EIA Cement industry

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

(2008)

FOR

MADHUVAN CEMENT INDUSTRIES Survey No. 24, Village Kansari

Taluka Una, District Junagadh

PREPARED BY

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

VADODARA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT (2008)

FOR

MADHUVAN CEMENT INDUSTRIES

Survey No. 24, Village Kansari Taluka Una,

District Junagadh

PREPARED BY

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environment Division

VADODARA

INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..1 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………4 2.1 Plant Location…………………………………………………………………..4 2.2 Process Description…………………………………………………………..4 2.2.1 Raw Materials…………………………………………………………………5 2.2.1.1 Raw Materials Consumption……………………………………….5 2.2.1.2 Raw Materials Handling………………………………………………5 2.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Raw Materials and product………………….………………………………………………… ….6 2.2.3 Manufacturing Process………………………………………………...8 2.3 Employment……………………………………………………………………10 2.4 Electrical Energy Requirement……….……………………………..10 3. SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND CONTROL MEASURES…….11 3.1 Air Pollution…………………………………………………………………….11 3.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution……………………………………………….11 3.1.2 Emission of SO2, NOx and CO2 from Kiln.………….………12 3.1.3 Air Pollution Control Measures…………………………………….13 3.2 Water and Wastewater……………………………………………………15 4. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS………………………………………………..16 4.1 Meteorology…………………………………………………………………….16 4.1.1 Temperature…………………………………………………………………17 4.1.2 Relative Humidity…………………………………………………………17 4.1.3 Wind Velocity and Wind Direction……………………………….17 4.2 Present Air Quality in the Study Area….………………….…….18 4.3 Land Use Pattern…………………………………………………..……… 22 4.4 Noise Levels……………………………………..….…………………….….24 4.5 Biological Environment….………………….……….……………….…26 4.5.1. Terrestrial Environment………………………………………………26 4.5.1.1 Period of the Study and study Area………………………...26 4.5.1.2. Methodological……………………………………………………….…26 4.5.1.3 Terrestrial Floral and Faunal Components Of the Study Area……………………………..………………………27 4.5.1.4 Topography of the Study Area………………………………….28 4.5.1.5 Floral Diversity of the Study Area…………………………….28 5. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION…………………………………………………54 5.1 Aspects of the Environment…………………………………………..54 5.2 Activities………………………………………………………………………….54

6. PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT.. ….……………55 6.1 Impacts during Construction Phase……………………………….55 6.2 Impacts during Operation Phase……………………………………55 6.2.1 Impact on Air Quality……………………………………….…………55 6.2.2 Impacts on Soil……………………………………………………………57 6.2.3 Impacts on Noise Levels........................................57 6.2.4 Impacts on Ecology……………………………………………………..58 6.2.5. Impact on Water Environment…………………………………...61 6.2.5. Impact on Existing Landuse Pattern…………………………..61 7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN..………………………….….62 7.1 Air Pollution Control Management………………………………….62 7.2 Noise Control Management…………………………………………….62 7.3 Water Harvesting System……………………………………………….63 7.4 Greenbelt Development Plan……………………………………..….64 7.5 Solid Wastes Management………………………………………………70 7.6 Cleaner Production………………………………………………………….72 7.7 Socio-economic Development Activities…………………………72 8. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY….…………………………73 8.1 Hazard Identification………………………………………………………73 8.2 Exposure Limits.……………………………………………………………..74 8.3 First Air Measures…………………………………………………….…….74 8.4 Exposure Controls and Personal Protection………………….75 8.5 Other Safety Measures……………………………………………………76 9. RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES………………….77 9.1 Classification of the Hazards in the Cement Industry……77 9.2 Hazards, Risk and Safety Measures……………………………….78 9.2.1 Storage and Material Transportation Systems……………78 9.2.2 Crushing……………………………………………………………………….81 9.2.3 Milling Processes (Raw Mill and Cement Mill)…………….84 9.2.4 Kilns Operations…………………………………………………………..88 9.2.5 Silo Cleaning Operations……………………………………………..90 9.2.6 Operation and Maintenance of Bagfilters……………………95 9.2.7 Fuel Storage Area………………………………………………………..98 9.2.8 Environment, Work areas and Passageways………………………………………………………..……101

LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure : 1 : Wind Rose Diagram Annexure : 2 : The Gaussian Model Annexure : 3 : Compliance Status of TOR Annexure : 4 : Copy of Permission of Ground Water Withdrawal Annexure ; 5 : Letter from Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science Annexure : 6 : Copy of Terms of References

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Raw Materials Consumption…………………………………..5 Table 3.1 Details of Air Pollution Control Equipments…......13 Table 3.2 Details of Stacks……………………………………………………14 Table 4.1 Meteorological Parameters…………………….............16 Table 4.2 Stability Classification…….……………………………….…..17 Table 4.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations………………18 Table 4.4 Land use Pattern…………….…………………………………….23 Table 4.5 Noise Monitoring Results………………………………………25 Table 4.6 Noise Standards with Category of Area..…………….25 Table 4.7 List of Villages covered under the present baseline Study……………………………………………………………….…...27 Table 4.8 Dominant Tree Species in the Study Area…………..29 Table 4.9 Dominant Shrubs in the Study Area…………………….31 Table 4.10 Herbaceous Species Observed in the Area………...33 Table 4.11 Dominant Climbers in the Study…………………………34 Table 4.12 Medicinal Plants in the Study area and their medicinal uses……………………………………………………..37 Table 4.13 Threatened birds of the Study Area……………………44 Table 4.14 Systematic Lists of Birds in the Study Area with its Distribution and Migratory Status………………..…….44 Table 4.15 Butterflies in the Study Area……………………………….47 Table 4.16 Reptiles in the Study Area…………………………………..48 Table 4.17 Mammals Observed in the Core Zone…………………48 Table 4.18 Mammals from the Buffer Zone…………………………..49 Table 7.1 Sensitive Plants to Cement Dust…………….…………….65 Table 7.2 Tolerant Species-Poor Dust Collector……..………….…65 Table 7.3 Tolerant Species-Dust Collector……………….……………65 Table 7.4 Tolerant Species-Best Dust Collector…………………….66 Table 7.5 Recommended Plant Species for Green Belt Development…………………………………..…………………….68 Table 7.2 Details of Hazardous Wastes Generation and its Management……………………………..........................71 Table 8.1 Exposure Limits………..….……………………………………….74

LIST OF DRAWINGS

Drg. No. 1 : Layout Plan of Proposed Unit Drg. No. 2 : Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram Drg. No. 3 : Distance between Monitoring Stations and Site Drg. No. 4 : Land Use Pattern

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SERVICES Environmental Impact Assessment – 2008 Madhuvan Cement Industries, Junagadh

D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\FINAL REPORT.doc 1

1. INTRODUCTION Madhuvan Cement Industries is planning to set up cement plant at Village Kansari, Taluka Una, District Junagadh. The industry is proposing VSK technology based cement plant having capacity of 200 tones per day. As the proposed cement manufacturing unit is covered under new EIA notification September, 2006, the industry has to get environmental clearance from Forests and Environment Department, Gandhinagar. To obtain Environmental Clearance, the industry has to submit the Environmental Impact Assessment Report covering terms of reference issued by the State Level Expert Appraisal Committee. For preparing the Environmental Impact Assessment Report, the industry has appointed Industrial Hygiene Services, Baroda as their consultants. The accepted draft TOR and additional TOR issued by the committee are as under : ACCEPTED DRAFT TOR : PROJECT DESCRIPTION :

1. Detailed description of the project site. 2. Raw materials requirement and manufacturing process

details. 3. Land use pattern within10 Km radius of the project site

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL MEASURES : Air Pollution :

1. Sources of fugitive dust emission and control measures. 2. Point sources of Air pollutants and control measures.

Water and Wastewater :

1. Water requirement and Source of water supply. 2. Domestic effluent generation, treatment and disposal.



Hazardous Wastes Management :

1. Sources and Quantities of Hazardous wastes. 2. Handling, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACAT ASSESSMENT :

1. Ambient air quality monitoring 2. Modeling indicating the likely impact on ambient air

quality due to proposed activities. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN :

1. Air pollution control measures. 2. Water harvesting systems. 3. Risk assessment and detailed safety control measures

to mitigate the risk and hazards. 4. Occupation health and safety measures. 5. Socio economic development activities. 6. Green belt development plan. 7. Control measures for Noise pollution

ADDITIONAL TERMS OF REFERENCE :

1) The study area shall be 10 km radius from the project site.

2) Air quality monitoring at least eight stations as per the GPCB guidelines. The location shall be selected keeping in view the nearby habitation as well as the predominant wind direction.

3) All sources of the water and likely impact of the proposed construction on the nearby surface and groundwater sources shall be elaborated.

4) The wildlife parks or Sanctuaries and the wildlife habitats and corridor (lion movement), if any, within the 10 km from the site in question.

5) Existing landuse pattern, likely changes, impacts on the landuse of the nearby areas, etc.

6) Existing ecological system and the impacts on ecological aspects due to the proposed project.



7) Likely generation of the all kind of wastes, its management including handling and disposal.

8) The details Environmental Management Plan including the Air Pollution Control Measures and vetting of the design of the same through an institute of repute such as the National Productivity Council, LD College of Engineering, MS University, DDTI etc.

As per the above TOR, Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared along with Environment Management Plan (EMP).



2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION : 2.1 Plant Location : Madhuvan Cement Industries is planning to set up cement plant at survey no. 24, Kansari Village, Taluka Una, Junagadh District. The plot area for the proposed plant is 26305.0 sq.m. The details of the project site are as given in the following table. Sr.No. Particulars Details

1 Location a Site Kansari Village c Taluka Una d District Junagadh e State Gujarat f Latitude 20o 51’ 14.67” N g Longitude 70 o 3’ 14.95” E

2 Nearest Railway Station Una (SSW, 2.5 km) 5 National Part Gir Reserved Forest (N, 12.0 Km) 5 Nearest City Una (SSW, 2.0 Km,) 6 Nearest village Kansari (1.24 Km, N) 7 Nearest River River Macchundari (1.05 Km, WSW)

The maps showing the location of the proposed unit are as enclosed. The site lay-out plan is as shown in the Drg. No. 1. 2.2 Process Description : The industry is planning to manufacture 200 Tones per day ordinary Portland cement. Portland cement is a fine typically gray powder comprised of dicalcium silicate, tricalsium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite, with the addition of forms of calcium sulfate. The proposed plant is based on Saboo technology. The cement will be manufactured from lime stone, clay, coke breeze, silica and Gypsum. The raw materials requirement, physical and chemical properties of raw materials and product and manufacturing processes details are as given below :



2.2.1 Raw Materials 2.2.1.1 Raw Materials Consumption : In the manufacturing of ordinary portland cement raw materials lime stone, clay, coke breeze, silica and gypsum will be required. To manufacture 200 Tones per day of ordinary portland cement, the raw materials consumption per month will be as under : Table 2.1 Raw Materials Consumption

Sr. No.

Raw Materials Consumptions t/t of product

Consumption Tones/day

1 Silica 0.048 9.6 2 Lime stone 1.19 238.0 3 Coke breeze 0.124 24.8 4 Clay 0.095 19.0 5 Gypsum 0.03 6.0

2.2.1.2 Raw Materials Handling : The raw materials will be purchased from the external sources. The raw materials will be transported to the site by covered trucks. The unloading and storage of the raw materials will be done in the covered raw yards.



2.2.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Raw Materials and product Lime Stone (Raw Material) : Lime stone contains Silicon dioxide ( SiO2), Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3), Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3), Mangesium Oxide (MgO), Calcium Oxide (CaO), Sodium Oxide (Na2O), Potassium Oxide (K2O) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). Physical State : Solid Appearance : Angular gray/white particles of varying sizes Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : 0 Boiling point : Not applicable Specific Gravity (H2O = 1) : 2.60 - 2.8 Solubility in Water : Negligible Gypsum (Raw Material) : The gypsum contains Hydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO4.2H2O), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium aluminum silicate ((Mg.Al) SiO3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). Physical State : Solid (powder) Appearance : White or off-white Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : > 1000 oC pH (in water) : 5.0 - 8.0 Specific Gravity, g/cm3 : 2.3 Solubility in Water : Negligible



Silica (Raw Material) : Physical State : Granular Solid Appearance : Light buff to white sand Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : > 1900 oC pH (in water) : Not applicable Specific Gravity, g/cm3 : 2.65 (quartz) Solubility in Water : Insoluble Coke Breeze (Raw Material) : It contains carbon, quarts, sulphur, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, potassium oxide, alumina, iron oxide and manganese oxide. Physical State : Solid Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : Not applicable pH (in water) : Not applicable Specific Gravity, g/cm3 : 1.75 (water = 1) Sulfur : < 1% by weight Product Portland Cement : Portland cement is essentially hydraulic calcium silicates contained in a crystalline mass, not separable into individual components. Major compounds are tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2), dicalcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3), tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4Cao.Al2O3.Fe2O3) and calcium sulfate dehydrate (Gypsum : CaSO4.2H2O).



Physical State : Solid (powder) Appearance : Gray or white Odor : None Vapor Pressure : Not applicable Vapor Density : Not applicable Evaporation rate : Not applicable Melting point : Not applicable Boiling point : > 1000 oC pH (in water) : 12.0 - 13.0 Specific Gravity,(H2O = 1) : 3.15 Solubility in Water : slightly soluble (0.1 % to 1.0 %) 2.2.3 Manufacturing Process : The plant will consists dump hopper, vibro feeder, jaw crusher, belt conveyor, hammer mill, bucket elevators, lime stone hopper, granulator, bucket elevator clay hopper, coke hopper, additive hopper, mill feed hopper, clinker crusher, vertical shaft kiln, kiln tower, screw conveyor, storage silos and packing machines. The cement will be manufactured by following steps :

1. Crushing 2. Grinding and milling 3. Pyroprocessing (vertical kiln technology) 4. Clinker crushing and storage 5. Finish milling 6. Packing and unloading

i. Crushing : The lime stone will be added in to the dump hopper and then taken in to the vibro feeder. Then lime stone will be crushed in jaw crusher which is primary crusher. Then the lime stone will be conveyed to hammer mill which is secondary crusher. The primary crusher will reduce the lime stone size to 0.1 to 0.25 meter in diameter and the secondary crusher will reduce the size to 0.01 to 0.05 meters in diameter. Then the crushed lime stone will be lifted by bucket elevator and stored in the lime stone hopper.



ii. Grinding and Milling : The silica, coke breeze and clay will be added in to the respective hoppers. All the raw materials will be weighed as per the requirement and lifted by bucket elevator and added in to the raw mill feed hoppers. Then the raw materials will be fed into the raw mill and ground to a fine size range, and blended to obtain the correct composition for kiln feed. This material is commonly referred to as raw mix. The raw mix will be conveyed through screw conveyor and lifted by bucket elevator to add in the blending silos. The raw mix will be charged in to kiln for further process. iii. Pyroprocessing (Vertical Kiln Technology) : The raw mix will be charged in to vertical kiln. The raw materials will be fed from into the upper, cool end while fuels are normally fed into the lower, hot counter flow in kilns. Thus, the raw materials get progressively hotter as they travel down the length of the kiln to become clinker at the low, hot end. The chemical reaction inside the kiln leads to the fusion of the raw materials to produce clinker. iv. Clinker crushing and storage : The clinker from the kiln out let will be transported to the clinker crusher. The clinker will be crushed in the crusher. The crushed clinker will be elevated to suitable height by bucket elevator for cement mill operation. The clinker and gypsum will be fed to the cement mill. The gypsum serves to adjust the setting behaviour of the cement in order to obtain optimum workability of the product during concrete production. In the cement mill, the added materials will be ground to a fine powder. Then the fine product will be conveyed by screw conveyor elevated by bucket elevator and blend in the cement silos.

