanallur, Nilambur, Chinniampalayam, Kalapatti and
Masakalipalayam. Study period was three months from Sepetember to
November 2004. The study areas were selected on the basis of their micro-
climatic conditions, like cultivable lands, industrial areas and residential plots
to find out the status of common birds in local areas. A total of 250 student
were involved for bird counting and 14 common bird species were chosen to
monitor continuously in a week. The selected species are House Crow, Jungle
Crow, House Sparrow, Pariah kite, Brahminy kite, Black Drongo, Common
Myna, Parakeet, Sunbird, Spotted dove, Peacock, Koel, Blue Rock Pigeon and
Crow Pheasant. The survey was carried out on the selected species in their
region up to 2km during dawn (6.00-7.00 am).
Results and Discussion
The study was carried out in 166 locationsamong zones. The commonest bird
among the 14 seen was House Crow, the maximum number of individuals
recorded was 16,570 and it was least noticed near airport area. The rarest
61
sighting among them was Brahminy Kite, their maximum number recorded
was 608.
House Sparrow is the next commonest bird seen in all study areas and the
maximum population recorded was 8660. Among the 166 recognized spots,
only 93 areas have peacock population.
Scavengers are seen abundantly in residential areas, than in any micro climatic
zones. This is due to dumping of residential garbage near to residential areas.
Black Drongo’s are most abundantly seen in residential area than in other. The
maximum population recorded was 1325.
Similarly sunbirds are seen most commonly in tree dominant areas of
residential areas. Most of the frugivorous and gramnivorous birds among 14
common birds were generally associated with orchards and agricultural fields.
But they were most abundantly seen in residential areas. This may be due to
high use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural fields.
SUM OF BIRDS
Bird Air
port Butcher shop
Field
Industrial Area
Residential Area
Rly. line
More Trees
Wet land
Total
Fre quency
No. of Transects
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sunbird 56 38 352 226 655 51 776 85 2239 106 Black Drongo
65 10 773 307 1325 45 806 51 3382 139
Brahmini kite
9 6 70 78 211 43 176 15 608 85
Blue rock pigeon
10 32 253 130 637 101 563 58 1784 103
Crow pheasant
4 9 136 109 303 39 197 32 829 117
62
Spotted dove
3 55 144 96 490 30 287 11 1116 90
House crow
244 1342 1652 2191 7310 742 2433 656 16570
166
House sparrow
123 146 1383 1418 3642 403 1261 284 8660 160
Jungle crow
82 368 910 900 2740 164 1229 560 6953 160
Koel 33 27 335 281 1064 65 516 42 2363 139 Myna 244 107 1716 932 2878 351 2043 184 8455 155 Parakeet
13 15 639 225 618 21 237 23 1791 109
Peacock 11 3 272 68 379 8 473 18 1232 93 Pariah kite
45 66 161 183 565 108 491 53 1672 124
Total 943 2226 8799 7148 22822 2177 11495
2030 57654
1746
Conclusion
The pattern of distribution indicates that the scavengers like House Crow,
Jungle Crow and Kites are seen in huge number in many residential areas. This
shows the level of hygiene of that region. Improper disposal of waste and
conversion of fields into residential area are the reasons for the abundance of
these scavengers. Particularly the House crow was recorded in significant
number near butcher shops. The microclimate decides the distribution of the
birds and birds serve as indicators of hygiene and cleanliness of a region.
Impact of the study
The students involved were found much enthusiastic as they get up early in the
morning for this purpose. Seeing behaviour of birds, their beautiful colour and
their call attracted the students. They became slowly involved in bird watching
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as a regular activity and still continuing it. Some have involved their friends
and relatives to study birds regularly in their area. The students who were not
even aware of these 14 birds earlier now developed this habit of bird watching
and can identify up to 50 species, now many of them wishes to become
Ornithologists.
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14.Tribal People and Biodiversity By K. Anitha Jaivabai Municipal Corporation Hr. Sec. School, Tirupur Abstract Twenty-four friends and I surveyed 50 men and 70 women living in the tribal villages of Kondanur and Kondanur Puthur. Many of them depend on nature for their basic needs and livelihood. I have compiled information about their habitat, food, culture, occupation, and problems, and discussed how to create nature awareness. Introduction Human life completely depends on nature. Each and every organism is interrelated. If humans destroy nature, in turn, nature will destroy humans. While cutting trees, we should think that one tree is equal to one human life. So we should not cut trees. All the natural organisms should be protected and preserved. Each and every human should play a vital role in safe-guarding natural resources. Tribal people are living in contact with these resources. So I have interviewed many of them in person about their habitat, food, culture, occupation, problems, and possible solutions. I dedicate this study to nature, which means more to me than my own mother. Each and every person depends on nature – for example for building houses, money, fuel, etc. In order to satisfy their needs, people are cutting trees, hunting birds, etc. The aim of this project is to create awareness among tribal people about the need to conserve nature. Study Area State: Tamil Nadu Taluk: Northern Coimbatore (Periyanaicken Palayam) Panchayat: 24 Veerapandi (21 villages and 16 panchayats) Twenty four friends and I studied two villages called Kondanur and Kondanur Pudur in the Anaikatty foothills; most of the people there are tribals. The area consists of forests and agricultural lands. Methodology We divided the 25 students into two groups; each surveyed one area. The first group went to Kondanur, the other to Kondanur Pudur. For this study, I have compiled the information gathered by both groups. We surveyed 50 men and 70 women.
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Kondanur: This village is situated in northeastern side of Alamaramedu. There is a government primary school there. Most people here have only studied up to 5th Std. The most important industries are farming and brick kilns. Most houses have been built by the government. The main crops include coconut, sugarcane, ragi, horse gram, and red gram. Kondanur Pudur: This village is next to Kondanur. It has a water tank, well, and electricity. The economic, geographical and social profile of this village is similar to Kondanur’s. Both tribals and non-tribals live here. The main industries are agriculture and brick kilns. Basic needs: Water – in this village only ground water is available. Even though they have enough drinking water, there is a scarcity of irrigation water. So many farmers are starving. Due to these difficulties, the government has given a public water pipe, which people use. But no individual water connections are available. Health - only one government hospital is present. But it is quite far from the village, so people have a hard time getting there. Many people have ulcers due to their irregular eating habits. Education – in their panchayat, four primary schools, one secondary, and one higher secondary school is present. Everyone wants to send their children to school, but, due to their economic problems, parents are compelled to send children to work. But in comparison to the past, the educational system has somewhat improved. If the children want to go for higher studies, they have to go to Anaikatty, which is far away. This leads parents to discourage their children’s higher studies. Food – rice is the major crop. Maize, ragi, corn, horse gram, beans, greens, plantains, tomatoes, and eggplants. They also eat fish, beef, and goat. They add greens to most meals; these greens include: minna kirai, manathakkali, pasatti, pasalei, mulli, koni, agathi and arei. Dwelling – their houses are built by the government. They get free electricity and water. Some roofs are made with coconut leaves, and some with bricks. Transport – the bus-stop is 1.5 km from Kondanur. Most people find the daily walk difficult. It’s very difficult for the school children also – particularly those going to Anaikatty. Only a few people have two-wheelers. Hygiene – they get water from a well. They don’t have individual toilets so they are relieving themselves in the open. All the wastewater is flowing into the streets. So mosquitos are common and diseases also. In some houses, people use the wastewater for their gardens.