VENT

VENT

BAG FILTER

LIME STONE BAG FILTER

BUCKET ELEVATOR

DUMP HOPPER CLAYRAW BREEZE COKEMATERIALS SILICA

HAMMER MILL HOPPERS VIBRO FEEDER

JAW CRUSHER VENT ELEVATOR GRANULATOR

BAG FILTER

VENT WEIGH BATCHER VENT

BLENDINGWATER SILOS MILL FEED BAG FILTER

WATER TANK BUCKET ELEVATOR HOPPER

SCRUBBER CYCLONESEPARATOR

MATERIALS FEEDER SILORECYCLED RAW MILL

BUCKET ELEVATOR VENTNODULIZER

STORAGE SILOSBAG FILTER

CYCLONESEPARATOR VENT

VERTICAL SHAFT KILN CEMENT BLENDING SILO

CEMENT MILL FEED HOPPERVENT

GYPSUM

CLINKER CEMENT GRINDING MILL BUCKET ELEVATOR SCREW

CONVEYORWEIGHING, PACKING

CLINER TO STORAGE YARD BUCKET ELEVATOR AND DISPATCHING

DRG. NO. 02



The manufactured cement from the silos will be conveyed to the automatic electronic packers where it will be packed in 50 kg polythene bags and dispatched in trucks. The manufacturing process flow diagram is as shown in figure 2. 2.3 Employment : The proposed cement plant will have great employment potential providing employment to approximately 50 full time persons. 2.4 Electrical Energy Requirement : The estimated power requirement for the proposed project will be 15000 units per day. Power supply to the proposed project will be sourced from the Paschim Gujarat Vij Co. Ltd.



3. SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND CONTROL MEASURES The particulate emissions are among the most significant impacts of cement manufacturing. 3.1 Air Pollution 3.1.1 Sources of Air Pollution : Particulate Matters : There will be emission of particulate matter due to operation of crusher, hammer mill, raw mill, kiln and cement mill. The cement dusts are alkaline with size varying from 5 µm to 250 µm (Chemical Technology and Pollution Control by Martin B. Hocking). The fugitive dust emissions from the proposed plant would be significant and the sources will be as under :

1. Raw materials handling 2. Materials transfer points (bucket elevators, conveyor

belts) 3. Loading of raw materials 4. Packing of cement 5. Unloading of cement bags 6. Transportation of vehicles

Dust Emission Load : The exhaust gas volume, temperature of exhaust gases and their burden for different processes of proposed plant are taken from the IS : 12002 – 1987 “Code of Practice for Control of air pollution in cement plants” and presented as under :



1. Lime Stone Crushing :

a. Jaw Crusher : Dust burden : 20 – 75 g/Nm3 b. Hammer Mill Dust burden : 20 – 75 g/Nm3

2. Raw Mill :

Temperature of Exhaust gases : 90 to 100 oC Dust burden : 130 – 300 g/Nm3

3. Vertical Shaft Kiln :

Exhaust gas volume : 2–3 Nm3/kg of product Temperature of exhaust gases : 100 – 150 oC Dust burden : 0.1 – 0.5 g/Nm3 Dust emission load : 12.5 kg/hour

4. Cement Mill :

Exhaust gas volume : 0.2 – 0.4 Nm3/kg of product Temperature of exhaust gases : 100 oC Dust burden : 200 – 400 g/Nm3 Dust emission load : 1334 Kg/hour

3.1.2 Emission of SO2, NOx and CO2 from Kiln : Sulfur dioxide may generate due to the sulfur content in the coke breeze. However, the alkaline nature of the materials provides for direct absorption of SO2, thereby mitigating the quantity of SO2 emissions in the exhaust stream. Oxides of nitrogen are generated during fuel combustion by oxidation of chemically bound nitrogen in the fuel and by thermal fixation of nitrogen in the combustion air. The will be generation of CO2 due to calcining of lime stone. In the calcining process, CaCO2 thermally decomposes to CaO and CO2.



3.1.3 Air Pollution Control Measures : The major sources of pollution are particulate matter from the proposed cement plant. The unit will install cyclone separators, bag filters and wet scrubber to control air pollutants. The details of proposed control equipments are presented in the following table. Table 3.1 : Details of Air Pollution Control Equipments :

Sr. No.

Sections Dust Control Equipments

1 Crushing and Raw Materials Silos

Cyclone Separator followed by reverse pulse jet type bag filter

2 Raw Mill and blending silo


3 Noduliser Reverse Pulse Jet Type Bag filter 4 VSK Cyclone separator and Wet

Scrubber 5 Clinker Crusher

and cement mill feed hopper


6 Cement mill Cyclone Separator followed by reverse pulse jet type bag filter

7 Cement blending silo and packing section

Reverse pulse jet type bag filter

The stacks will be attached to the air pollution control equipments to disperse the air pollutants to the satisfactory levels. The details of stacks are as under :



Table 3.2 : Details of Stacks :

Sr. No.

Stacks attached to

Stack Height

m

Stack Diameter

m

Exit gas velocity

m/s 1 Crushing section 15 0.5 6 2 Raw Mill – 1

Raw Mill – 2 30 1.0 9

3 VSK – 1 VSK – 2

30 1.0 9

4 Clinker Crusher section

15 0.5 6

5 Cement Mill – 1 Cement mill - 2

30 1.0 9

The emissions of particulate matters from all the stacks will be limited to 50 mg/Nm3. To control fugitive emissions, the following measures are proposed.

Raw materials loading and unloading will be done in the covered area.

Raw materials will be stored in the covered structure. All the conveyors will be provided with conveyor cover. The automatic bagging machine will be provided. The suction of bag filter will be provided at the packing section.

The sprinkling of water will be done along the internal roads in the plant in order to control the dust.

All the workers and officers working inside the plant will be provided with disposable dust masks.

Green belt will be developed around the plant to arrest the fugitive emissions.

Bag filters will be cleaned regularly. Maintenance of air pollution control equipments will be done regularly.



3.2 Water and Wastewater : Water will be required in the process of nodules preparation, for domestic purpose, gardening and dust suppression. The break of water consumption will be as under :

Sr. No.

Water Use Water Consumption in cu.m/day

1 Industrial Purpose 15 cu.m/day 2 Domestic purpose 5 cu.m/day 3 Gardening and

others 10 cu.m/day

TOTAL 30 cu.m/day The total water consumption will be of 30 cu.m/day. The industry will get required water from its own bore well. The domestic wastewater will be generated of 3.0 cu.m/day. It will be treated through septic tank, and disposed off through Soak Well. There will be no any process wastewater generation source in the proposed plant.



4. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS This chapter described the environmental status in the surrounding area. To represent the environmental setting, 10 km area around the site of the industry is considered as the study area. 4.1 Meteorology Meteorology of the area in which pollutants are generated and discharged plays a pivotal role in determining their dispersion and diffusion as well as transportation into the atmosphere. The fate of pollutants once discharged into atmosphere is governed by various meteorological factors like wind velocity, temperature, humidity, rainfall, cloud cover and solar radiation. The following table lists the meteorological data required for the analysis of air pollution impacts in the vicinity of the site. The Veraval airport is the nearest IMD station (about 70 km) to the project site. The meteorological data for the IMD station is collected for October 2007 and November 2007 from the Indian Meteorological Department, Ahmedabad. Table 4.1 : Meteorological Parameters

Meteorological Parameter

Importance

Wind speed Determines initial dispersion of air pollution Wind direction Determines downwind geometry Atmospheric Stability condition

Determines plume spread associated with turbulent motions in the atmosphere

Relative humidity High humidity is associated with (I) Lowered visibility for water vapor plumes (ii) Possible acid mist formation in case of SO2 emissions.

Surface temperature

Influences stability conditions and extent of dispersion of pollutants.



4.1.1 Temperature : During the study period, the temperature is varying from 14.4 oC to 33.6 oC. 4.1.2 Relative Humidity : Relative humidity indicates the amount of moisture in the air. The presence of moisture in the atmosphere changes the nature and characteristics of pollutants. Moisture provides surface area for suspended particulate matter to coalesce and grow in size and settle under the influence of gravity. It also enhances chemical reactions of the gaseous pollutants by providing them an aqueous medium. Relative humidity observed during the study period is varying from 20% to 93 %. 4.1.3 Wind Velocity and Wind Direction : Wind velocity is a measure of wind speed and direction. It is one of the most important meteorological parameters and governs dispersion, diffusion and transportation of pollutants to the atmosphere. The wind rose diagrams are shown in Annexure – I. A review of the wind rose diagram shows that predominant winds are mostly from directions N, NNE and NE. The average wind speed during the study periods is 2.72 m/s in the study area. Table 4.2 : Stability classification

Day Night Incoming solar radiation

Surface wind speed (at 10 m)

m/sec Strong Moderate Slight

Thinly overcast / >4/8 low

cloud

< 3/8 cloud

<2 A A - B B 2 – 3 A – B B C E F 3 – 5 B B – C C D E 5 – 6 C C – D D D D >6 C D D D D

The neutral class, D, should be assumed for overcast conditions during day or night. Class A is the most unstable



and class F is the most stable, with class B moderately unstable and Class E slightly stable. During the study period all the stability conditions were observed. 4.2 Present Air Quality in the Study Area : The location of the proposed unit is in the Patapur village in Junagadh. The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at 5 numbers of stations with in 10 km radius of the proposed unit site. Each station was monitored for a period of 24 hours. The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out over duration of two months in the winter season of the year 2008. The monitoring stations are as shown in the Map. No. 01. The distance between the monitoring stations and the site of the proposed unit are presented in the Drg. No. 3. The details of the monitoring stations are presented in the following table. Table 4.3 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Station No.

Monitoring Stations Distance from the Proposed

Unit, Km 1 At Site of the Proposed Unit, Village Kansari 0.00 2 On the terrace of Mr. Balubhai Naranbhai

Vansh’s Home, Village Lamdhar 5.77

3 On the terrace of Mr. Kalubhai Kesubhai Baraiya’s Home, Village Varvada

4.0

4 On the terrace of Mr. Ranabhai R. Mevada’s Home, Village Ratad

7.14

5 On the terrace of Mr. Bhanubai Hamirbhai’s Home, Village Umej

3.4

6 On the terrace of Mr. Jodhabhai Bhanubhai’s Home, Village Siloj

6.8

7 On the terrace of Mr. Naranbhai Ramjibhai Katariya’s Home, Village Una

2.44

8 On the terrace of Mr. Valjibhai Haribhai Tavaliya’s Home, Village Kansari

1.32



The ambient air quality monitoring results are as shown in the following tables. Location 1 : At Site of the Proposed Unit, Village Kansari

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx

µg/m3 CPCB standards, Residential, rural and other areas (24 hrs)

100 200 80 80

1 02.10.2008 60 160 8 15 2 08.10.2008 55 159 5 19 3 11.11.2008 53 150 10 17

Location 2 : On the terrace of Mr. Balubhai Naranbhai Vansh’s Home, Village Lamdhar

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx


100 200 80 80

1 05.10.2008 57 155 7 18 2 11.10.2008 68 165 11 13 3 14.11.2008 69 160 16 21

Location 3 : On the terrace of Mr. Kalubhai Kesubhai Baraiya’s Home, Village Varvada

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx


100 200 80 80

1 03.10.2008 50 151 6 17 2 09.10.2008 67 160 10 15 3 12.11.2008 63 155 7 20



Location 4 : On the terrace of Mr. Ranabhai R. Mevada’s Home, Village Ratad

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx


100 200 80 80

1 03.10.2008 54 150 6 12 2 09.10.2008 63 162 8 15 3 12.11.2008 52 165 10 13

Location 5 : On the terrace of Mr. Bhanubai Hamirbhai’s Home, Village Umej

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx


100 200 80 80

1 04.10.2008 61 149 8 12 2 10.10.2008 69 164 9 15 3 13.11.2008 65 160 10 17

Location 6 : On the terrace of Mr. Jodhabhai Bhanubhai’s Home, Village Siloj

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx


100 200 80 80

1 04.10.2008 52 155 6 12 2 10.10.2008 49 150 9 14 3 13.11.2008 72 165 7 17



Location 7 : On the terrace of Mr. Naranbhai Ramjibhai Katariya’s Home, Village Una

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx


100 200 80 80

1 05.10.2008 70 165 6 19 2 11.10.2008 66 170 9 15 3 14.11.2008 59 178 7 17

Location 8 : On the terrace of Mr. Valjibhai Haribhai Tavaliya’s Home, Village Kansari

Sr. No.

Date RSPM µg/m3

SPM µg/m3

SO2

µg/m3 NOx


100 200 80 80

1 02.10.2008 54 155 5 20 2 08.10.2008 63 168 8 19 3 11.11.2008 59 160 9 12



4.3 Land use Pattern : The land use data have been presented from Census of India 2001, District Census Handbook (Junagadh district). The land use classified into forest land, land irrigated by different sources, unirrigated land, cultivable waste land including Gauchar and Groves and area not available for cultivation. The distribution of land in the study area (within 10 km radius from the proposed project site) is as given below :



Table 4.4 Land Use Pattern :

Land use in hectares Sr.

No.

Nam

e of Vill

age

Fore

st

Irrigat

ed b

y Sourc

e

Unirrigat

ed

Cultiv

able

Was

te

Land (

incl

udin

g

Gau

char

and

Gro

ves)

Are

a n

ot

avai

lable

for

cultiv

atio

n

TO

TAL

AREA

1 Dhokadva 0 689.6 243.2 209.8 35.1 1177.7 2 Mota Samadhiyala 0 422.5 342.2 120.2 97.6 982.5 3 Mahobatpara 0 221 231.1 76.8 65.7 594.6 4 Ambada 0 366.1 237 21.3 78 702.4 5 Nava Ugla 0 180.6 319.4 61.9 0 561.9 6 Khilavad 0 323.1 903.4 84.1 29 1339.6 7 Fatsar 0 403.5 546.2 221.1 109 1279.8 8 Vadviyala 0 620 496.2 168.6 42 1326.8 9 Jhudvadli 0 280.5 235.2 129.2 5.2 650.1 10 Gundala 0 179.4 130 35.1 47 391.5 11 Ugla 0 210 397.5 85.4 0 692.9 12 Vajdi 0 221 144.4 60.5 30.8 456.7 13 Padapadar 0 391.6 422.4 64.3 40.5 918.8 14 Pankhan 0 299.8 208.2 56.9 6.7 571.6 15 Nandrakh 0 145.9 110.3 50.5 18.1 324.8 16 Kandhi 0 497.7 438.3 44 100.2 1080.2 17 Bhacha 0 432.4 381.6 49.9 65.8 929.7 18 Bhadiyadar 0 517.4 215.5 123.4 24 880.3 19 Men 0 174.8 110.2 57.3 37.4 379.7 20 Khapat 0 360.8 235.6 122.8 59.9 779.1 21 Undari 0 445 50.1 104.3 74.6 674 22 Ratad 0 181.5 87.4 76 84.7 429.6 23 Chanchakvad 0 249 74.3 55.2 13.4 391.9 24 Patapur 0 170 10 3.9 2.9 186.8 25 Nesda 0 150.7 13.6 38.3 13 215.6 26 Paswala 0 325 221.4 52.4 21.1 619.9 27 Umej 0 531.5 313.3 79.8 57.6 982.2 28 Vavarda 0 456 364 89.4 36 945.4 29 Kansari 0 287.6 252.6 63.8 2.1 606.1 30 Varsingpur 0 157.4 287.5 51.3 53.1 549.3 31 Elampur 38.1 247.1 320 159.8 229.8 994.8 32 Damasa 0 187.4 122.1 101.9 153.9 565.3 33 Yajpur 0 210 133.4 54.8 23 421.2 34 Nethej 0 195.1 144.2 51.7 37.7 428.7 35 Samter 0 190 211.4 101.6 48.2 551.2 36 Rameshvar 0 36.2 71.1 27.2 10.1 144.6 37 Kanakbarda 0 116.5 277.3 36.6 59.6 490 38 Sultanpur 0 90.1 41.5 52.7 59.4 243.7 39 Siloj 0 150.8 39.4 84.1 98.1 372.4 40 Nathal 0 345.2 234.3 52.3 42.7 674.5 41 Mota Desar 0 344.4 260.2 78 31.3 713.9 42 Lamdhar 0 130.2 97.9 78.6 83.9 390.6 43 Kothari 0 133.7 99.2 2.3 7.8 243 44 Amodra 0 424.4 722.3 187.8 107.5 1442 45 Garal 0 161 528.8 84.8 49.9 824.5 46 Motha 0 257.7 199.3 81 18.6 556.6



Land use in hectares

Sr.

No.

Nam

e of Vill

age

Fore

st

Irrigat

ed b

y Sourc

e

Unirrigat

ed

Cultiv

able

Was

te

Land (

incl

udin

g

Gau

char

and

Gro

ves)

Are

a not

avai

lable

for

cu

ltiv

atio

n

TO

TAL

AREA

47 Sanjavapur 0 90.3 20.8 9.2 18.3 138.6 48 Anjar 0 170.7 112.5 60.4 2.3 345.9 49 Shahdesar 0 265.5 105.1 40.8 6.5 417.9 50 Delwada 0 730.7 329.2 145 357.2 1562.1 51 Khan 0 100.7 92.6 19.4 29.3 242 52 Dandi 30.5 19 266.4 84.8 56.3 457 53 Khajudra 16.8 249 112.6 104.6 202.7 685.7 54 Rajput 80.9 39 308 152 22.1 602 55 Kalapan 0 60.4 44.3 15.1 28.8 148.6 56 Rampara 18.3 184.5 28.1 64.5 28.1 323.5

TOTAL 184.6 15021 12944.1 4388.5 3063.6 35601.8 The majority of the land is used for agriculture purpose and 36.40 % of the land is agriculture land without irrigation facility in the study area. About 42.19 % of the agricultural land is irrigated by various means i.e. by government canal, private canal, well with/without electricity, tube well with / without electricity and by tank. Culturable waste (including grazing land & groves) possesses about 12.33 % of study area and area not available for cultivation possesses about 8.6 % of study area. There is forest land of 0.51 % in the study area. 4.4 Noise Levels : The noise levels were monitored at 5 locations in the study area. The noise levels were recorded continuously for 24 hours at an interval of every 1 hour. The noise results in the study area are shown in Table 4.5.

DRG.NO. 04

AREA NOT AVAILABLE FOR CULTIVATION, 8.60%

IRRIGATED BY SOURCE, 42.19%

FOREST, 0.51%CULTIVABLE WASTE LAND (INCLUDING

GAUCHAR AND GROVES), 12.33%

UNIRRIGATED, 36.40%



Table 4.5 : Noise Monitoring Results

Date Source Average Noise

levels in dB

(Day)

Average Noise

levels in dB

(Night) 05.10.2008 At Site of the Proposed

Unit, Village Kansari 52.0 44.0

27.10.2008 At Mr. Valjibhai Haribhai Tavaliya’s Home, Village Kansari

51.0 43.0

23.10.2008 At Mr.Naranbhai RamjibhaiKatariya’s Home, Village Una

54.5 45.0

The analysis results are compared with the noise level standards as given in table no. 4.6. Table 4.6 : Noise standards with category of area

Limits in dB Sr. No.

Noise Standards

Category of Area

Day Time 6.00 a.m.- 9.00

p.m.

Night Time 9.00 p.m.- 6.00

a.m. 1 Industrial Area 75 70 2 Commercial Area 65 55 3 Residential Area 55 45 4 Silence Zone 50 40

Noise levels at majority of the stations in the industrial and residential areas are within their respective limits.


26

4.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT:

4.5.1 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT:

Environmental impact assessments have become an integral part of development

projects to formulate policies and guidelines for environmentally sound economic

development. Proper assessment of biological environment and compilation of its

taxonomical data is essential for the impact prediction.

Biodiversity performs two very important functions. First, stability of the

biosphere depend on it , which in turn leads to the stability of climate and, water regime,

soil fertility, quality of air, and overall health of life support systems on earth. Second ,

biodiversity is the source, from which , the human race derives , food, fodder, fuel, fiber,

shelter, medicine, and raw materials for industry, for human kind’s ever changing, ever

increasing, needs and aspirations (Pushpangathan & Nair,(2006)

4.5.1.1 Period of the study and Study area:

The baseline study, for the evaluation of the floral and faunal biodiversity of the

terrestrial environment with in 10 km from the project site, located in Kansari village, in

Una Taluka of Junagadh District was conducted during November, 2008.

4.5.1.2 Methodology:

The methodology adopted for the evaluation of biodiversity status of the study

region is as given below. The sampling plots for the survey were selected randomly in the

suitable habitats with in the core zone and the buffer zone of the study area.

Tree 10 meter radius circular plot Shrubs 10 meter radius circular plot

Plants

Herbs 1meterx1meter square plot Terrestrial Point centered quadrate in 10 meter radius

Birds Aquatic Total count and Folk count Terrestrial/ Aquatic

10 meter radius circular plot Herpetofauna

Indirect evidence

Survey in the villages with the help of pictorial representation

Direct count Line transect and Road transect/ Mammals Indirect

evidence Survey in the villages with the help of pictorial representation


27

4.5.1.3 TERRESTRIAL FLORAL AND FAUNAL COMPONENTS OF THE

STUDY AREA:

The villages covered for the present baseline study are given in the table #1. All

together 31 villages were covered for the present biological baseline study. 6 villages

were selected in the core zone (project location and surrounding villages in 5km radius)

and 25 villages were selected in the buffer zone (villages located more than 5km radius

but with in 10 km radius of the project site).

Table 4.7 List of Villages covered under the present baseline study

# Village Name Core zone

1-1 Project site 2-2 Kansari village

3-3 Vavarda village 4-4 Umej 5-5 Khanpat 6-6 Chachakvad

Buffer zone 7-1 Mahabatpara 8-2 Mota Samadhiyala 9-3 Padapadar

10-4 Nana samadhiyala 11-5 Kandhi 12-6 Patapur 13-7 Nandrakh 14-8 Nesda 15-9 Paswala 16-10 Samtel 17-11 Kanak barda 18-12 Sultanpur

19- 13 Nathel 20-14 Yajpur 21-15 Elampur 22-16 Varsingpur 23-17 Damasa 24-18 Ratad 25-19 Dron 26-20 Bhadiyadar 27-21 Men 28-22 Kodiya 29-23 Gundala 30-24 Ambada 31-25 Ugla


28

4.5.1.4 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA:

The area of the present investigation is located in the southern part of Junagadh district of Gujarat state. Topography of the area is characterized by dominating plain area and few hillocks. Two non perennial rivers; Machundari River and Ravar River drain through the study area and join the Arabian Sea. The large portion of the available landscape is devoted for the agricultural practices are the striking feature of this area. Even though, the study area is situated in the semi- arid region, almost entire area was characterized by large tree population either planted or naturally growing. Shrubs and herb community of this area is mainly consisting of either xerophytes or short-lived annuals. No natural forest area as such was observed with in the 10 km radius from Kansari

village. While, Ugla village, Ambada, situated at the boundary of the study area (10 km

radius) was characterized by few hillocks, but with out much vegetation.

Topography of the project site:

Project site is located in out skirt of Kansari village. The project site is almost

barren with out any tree cover, few shrubs were observed in the project site which were

dominated by Zizyphus nummularia , Prosopis juliflora. , and Cassia auriculata (Plate #

1)

4.5.1.5 FLORAL DIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA:

The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship

and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in

different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region. The following account of floral

diversity, based on the field survey conducted for a short duration in the November, 2008,

is not very comprehensive data and is aimed only to give a general pattern of vegetation

of this region during the study period as a baseline data. The vegetation of this area can be

classified on the basis of habitats as; open fallow lands, areas under cultivations, hedge

vegetation and ravines vegetation .The dominant tree species, herbs and shrubs and

major crops, were documented during this base line study. The list of floral species

documented in the study area is enlisted in table# 2-5

Vegetation of the area surveyed, (in the core zone and buffer zone) can be classified as the deciduous and scrub type vegetation.. The dominant trees growing in this area were Acacia nilotica, Pithecellobium dulce, Mangifera indica ,Hyphaene dichotoma, Cocos nucifera, Cordia dichotoma, Azadirachta indica, Ficus benghalensis, and F. religiosa,. The tree species observed in the study area is enlisted in the table #2


29

Shrubs are the dominant perennials of this area, represented mainly by, Prosopis

juliflora, Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea, Zizyphus nummularia, Agave

Americana, Tecoma stans, Cassia auriculata, Ipomoea fistulosa and Capparis decidua.

The shrub species observed in the study area are documented in the table #3

Hedge vegetation was mainly consisted of various climbers and shrubs like Balanites

aegyptiaca, Lawsonia interims ,Abutilon indicum, Euphorbia nivulia, Aerva persica,

Zizyphus nummularia, Capparis decidua, Ipomoea obscura, and Prosopis juliflora and

Climbers like; Ipomea cairica, I. obscura, Pentatropis spiralis and Mucuna prurita. Few

trees like Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica were also observed as the hedge vegetation.

Road side ditches and other water logged region was occupied by Ipomea aquatica,

Ipomea fistulosa, and Hygrophila auriculata.

Trees: Tree species enlisted from the study area is given in the table 4.8. 64 trees belong to 25 families were enlisted from the study area.

TABLE 4.8 DOMINANT TREE SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA Family & Scientific name Vernacular Name 1 Alangiaceae 1/1 Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang Ankol 2 Anacardiaceae 2/1 Mangifera indica L. Ambo 3 Annonaceae 3/1 Polyalthia longifolia Asopalav 3 Apocynaceae 4/1 Plumeria obtuse L Chambo 5/2 Plumeria rubra -- 4 Arecaceae 6/1 Borassus flabellifer L 7/2 Cocos nucifera L Narial 8/3 Hyphaene dichotoma Bece. Ravantad 9/4 Phoenix sylvertris (L.)Roxb Khajuri 5 Balanitaceae 10/1 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.)Del. Ingorio 6 Bignoniaceae 11/1 Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Roydo 12/2 Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) Merr Tabudiyo 7 Caesalpiniaceae 13/1 Bauhinia purpurea L Kanchnar 14/2 Delonix regia(Boj) Gulmohar 15/3 Parkinsonia aculeata L Rambaval 16/4 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer Sonmukhi


30

ex Heyne 17/5 Cassia fistula L. Garmalo 18/6 Senna siamea Lam. Kasida 19/7 Tamarindus indicum L. Amali 8 Casuarinaceae 20/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu 9 Caricaceae 21/1 Carica papaya L Papaya 10 Combretaceae 22/1 Terminalia catappa L. Badam 23/2 Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. Dhamado 11 Ebenaceae 24/1 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. Dheki 12 Ehretiaceae 25/1 Cordia dichotoma Forst. Mota Gunda 26/2 Cordia gharaf (Forsk.) E. & A. Nani Gundi 13 Meliaceae 27/1 Azadirachta indica A.Juss Limbado 28/2 Melia azedarach Bakan limdo 14 Mimosaceae 29/1 Acacia auriculiformis L Austrialanbaval 30/2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.subsp.indica

(Bth.) Brenan Baval

31/3 Acacia senegal ( Willd.) Gobita 32/4 Acacia chundra (Roxb.ex.Rottl. Kair 33/5 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb) Hermobhaval 34/6 Albizia lebbeck L. Sirid 35/7 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Pardesi Baval 36/8 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khyigdo 37/9 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC Gadobaval 38/10 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasmli 15 Moraceae 39/1 Ficus amplissima Sm Payer 40/2 Ficus bengalensis L Vad 41/3 Ficus benjamina L Krishnae Vad 42/4 Ficus drupacea Thunb. Var. pubescens

(Roth) Corner Pipli

43/5 Ficus hispida L.f. Dhedh Umardo 44/6 Ficus racemosa L. Umaro 45/7 Ficus religiosa L Piplo 16 Moringaceae 46/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo 17 Myrtaceae 47/1 Callistemon cistrinus L Bottle brush 48/2 Eucalyptus citriodora Hk. Nilgari 49/3 Syzygium cumini ( L) Jambu 18 Papilionaceae 50/1 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub Khakaro 51/2 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb Sisam


31

52/3 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb Motosisam 53/4 Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierre Karanji 54/5 Sesbania sesban (L.)Merr. Shevari 19 Rhamnaceae 55/1 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Roth Bor 56/2 Zizyphus mauritiana Lam Bordi 20 Rutaceae 57/1 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr Bili 21 Salvadoraceae 58/1 Salvadora persica L. Piludo 59/2 Salvadora oleoides Decne Piludi 22 Sapotaceae 60/1 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Rayan 61/2 Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. Mahuvo 23 Simaroubaceae 62/1 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Aurdso 24 Ulmaceae 63/1 Haloptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Kanjo 25 Verbenaceae 64/1 Tectona grandis L. Sag

Shrubs:

Shrubs encountered during the present survey are given in the Table#3. 34 shrubs belong to 23 families were enumerated from the study area, Most dominant shrubs in the core zone and buffer zone were Prosopis juliflora, Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cassia auriculata and Balanites aegyptiaca.

TABLE 4.9 : DOMINANT SHRUBS IN THE STUDY AREA

Family & Scientific name Vernacular name

1 Amaryllidaceae 1/1 Agave americana L 2/2 Yucca gloriosa 2 Apocynaceae 3/1 Thevetia peruviana Merr. Pili karan 4/2 Nerium indicum Mill Lalkaren 3 Asclepiadaceae 5/1 Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br Akado 6/2 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br Akado 4

Asteraceae

5/1 Xanthium strumarium L.