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Leisure activities – Farmers rarely get free time. But now, due to the elephant problem, many have stopped doing agriculture and are working in the brick kilns; some are selling their lands. So now many have more time for other activities. During weekends they go to movie theaters. Only three houses have television. The panchayat provides a common television. Occupation – the main occupations are farming, brick kiln work, animal husbandry, wild honey harvesting, and selling medicinal plant products. Only a few people are doing agriculture because of the elephant problem. Here, they don’t invest large amounts of capital. Some people grow coconut trees. They charge 100 Rs. for one liter of honey. They are working very hard in the kilns. Sunday and Monday are holidays. Their income in the kilns is 50 Rs. per day. This is enough for their daily expenses, but they aren’t able to save; earlier, while doing agriculture, they were able to save more. The elephant problem is only about 10 years old. Before that, property destruction was not an issue. [Table of those interviewed, their ages, and occupations.] Natural resources: bamboo, amla, chebula, ficus, jackfruit, fig, banyan, guava, orange, papaya, and an abundance of neem and tamarind. Birds: Birds like hen, koel, crow, and sparrow are known by everyone. In addition, there are doves, crow pheasants, peacocks, mynas, partridges, emerald doves, jungle fowl, and bulbuls, seedali kuruvi, º¢ò¾¡ì¸¢, º£¾¡Ä¢ ÌÕÅ¢,,¸¡¾ìÌÕÅ¢ Animals: They have seen these animals: wild tahr, pig, bear, fox, elephant, deer, wild gaur, cow, antelope, porcupine, wolf, wild dog (Indian dhole), and leopard. The elephants enter the village at night and destroy houses and fields. Types of snakes: cobra, water snake, python, green vine snake, pit viper, kumberi, kattu viriyan, kannadi viriyan, rattle snake. Medicinal plants: Acacia, tulasi, adathodai, kuppai meni, turmeric, arugumpul (cynodon dactylon). Facilities desired by people: transportation, garbage disposal, toilets, agricultural loans, ration shops nearby, and elephant control. Conclusion: People have become selfish. They are cutting trees and hunting birds and animals. Due to the insufficient rainfall, all the water sources are drying up. Due to the destruction of the forest, the life-style of the birds and animals has changed. That’s why the animals are leaving the forest and invading human spaces.
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Due to the hunting of birds, there is a reduction in the bird population. Consequently, forest growth is also declining. Because humans are destroying the intricate interrelations between organisms, the forest as a whole is threatened. Moreover, air pollution and industrial effluents are ravaging the environment and causing health hazards for humans. Due to air pollution, there is a hole in the ozone layer. So the sun’s heat is coming directly to the earth, causing polar ice caps to melt in Antarctica. This increased the water level and led to the tsunami. As sea water entered into agricultural lands, a lot of villages were destroyed, and a lot of birds and animals died. All the tribal people are completely dependent upon nature. Their main problem is the destruction of their property by elephants. The elephants are only disturbing us because we disturbed them. As individuals, we cannot create awareness amongst the tribals, but if students and social workers form a group, it’s definitely possible. Brochures and handbills must be distributed to the people. We have to conduct camps and go in person to each and every individual to explain the importance of nature and natural resources. Each of us should come forward to save nature. Small drops make an ocean. If we all come forward, in the future we can save natural resources.
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15. Panchyakavya- An organic Plant Booster and Insect Repellent Priya Dharshini, R., and Rukmani, N., G.D Mat.Hr.Sec.School, Coimbatore Introduction
New varieties and strains with quick yield were introduced during the
Green Revolution in sixties. They were nutrient hungry and pest susceptible. To over come this problem, chemical fertilisers and pesticides were applied to the field. This slowly started polluting our land and pesticide residues created disorders in human beings too. The only solution could be organic farming. As an answer we have prepared Panchakavya and tested it on farms. Panchakavya is a small initiative taken by us to eliminate all possible pollutants from the earth. Methodology: Our experiment had two components. Preparation of Panchyakavya: Materials required: Cowdung- 5Kgs, Cow urine- 3 lits. Cow’s milk- 2 lit, Curd- 2 lit, Ghee-1 lit, Cane Juice- 3 lit, Tender coconut- 3 lit, Banana- 1 kg and Water- 5 lit.
• 1 kg of cow dung was thoroughly mixed with ghee and kept for 3 days. The mud pot was covered with a plain thin cloth to avoid egg laid by the insects like flies.
• On the 3rd day all the other ingredients were mixed serially. • The contents of the pot was stirred thoroughly for 10 days and kept
covered. • The contents are filtered and used for application and the residue can be
mixed with irrigation water. Application of Panchyakavya:
An experiment was done with bhendi and tomato plant by using 3% panchyakavya solution in our home garden. The seeds of bhendi and tomato were soaked in 3% panchyakavya solution for 15 minutes and then planted. The same solution was sprayed on these plants, 15 days before flowering and after flowering Similarly roots of tomato seedlings were dipped for 15 minutes in this 3% panchyakavya solution and its sprayed on the 15th day before flowering and 15 days after flowering.
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To compare the results, control was kept without panchyakavya treatment. The application of panchyakavya solution was tried in the field also. Four plots of 10 x 4 mts size were layed in field and the farmer was requested not to use any other fertilizer or pesticides.
Table 1. Contents of Panchakavya:
Total sugars 586 ppm Reducing sugars 386 ppm Indole acetic acid (IAA) 12.1 ppm Gibberellic acid (GA) 5.25 ppm Total Nitrogen 485 ppm Total Phosphorous 865 ppm Total potassium 648 ppm Total sodium 338 ppm PH 5.18 EC 4.20 dSm-1 Population of bacteria 94 × 106 Fungi 46 × 104 Actinomycetes 72 × 102
The cow urine contains 91% water and 9% solid matter. It is rich in urea
and other salts. The milk prevents viral diseases and leaf surfaces become sticky and traps insects like white flies that are vectors of plant viruses. Curd contains microbes that are responsible for fermentation. Ghee contains vitamin-A, calcium, fat and it is rich in glycosides, which protects cut portion from infection. Sugarcane juice, tender coconut and banana enhance the microbial activity during fermentation and stirring the solution might have facilitated cosmic rays. The tender coconut contains cytokine’s, which increase chlorophyll content, which in turn results in the increase of photosynthetic activity.
Results and Discussion: The treated plants showed an increase of height by 19% on an average. This
could be due to Auxins and Gibberlic acid present, which helps in elongation of inter nodal length.
The treated plants showed an increase of leaf size between 10-18% in Bhendi and 11-20% in Tomato. This may be due to growth regulators. The increase in leaf size enables more photosynthetic activity and thereby increase in yield was expected.
The observations showed an increase in yield by about 19.54 % in Bhendi and 18.99% in Tomato in home garden and 19.1% increase in Bhendi, 17.03% increase in Tomato in the field trial. Growth regulators, macro and micro
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plant nutrients and microorganisms present in Panchakavya, which induce plant activity, mainly attributed the increase in yield.