Gokhru

5 Bignoniaceae

6/1 Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.& K. Peilafol 6 Balanitaceae 7/1 Balanites aegyptiaca L. Ingorio, Angario 7 Cactaceae


32

8/1 Opuntia elatior Mill. Fafdo Thor 8 Caesalpiniaceae 9/1 Cassia auriculata L Aval 9 Capparaceae 10/1 Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew Kerdo 11/2 Capparis sepiaria L. Kanthar 10 Convolvulaceae 12/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Mart.ex Choisy Nasarmo 11 Compositae 13/1 Parthenium hysterophorus L Congrass grass 12 Ebenaceae 14/1 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb Dheki 13 Euphorbiaceae 15/1 Euphorbia nivulia Buch. – Ham. Thor 16/2 Jatropha curcas L. Ratanjot 17/3 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Paerdesi divalo 18/4 Ricinus communis L. Divel 14 Liliaceae 19/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill Kunvarppato 15 Lythraceae 20/1 Lawsonia inermis Mendhi 16 Malvaceae 21/1 Abelmoschus manihot L. Jungli Bindi 22/2 Gossypium herbaceum L. Kapas 23/3 Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Jasund 17 Mimosaceae 24/1 Prosopis juliflora DC Gando baval 18 Nyctaginaceae 25/1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvel 19 Papilionaceae 26/1 Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shevari 20 Rhamnaceae 27/1 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor 28/2 Zizyphus glabrata Heyne ex Ro Bor 21 Rubiaceae 29/1 Ixora brachiata (L) Garbale 22 Solanaceae 30/1 Solanum incanum L Ubhi ringan 31/2 Solanum melongena L. Ringana 32/3 Datura metel L Daturo 23 Verbenaceae 33/1 Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm.f.) O.Ktze Arni 34/2 Lantana camara var. aculeata

Herbs: The herbaceous cover observed in this region is given in the table#4. 61 herbaceous species belong to 22 families were recorded from the study area. In this list of herbs, many other herbaceous species are not included which had


33

been dried out and which were with out flowers during the monitoring time of November 2008

Table 4.10 : HERBACEOUS SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE AREA

Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Acanthaceae 1/1 Barleria sp. --- 2/2 Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Kanatashelio,Akaro 2 Amaranthaceae 3/1 Achyranthes aspera L. Anghedi, Anghedo 4/2 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.)Juss. Bur,Gorakhganjo 3 Asteraceae 5/1 Blumea eriantha DC. Kalhar 6/2 Echinops echinatus Roxb Shulio 7/3 Eclipta prostrata (L.) Bhangro 8/4 Lacunae procumbens (Roxb) .Moti Bhonpatri 9/5 Parthenium hysterophorus L -- 10/6 Tridax procumbens L Pardesi Bhangro 11/7 Vernonia cinerea Less Sadedi 4 Asclepiadaceae 12/1 Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. Chamber Dudheli 5 Boraginaceae 13/1 Trichodesma indicum R. Br. Undha Fuli 6 Cucurbitaceae 14/1 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Ghiloda 15/2 Cucumis callosus Cogn Kothimdu 7 Convolvulaceae 16/1 Cressa cretica L. Palio, Rudanti 17/2 Ipomoea pes-caprae (L) Dariani vel 18/3 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.. Nalini bhaji 19/4 Ipomoea obscura Ker Vad fudradi 8 Commelinaceae 20/1 Commelina sp -- 9 Cyperaceae 21/1 Cyperus difformis L. -- 22/2 Cyperus rotundus L. -- 23/3 Cyperus sp. -- 24/4 Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl. -- 25/5 Fimbristylis sp. -- 10 Euphorbiaceae 26/1 Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss. -- 27/2 Euphorbia hirta L. -- 11 Gentianaceae 28/1 Nymphoides indicum (Roxb.) Kumudini 29/2 N. parvifolium (Griseb.) -- 12 Liliaceae 30/1 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato 13 Lamiaceae 31/1 Leucas sps. -- 32/2 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi


34

33/3 O. canum Sims Ramtulsi 34/4 O .basilicum L. Damro 14 Malvaceae 35/1 Abutilon indicum L. Khapat,Dabaliar 36/2 Sida sp. -- 15 Nyctaginaceae 37/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Satodi 38/2 Boerhavia chinensis Druce -- 16 Papilionaceae 39/1 Cajanus cajan (L) Tuvar 40/2 Crotalaria burhia Bach. – Ham. Kharshan 41/3 Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. -- 42/4 Indigofera oblongifolia Forks. -- 43/5 Tephrosia sps. -- 17 Papaveraceae 44/1 Argemone mexicana L. Darudi 18 Poaceae 45/1 Aleuropus lagopoides (L) -- 46/2 Aristida sp. -- 47/3 Cynodon barberi Rang. -- 48/4 Cynodon dactylon (L.) -- 49/5 Oryza sativa L. Chokha 50/6 Phragmites kara (Retz.) -- 51/7 Triticum aestivum L. Ghau 52/8 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Jowar 53/9 Zea mays Makai 19 Solanaceae 54/2 Solanum indicum L. Ringni 55/3 Solanum nigrum L. Piludi 56/4 Solanum surattense Brum. Bhoringni 57/5 Solanum trilobatum L. 20 Typhaceae 58/1 Typha angustata Bory & Chaub Ramban,Ghabajariu 21 Tiliaceae 59/1 Corchorus depressus Stocks -- 22 Zygophyllaceae 60/1 Fagonia cretica L. -- 61/2 Tribulus terrestris L. Mithu Gokhru Climbers and Twiners:

The climbers and twiners observed along the agricultural hedges and road side

hedges of the study area is given in the table#5.17 climbers belongs to 6 families were

recorded from the area.

TABLE 4.11 : DOMINANT CLIMBERS IN THE STUDY AREA

Family & Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Asclepiadaceae 1/1 Pentatropis spiralis (Forsk.) Decne Shingroti 2/2 Pergularia daemia (Forsl.) Chiov. Chamar dudheli


35

2 Convolvulaceae 3/1 Ipomea cairica (L.) 4/2 Ipomoea obscura L. 5/3 Ipomea pulchella Roth 6/4 Ipomea aquatica Forsk. Nadanivel 3 Cucurbitaceae 7/1 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Indravarna 8/2 Coccinia grandis Ghiloda 9/3 Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.J.Roem Galku 10/4 L. acutangula (L) Jungli turia 11/5 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.jeffrey Shivelangi 12/6 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. Chanakchibhdi 4

Cuscutaceae

13/7 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Amarvel 5 Menispermaceae 14/1 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevdi 15/2 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Galo 6 Papilionaceae 16/1 Mucuna prurita Hk.f. Kavach, Koyli 17/2 Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi

CULTIVATED PLANTS IN THE STUDY AREA:

It was observed that, the different parts of the study area were practicing different

crop pattern based on the season and availability of irrigation facility. The major

agricultural crops, practiced in this area during November, 2008 were, Castor (Ricinus

communis), Sugar cane ((Saccharum officinarum) and Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum).

Agricultural practices in the study area commence with the early monsoon shower. Most

of the farmers prefer, Ground nut as their first crop. The second crop after the ground nut

harvesting, entirely depends up on the availability of the ground water. Bajra

(Pennisetum typhoides ) and Jowar (Sorghum vulgare) were also generally cultivated

immediately after monsoon.

Major Crops: Major crops in the study area during the study period (November) were

Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum), Castor (Ricinus communis), and Sugar cane

((Saccharum officinarum) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) was the other major crop of

this region.


36

Minor crops:

Minor crops practiced in this region after monsoon were Jeeru ( Cuminum cyminum), and

Mirchi,(Capsicum annuum)

Pulses: The pulses cultivated in this region were Mag (Vigna aconitifolia ), Tuver

(Cajanus cajan)

Vegetables: Bhindi (Abelmoschus esculentus) Brinjal, Ringana (Solanum melongena),

are the vegetables reported to be grown in the study area during monsoon.

HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES AND FRUITS GROWN:

Many orchards of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Chikku (Achras zapota) were

observed in the study area. The “Kesar” variety of Mango from Junagadh region is highly

delicious and attracts a special attention in the national and international markets.

Coconut plantation is very popular in this area. Coconut farms were observed at few

places of the study area. While majority of the Coconut trees-Narial (Cocoas nucifera L)

were observed in between the agricultural fields and village surroundings.

Other fruit yielding varieties observed in the villages were Sitafal (Annona

squamosa L.), Tadfali (Borassus flabellifer L), papaya (Carica papaya L),. Gunda

(Cordia dichotoma Forst), Rayan (Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.)Dub), Khajoor (Phoenix

dactylifera L), Amala (Phyllantus embelica), Gorasamali (Pithelellobium dulce

(Roxb.)Bth), Jamfal (Psidium guajava L),Amali (Tamarindus indicum L), Bor ( Zizyphus

glabrata Heyne ex Roth)


37

MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE STUDY AREA:

Plants are known for their therapeutic value and uses since ancient period. The

reference of curative properties of the some herbs in “Rigveda” (3500-1800 BC) though

in brief, seems to be the earliest records of use of plants in medicine. With the time more

and more plants have been added to the native medicine. Out of the 17000 known

flowering plant species in India, about 7,500 wild plants species are reported to be used

for medicinal purpose. Some important work on Indian medicinal plants are from, Watt

(1889-1893), Ymoch et.al. (1890), Basu and Kirtikar (1918), Nandkarni (1954), Chopra

et.al. (1956) Jain and De Filipps (1991).

The medicinally important plants observed growing in the study area and their

usage is given in the table 4.12.

Table 4.12 : Medicinal plants in the study area and their medicinal uses

Scientific Name Vernacular Name

Useful parts Medicinal uses

leaves Antidote, cough, digestive disorder, rheumatism, swellings

Abrus precatorius

Chanothi

Roots Asthma, Cough, analgesic, peptic ulcers Leaves Acne, antidote, boils, cough, rheumatism,

ulcers Seeds Antidote, boils, cough

Abutilon indicum Dabali, Kansaki

Roots Antidote, cough, fever ,ulcers Bark Astringent, biliousness, bronchitis,

cough, diarrhea, dysentery, lecuoderma, piles, skin diseases

Flowers Astringent Fruits Backache, eye complaints Gum Sexual disorder Leaves Diarrhea, gonorrhea Seeds Diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers

Acacia nilotica

Baval

Whole plant Astringent, constipation, Bark Asthma, astringent, bronchitis, diarrhea,

dysentery, fever, skin disease Ailanthus excelsa

Aurdso

Leaves Tonic Leaves Boils and digestive disorder, and injury Aloe vera Kumarpathu Whole plant Constipation, fever, liver trouble, piles Leaves Boils, Roots Coolant, jaundice,

Argemone mexicana .

Darudi

Whole plant Inflammations, skin diseases Bark Antiseptic, blood purifier, boils, fever,

tumors, ulcers, wounds. Azadirachta indica

Limdo Flowers Antiseptic, blood purifier, ulcers,

wounds


38

Fruits Anthelmintic, antipyretic ,coolant, malaria, urinary diseases

Leaves Anthelmintic antipyretic, antiseptic Bark Anthelmintic, purgative, skin diseases, Fruits Anthelmintic , purgative, Seeds Blood purifier, coolant, cough, injury Root barks Boils

Balanites aegyptiaca

Ingorio

seeds Dysentery, fracture, liver disorder, night blindness, piles, ulcers

Flowers Analgesic, Anthelmintic, astringent, expectorant

Leaves Malaria fever, wounds Roots Dental problem, rheumatism, stomach

disorder Root bark Asthma, diaphoretic, jaundice, syphilis

Calotropis gigantea

Akado

Whole plant Anthelmintic, joint pain, leprosy, lecuoderma, piles, purgative, swelling, tooth ache, tumors, ulcers

Flowers Analgesic, astringent, Anthelmintic, digestive disorders, expectorant,

Latex Analgesic, gout, rheumatism, skin diseases

Leaves Sun stroke, wounds Roots Boils, piles Root bark Antidote, asthma, diaphoretic, syphilis

Calotropis procera

Akado

Whole plant Anthelmintic, joint pain, leprosy, lecuoderma, piles, purgative, swelling, tooth ache, tumors, ulcers

Bark Asthma, Cough, inflammations, piles, ulcers,

Flower Astringent, Kidney diseases

Capparis decidua

Kerdo

Wood Skin diseases Fruit Abortifacient , bleeding piles, skin

diseases Carica papaya Papaya

Seeds Abortifacient , bleeding piles, skin diseases

Leaves Asthma, fracture, swelling, leprosy, Roots Asthma, fracture, swelling, leprosy,

urinary discharge Root bark Digestive disorder, intestinal diseases Stem bark Asthma, astringent, leprosy

Cassia auriculata

Aval

Whole plant Anemia, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, lecuoderma, purgative, rheumatism, schizophrenic

Leaves Diarrhea , wounds Commelina benghalensis

--- Whole plant Leprosy

Cordia dichotoma Gunadamoto Fruits Coolant, urinary complaints Fruits Urinary complaints Cordia gharaf Nani Gundi Whole plant Cough, Diabetes, ulcers, wound Seeds Diuretic, fever, opthalmia, sedative Cuscuta reflexa Akashvel Whole plant Aphrodisiac, astringent , contraceptive ,


39

eye diseases Fruits Lung and chest diseases Leaves Asthma, analgesic, swelling

Datura metel Dhatura

Seeds Anthelmintic, asthma, bronchitis, earache, jaundice, lecuoderma, tumors, tonic

Roots Astringent, rhematisum Dichrostachys cinerea

Mordhundiyu Stem bark Digestive disorder Leaves Acidity, diuretic, joint pain,piles Roots Gynecological complaints, sexual

disorder

Euphorbia nivulia Thor

Whole plant Antidote, carminative, skin diseases syphilis

Aerial roots Aphrodisiac, appetizer Bark Astringent, diarrhea, dysentery Latex Coolant, sexual disorder Leaves Abscesses Roots Fracture, piles

Ficus bengalensis

Vad

Seeds Coolant Bark Astringent, skin diseases Flower Aphrodisiac, purgative, vomiting Fruits Coolant and laxative Leaves Purgative, antidote Roots Jaundice

Ficus religiosa

Paipal

Root bark Aphrodisiac, lumbago Buds Cough, fever Hibiscus rosa

sinensis Jasund

Flowers Cough, fever, gonorrhea, gynecological disorder

Leaves Hydrophobia Indigofera tinctoria

Gali Whole plant Cough, epilepsy, rheumatism

Ipomoea fistulosa Nasarmo Whole plant Anti fungal, antibiotic Leaves Skin diseases Ipomea cairica -- seeds Constipation, laxative, purgative

Ipomea. aquatica Nalini Bhaji Whole plant Bronchitis, fever, jaundice, liver complaints

Fruits Skin diseases Leaves Boils and ulcers

Ipomea. obscura Vad-Fudradi

Roots Swelling Leaves Skin diseases, fever, rheumatism Lantana camara Gandhatata Whole plant Malaria, rheumatism Leaves Chest and Lung diseases

Lawsonia interims Mendhi

Whole plant Bronchitis, burns, growth of hair, headache, jaundice, skin diseases

Bark Biliousness, coolant, diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, ulcers.