Table 2. Yield attributes of Tomato and Bhendi with untreated and treated with Panchakavya
Plant Type Yield
Control Treated Bhendi (Home garden) 1037.8 1240.6 Bhendi (Field) 47750 56871 Tomato (Homegarden) 5126.7 6100.2 Tomato (Field) 62310 72920
Insects like fruit borer and aphids were observed in untreated plants. No insects were observed in treated plants. It may be due to the repelling action of Panchakavya, which prevents insects. Also the sticky nature of Panchakavya might have inhibited the pest feeding habit. Mosaic disease was observed in control and no such incidence was seen in treated bhendi. Panchyakavya is an excellent remedy for various plant diseases.
Keeping the quality of fruits from treated plot was found to be good.
The fruits were fresh and tasty. Similarly, the quality of tomato was found to be good with bright and shiny colour. An infected shoe flower plant was sprayed with 3% panchyakavya solution, thrice in a weekly interval. At the end of 3rd week fresh shoots coming up without any infection and insects like mealy bug and whitefly never comes to the plant.
Conclusion:
The results of experiment revealed that morphological characters namely plant height, size of the leaves, weight of the fruits and quality of fruits were greatly influenced by Panchakavya. The main ingredient of panchyakavya is cow dung. It has great historical importance. It contains undigested fiber, epithelial cells, and bile pigment and salts rich in Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium and Sulphur, micronutrients, intestinal bacteria and mucus. Thus Panchakavya is an effective and best alternative to replace inorganic fertilisers. The farm waste can also be recycled. Environmental degradation is prevented and quality of food is also high.
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16.“Organic Farming Vs Chemical Farming : A comparison”
Anitha., N, Ramya., P, Santhiya., P, Premalatha., P, Alagumani., P.
PSGG Kanya Gurukulam Higher Secondary School for Girls, Coimbatore. Introduction: India can boast of not only cultural heritage but also agricultural heritage due to its rich natural resources. Five thousand years of traditional organic farming paved way for the wealthy soil and the healthy man. Quite unfortunately, sixty years of chemical farming has proved to be hazardous by robbing the fertility of Mother Earth. Chemical farming poses a serious threat to the present world. The pesticides put an end to the pests but affect the well being of beneficial insects, soil microbes, cattle and human beings. The residual balance of pesticides poison the food we eat, the air we breathe, and the water we drink and in short, pollute the whole environment in which we live. Hence an analytical study is made to devise alternate sources to control pests in an eco-friendly way, to provide non-poisonous and nutritious food so as to promote happier and healthier mankind. Activities: Field visit Frequent visits were made to the fields in the nearby villages to discuss about the various techniques employed by farmers in both organic and chemical farming. Questionnaire Survey method: Information has been collected from 100 farmers by providing a questionnaire about the methodology of organic and chemical farming. Experimental method: Growing Amaranthus plants in organic and as well as chemical settings was done and the samples were sent for residual effect evaluation. Organoleptic evaluation was also done. Social awareness meetings:
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A series of social awareness meetings were conducted to create awareness among farmers and as well as the general public to propagate organic farming.
Consumer Meetings: Consumer meetings were organized to create alertness among the consumers to acquire the right knowledge about the products they consume. Mass media publicity: Leading Newspapers, All India Radio, Karan T.V and AMN T.V willingly shared the anxious concern behind the project. Model farming: A vegetable garden has been grown using organic manure and natural pesticides as a part of Model Farming. Conclusion: Organic farming involves these special features as:
a. Low consumption of water b. Eco-friendly c. Self-supportive agriculture d. Economical e. Sustainable yield f. Non poisonous and nutritious food
Hence organic farming is the best method for the present and the future generation. Follow up activities:
1. To circulate hand bills advocating about biological pest control methods. 2. To conduct meeting and to create awareness about pest control by
various plant extractions. 3. To train the farmers with regard to prepare vermin-compost and organic
growth promoters. 4. To supply the products of organic Model Farming to the School Hostel. 5. Training the neighboring schools in cultivating Organic Vegetable
Garden which will prove to be beneficial for the hostels and Nutritious Noon Meal centers and inspiring them to spread the method around in order to promote a mass appeal in Coimbatore Educational District.
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17. Dominance of Peacock and its Effect on Agriculture in Tirupur’s Surrounding Area Revathy.S., Banupriya.T, Anusha P., Charmila.HJ. and Kiruthika.M. Jaivabai Municipal Girls Hr. Sec.School, Tirupur Abstract: In this decade there is an abundant growth of peacocks in Tirupur area. This may be due to the destruction of wild cats and mongoose by people. The profusion of Peacocks destroy crops. We interviewed 100 farmers and have several suggestions for improving the well-being of both farmers and peacocks. Introduction: Various living organisms are found living on our earth. Different species of plants, animals and insects live and survive for a long and lengthy period. For the survival of these organisms, we need to protect and safeguard the environment. By some fruitful measures, we must ensure an environmental pollution free state, because The survival of man depends upon the survival of plants and animals. -----Bar Bakker Peacock is the most beautiful bird on the earth. It is not only hailed as the National Bird of our India, but also it is regarded as the vehicle of Lord Muruga. But in recent years, the peacocks are hunted in a large scale which is reported in the newspapers then and there. On 20.03.2006, near Kandhae Goundan Chavadi, in Coimbatore, nine peacocks were found dead. A lady farmer was reported to have poisoned the peacocks. She was arrested by the police on 27.03.2006 at Ettimadai. She replied that these peacocks had destroyed her agriculture products and so she had to kill them. Keeping this in mind, and understanding the fact that peacocks bring certain damages and problems to the farmers, this study has been undertaken to see how these peacocks could be saved from the farmers. Study area & methods: Area : Tirupur block – 35 villages ( pongaloor, peruntholuvu etc) In the research process, we have used a camera to take photos, a binocular to view and observe the peacock’s activities at a distance, and a tape recorder to record the views expressed by the farmers. We conducted a survey
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to understand and analyse the problems of the farmers and interviewed and discussed with the Government Officers, scientists and other officers concerned to find solutions to this grave issue. We used a systematic research methodology to bring out an innovative and accepted result. We started our research in the month of July and continued till November. First we went to the Uzhlavarchandhai; (farmers’ market), met 70 farmers, and handed over a questionnaire containing 30 questions to find out the ground-level issues. Next, in order to get a clear picture of the damages / losses caused by peacocks to the agricultural people, we arranged a field trip to 35 villages in and around Tirupur. There we saw the plants including tomato, chillies, maize, etc., which were severely damaged by the peacocks. We gave the data sheet to over 100 farmers and received information in it from them for a deliberate analysis. Light reflecting cassettes/tapes will drive out the birds like peacocks. This concept is advocated by all India integrated research project of Agricultural birds. Such cassettes, tapes have not yet come to Tamil Nadu. So in an innovative idea, we have decided to use old video cassettes/old CDs in the agricultural lands of these areas. In an experimental level, we have selected Thiru.Venkatachalam’s ¼ acre tomato field at Ugayanoor village in Pongalur panchayat Union. On 02.12.2006 in an attempt of experiment, we have installed the Light reflecting Tape in his ¼ acre Tirupur North has assured to provide free installation of Light reflecting tape for the poor farmers of the areas in and around Tirupur. Results and Discussion:
1) Over 87 % of peacocks have multiplied in numbers during the last 5 years around Tirupur areas. The reason is that the animals like wild cat, fox and mongoose etc., which kill and eat the peacocks are totally unseen and they lost their existence due to Eco – Imbalance in and around Tirupur. Due to this, peacocks are multiplied in large numbers and cause heavy losses and damages to the farmers by eating vegetables, fruits and other cereals.
2) Due to this rapid increase in numbers of peacocks Earthworms, (which are called as the friends of farmers) and snakes are also decreasing in large numbers.
3) As the snakes are decreasing in numbers, the rats (which are called as the enemies of the farmers) are rapidly multiplying in large numbers to an extent.
4) Peacocks enter farmer’s agricultural lands between 8am to 11am and 3pm to 6pm and destroy the plants and yields, which results a heavy loss to the farmers.
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5) 100 % farmers do hate and dislike the availability, presence and arrival of peacocks inside their fields.
Conclusion: This has become a grave issue which requires greater attention right now. The most important thing is we must ensure that the safe and secured survival of peacock, and the welfare of the farmers and their agricultural products. Both the welfare and development of farmers and the Peacocks are to be protected and the problem has to be solved. Having this in mind, we framed out a plan after having consultations and suggestions with Salim Ali – birds’ research centre scientists and Coimbatore Agricultural University scientists, we brought out some measures to implement to put an end to this issue.
� Installing light reflection tapes in the farmer’s agricultural lands, we could possibly prevent the entry of peacocks.
� Building 3 ft height cocknet fencing around the agricultural land to prevent the Peacocks entry.
� Catching the Peacocks in and around Tirupur area’s and leaving them in Mudumalai forests.
� Since the peacocks are hailed as the vehicle of Tamil God Muruga, the same may be taken to Palani hill, where a new Sanctuary shall be constructed for their survival and protection.
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18. Iron deficiency Anemia a simple solution Banupriya C.B and Saranya.R, P.S.G.G. Kanya Gurukulam, Peelamedu, Coimbatore Abstract We created a herbal drink and treated 5 anemic students with it for one month. Their hemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) had improved. We also studied the diet of the anemic students, and found that they were primarily consuming rice, coffee, tea, and soft drinks. We recommended a more balanced diet. Introduction Nutritional adequacy is one of the key determinants of the quality of human resources everywhere. Despite the rapid progress that has been achieved in the technology of food production and processing, malnutrition continues to be a major area of concern for public health. Anemia, is estimated to affect 3.5 billion (or two out of three) individuals in the developing world. More than 32 million people in India suffer from Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), with a highest prevalence among women and children, which include 40 to 80 percent women, 60 to 70 percent children and 50 percent adolescent girls. Though the government and health organizations are fighting hard to control anemia, there is scope for innovation. This study is a humble attempt to try an alternative method for controlling Iron Deficiency Anemia in a natural way. Since our approach and materials used are simple and easily available, we believe it will be acceptable to more people in a developing country like India. Objectives
a) To evaluate the efficacy of a natural health drink formulated by us in controlling the Iron Deficiency Anemia
b) To create awareness about the health potential of natural herbal drinks through social awareness meetings and by promoting it through herbal farming.
Methods The methodology that we followed in this programme includes surveys, laboratory testing, treatments and awareness campaigns.
1. Data on Basic information: The information on the various types of anemia, number of persons affected and the treatment methods were collected by frequent visits to government and private hospitals. The data were gathered from the hospital records and through discussion with doctors.
2. Survey of nutritional practice: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 100 students on their regular foods and feeding habits.
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3. Preparation of health drink: A health drink powder was prepared by using ten easy and commonly available herbals. The iron content of the powder was estimated at the laboratories of esteemed institutions.
4. Identification of affected students: A clinical test was conducted among the anemia affected hostel students and ten students were selected for the treatment.
5. Treatment: We gave the herbal health drink to five selected students for one month as a part of their regular diet and have kept the other five students as control.
6. Health assessment: Before starting the treatment and after, physical efficiency of the students was evaluated through a battery of sporting activities.
7. Blood test: Before, in the middle stage and after the treatment a thorough blood test was conducted particularly to evaluate Hemoglobin content and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) of the blood.
8. Acceptability of health drink: Acceptability of the health drink was evaluated through an organoleptic evaluation technique for the amount of powder usage in the drink.
9. Model Herbal farming: An herbal garden has been grown using natural manure as a part of model herbal farming.
10. Social Awareness meetings: A series of social awareness meeting were conducted to create awareness among young school children as well as general public about how to prevent anemia.
Results It was observed that most of the students surveyed were not having balanced nutritious food in their diet. Majority were primary rice eaters and eat rice either 3 or 4 times a day. Their food items have less fruits and vegetables; drinks are dominated by tea, coffee or soft drinks. Very few have the habit of taking de-worming tablets periodically. A significant percent of the students were observed to have the anemia. Five students who were having Iron deficiency anemia were selected and treated with the prepared health drink. These five were selected based on their low Hemoglobin content and Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV) in the blood test. The battery of health assessment test of their physical efficiency was also conducted before and after the treatment. Hemoglobin content, MCV and the physical efficiency showed a significant improvement after the treatment. Fifteen grams in a glass of water is found to be acceptable dosage for the tested herbal powder through the organoleptic technique. Food habits leading to Anemia (n=100): a) Intake of rice in a day
Once 26 Twice 45 Thrice 29
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b) Eating Vegetables Yes 41 No 59
c) Eating Fruits Yes 18 No 82
d) Drinking Tea and Coffee Yes 93 No 7
e) Having health Problem Yes 92 No 8
f) Taking deworming tablets Yes 13 No 87
g) Awareness about Anaemia Yes 0 No 100
Conclusion: The major cause for the widespread anemia in our society may be Iron deficiency. To eradicate it, well–balanced nutritious food is the best option; periodic de-worming can also help. Instead of most prevalent tea, coffee and soft drink, herbal health drinks should be promoted among youngsters. Awareness program have a significant role in developing sound health among the public. Follow up activities: We have already started the following activities in our school as the follow up to this programme. 1.Circulating the handbills advocating about healthy herbal drinks. 2.Conducting awareness campaigns about the anemia and prevention methods. 3.Training students in making and maintaining the herbal garden. 4.Preparation of tablets and sweet candy using these herbal extracts which fight against Anemia. 5.Training neighboring schools in the preparation of herbal garden and supplying free herbs from our nursery.
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19. Eradication of Gingivitis (Dental disease) wasteland development in the villages of Coimbatore Karthikeyan, R., Santhosh, K., Gowtham, R., Manikandan, S., Manoj Kumar, R Government High School, Idigarai, Coimbatore Abstract The occurrence of Gingivitis (a dental disease) in Coimbatore was studied, and people were advised to take Emblica officinalis (nellikai) to eradicate the disease. The wastelands of Coimbatore were surveyed to better understand Emblica officinalis’ favoured soil conditions. Five varieties of Emblica were studied to determine the most suitable breed for Coimbatore’s wastelands. The drought resistant BSR-1 variety of Emblica officinalis was found to be the most appropriate. Introduction
Human beings need adequate food to lead an active and happy life. In particular, the growth and development of children between 0-5 years is entirely dependent on their diet. At this stage a deficiency of as little as 10 Kilo cals per kilogram body weight leads to growth failure. The deficiency of one or more nutrients in food may cause multiple disorders. Malnutrition and poverty are inseparable. By improving people’s lives, we can succeed in eradicating malnutrition and related defects. We started the present study with a focus on the propagation Emblica officinalis. Then, we came to know that village children were severely suffered by Gingivitis (we learned about the disease from a dentist). So we decided to study how to control Gingivitis by the propagation of the Emblica officinalis. It will also help people to earn money and will help reduce the prevalence of vitamin ‘C’ deficiency.