Flowers Leaves

Cancer

Mangifera indica

Am

Gum Antidote

Leaves bronchitis, cathartic, expectorant, ring worm, stimulant


40

Roots Malaria. Seeds Demulcent

Ocimum sanctum Tulsi

Whole plant Bronchitis, cough, ear ache, flatulence Stem Analgesic, boils and wounds

Opuntia eletior Katar Whole plant Asthma, cough, heart inflammation,

ophthalmia, Fruits Ulcer in mouth Leaves Purgative Roots Dental problem

Salvadora oleoides

Piludi

Whole plant cough, bronchitis, piles, rheumatism Roots Analgesic

Salvadora persica Pilu, Kharijal Whole plant Biliousness, inflammations,

lecuoderma, piles, skin diseases, tonic to the liver

Fruits Dental problem Roots Acidity, Anthelmintic, asthma,

bronchitis, carminative, cathartic, cough, expectorant, fever

Solanum indicum

Ubhairingni

Stem Dental problem Fruits Asthma, Diarrhea, dysentery, thirst,

tonic Bark Asthma, dysentery, giddiness

Syzygium cumini

Jambu

Seeds Diabetes Fruits Digestive disorder, inflammation,

laxative. Leaves Analgesic, fever, skin diseases

Tamarindus indica

Emli

Seeds Antidote, intestinal diseases Fruits Intestinal diseases , analgesic roots Sex disorder, tonic, urinary complaints

Tribulus terrestris

Nana gokhru

Whole plant Asthma, blood purifies, cough, diuretic, leprosy, tonic

Xanthium strumarium

Gokhru Leaves Ear complaints , skin diseases

Zizyphus glabrata -- Leaves Blood purifier Bark Asthma, astringent, blood purifier,

diarrhea, fever, Fruits Asthma, blood purifier, dysentery,

fever, vomiting

Zizyphus mauritiana Bor, Bordi

Whole plant Tonic Fruits Astringent, joint pain Leaves Boils, joint pain

Zizyphus nummularia

Chanibor

Roots Intestinal diseases vomiting Sources: GEER foundation (2005) Medicinal plants of Gujarat Ministry of Agriculture ( 2002) Inventory of traditional veterinary medicinal practices in India


41

ETHANOBOTANICLAL IMPORTANT PLANTS AND PRACTICES, PREVAILING IN THE AREA

Man depended on plants since time immemorial. Our knowledge of the intimate

relationship between early man and plants is mainly due to the surviving tradition. This

relation ship now forms the base of the interdisciplinary science known as Ethanobotany.

J.W. Harshberger coned the term “Ethanobotany“ first in 1895. Plotkin (1995) defined

Ethanobotany as the study of tribal people and their utilization of plants.

Abutilon indicum L. Sw. (Malvaceae) Dabali, Kansaki

Bark of this tree is used in vomiting, urinary complaints; decoction of the leaves is used

in bronchitis and fever

Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. indica (Bth.) Brenan (Mimosaceae) – Desibaval.

Gum of this tree is edible and considered to be the energetic, bark decoction is given

orally for bone fracture healing. Gum is also used in pharmaceutical industry, the seeds

yield fatty oil which can be used in soap industry. Seeds and pods are used as cattle

fodder. Wood is used as timber and for manufacturing agricultural implements.

Ailanthus excelsa ( Simaroubaceae) Arduso

Used in skin diseases, wood is used for preparing small boats, knife handle, toys, and

match sticks.. Leaves and shoots are used as fodder

Albizia lebbeck (Mimosaceae) Onkla, shirish

Used as a timber in construction, manufacturing agricultural implements. Bark is used

for tanning fishing nets

Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Liliaceae) - Satavari

Roots are crushed and juice is given to lactating mothers for inducing a flow of milk.

Dried roots are also occasionally sold but do not seem to be regular practice. Roots paste

is applied on maggot wounds, used as veterinary medicine.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) - Limdo

Rural people use leaves of this plant to fumigate the surroundings as an insects and

mosquitoes repellent. Leaf extract in water is sprinkled on crops to kill pests. Leaves are

spread on the beds of child suffering with viral infections like chicken pox, etc.

Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Del. (Balanitaceae ) - Ingorio


42

Fruits are used as soap to wash clothes. Seeds levitated with water and applied on

skin. Seed’s fatty oil is used in soap making. Wood is used as walking stick and shoe

maker’s boards.

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntz. Syn.: B: Frondosa ( Papilionaceae) Khakara

Dried leaves are used in bidi and for making plates and cups. These are widely used in

the village functions. Seeds exudates are used in herbal medicine.

Calotropis gigantia (L.) R. Br. & C. procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae ) - Akado

For local people, both the species are Akdo. Leaves are smeared with castor oil and

mildly roasted on burning cinders. The lukewarm castor smear is applied on the abdomen

of a child for relief against pain due to constipation. Used extensively in the herbal

medicine.

Capparis decidua (Forsk.)Edgew. (Capparaceae) Kerdo, Kari,

Fruits are used for making pickle.

Cassia auriculata L. (Caesalpiniaceae ) – Aval

Leaves crushed, boiled and used as poultice on painful joints, barks are used in tanneries

Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) - Piplo

Young buds and leaves are dried, powdered and given 1 gm twice a day with

water as tonic. Leaves make fodder of choice for camels. Fruits are eaten by birds

Solanum surattense Burm. f. (Solanaceae ) - Bhoyrigini

Whole plant is dried, powdered and stored. About 1 gm of powder mixed in equal

quantity of black pepper powder is given with sugar or honey to relieve asthma.

Typha angustata Bory &Chaub (Typhaceae) - Ghabajariu

Leaves are used to thatch huts. Dried inflorescence is used as wound dressing to

stop bleeding. The Typha cotton may be used directly or burnt and ashes are applied over

the wound.

RARE AND ENDANGERED FLORA IN THE STUDY AREA

The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global

conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the

extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all


43

species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is

recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.

Out of 17000 species of higher plants known to occur in India, nearly 614 higher

plant species were evaluated by IUCN. Among them 247 species are under threatened

category (IUCN, 2007).

Hyphaene dichotoma were reported to be rare in Gujarat. IUCN (2008) had

assigned Low risk / near threatened (ver 2.3 ) status to Hyphaene dichotoma.

ENDEMIC PLANTS OF THE STUDY AREA:

De Candolle (1855) first used the concept of “Endemic”, which is defined as an

area of a taxonomic unit, especially a species which has a restricted distribution or

habitat, isolated from its surrounding region through geographical, ecological or temporal

barriers.

Out of 17000 species of known flowering plants of India nearly 5000 species are

said to be endemic. Nearly 58 genera and 1932 taxa are found to be endemic to peninsular

India (Ahmedulla & Nayar, 1987).

Among recorded plant species only Hyphaene dichotoma can be assigned the

status of endemic plant of this region. But this palm is quite common in the coastal belt of

Gujarat especially at Diu, Una, in Saurashtra and Ubharat in South Gujarat.

FAUNAL BIODIVERSITY OF THE STUDY AREA

For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to

birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been conducted.

All together 31 villages were covered for the present biological baseline study. 6 villages

were selected in the core zone (project location and surrounding villages in 5km radius)

and 25 villages were selected in the buffer zone (villages located more than 5km radius

but with in 10 km radius of the project site). This report is based on a short duration

study. The following lists are obviously incomplete. It does not include many other

species which might occur in this part of Ahmedabad District, either as resident or as


44

migrant in the other seasons of the year. This data is based on the survey conducted

during November, 2008.

Birds of the study area:

List of threatened species (IUCN evaluated) is given in the Table#7. Systematic

account of the birds in the study area with the status of occurrence is given in the table

4.13.

TABLE 4.13 : THREATENED BIRDS OF THE STUDY AREA

Zone Species Habitat Threat status IUCN

Core zone

Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala

Shallow water bodies Near threatened B-11

Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala

Shallow water bodies Near threatened B-11

Black headed ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus

Near water bodies and

agriculture fields

Near Threatened

B10/8

Buffer

Zone Oriental Darter

Anhinga melanogaster Shallow

Water Bodies Near threatened

B-13

Source: IUCN Red list 2007 and Bird life international

TABLE 4.14 : SYSTEMATIC LISTS OF BIRDS IN THE STUDY AREA WITH ITS

DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATORY STATUS

I ORDER: APODIFORMES Family: Apodidae (swifts) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Common Swift Common Swift Apus apus R House swift Little Swift Apus affinis R II ORDER: CICONIFORMES Family: Accipitridae (vulture, Sparrow hawk, Eagle, Harrier, Kite and Vulture) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R Black-winged Kite Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus R Sparrow-hawk Eurasian Sparrow-hawk Accipiter nisus R Family: Anhingidae

Darter or Snake Birds Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster A.rufa R

Family: Ardeidae (heron, Egret, Bittern) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Cattle Egret Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R

Median or Smaller Egret Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Egretta intermedia R


45

Little Egret Little Egret Egretta garzetta R Pond Heron Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii R Family: Charadriidae (Plover, Stilt, Oystercatcher, Lapwing, Avocet ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Black-winged Stilt Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus R Red-wattled Lapwing Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R Family: Ciconiidae (Open bill, stork, Adjutant) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Painted Stork Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala R Family: Laridae (Tern, Gull, Jaeger, Skua , Skimmer and Noody) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name River Tern River Tern Sterna aurantia R Family: Phalacrocoracidae ( Cormorant) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Indian Shag Indian CormoraWnt Phalacrocorax fuscicollis R Little Cormorant Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger R Family: Pteroclidae (Sandgrouse) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Indian Sandgrouse Chestnut-bellied

sandgrouse Pterocles exustus R

Family: Threskiornithidae (Spoonbill and Ibis) Black Ibis Red-naped Ibis Pseudibis papillosa R III ORDER: COLUMBIFORMES Family: Columbidae (Pigeon, Dove) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Blue Rock Pigeon Rock Pigeon Columba livia R Ring Dove Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto R Rufous Turtle Dove Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis R I V : ORDER: CORACIFORMES Family: Alcedinidae (King fisher) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Small Blue King Fisher Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis R Family: Dacelonidae (King fishers) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. White breasted Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis R Family: Coraciidae (Roller) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Blue Jay or Roller Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis R Family: Meropidae (Bee Eater) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti R

Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus Merops superciliosus R

Blue-tailed Bee-eater Blue-tailed Bee-eater

Merops philippinus R Note: R = Widespread Resident, r = Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor, M= Migrant


46

V. ORDER: CUCULIFORMES Family: Centropodidae (Cocucal) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Crow-Pheasant or Coucal Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis R Family: Cuculidae (cuckoo, Koel) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Koel Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea R Indian Drongo Cuckoo Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris R Cuckoo Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus R VI. ORDER: GALLIFORMES Family: Phasianidae (Peafowl , Partridge, Quail, francolin, spur fowl, jungle fowl, Monal, ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Common Peafowl Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus R ORDER: GRUIFORMES Family: Rallidae ( Waterhen, coot, crake water cock, Moorhen, Rail,) White-breasted Waterhen White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus R Coot Common Coot Fulica atra RW VII. ORDER: PASSERIFORMES Family: Paridae (Tit ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Corvidae Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist.

Large Cuckoo-shrike Large Cuckoo-shrike Coracina macei Coracina novaehollandiae R

Raven Common Raven Corvus corax R House Crow House Crow Corvus splendens R Black drongo- King Crow Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus

Dicrurus adsimilis R Family: Laniidae (shrike) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Rufous backed Shrike Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach R Grey Shrike Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor R Family: Muscicapidae ( Short wing, Chat, Robin, Shama Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Indian Robin Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R Pied Bushchat Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R Family: Nectariniidae ( Sun Birds, Flower pecker, Spider hunter ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Purple Sunbird Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica R Small Sunbird Crimson-backed Sunbird Nectarinia minima R Note: R = Widespread Resident, r = Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor, M= Migrant


47

Family: Passeridae ( Avadavat,Pipit, Wagtail, Munia, Snowfinch, sparrow, weaver ,Accentor) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. House Sparrow House Sparrow Passer domesticus R Grey Tit Great Tit Parus major R Family: Pycnonotidae (Bulbul, ) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Red-whiskered Bulbul Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R Red-vented Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer R Family: Sturnidae (Myna, Starling) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Bank Myna Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus R Indian Myna Common Myna Acridotheres tristis R Family: Sylviidae ( Warbler, Browning, Fulvetta ,Babbler, Laughing thrash, Tailor birds, Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Common Babbler Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus R Jungle Babbler Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus R Tailorbird Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius R VIII. ORDER: PSITTACIFORMES Family: Psittacidae (Parrot and Parakeet) Old Common name New Common Name Scientific Name Dist. Rose-ringed Parakeet Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri R Note: R = Widespread Resident, r = Very Local Resident, W = Widespread Winter Visitor, w = Sparse Winter Visitor, RW =Resident and winter visitor, M= Migrant

Butterflies from the study area: Butterflies in the study area (Core zone and Buffer zone) are restricted to few

places where Lantana camara and Calotropis procera were growing. Butterflies

observed during the present study are documented in the Table 4.15. TABLE 4.15. BUTTERFLIES IN THE STUDY AREA

Scientific name & family Common name Family Papilionidae

Papilio polytes Linnaeus Common Mormon Family Pieridae

Eurema hecabe Linnaeus Common Grass yellow Catopsilia pomona Fabricius Common Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus Mottled Emigrant Delias eucharis Drury Common Jezebel Cerpora nerissa Fabricius Common Gull

Family: Nymphalidae Melanitis leda Linnaeus Common evening Brown Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger Danaus genutia Cramer Stripped Tiger Hypolimanas misippus Danaid egg fly Mycalesis perseus Common bush brown


48

Herpetofauna :

. Reptiles observed in the study area are given in the table 4.16.

TABLE 4.16 : REPTILES IN THE STUDY AREA

Sr. No Common Name Scientific name 1 Common garden lizard Calotes versicolor (Daudin) 2 Indian Cobra Naja naja (Linn.) 3 Russell’s Viper Daboia russelii ( Shaw and Nodder) 4 Common Indian Krait Bungarus caeruleus ( Schneider) 5 Common rat snake Ptyas mucosus (Linn.) 6 Common Indian monitor Varanus bengalensis ( Schneider) 7 Brahminy skink Mabuya carinata (Schneider) 8 House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Ruppell)

Not sighted but included as per the information provided by villagers ,during the

interaction with them with pictorial presentation.

Mammals:

Core zone:

The wild mammals observed other than the domesticated ones in the core zone is

given in the table 4.17.

TABLE 4.17 : MAMMALS OBSERVED IN THE CORE ZONE

Sr. No. Common Name Scientific name

1 Three striped Palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum (Linnaeus)

2 Common House Rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)

3 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy)

Buffer Zone

The wild mammals observed other than domesticated ones from the

buffer zone of the study area is documented in the table#12, The cattle kill by

the Lions straying out from the Gir WLS were reported from the villages located

at boundary of the study area ( 10km radius) especially in Ambada village, Ugla

village.


49

TABLE 4.18 : MAMMALS FROM THE BUFFER ZONE

Sr. No Common Name Scientific name

1. Three striped Palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum (Linnaeus)

2. Common House Rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)

3. Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy)

4. Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas)

5. Hare Lepus nigricollis F. Cuvier

6. Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus

7. Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw)

8. Indian Lion Panthera leo persica ( Linnaeus)

9. Leopard Panthera pardus ( Linnaeus)

Not sighted in the study area, but included as per the information provided by the villagers

RARE AND ENDANGERED FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA

The IUCN Red List is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global

conservation status of plant and animal species. It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the

extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all

species and all regions of the world. With its strong scientific base, the IUCN Red List is

recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. IUCN,

(2007) has evaluated 1976 animal species from India, among them 313 have in

recognized as threatened species.. Among them one species is considered as extinct

,while 44 species are in critically endangered( CR) catogery,88 is in endangered

category(EN), while 181 is considered as vulnerable (VU).

Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, amended on 17th January 2003, is an Act

to provide for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters

connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the

ecological and environmental security of the country..

Some of the sighted fauna was given protection by the Indian Wild Life

(Protection)Act,1972 by including them in different schedules .Among the birds in the


50

study area, Pea fowl (Pavo cristatus), is included in schedule I .of Wild life protection

Act (1972), while many other birds are included in schedule IV.

Among the reptiles, Common Indian monitor (Varanus bengalensis), Indian Cobra

(Naja naja), and Common rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) were provided protection as per

Schedule-II of Wild life protection act, (1972)

Among mammals; Leopard (Panthera pardus) and Lion (Panthera leo persica )are

included in schedule-I of the Wild life Protection act -1972. Common Mongoose

(Herpestes edwardsi) and Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) are a schedule –II animals

Nilghai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is protected as Schedule-III animal and all Hares are

included in schedule IV of Wild Life Protection act 1972.