Methodology In this project we have concentrated on tooth-disease and vitamin ‘C’ deficiency in children, and the ways and means in which the disease can be arrested through Emblica officinalis (nellikai) and finding the probability of propagation of Emblica officinalis in wastelands. Methodology, we have developed a questionnaire to collect the data (Annexure 1). We collected data from more then 100 families. We have approached dentists to know more about this disease and we have learned that there are five different types of Gingivitis. Again we went to the project villages to collect data on these different types of Gingivitis, and followed Ramflord’s Gingivitis Index method to classify them. Soil test The soil samples were collected from fifteen places in zigzag manner from the pit made (1/2 ft diameter and 1 ft. depth). We also collected data about the rainfall of the area in last ten years. Five Emblica varieties (BSR-1, BGK, NA-7,
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ANAND and KRISHNA) were selected for the experiment to find out the suitable breed for the study area. Result and Discussion We found a large number of children between age group 0-5 have been affected by Gingivitis. In experimental method we made a conclusion that Vitamin ‘C’ deficiency leads to the Scurbetic gingivitis. We found that this disease arises due the limited monotonous diet i.e, 100% carbohydrate food and lack of vitamin ‘C’ in their diet. We found that 40% of the children were affected by Gingiva disease (Fig 1). We selected 8 children affected with severe gingivitis and we gave Emblica fruit to them for 18 days. We also made them to follow oral hygiene, brushing techniques, Gingiva massage. At the end of 18 days, we saw a marked improvement in their gingival, which appeared pinkish in colour. It depends on the economy of the families (Fig. 3) and more than 40% of the people were low-income group. Hence eradication programme of any malnutrition problems should have the objective of improving the economy of the people. As we came to know the importance of Emblica officianalis, we thought of several ways to propagate the Emblica officinalis plant so that it could reach each and every person in the country. Finally, we chose wastelands in Coimbatore district for mass propagation of Emblica officianalis. We did soil test report on wastelands and suitable nursery methods for their propagation on wastelands. Based on this data we select the suitable drought resistant BSR-1 variety of Emblica officinalis that can grow well in wastelands. Conclusion Emblica officinalis is the cheapest source of vitamin C. It will be very helpful to eradicate the Gingivitis. It is also very helpful to the people around the wasteland to increase their income because it has an important role in Sidha medicine. BSR-1 variety is suitable for the wasteland of Coimbatore. We hope by means of improving the life of people we can do wonders and succeed in reaching our target, INDIA 2020.
Normal
60%
Grade I
26%
Grade II
11%
Grade III
3%
Fig. 1. The details about the childrens affected by the Gigiva as per Ramfjor's Gingival Index method
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Normal Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade IV
Figure 2. Childrens, growth rates based of weight
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
No
. o
f p
ers
on
s
1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-3000 > 3000
Monthly income
Figure 3. The monthly income of the people
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20. Effect of herbal plants on treating skin diseases Divya Bharathi, Narmatha. S, Divya Rangaraj, Vaishnavi. G., and Meena I P. S. G.G. Kanyagurukulam Hr. Sec. school for girls. Coimbatore Abstract: We created a herbal syrup using 8 medicinal plants and used it to treat 100 students suffering from skin problems. Most students were cured within 3 weeks. Introduction: India is one of the biggest reservoirs of biodiversity. Every Indian should be very proud about it and at the same time we feel worried about its decline also. It is of prime importance to conserve the rich biodiversity and realize that its decline is threatening our future. Without exploiting nature, we must try to live alongside it. Aim: Ancestors of our country people had the practice of living on organic food, and creating medicines and shelters with natural products. They had a long life span in a well-protected natural habitat. As time passed, due to so many economical and environmental problems we changed our life-style. Extending our thoughts to our future generations, we must be interested in conserving our natural resources. As a simple method of practicing the conservation, making the people aware of the herbal plants available in their surroundings and their importance on their health problems becomes the key idea. This idea leads us to the work on ‘Effect of herbal plants on skin diseases’. Good effects reveal the URGENT NEED to protect these herbal plants in and around our locality and also far from us. Objectives:
1) Creating the interest among the students and public to conserve the biodiversity.
2) Simple method is to be followed to arouse the interest on conservation practice.
3) Able to link themselves with the plants directly. 4) Realizing the importance of plants. 5) Realizing the need and necessity to conserve those herbs. 6) Extending their idea everywhere.
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Methodology: Efficient method of data collection is through ‘Questionnaire Analysis’. By this analysis, the main health problem among our school children identified was skin problems with various symptoms. Medical experts confirmed that a small sample of 100 children were affected. After interacting with this group and conducting camp with the parents and medical professionals, it was found that the common skin problem is due to unhygienic condition. Doctor’s diagnosis also revealed the same. Upon looking for the herbal treatment of this skin problem, around 8 herbal plants were found to be very suitable. Siddha and Ayurvedic medicines also recommend the same. After approaching the parents for their attitude towards the herbal treatment 75% of the parents was willing to take herbal treatment. The composition and the standard of the herbal syrup was assessed in a lab and certified for its application. As per the advice of doctors, the syrup was applied to our experimental sample. Result and Discussion: After three weeks of herbal treatment those students were observed. The patches on the skin and discolouration completely disappeared. The parents of the students really wondered on this faster recovery of their children. The parents became very much interested in protecting those herbal plants in their locality. All our analysis, methods and the solutions were found to be very reliable. Magazines like Vikatan, and Daily Thanthi appreciated our work publicized it. Conclusion: The great success of the herbal treatment for the skin disease encourages us to grow the very same herbal plants in our area near and far from us. The encouragement and the motivation from the public carry us towards our target of protecting our biodiversity. Follow up activities: 1) Our school whole population is going to be diagnosed for the skin
diseases. 2) Herbal treatment is going to be continued for all those identified.
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3) Some other diseases also should be identified for which the herbal treatment is made effective
4) Students should spread the idea of protecting the plants to the public through posters and press.
5) Conserving the herbal plants in our locality. 6) Inducing the public also to conserve those plants in their locality. 7) Preserving these plants, making our environment clean and hygienic.