ENDEMIC FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA

None of the sighted animal species can be assigned endemic species category of the study

area.

MIGRATORY BIRDS & WINTER VISITORS IN THE STUDY AREA:

No migratory birds were observed in the study area during the survey conducted during

November,2008.

STATUS OF THE FOREST, THEIR CATEGORY IN THE STUDY AREA :

No natural forest area was observed in the core zone and in the buffer zone , except .


51

1

2

Plate#1 The project site Plate #2 Machundari River in the study area during the survey period


52

3

4

Plate # 3 Ravar river he study area during study period Plate# 4 Cotton major crop in the study area


53

5

5. Rare palm Hyphaene Dichotoma growing in large number in the study area


54

5. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION The environmental consequences are identified in this chapter. Due to the proposed project various environmental aspects may damage or disturbed. All environmental aspects, which are likely to be affected due to various activities during construction phase and operational phase, are identified and short-listed. 5.1 Aspects of the Environment The environmental factors which may be affected due to the proposed project are as given below:

1. Noise levels 2. Air pollution levels 3. Soil environment 4. Socio-economic environment

5.2 Activities The activities and their potential environmental impacts are as under :

CONSTRUCTION PHASE Type of activity Potential Environmental Impacts Construction Activities

Noise levels Dust emissions Socio-economic

OPERATION PHASE Type of activity Potential Environmental Impacts Operation of the proposed plant

Increase in noise levels Impact on air quality due to dust

emissions New employment Soil Environment


55

6. PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT 6.1 Impacts during construction phase Impacts on Air Quality : During construction phase, dust will be the main pollutant, which would be generated due to construction activities and vehicular movement on the road. The impact of such activities would be confined within the project boundary and restricted to the construction phase. To mitigate these impacts, regular sprinkling of water will be done at the construction site. 6.2 Impacts during operational phase 6.2.1 Impact on Air Quality The Gaussian model is used to predict the centerline ground level concentrations of suspended particulate matter in the study area. The details of the Gaussian model are as presented in Annexure – II. The prediction is done in relation to the source strength and meteorological conditions for the study period. The input data for the prediction of centerline ground level concentrations are as given below : Raw Mill Stack : Input Data : Vent Height : 30.0 m Vent Diameter : 1.0 m Particulate Matter Concentration : 50 mg/Nm3 Exit stack gas velocity : 9.0 m/s Exit gas temperature : 50 oC Ambient temperature : 27 oC PM emission load : 1.27 kg/h


56

VSK stack : Input Data : Vent Height : 30.0 m Vent Diameter : 1.0 m Particulate Matter Concentration : 50 mg/Nm3 Exit stack gas velocity : 9.0 m/s Exit gas temperature : 80 oC Ambient temperature : 27 oC PM emission load : 1.27 kg/h Cement Mill Stack : Input Data : Vent Height : 30.0 m Vent Diameter : 1.0 m Particulate Matter Concentration : 50 mg/Nm3 Exit stack gas velocity : 9.0 m/s Exit gas temperature : 50 oC Ambient temperature : 27 oC PM emission load : 1.27 kg/h The centerline ground level concentrations of SPM due to all the stacks for all the stability conditions are calculated for the maximum particulate matter emission loads. For, the calculations, average wind speed during the study period is considered. The isopleths for all the stability conditions are presented. The predicted maximum centerline ground level concentration of SPM is 19.8 µg/cu.m @ 200 m from the unit during condition A. After implementation of the proposed project, these concentrations are found to be well below the permissible NAAQS norms for rural/residential zone and Industrial zone. Therefore, the proposed activity is not likely to have any significant adverse impact on the air environment.

D:\NEC\Cement EIAs\M\madhuvan\FINAL EIA REPORT\SPM TABLE4 madhuvan.doc

CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION - A

WIND DIRECTION SE to

NW

E to W

ENE to

WSW

ESE to

WNW

NE to SW

NNE to

SSW

NNW to

SSE

N to S

NW to SE

S to N

SSE to

NNW

SSW to

NNE

SW to NE

W to E

WNW to

ESE

WSW to

ENE WIND VELOCITY, ‘m/s’ 4.44 2.08 3.67 4.7 2.9 2.5 2.75 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.53 2.93 2.13 3.46 4.77 2.38

DISTANCE, ‘m’ CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION IN µg/cu.m (as 24 hours average) 100 5.1 4.8 5.3 5.0 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.9 5.3 4.9 5.1 200 11.4 19.8 13.3 10.9 15.9 17.6 16.5 17.6 16.3 15.1 13.7 15.7 19.5 14.0 10.7 18.2 300 7.2 14.4 8.6 6.8 10.7 12.2 11.2 12.2 11.0 10.0 8.9 10.5 14.1 9.1 6.7 12.8 400 3.9 8.2 4.7 3.7 6.0 6.9 6.3 6.9 6.1 5.6 4.9 5.9 8.0 5.0 3.7 7.2 500 2.3 4.8 2.7 2.2 3.5 4.0 3.6 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.9 3.4 4.7 2.9 2.1 4.2 600 1.4 3.0 1.7 1.3 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 2.9 1.8 1.3 2.6 700 0.9 2.0 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.7 800 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.8 0.6 1.2 900 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.9 1000 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.7 1500 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 2000 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 2500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0


CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION - B WIND DIRECTION SE

to NW

E to W

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NE to SW

NNE to

SSW

NNW to

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N to S

NW to SE

S to N

SSE to

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SSW to

NNE

SW to NE

W to E

WNW to

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WSW to




CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION - C WIND DIRECTION SE

to NW

E to W

ENE to

WSW

ESE to

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NE to SW

NNE to

SSW

NNW to

SSE

N to S

NW to SE

S to N

SSE to

NNW

SSW to

NNE

SW to NE

W to E

WNW to

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WSW to




CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION-D WIND DIRECTION SE

to NW

E to W

ENE to

WSW

ESE to

WNW

NE to SW

NNE to

SSW

NNW to

SSE

N to S

NW to SE

S to N

SSE to

NNW

SSW to

NNE

SW to NE

W to E

WNW to

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WSW to




CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION-E WIND DIRECTION SE

to NW

E to W

ENE to

WSW

ESE to

WNW

NE to SW

NNE to

SSW

NNW to

SSE

N to S

NW to SE

S to N

SSE to

NNW

SSW to

NNE

SW to NE

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WNW to

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WSW to




CENTERLINE GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF SPM IN SURROUNDING AREA DURING CONDITION-F

WIND DIRECTION SE to

NW

E to W

ENE to

WSW

ESE to

WNW

NE to SW

NNE to

SSW

NNW to

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N to S

NW to SE

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WNW to

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WSW to




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Fugitive Emissions : The unit will install air pollution control equipments to control particulate matter emissions. Fugitive emissions from the proposed plant would be significant as there will be air pollution due to activities like raw materials handling, crushing, transfer points of materials, packing of product and movement of vehicles. The raw materials will be transported in covered trucks; hence fugitive dust is not envisaged. The suctions of bag filter will be provided at all transfer points, silo top, packing section and at the crusher. Hence, the impact due to fugitive emissions would be insignificant. The proposed greenbelt and regular water sprinkling will further reduce fugitive emissions. 6.2.2 Impact on Soil Dust generated by the cement manufacturing plant consists primarily of alkaline particulates from the raw and finished material. Accumulation of alkaline dust in soil may decrease microbial biomass. Dust collected from air pollution control equipment will be 100% recycled in process. Hence, the proposed activities will not likely to have any significant adverse impact on the soil environment. 6.2.3 Impact on Noise levels The proposed industrial operations will generate noise in the premises and noise levels in the immediate surrounding will be slightly increased. The industry will develop green belt around the plant. Adequate protective measures in the form of ear plugs will be provided to the workers working in high noise areas.


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6.2.4 Impact on Ecology

Checklist for the evaluation of Eco-sensitivity of the study area and Prediction of Biological Stress with in the impact zone of the proposed project

Biological Criteria

1

Phase

2

Assessment of Significance of criteria based on Magnitude, Prevalence, frequency, Risk, and mitigation of the impact due to the project activity

3

Degree of impact envisaged

4

Mitigatory measures

5 State of terrestrial vegetation in the impact zone of 10km radius

Topography of the region was characterized by mainly agricultural fields. Tree cover was also very less and restricted to road side plantation and at the boundary of the agriculture fields .No natural forest area was observed in the core zone and in the buffer zone ,

No impact

State of terrestrial vegetation at Project site

. Project site is located closer to the High way in the outskirt of Kansari village The project site is almost barren with out any tree cover , few shrubs were observed in the project site which were dominated by Cassia auriculata and , Prosopis juliflora.

No impact

Construction phase

Not much vegetation , especially trees in the project site, hence not much disturbances to the existing vegetation.

No impact Vegetation destroyed or disturbed due to the project activity (deforestation, tree cutting, shrinkage of habitat)

Operation phase

Not much impact is envisaged on the terrestrial vegetation due to the proposed project, Clinker grinding Units. . Whatever impact generated due to the project will be due to the dust emission and it will be localized and can be maintained by the development of proper green belt in the factory premises

Localized negative impact

Proper green belt should be developed in the premises to reduce the impact of dust generated


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Construction phase

No animal community in the project premises No impact Animal behavior disturbed due to the project activity

Operation phase

No animal community in the project premises No impact

Wild life importance

The Gir WLS is located far away from the project site. Even though certain scattered incident of Cattle killing by Lions, which were straying out from the protected area of Gir WLS were reported in Ambada and Ugala villages located in the boundary of the study area

As the project site is located far away from the GIR WLS , no impact due to the proposed project on Wild life is envisaged

Floral endemicity

From the data generated for the floral diversity of this region, Hyphaene dichotoma is an endemic plant observed in this region

No impact

Faunal endemicity No endemic fauna was sighted No impact Endangered fauna No endangered fauna in the core zone. Certain incident of

Lions straying out from GIR WLS was reported from the villages; Ambada and Ugala in the buffer zone of the project site

As the project site is located far away from the GIR WLS , no impact due to the proposed project on Wild life is envisaged

Endangered flora No endangered flora No impact


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1 2 3 4 5

Significant habitats in the study area critical to the conservation of threatened and endangered species

No habitats critical for the conservation of threatened and endangered species

Breeding ground of migratory and residential birds

No breeding ground No impact

Direct of indirect impact on the avian fauna

No impact is envisaged No impact

Legal status (National park, Wild life sanctuary, Reserve forest)

The existing Protected areas Gir WLS is located far away from the 10 km boundary from the project site. No significant impact due to the proposed project is envisaged on this protected area and its occupants.

No impact

Agricultural lands

The dominant landscape of the study area is agricultural lands. But no agricultural land located in a close proximity to factory premises. As the proposed project is only the Clinker Grinding units not much impact is envisaged on the agricultural crops. More over the properly developed green belts in and around the project sites will remove the limited emission in the ambient before it reach the agriculture fields.

No impact

Proper green belt has to be developed


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6.2.5 Impact on Water Environment Construction Phase : The unit has got the permission for ground water withdrawal from Central Ground Water Authority. The copy of the same is as enclosed. During construction phase groundwater will be used. In the region groundwater is adequate hence tapping of ground water for construction will not have any impact on ground water resources. Operation Phase : During operation phase maximum water requirement will be 30 cu.m/day. The ground water will be used during operation phase. The unit is proposing to develop rain water harvesting systems at project site area to recharge ground water. Hence during operation phase, withdrawal of groundwater will not have nay impact on groundwater resources. Wastewater will not generate from the proposed unit and there will no impact on groundwater and any other water environment with in study area. 6.2.5 Impact on Existing Landuse Pattern : Within the project area, relatively large land areas are devoted for Agriculture purpose. The nearest village is around 1.24 km in North direction. The proposed project is mini cement plant and the acquired land is non agriculture of area 26305 sq.m. The project will not alter the general land use characteristics in the project area and does not affect the land use pattern.


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7. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN The industry will take adequate pollution control measures to abate the pollution due to the proposed production activities.

7.1 Air Pollution Control Management

Air pollution control equipments will be installed to control dust emissions.

Raw materials loading and unloading will be done in the covered area.

Raw materials will be stored in the covered structure. All the conveyors will be provided with conveyer cover. The automatic bagging machine will be installed for packing.

The sprinkling of water will be done along the internal roads in the plant in order to control the dust.

All the workers working inside the plant will be provided with disposable dust masks.

Green belt will be developed around the plant to arrest the fugitive emissions.

Bag filter will be cleaned regularly. Maintenance of air pollution control equipments will be done regularly.

Dust removal efficiency of air pollution control equipments will be checked regularly.

The stacks of adequate height will be attached to the air pollution control equipments to disperse the air pollutant to the satisfactory levels. The vent will be regularly monitored for SPM.

7.2 Noise Control Management

The greenbelt proposed around the boundary of the plan will attenuate the noise emitted by the various sources in the plant.

The rotating machinery will be lubricated and provided with enclosures as far as possible to reduce noise transmission.


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Earplugs will be provided for the personnel working close to the noise generating units as a part of the safety policy.

7.3 Water Harvesting System In scientific terms, water harvesting refers to collection and storage of rainwater and also other activities aimed at harvesting surface and groundwater, prevention of losses through evaporation and seepage and all other hydrological studies and engineering interventions, aimed at conservation and efficient utilization of the limited water endowment of physiographic unit such as a watershed. In general, water harvesting is the activity of direct collection of rainwater. The rainwater at the site will be harvested for direct use (rooftop harvesting system) in the industry and groundwater recharge as well. The details are as below : Rooftop Harvesting System: The total area of catchment is around 8348 sq.m. The rainwater from the catchment areas will flow in drains and finally collected in the storage tank. The flush valve will be installed before storage tank to flush out first spell of rain. Calculation of Maximum Rainfall that can be Harvested : Total Area of Catchment : 8348 sq.m Average annual rainfall : 1.0 m Runoff coefficient : 0.85 Annual water harvesting potential : 8348 x 1.0 x 0.85 : 7096 cu.m The industry will construct the tank of 50 cu.m volume to collect the harvested rain water. The unit will construct a borewell to recharge the rooftop runoff. Rainwater collected on the rooftop of the building will be diverted by drainpipes to


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a settlement or filtration tank, from which it will flow into the recharge well. 7.4 Greenbelt Development Plan: The location of the industry is in Junagadh district in north Saurashtra of Gujarat State. The industry will develop such trees which can grow at the site and can tolerate the cement dust. The industry will develop Green Belt in the 7600 sq.m area. The proposed greenbelt area is as shown in the Layout plan. Greenbelts are an effective mode of control of air pollution, where green plants form a surface capable of absorbing air pollutants and forming a sink of pollutants. Leaves with their vast area in a tree crown, sorbs pollutants on their surface, thus effectively reduce pollutant concentration in the ambient air. Often the adsorbed pollutants are incorporated in the metabolic pathway and the air is purified. Plants grown to function as pollution sink are collectively referred as greenbelts. An important aspect of a greenbelt is that the plants are living organism with their varied tolerance limit towards the air pollutants. A green belt is effective as a pollutant sink only within the tolerance limit of constituent plants. Planting few, known pollutant sensitive species along with the tolerant species within a green belt however, do carry out an important function of indicator species Apart from function as pollution sink, greenbelt would provide other benefit like aesthetic improvement of the area and providing suitable habitats for birds and animals. Sensitive and tolerant plant species to Cement dust: CPCB, (March, 2000) compiled the earlier conducted research reports on the tolerant and sensitive species with reference to cement dust. The documented sensitive plants to the cement dust is given in the Table 7.1 , and Tolerant species to cement dust is given in the Table 7.2- 7.4.