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21. Reclaiming Grey Water in Our School Soundarya. S., Karpagavalli. M., Meenakshi Deepa Saraswathi. P., Sandhiya. V., Lavanya. B., and Bhuvanesanthi. V. Jaivabai Municipal Higher Secondary School,Tiruppur Introduction Tirupur is facing a serious water crisis due to increased number of banian factories with increasing human population. The student population of our school is also increasing every year. There has been a water crisis. An average human needs 100-150 litres of water for daily usage; of that, 70% of water goes as sewage. Since most water ends up as sewage, we have studied ways to properly reuse sewage water. Due to the increase in human population, industries, agriculture and other uses require a huge amount of water. So the ground water has been recovered through wells, tube wells, bore wells etc. Hence the level of ground water has been shrinking. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Salem, Namakkal, and Dharmapuri districts have seen their ground water go below 500 to 1000 feet. In this case, due to ground water depletion, there has been a substantial salt-water ingestion in coastal areas. Also there has been a continuous release of industrial effluents from Leather and Dye factories into rivers; this makes the water polluted and unfit for human consumption. Methodology
• Water budget of school was calculated • Observing water usage of the students in our school • Oral survey in the classes • Survey about the usage of water through questionnaire in 100 houses of
Tirupur • Interview with Goverment employees and higher officials • Water samples were analyzed
Result Water Sources for our School One well in the school campus -9,000 liters/day for bathrooms and latrine One bore well in school campus -4000 liters/day Lab and plants Corporation pipe -18,000 liters Water Usage by Students 6,888 students @ 3 liters per head (Washing and Drinking) =20,664 150 Teachers and administrators =12,000
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Noon Meal Centre (300 Students) = 300 Latrine 3 liters per head =21,000 Canteen for one day = 1,000 Lab (Three no) = 500 Plants 3 liters per day = 1,240 Usage of water in pipes Drinking water directly from tap using hand by pressing 501(28%) Drinking water through bottle after washing 492(27%) Washing utensils 146(8%) Washing hands 493(27%) Drinking water without wasting using hands 55(3%) Face washing (12%) Statistical analysis School water crisis Water input=31,000 LPD Water need =47,000 LPD Water crisis=16,000 LPD Table.1.No. of family members
S.No No. of family members
No of families
1 2 15 2 3 23 3 4 42 4 5 16 5 6 2 6 7 1 7 8 1
Table.2 Members in a family
S.No
Family members Number
1 Elder Males 105 2 Elder Females 122 3 Younger Males 73 4 Younger Females 57
Usage of water in 100 houses Brushing -711 LPD
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Refreshing -912 LPD Bathing -4534 LPD Drinking -1593 LPD Toilet -3081 LPD Washing clothes -4253 LPD Cooking -2499 LPD Washing utensils -2132 LPD House Cleaning -866 LPD Gardening -317 LPD Total -20890 LPD Toilet -3081 LPD -17817 LPD Recovery of waste water (other than toilet water) for reuse. Solution for problem. Grey Water- Water left after washing hands, utensils, clothes, etc. Black water- Water left after toilet use.
We plan to treat grey water because it affects the environment when it stagnates in open land. Out of 21,000 LPD used, we planned to recover 5,700 LPD.
Action plan. Drinking water pipes are there in 10 places in our school. We have taken 3 sites for the study. Plan I
Site 1 and 2 have 11 taps. At the outlet area a wire mesh was kept, a concrete channel was constructed longitudinally at 1-ft height. In the middle of the channel a tank was constructed at ground level; from two different places the wastewater was conveyed through PVC Pipes to the tank. In the channel (Sand, Gravel, Pebbles and Charcoal) was filled upto 4ft. At the top Heliconium (Kalvalai) plant was planted. Core waste like chilies, curry leaves and rice were screened through wire mesh at the first stage in the outlet. The screened wastewater goes through the charcoal, sand, pebbles and plants and reaches as the treated water outside. Plan II In site 3, there are 6 taps. A channel was made as in the previous method and in that tank 30-ft depth bore well was laid and PVC Pipe was connected with small holes for the inlet of waste water. We tested the water quality in two places.
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Plan III Canteen wastewater was treated by the above methods. Expenses. Cost for setting up wastewater plant = Rs 8330 (Two tanks, Channel, Sand, Bricks, Cement, Building contract, bore well for 30ft, 1HP Motor and Electric charges) Test and Results Treated and untreated water was taken in two bottles and 2 healthy fishes were introduced into them on (7.11.05) at evening 4 PM. Next day at 9AM we found that the fishes left in the untreated water were dead and the fishes in the treated water were alive. By this we came to conclude that untreated water is unfit for living beings. Two water samples were tested in our chemistry lab and also in Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore. Table showing the water quality test given TNAU
S.No
Parameters tested Untreated Treated
1 Acidity PH 6.09 4.45 2 Electrical
Conductivity EC .1 .26
3 Soluble Salts 115 PPM 166 PPM Note PPM = Parts Per Million Impact of the study Before the study the wastewater was stagnant, foul smelling, and it acted as a breeding place for mosquitos, which spread many diseases. There was also water scarcity. After our study, treated water was used for watering plants. There was no water stagnation. Some of the need for water was also solved. The water wasted from three pipes in the study was (110*17) 1870 liters per day. About 1800 liters of water is reused per day and for a week 1800*5=9000 liters was saved. The cost of 1000 liters of water is Rs 45. Our method saves Rs 400 per week. Role of public and future plans
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The whole study was conducted with the help of public through Parent Teacher Association in several ways. There was an exhibition in our school through which we have created awareness to teachers and students of various schools and colleges in and around Tirupur about recycling of water. Dinamalar, the daily Tamil newspaper appreciated our work and wrote an article about it. Only 3 pipes with 17 taps out of 10 pipes with 47 taps have been used for the study. We are planning the do the same for the remaining taps. Some schools and colleges have come forward to work in this field.
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22. Water Loss due to Improper Management in Rackiapalayam Area
Sumaiya Banu, N.A., Tharani, R.C., Tariq Ahmed, M.A., Kavin, T.M., Mohammed Abdul Quadir Junaid, V.M., Century Foundation Matriculation School, Tirupur-06 “Science does not simply sit down and pray for things to happen but seeks to find out why things happen”- Jawaharlal Nehru Abstract We surveyed students, householders, and lorry drivers about water use. We concluded that there is a lack of awareness about water wastage and a lot of waste happens when people are washing hands and utensils. We designed a shower-type tap to replace the open-type taps at our school. This will save 3 times the amount of water. We also designed an alarming device to warn us when water is overflowing from our school’s overhead tank. Introduction As the saying quoted above we just don’t want to join our hands and pray for Ganga, Krishna and Cauvery link project. Instead we would like to search for the reasons of water scarcity in spite of the existence of adequate water supply that meets the needs. Providing water close to people’s home can affect their lives in several ways. It saves time and effort spent collecting water. In many cases it saves money, and it often encourages people to use more water greedily. So we decided that proper maintenance of water tap be one of the remedy as a drop of water that in due course would make a mighty ocean. Maintenance is not everything …………..It is the only thing! Study Area Our study area was Rackiapalayam village in Nallur Panchayat. It has a population of 2549. Methdology Surveys An oral preliminary survey was conducted among our schoolmates from fifth standard to collect the basic information about usage of water and general water loss. Broadly, the data gathered from them about water loss fell under the following categories. They are: Modernisation, and Unawareness. As a result of our oral survey two sets of questionnaires were framed. One set was focused on the homemakers and the other targeted the tanker lorry and
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cart drivers. A total 100 copy of questionnaires was distributed to the homemakers of the Rackiapalayam area. Questionnaires were made to find out the general information regarding the type, time and duration of water supply, the amount of water utilized in their day-to-day life for various household activities and to check their awareness for recycling and conservation of water. A total of 50 copy of questionnaire was circulated to both tankers and cart drivers, to find out the main reason for water loss during transportation and awareness of water conservation. Experimentation to improve the taps used at present in our school As we observed excess water consumption for washing hands and utensils, we thought that our children should be educated first about the conservation of water. So we designed a tap such that the water consumption by our children was under more control than before. Materials Can (25 liters) 2 Bucket (20 liters) 2 Open-type threaded pipes (1.25 cm) 2 End cap 1 Washer 1 Method
• 1.25 cm. open-type pipes were fixed to 25 liter cans and washers were used to tighten them and to avoid leakage.
• Both cans were graduated for every 500 ml. volume. • One can was fitted with open-type tap, which served as control. • Minute holes were made with the help of hot needles on the end cap of
another open-type tap. This tap was threaded and fitted to the second, experimental can.
• Both cans were filled with water. • Both tapes were simultaneously opened. The volume of water collected
every minute was noted and tabulated. Results Time in Minutes Open-type tape Shower-type tap 1 4.0 0.8 2 4.0 0.8
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3 3.5 0.8 4 3.4 0.8 5 2.9 0.8 6 2.3 0.8 7 2.0 0.8 8 1.9 0.8 9 0.3 0.8 10 0.2 0.7 Volume of water Collected after 10 mins 24.5 7.9 Discussion In open-type tap the volume of water that passed out in 10 minutes was 24.5 liters, but in shower-type tap it was only 7.9 liters in the same amount of time. We recommend the usage of shower-type taps in the area where it is used for only washing hands. This would conserve water 3 times more than at present. Designing alarm to indicate the water level Often we have come across the overflow of water from our school overhead tank. We have thought so many times to find a solution to prevent water loss due to lack of continuous monitoring by our school watchman. This has motivated us to design an alarm to prevent the water loss. No. Materials Cost in
Rs. 1 Diode (in 4007) 75.00 2 Capacitor (100 mfd 25.v) 4.50 3 Resistor (680 omega) 0.25 4 LED 1.00 5 Resistor (47 K & 220 K
omega) 0.50
6 18 V. 500 M. Amp Transformer
25.00
7 Transistor (Bell 188) 4.00 8 Buzzer (12 V) 25.00 TOTAL: 61.00 Principle: Negative pulse transmitted to the transistor makes the buzzer sound. Methodology:
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This circuit is operated at 18 v. AC with a transistor. As the transistor receives a negative pulse, it makes the buzzer function. Two wires as used as sensors of the negative pulse. When the water level reaches the maximum point touching the sensor wires, a negative pulse is transmitted to the transistor. Discussion: This device is designed to avoid the wastage of water by helping us to monitor the level of water even when we are busy with other activities. Community Programme We firmly believe that “Learning is to share” and our objective is to bring the lab to land. Hence the essence of our work was lime lighted to the public. To conclude we would like to say, “Water scarcity has increased due to fashion of high population not because of high population”.
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23. Pollution Control in Acid Pickling Process Chandra Leka, V GKD Matriculation Higher Secondary School Coimbatore – 20
Abstract In our project, we have attempted to eliminate the dangerous air pollution caused by toxic hydrochloric acid, a byproduct of the acid pickling process. Since florin fumes dissolve in water, we have used this property to control pollution. We have also implemented the concept of recycling in our project, so that industries may benefit. We hope our method is a cheap and effective way of controlling pollution caused by acid pickling. Introduction Surface cleaning is an important process in various engineering applications. In acid pickling, one of the processes of surface cleaning, the environment is severely affected by the pollution caused by fumes containing florin and other corrosive acids. This pollution causes many health problems to the people living in and around the industries. We have tried to totally eliminate the pollution caused by the toxic fumes in the heat treatment industries. We hope our effort to fabricate an eco-friendly surface cleaning process would be of great use to the industrialist and will be helpful to obtain a pollution-free world. Methods and Design We have designed our own method to control acid pollution (Fig 1 & 2). The cost analyses had worked out (Table 1 & 2). Design of the device The components of the device work as follows (also see figure 1; picture1) L-DUCT The L-duct consists of L shaped channel. It is made up of acrylic material. 1. Suction chamber – Where suction of fumes released when quenching takes place. 2. Mixing chamber – Where mixing of water with fumes takes place. The water flows due to gravity, and the dissolved fumes are collected in a collection tank, which is placed at the bottom of the duct. Blower
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Blower is a unit having an inlet and outlet. The inlet of the blower is used to suck the fumes from the main tank through PVC pipe. The outlet is connected to the suction chamber of the L-duct through a PVC pipe. Figure 1. A model Design Atomizer It consists of a series of pipes running along the circumference of the chamber, where the pipes are micro-drilled to produce an atomizing affect. When water is pumped and circulated through these pipes at a constant pressure, water gets sprayed in the form of tiny droplets. When these tiny droplets pass through the fumes they react and produce acidic solution, which can be collected at the collection tank. Circulating pump The circulating pump is used to transfer solution from the collecting tank, to the mixing chamber. In this pump, the casing is given FRP coating that makes in non-corrosive. The impeller is made up of plastic material to avoid corrosion. Density Meter The density meter is used to find the density of acidic content of the solution collected in the collection tank. And as soon as the density of the solution reaches the density level in the main tank, the collected solution is subjected to recycling. Working Principle When the blower starts the fumes from the main tank are extracted to the suction chamber. The incoming fumes are lighter in density hence they have the tendency to go upwards. So the mixing chamber is fabricated vertically to direct the incoming fumes to mix with incoming atomizer water, when the motor and the pump is switched on. At that time the atomized water is sprayed by means of atomizer. The hydrochloric acid fume has the property of dissolving in water. Hence the fume dissolves in atomized water and is collected at the collecting tank through inverted truncated pyramid. Then the solution is re-circulated to the mixing chamber by using circulating pump. Initally the density of the solution is less. As the circulation of solution
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is continuously carried out, there is an addition of fumes each time, which results in increased density of solution. The solution density is periodically measured by using the density meter. When the density of the collecting solution is equal to the density of main tank solution, then the collected solution is transfered to the main tank. The collecting tank is kept elevated above the solution level in the main tank. So the solution can be easily transferred by means of gravity without any aid of external means. After transferring the collected solution to the main tank, once again the collecting tank is filled with pure water and the process is continued as before. This entire system is fitted at the fume collector by wooden supports. Thus by using this system, the hydrochloric acid fumes released during the acid pickling process get completely dissolved and don’t pollute the environment. Also due to the recycling process the running cost is reduced. Advantages of the system
• Pollution is completely eliminated as we are dissolving the fumes in the water.
• The running cost is reduced due to the recycling of the acidic solution • 100% non corrosive and hence durable • Simple in construction • Light in weight • Easy to install • Consumption cost of the chemicals is reduced • Operations can be easily visualized because of the system’s transparent
nature. • Maintenance is easier
Limitaions The only limitation is that the system is applicable for the fumes, which dissolve in water. Conclusion We have succeeded in developing a device which will completely eliminate the pollution by acid pickling processes. Also by using a process of recycling we have proved that we can reduce the running cost of this system, thus making a double advantage. We have thus played our part in taking a first step in towards a pollution free world.
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Table 1. Cost estimation S. No. Name Qty Cost in Rs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Acrylic Blower Density meter Pump PVC for atomizer PVC T & elbows Chloroform PVC olution
35 ft. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 16 ft. 2 ft. 12 No. 200 ml 50 ml.