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Table 7.1 : Sensitive Plants to Cement dust Plants species References

Zea mays Sree Rangaswamy, et.al., (1973)

Syzygium cumini Jarif et.al., (1979) Triticum aestivum Singh and Rao ( 1980,a) Calotropis procera Yusaf and Vyas, (1982) Cassia fistula “ Dalbergia sissoo “ Withania somnifera “ Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000,

Table 7.2 : Tolerant species- Poor Dust collector Plants species

References

Erythrina indica

Shety and Chaphekar (1980

Cassia fistula Das et al. ( 1981 Poinciana regia

Das et al. ( 1981

Sesbania sp. Das et al. ( 1981 Azadirachta indica

Pandey and Mishra (1974)

Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000,

Table 7.3 : Tolerant species- Dust collector Plants species References

Mangifera indica Shety and Chaphekar (1980) Das et al. ( 1981)

Thespesia populnea

Shety and Chaphekar (1980

Polylathia longifolia

Das et al. ( 1981)

Ficus bengalensis

Das et al. ( 1981)

Ficus infectoria Das et al. ( 1981) Ficus religiosa Das et al. ( 1981) Tectona grandis Das et al. ( 1981) Shorea robusta Das et al. ( 1981) Terminalia Das et al. ( 1981)


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arjuna Nerium indicum Das et al. ( 1981) Thevetia neriifolia

Das et al. ( 1981)

Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000,

Table 7.4 : Tolerant species –Best Dust collector Plants species References

Pithecellobium dulce

Rao (1971)

Argyrea speciosa Rao (1971) Source CPCB ( March ,2000): PROBES/75/1999-2000, Selection of plants for Green Belts : The main limitation for plants to function as scavenger of pollutants are, plant’s interaction to air pollutants, sensitivity to pollutants, climatic conditions and soil characteristics. While making choice of plants species for cultivation in green belts, due consideration has to be given to the natural factor of bio- climate. Xerophytes plants are not necessarily good for greenbelts; they with their sunken stomata can withstand pollution by avoidance but are poor absorber of pollutants. Character of plants mainly considered for affecting absorption of pollutant gases and removal of dust particle are as follows. For absorption of Gases:

1) Tolerance towards pollutants in question , at concentration , that are not too high to be instantaneously lethal

2) Longer duration of foliage 3) Freely exposed foliage 4) Adequate height of crown 5) Openness of foliage in canopy 6) Big leaves( long and broad laminar surface) 7) Large number of stomatal apertures


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For Removal of Suspended Particular matter

1. Height and spread of crown. 2. Leaves supported on firm petiole 3. Abundance of surface on bark and foliage 4. Roughness of bark 5. Abundance of axillary hairs 6. Hairs or scales on laminar surface 7. Protected Stomata

Plantation along road sides: Automobiles are the source of pollution of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Component of green belt on road side hence should be with both absorbers of gases as well as of dust particles. The choice of plants for road side should include shrubs of height 1 to 1.5 meter and trees of 3-5 meter height. Medium sized trees, alternating with shrubs are ideal for sorption of particulates and gases.


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Table 7.5 : Recommended Plant Species for Green Belt Development Plant species

Habit Tolerance limit

Stomatal index

Mode of Regeneration

Acacia auriculiformis

Tree Tolerant 10.9 Seeds

Acacia catechu tree 8.24 seeds Acacia leucocephala ( Hari baval)

Shrub T 12.01 seeds

Ailanthus excelsa

tree T 13.01 Seeds, shoot, root cuttings

Albizia lebbeck

Tree T 19.72 Seeds

Albizia procera

tree T 20.21 seeds

Alstonia scholaris ( Devil- tree)

Tree T 15.23 Seeds

Annona squamosa (Seetaphal)

Small tree

T 26.19 Seeds, Grafting

Anogeissus latifolia (Dhavdo)

Tree T 18.72 Seeds

Azadirachta indica

Tree T 29.2 Seeds

Bauhinia purpurea

Tree T 23.58 Seeds

Bauhinia racemosa (Aasundro)

Small tree

T 25.68 seeds

Bougainvillea spectabilis

Shrub T 32.53 Cutting

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (White gold mohur)

Tree T 29.09 Seeds and Cuttings

Calotropis gigantea

Shrub T 9.93 Seeds

Calotropis procera

Shrub T 10.32 Seeds

Cassia fistula Tree T 20.4 Seeds and suckers

Cassia siamea Tree T 21.2 Seeds Cordia dichotoma

Tree T N.A Seeds/ stem cuttings


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(Gunda) Delonix regia ( Gulmohur)

Tree Sensitive 14.38 Seeds /stem cutting

Emblica officinalis( Amli)

Tree T 11.62 Seeds /stem cutting

Euphorbia tirucalli

Shrib T NA Cuttings

Ficus bengalensis (Vad)


Ficus hispida Tree T 17.21 Seeds /stem cutting

Ficus religiosa (papal)


Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Small tree

T 23.32 stem cutting

Ixora arborea Small tree

T 17.3 stem cutting

Ixora rosea Small tree

T 20.30 Stem cutting

Jatropha curcas

Shrub T NA

Lantana camara

Shrub T 12.13 Seeds /stem cutting

Lawsonia inermis (Mendi)


Mangifera indica ( Am)

Tree T 30.77 Seeds/ grafting/ budding/

Manilkara zapota (Chikoo)

Tree T 25.78 Grafting

Melia azadirachta

Tree T Seeds /stem cutting

Nerium indicum

Shrub T 15.7 Cutting

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Tree T 16.68 Seeds

Polylathia longifolia

Tree T 22.27 Seeds

Sesbania sesban (

Shrub T 19.2 Seeds

Tamarindus indica

Tree T 18.4 Seeds

Tectona grandis

Tree T 23.48 Seeds

Terminalia alata Tree T NA Seeds /stem cutting


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Thespesia populnea


Thevetia peruviana


Zizyphus mauritiana (Bordi)


T: Tolerant, NA =Not available Highlighted species are most suitable for this locality, considering its terrain and other existing vegetative cover in the study area Sources: CPCB (March ,2000) PROBES/75/1999-2000 7.5 Solid Wastes Management : Dust collected from air pollution control equipment will be 100% recycled in the process. Other solid wastes will be used/spent oil and discarded drums and bags. The sources of solid wastes, generation and its management are as given in the following table.


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Table 7.6 : Details of Hazardous Wastes Generation & its Management

Waste Management details Sr. No.

Type of Hazardous waste

Source Category as per Haz.

Waste Rules, 2003

Quantity, MT/ month

Physical form

Collection Storage Reuse/ Recycle

Disposal

1 Used/spent Oil

Prime Movers

5.1 500

lit/month Liquid

HDPE Drums

Wastes Storage

area

Reuse in plant for lubrication

Selling to authorised recyclers

2 Discarded Drums

Storages 33.3 200

nos./year Solid -

Wastes storage

area -

Returned to raw materials suppliers

3 Discarded Bags

Storages 33.3 10,000

nos./year Solid Bags

Wastes Storage

area -

Returned to raw materials suppliers


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7.6 Cleaner Production : The unit will take following steps to implement the cleaner production in the proposed plant.

1. The proposed unit will install air pollution control equipments to control dust emissions. The collected dust will be 100 % recycled.

2. The proposed unit will implement good housekeeping. 3. Water harvesting systems will be set up at the plant. 4. Maintenance of air pollution control equipments will be

done regularly. 5. Efficiency of air pollution control equipments will be

checked regularly. 6. Green Belt will be developed in the industrial premise.

The unit will procure Fly Ash and Gypsum from companies where it is generated as a waste. Hazardous Waste Co – incineration : The unit will use high calorific substances such as Rubber waste/dust, Shredded tyre chips/scraps and used oil. 7.7 Socio-economic Development Activities : The industry is committed to support socio-economic development activities in surrounding villages under the study area. The unit will support water and soil conservation activities in these areas by providing cement from company at no profit no loss basis for check dam construction and other relevant activities. Another major activity will be environment education in school children and youth of the surrounding villages. Under this, the industry will held seminars, workshops, essay writing competition, exposure trips, film show etc.


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8. SAFETY MEASURES The raw materials silica, gypsum, lime stone, coke breeze, clinker and product cement will be handled in the proposed unit. 8.1 Hazard Identification : Potential Health Effects : Eye Contact : Airborn dust may cause immediate or delayed irritation or inflammation. Eye contact with large amounts of clinker dust and dry cement powder can cause moderate eye irritation, chemical burns and blindness. Eye contact with large amounts of gypsum can cause moderate eye irritation, redness, and abrasions. Eye exposures require immediate first aid and medical attention to prevent significant damage to the eye. Skin Contact : Dust of clinker, gypsum and cement may cause dry skin, discomfort, irritation, severe burns and dermatitis. Clinker dust and cement dust are capable of causing dermatitis by irritation. Skin affected by dermatitis may include symptoms such as, redness, itching, rash, scaling and cracking. Irritant dermatitis is caused by the physical properties of clinker dust including alkalinity and abrasion. Inhalation (Acute) : Breathing dust may cause nose, throat or lung irritation, including choking, depending on the degree of exposure. Inhalation of high levels of dust can cause chemical burns to the nose, throat and lungs. Inhalation (Chronic) : Risk of injury depends on duration and level of exposure. This product contains crystalline silica. Prolonged or repeated


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inhalation of respirable crystalline silica from this product can cause silicosis, a seriously disabling and fatal lung disease. Some studies show that exposure to respirable crystalline silica (without silicosis) or that the disease silicosis may be associated with the increased incidence of several autoimmune disorders such as scleroderma (thickening of the skin), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and diseases affecting the kidneys. Silicosis increases the risk of tuberculosis. Ingestion : Internal discomfort or ill effects are possible if large quantities are swallowed. 8.2 Exposure Limits : The exposure limits for Portland cement, gypsum, crystalline silica and calcium carbonate are as given in the following table. Table 8.1 Exposure Limits Sr.No. Chemicals ACGIH TLV-TWA

(mg/m3) 1 Portland Cement 10 mg total dust/m3 2 Calcium Sulfate dehydrate

(gypsum) 10 mg total dust/m3

3 Crystalline Silica 0.05 mg respirable quartz/m3

4 Calcium carbonate 10 mg total dust/m3 8.3 First Aid Measures Eye Contact : Rinse eyes thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, including under lids, to remove all particles. Seek medical attention for abrasions and burns.


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Skin Contact : Wash with cool water and a pH neutral soap or a milk skin detergent. Seek medical attention for rash, burns, irritation, and dermatitis. Inhalation : Move person to fresh air. Seek medical attention for discomfort or if coughing or other symptoms. Ingestion : Do not induce vomiting. If conscious, have person drink plenty of water. Seek medical attention. 8.4 Exposure Controls and Personal Protection Exposure Controls :

Control of dust through implementation of good housekeeping and maintenance;

The bag filters will be installed to control dust emission. Use of PPE, as appropriate (e.g. masks and respirators) Use of mobile vacuum cleaning systems to prevent dust buildup on paved areas;

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) :

Respiratory Protection : When the dust level is beyond exposure limits or when dust causes irritation or discomfort use Respirator

Eye Protection : Wear Safety goggles to avoid dust contact with the eyes. Contact lenses should not be worn when handling the materials.

Skin Protection : Wear impervious abrasion and alkali resistant gloves, boots, long sleeved shirt, long pants or other protective clothing to prevent skin contact.


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8.5 Other Safety Measures

Safety training to the workers will be given. PPE will be provided to the workers. The maintenance and cleaning of bag filters will be carried out regularly.

The dust removal efficiency of bag filters will be check regularly.

Work place environment monitoring will be carried out regularly and records will be maintained as per Form No. 37 of GFR. The monitoring of cement dust and silica in the work place will be carried out.

Good house keeping will be implemented in the plant. First aid box will be provided. The industry will provide adequate lighting facility inside the plant premises.

General dilution ventilation will be provided to control dust levels below applicable exposure limits.

Fire extinguishers will be provided to withstand the fire or explosion condition.

Pre-employment and periodical medical examination of workers will be done by government approved medical practitioners and the details will be recorded as per the Form no. 32 of Gujarat Factory Regulations.

The industry will prepare on-site emergency plan. In case any emergency, arrangement of ambulance van will be done from Junagadh.

Two main gates will be provided for entry and exit of the workers.

Work place environment monitoring for cement dust and silica will be carried out as per the Gujarat Factories Rules.


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9. RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES : 9.1 Classification of the Hazards in the Cement Industry The hazards in the proposed cement plant can be classified as under : A. Routine and general hazards such as:

• Safe behavior • Environment, work and passage areas • Work equipment • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Manual load handling

B. Special hazards during the cement production phases such as:

• Crushing • Clinker production • Milling processes at raw mill, cement mill • Material transport • Storage • Loading and delivery of final products • Fuel storage activities • Use of hazardous material • Generating units

C. Special hazards as a result of the work environment:

• Dust • Noise • Fire • Emergency response


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9.2 Hazards, Risk and Safety Measures 9.2.1 Storage and Material Transportation Systems A. Hazards and Protection Measures : The main hazards during the transportation and storing of material are:

The airborne dust created during the storage of material The conveyor belts during their normal operation as well as during their maintenance

In order to reduce the risk from airborne dust:

To use dust suction systems To implement the necessary procedures for the routine cleaning of the settled dust

In material transport systems there are moving parts that are a constant source of hazard for any person working near these conveyors during normal operation or during the maintenance activities. For the safe operation of material transportation systems all the necessary guards are applied to isolate the moving parts. Additionally where personnel is working at a short distance from the guards, emergency stops are provided within short distance of these operators. During the normal operation of the transportation systems:

The removal of guards by unauthorized personnel must be prevented.

Any maintenance work during the operation of the transportation systems must be avoided.

Removing material during the operation of the conveyors must be avoided.

The cleaning of overflows during operation must be avoided unless the cleaning is done by the conveyor operative.

The use of unauthorized passageways either over or under the transportation systems must be avoided


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because there is the risk of personnel getting trapped by the conveyor or overflowing material can fall from height.

The overhead bridges must be clean in order to minimize the possibility of the tripping and falling of the personnel performing the checks on the conveyor belts.

Any intervention on the conveyor belt overload systems must be done by authorized personnel.

During the maintenance activities of the material conveyor belts it is necessary:

For the transportation systems to be secured so that accidental start ups are eliminated.

To check that all guards have been put in place prior to commissioning and

To check that the maintenance work is completed and that all maintenance personnel have left the vicinity of the equipment.


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B. Risk assessment and Safety Measures :

(1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5) Specific

Hazard Area Hazard

Description Person Harm Safety

measures Material storage and material transportation systems 1 Airborne dust Airborne dust in

the storage area Operatives Breathing

problems PPEs, Dust suction systems

2 Conveyor moving parts

Contact with moving parts, the risk of entrapment

Operatives Serious injury

Guarding,

3 Cleaning of overflows

Contact with moving parts, the risk of entrapment


Side guarding,

4 Use of unauthorised passages

Use of unauthorised passages. Travelling over and under of the transportation system

Operatives Serious injury , death

Restricted entry. Use of appropriate safety signage

5 Maintenance during operation

Risk when carried out by unauthorised personnel

Operatives, technicians

Serious injury , death

Use of authorised personnel. Supervision

6 Motor overloading systems

Unauthorised tampering


Serious injury , death

Use of authorised personnel. Supervision

7 Supervision platforms

Unclean platforms can cause staggering and falls


Fall from height, Serious injury , death

Implementation of the dust cleaning schedule


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9.2.2 Crushing A. Hazards in crushing operations The hazards in the Crushing sections focus on:

The rotational movement and the movement of the parts of the crusher.