3, 150 1,500 80 900 115 30 50 125 10
Total Cost 5, 960 Table 2. Cost Analysis Details Rs. Project Cost Cost of 1 kg.of salt used Cost retrieved for 12 grams fro 3 hours (Salt present in 1 kg. Of solution is 12 gram) Cost retrieved for 20 ltres for 3 hours Cost retrieved for 20 litres fro 1 hour Cost for power supply to motor and pump per hour
6000. 00 150. 00 1. 80 36. 00 12. 00 8. 00
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Time recovery for the project cost (Cosidering 8 hours of work per day) Monthly earnings Annual earnings
4 months (Approx.) 1600. 00 19200. 00
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24. Recycling of Textile Effluent
Vikram Anandh, A.G., Shaik Mohammed Shameer, K.S., Gokul Srinivasan, S., Century Foundation Matriculation School, Tirupur-06 Abstract The government has mandated that textile industries should use reverse osmosis to reduce the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in textile effluent. However, most industries cannot implement RO because of its cost. We experimented with different indigenous materials to find a cheaper substitute for the imported membrane used in the reverse osmosis process. We found that coir pith is an effective substitute, and it reduces costs by 90%. Introduction Tamil Nadu is a water scarce state. We have already utilized 96% of the surface water and 60% of the ground water. It is time to think globally, but it is very important to act locally. Although water is a prime mover of life on earth, our methods of using it are dismal. The major portion of water mankind is using is sent off as waste. A typical example is the use of water by the industries and municipalities. Although 95% of the water that this establishment uses is let out after treatment, the treated effluent into the soil has about 4000 mg/lit TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) and high electrical conductivity which are detrimental to our soil health and thereby to the ecosystem. Therefore government has made it compulsory to treat this wastewater by reverse osmosis. Ro is an expensive process because the membranes used are imported mainly from USA. Iindustrialists are finding it very difficult to install RO plants. Of 800 dying factoris, only 32 have installed RO plants. There is a case pending in court. Industrialists are worried that the situation may lead to the closing down of factories and the collapse of the Tirupur industries. Therefore as a substitute to the RO membrane (an imported high cost material), we tried indigenous materials like banana stem and bottle gourd pith. Principle Dissolved solids are removed by membranes with 0.001 to 0.003 µ m pore size. Methodology Several naturally existing membrane-like materials with filtration capacity were scrutinized and finally banana stem, coir pith, fibrous net of coconut tree, banana thread, jute, and gypsum stone were selected. In order to find out their efficiency in the removal of TDS, the materials were tightly packed in a specially designed column. Textile effluent was collected from Manikapuram
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Common Effluent Treatment plant. A part of the sample was given for chemical and microbial analysis. The TDS of the effluent was measured in a TDS meter. Then this effluent was passed through the column at the rate of 10 ml. per minute. The TDS of the effluent collected was measured. A part of this treated effluent was again sent for chemical and microbial analysis. The same experiment was repeated with bore-well water and each experiment was repeated 10 times and the average values were taken. Results and Discussion With coir pith the TDS was reduced to 1000 to 1500 ppm in textile effluent and 400 to 500 ppm in bore-well water. Additionally, the cost of 10 lit. capacity membrane is Rs. 2500. Its life is 3 years. Cost of coir pith used for 3 years is Rs. 219. Therefore there is a 90% reduction in cost by using coir pith. Coir pith is a cheaper and better substitute for RO membrane and it reduces the TDS to a great extent. By using coir pith the formation of reject water could be avoided. Implementation The new model using coir pith was installed at Manchari Tullir Illam and it was operated every day for one to two hours depending upon the drinking water requirement. Community Programme A model was prepared and hands on training were given to the public and industrialists. An awareness camp was also conducted in the school premises and pamphlets were distributed to them and the importance of wastewater recycling method was explained to the public.
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25. Nutritional hygiene and Human impact on Living environment of an urban area (In and Around Gandhipuram)
Karthikeyan,. S, Ramkumar., V,Nithin., S, Sivashankar., S, Muralidharan., R, Lakshmi Kanthan ., R, and Dharvesh., M. U, Kovai Kalaimagal Mat. Hr. Sec. School, Ganapathy Abstract We studied nutritional hygiene, plastic use, and vehicular frequency in central areas of Coimbatore. We found that 58% of the people we surveyed would like to see plastic usage regulated, and that two-wheelers are the most abundant vehicles in the city’s centre. We went on to recommend simple measures for controlling plastics and reducing air pollution. Introduction
Coimbatore is an important industrial city with a population of around 13 lakh people. It is situated in western Tamil Nadu, near the Western Ghats. Due to the large population, waste disposal and vehicular pollution are the major problems in the city. The culture of city dwellers i.e., “Use and Throw” and changing lifestyle are the key causes of the environmental problems in the urban area. This study was designed to get a picture of the environmental problems of Coimbatore and their connections to hygiene, waste disposal and number of vehicles. The objectives of the study are as follows: a) Study the nutritional hygiene of people in and around the central core of the city i.e., Gandhipuram. b) Study the use of plastics in hotels, sweet shops and households. c) Study vehicular frequency in Coimbatore. Study area
The study was conducted in urban areas of Gandhipuram, Avarampalayam and Ganapathy. Methodology
• A questionnaire survey was done to study nutritional hygiene and use of plastic bags in hotels, sweet shops, and houses.
• Direct sampling was done of the total number of vehicles passing within 10
minutes during the peak and non-peak hours of working days and non-working days in six different zones of Gandhipuram Sathy road (NH 209). The vehicles were classified as bicycles, two-wheelers, three-wheelers, or four-wheelers.
Results and Discussion
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The usage of plastics is high in hotels and sweet shops. Plastic is used for parcels about 45% of the time in hotels. Waste disposal is also done using plastic bags (54%). In the sweet shops, plastics are used for parcels in high rates (47%). The sources of plastics entry into houses were identified as vegetable market, sweet shops, food parcels, milk cover, gift covers and medicinal packs. It is interesting to note that 58.5 % of people would like to regulate the usage of plastics.
Table 1. Vehicular Traffic in NH209 in working and non-working
days S.No Type Working days
Peak Hours Non-Peak hours
Non-Working days Peak Hours Non-Peak hours
1 Cycle 102 53 60 34 2 Two-
wheeler 237 154 135 78
3 Three-wheeler
23 20 14 10
4 Four-wheeler
62 41 40 31
5 Heavy vehicle
24 19 21 17
Motorcycles, three-wheelers, and four-wheelers use petrol and diesel. Their combustion may lead to emission of several air pollutants such as SOx, NOx, and SPM. These cause several health hazards and affect ambient air quality. The pollution produced by the large number of two-wheelers is a severe threat to the environment because increased vehicle traffic increases carcinogenic substances such as high suspended particulate matter and increased amount of NOx and SOx (Meenakshithanga and Mahadevan, 1991; Wilson, 1998; Komalakar (1991). Hence the following measures can be used to avoid the environmental problems.
1. The regulation of plastic usage in hotel, sweetshops and households. 2. The vehicular emission can be regulated at source level by using filters
and good maintenance of vehicles. 3. The awareness should be created among the people to reduce the plastic
usage, and encourage cycling and walking. Table 2. Usage of Materials in Hotels S. No
Materials Used For service (%) Parcel (%)
1 Plastic 18 45 2 Leaves 27 27
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3 Steel containers & plates 45 9 4 Paper 0 9 5 Others 10 10
Ingredient
Packing
12%
Service
41%
Parcels
47%
Fig .1 Usage of Materials in Sweet