The exposure to noise and dust of the personnel responsible for the continuous control of the crusher.

The maintenance activities of crushing machinery The electrical problems The activities inside the hopper due to:

o The operation of the feeder o The possible crushing of material o The approach of heavy goods vehicles for

unloading material

The movement of heavy goods vehicles:

o Reversing of the vehicle into the hopper o Accident on personnel

The inappropriate loading of material onto the heavy goods vehicles with the result that material is hurled from the vehicle as the material is transported.


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B. Risk assessment and Safety Measures :


Hazard Area Hazard


measures Crusher 1 Crusher

moving parts The moving parts of the crusher to come into contact with people

Operators, Maintenance technicians

Serious injury, Death

Use of Guards. Use of securing procedures so that all personnel is removed from the area

2 Electricity During the maintenance of the electrical parts there is a hazard from the electric cables

Maintenance technicians


Authorized personnel

3 Exposure to Noise

During the operation of the crushers

Operators Gradual hearing impairment

Use of PPE

4 Maintenance While machinery is in operation

Necessary interaction with the machinery Authorized personnel

Maintenance technicians


Authorized personnel

5 Inappropriate loading of material on heavy vehicle

Inappropriate loading can cause the shifting of the load with the result that rocks and material is flung in the area of the hopper

Operators Serious injury, Death

Training of Personnel. Construction of a Control room made from concrete to withstand possible crushing


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6 Movement of heavy goods vehicles

The vehicle can hit an operative while reversing or making him fall in the hopper

Operators Serious injury, Death

Guards at the back of the vehicle. Training of personnel

7 Excessive dust

During unloading dust is flung in the air

Operators Breathing problems

Use of PPE

8 Work inside the hopper

Necessary work in the hopper for the purpose of unblocking the mouth of the hopper

Operators Serious injury

Training of Personnel. Presence of an Observer, Check the stability of rocks inside the hopper. Adequate light


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9.2.3 Milling Processes (Raw Mill and Cement Mill) A. Hazards and protection measures in milling operations The main hazards during normal operation of the mills mainly concern:

The movement parts of machinery The falling of material from height in case the protection ducting is blocked

The hurling of mill parts The exposure to noise The exposure to dust

For the safe operation of the mills all the necessary guards must be in place in order to isolate the mechanical movement from contact with the operators. Additionally where operatives need to be near moving parts of machinery the necessary emergency buttons must exist in case there is a need for to stop the machinery. For the purpose of supervising the mills the operators have to walk on specific platforms equipped with protective railing so that falls from height are prevented. Due to the excess kinetic energy of material as it rotates and the continuous pounding of the material inside the mill there is a serious hazard from the frequent hurling of mill nuts. In order to minimize the risk of accidents it is necessary to wear the appropriate helmet as well as the periodic tightening of the of the nuts. Within the milling area and the blowers homogenizing area – storage, the employees are exposed to noise and dust. The sound level must be assessed and if in doubt it must be measured. The resulting corrective action first of all must involve the reduction of noise at source, then the isolation of noise and if then this is not possible to use the necessary and appropriate PPEs. Due to the nature of work there is risk of dust being released to the atmosphere and if the dust stays airborne for a long time it creates short and long term breathing problems to the employees. A dust collection system must be used and employees must use the appropriate PPEs.


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Maintenance Activities : The maintenance activities in the inside of the mills include:

The maintenance of mill linings The replacement of the milling balls

As a result of the above activities a number of serious hazards are created for the workers at least as follows:

Falls from height (from the mill platforms) Hurling of metallic fragments from the mills’ shell Work in confined spaces with insufficient ventilation Exposure to dust Exposure to High temperatures

Due to the nature of the hazards involved such high risk operations must necessarily be planned so that all the following preventive measures are adhered to:

Securing of the plant in a place where there is easy access of the maintenance technician into the mill.

The maintenance activity must be conducted by authorised personnel.

The work must be carried out under continuous supervision.

Adherence to documented operating preventive procedures.

Assure the necessary ventilation of the work space. Assure the reduction of temperature prior to access to the space.

The use of the appropriate PPEs that must include:

o Special helmet equipped with eye protector o Safety belt connected to a tying rope o Special work ware and foot ware able to withstand

thermal load o Heat retarding gloves o Special mask equipped with ventilating fun or

connected to a central ventilation system o Portable torchlight


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B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures


Hazard Area Hazard


measures Risk Assessment in milling operations – Raw material and cement mills 1 Airborne dust Airborne dust in

the milling area Operators Breathing

problems PPEs, Dust suction systems

2 Mechanical moving parts of mills

Contact with moving parts


Proper guarding, PPEs.

3 Falling material

During transportation there a risk from falling material


Proper guarding, PPEs.

4 Operators falling from height

Operatives falling from height by not using approved passageways

Operators , Maintenance Technicians

Serious injury , Death

Proper guarding, Safety signage PPEs.

5 Maintenance/ cleaning activity on operating machinery

Increased risk if carried out by unauthorised personnel



Proper guarding, PPEs, Supervised work

6 Exposed to excessive noise levels

Exposed to excessive noise levels in the milling areas due to the crushing of material inside the mill and due to the operation of the homogenisation blowers


Gradual hearing impairment

Minimise noise at source or isolate noise. PPEs. Secure the doors of the homogenization rooms

7 Work in confined spaces

Work in confined spaces during the repair of the mill inner walls or the replacement of the milling balls



PPEs, Supervised work


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8 Back firing Hot gases returning back due to insufficient respiration of the furnace


Serious injury from burns, Death

Use of an automatic fuel interruption system (fusible link)


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9.2.4 Kilns Operation : A. Hazards and protection measures The main hazards are focused on the following :

Contact with superheated material Exposure to heat Exposure to noise Fall from height Mechanical hazards

During the maintenance in the kiln, the hazard will be as under :

Falling of material Insufficient ventilation Working in a confined space Thermal load Saturation of space with dust Moving part of transport machinery Use of high pressure pumps


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B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures


Hazard Area

Hazard Description

Person Harm Safety measures

Clinker production 1 Falling of

operatives Falling of operatives during gaining access inside the furnace

Technicians Serious injury, death

PPEs, Checked lifting devices


Work in confined spaces inside the furnace and the preheater

Technicians Serious injury, death

PPEs, Supervision

3 Airborne dust

Airborne dust inside the clinker furnace, the preheater and the cooler

Technicians Breathing problems

PPEs, Dust suction system Ventilation system

4 Falling of material

Falling of material Technicians Serious injury

PPEs, Supervision

5 Falling of the inner lining

Falling of the inner lining

Technicians Serious injury

PPEs, Supervision

6 Use of manual work equipment

Use of manual work equipment

Technicians Serious injury

PPEs, Supervision

7 Exposure to noise

Exposure to noise in the furnace area

Operators Technicians


PPEs

8 Use of high pressure equipment

Use of the high pressure water pump to clean the linings (WOMA)


Serious injury

Maintenance and check of the high pressure line. Use of PPEs

9 Exposure to thermal load

Exposure to thermal load in the clinker furnace area


Thermal stress

PPEs, Supervision


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9.2.5 Silo Cleaning Operations A. Hazards and Preventive Safety Measures Hazards : The internal cleaning of silos is high risk and relatively frequent operation in the cement industry and for this reason all necessary preventive measures must be taken. The cleaning of the silo takes place whenever there is a problem in the extraction of material due to the blocking of the outlets from solidified material. In addition this happens when there is a problem with the ventilators and a result there is insufficient ventilation or homogenization of the material in the Blending Sib. The main hazards are focused in the following:

Work in confined spaces Falling of personnel from the working platform Falling of material Exposure to dust Use of lifting equipment

Preventive Safety Measures : For such a high risk operation there must be a responsible supervisor for the silo cleaning. He is responsible to ensure that the following steps are followed:

Firstly he must notify the silo operatives about the impending cleaning and to make sure that the feeding of material to the silo is stopped. This is done by decommissioning the relevant electrical motors, closing the silo inlet valves and by placing blind flanges for additional safety.

Before the start of any cleaning activity the silo must be inspected from above using Portable torch light which is lowered gradually downwards in order to observe:


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o If there are conglomerated masses of material on the silo walls and at what height

o The quantity and distribution of material o To identify whether the level of material is over or

under the silo side door

Afterwards the cleaning of the walls from above is carried out

The next step is to open carefully the side door. The door and the area around the door is cleaned using a dust suction system and with the use of aluminium piping with the operatives staying out side the silo.

Once the supervisor has inspected and made sure that he has seen the bottom of the silo near the door and that no material masses are hang from the silo walls, then he gives the necessary instructions to start the Filter funs.

All personnel entering the silo must be equipped with the following:

o Dust mask due to the small size of dust particles

inside the silo o Safety shoes o Safety glasses o Helmet o Safety belt and harness connected to an

appropriate rope leading outside of the silo. There must be at least two operatives outside the silo who in case of emergency will pool out the operative inside the silo. The supervisor is always nearby throughout the cleaning activity

The cleaning of the silo is done either manually or using the suction system. In both cases the cleaning is done peripherally in a downward spiral direction using the work platform

The operator inside the silo must pay constant attention to the fact that he must step only on the clean bottom surface


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If the cleaning operation takes more than one day then it is the responsibility of the supervisor to inform daily the silo operators about the start and finish times.


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B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measure (1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5)

Specific Hazard Area

Hazard Descripti

on


Cleaning of storage silos 1 Falling of

personnel Falling of operatives during accessing the work area or when using the lifting platform

Operators/ cleaners

Serious injury, death

PPEs, Approved and tested lifting device (platform)


Work in confined spaces inside the silo

Operators/ cleaners

Serious injury, death

PPEs,, Supervision

3 Airborne dust

Airborne dust inside the silo

Operators/ cleaners

Breathing problems

PPEs, Dust suction system


Falling of material during the cleaning of the silo walls

Operators/ cleaners

Serious injury

PPEs. Cleaning from top to bottom


Falling of material during the cleaning of the silo walls due to Insufficient securing of the safety devices

Operators/ cleaners

Serious injury

PPEs, Approved and tested lifting device (platform)


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6 Use of hand held work equipment

Use of hand held work equipment during the cleaning operation

Operators/ cleaners

Serious injury

PPEs

7 Exposure to noise

Inside the silo due to the use of the work equipment

Operators/cleaners


PPEs


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9.2.6 Operation and Maintenance of Bagfilters In the cement industry filters used for the collection of the dust produced are the bag filters. A. Hazards and Protection Measures During the normal operation the main hazards associated with filters are:

Falling of material on operatives due to blockage of the transportation system

Operatives falling from height Exposure to dust Explosion due to the existence of increased concentration of CO in the case of coal dust

The main protective measures are:

Never remove all the necessary safety devises such as barriers, guards, security of access doors etc.

The use of authorized personnel To follow the special operating instructions given for a particular type of work

To with the safety instruction available at the work place To use the appropriate PPEs assigned to each operative

Hazards and Protection Measures during Filter Maintenance : During the maintenance activities of the filter the following additional risks must be added such as:

Dusty environment Accumulated material Insufficient ventilation High temperature Staggering and falling of operators

The main preventive measures necessary include:


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The removal all the accumulated material from the filter prior to entry

The cleaning of the filter in a well ventilated environment

The interruption of the compressed air supply (bag filters)

The isolation of the mechanical movement of the filter as well as the material transportation system

The use the appropriate PPEs.


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B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures (1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5)


Hazard Description


Filter Plant 1 Falling of

material Falling of material on operatives


Guarding, Barriers, and other collective safety measures.

2 Falling of operatives from height

Falling of operatives from height during maintenance and operation

Operatives, Technicians

Serious injury

Guarding, Barriers, and other collective safety measures. Operating procedures

3 Exposure to dust

Exposure to dust during normal operation and maintenance


Serious injury

Adequate securing of the filters prior to any maintenance work. Use of PPEs.

4 Work in confined space

Work in confined space inside the electrostatic filters


Breathing problems asphyxiation

Adequate securing of the filters. Use of PPEs , authorised and trained personnel

5 Static electricity

Static electricity can be created if the filter is not earthed properly, can be a source of ignition


Serious injury

Adequate securing of the filters. Authorised and trained personnel


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9.2.7 Fuel Storage Area During the production of cement, the coke breeze or coal is used to manufacture clinker. For combustion (fire) to take place there is a need for three conditions to coexist:

• Presence of fuel • Presence of oxygen • Presence of thermal energy (heat)

If any one of the above three conditions is absent then the combustion does not take place The start up of an unwanted fire may be due to employees not adhering to the company’s operating procedures, or due to the inappropriate maintenance of the fuel storage facilities. The main hazards associated with the storage and use of fuel are:

• Explosion • Fire • Asphyxiation • Creation of toxic waste (eg VOCs)

The basic sources of ignition are:

• The use of open flames near the storage areas • The creation of hot spots during operation or

maintenance of the tanks • The electrical discharge (thunderbolt, electrostatic

charges, short circuits) The basic preventive and protective measures for the reduction risks associated with the above are aimed towards the isolation or quick reduction of one of the three sources that create or cause the combustion namely the fuel quantity or oxygen or the presence of heat.


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For this reason it is necessary :

To adhere to the special safety operational instructions that specify that no smoking is allowed, nor the use of open flames near that fuel tanks and the distribution facilities.

To comply with the safety signage To make sure that the supply of electricity is switched off prior to any maintenance work.

To make sure that the conditions for creating an explosive is removed prior to entering an empty tank or storage silo that previously contained fuel

To routinely maintain all the storage facility’s health and safety equipment such as high pressure relief valves, the control valves, the equipment for protection against atmospheric discharge, the earthing equipment, the fire fighting and/ or neutralization as well as the pipe isolation valves.

To always use the appropriate PPEs


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B. Risk Assessment and Safety Measures (1) Hazard (2) (3) (4) (5)


Hazard Description


Fuel Storage 1 Hot spots Hot spots are

created during the maintenance activities which can be a source of ignition

All personnel

Multiple deaths

Hot working operating instructions

2 Hurling of hot particles

Hurling of hot particles from an other fire source in the area

All personnel

Multiple deaths

Hot working operating Instructions Emergency response plan in case of another fire source in the area

3 Electrical spark

Electrical spark during maintenance work on the coal dust piping system

All personnel

Multiple deaths

Authorisation procedures for working on the coal transportation system

4 High temperatures

High temperatures created within the coal storage stock piles

All personnel

Multiple deaths

Coal storage inspection procedures

5 Atmospheric discharge

Atmospheric discharge during unstable weather

All personnel

Multiple deaths

Maintenance and control procedures of the antidischarge facilities.


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9.2.8 Environment, Work Areas and Passageways The work areas must be constructed and adjusted according to the following parameters:

The provision of adequate space for the activities carried out and the existence of entrances and exits

The operational, ergonomic and safe positioning of work places and equipment

The environmental conditions (Ventilation, air conditioning and light)

• The protection against physicochemical agents such as Noise, Dust, etc.

The safe keeping of the work place contributes greatly towards the prevention of accidents and work diseases For this to be achieved there is a need to:

Keep the passageways, floors and emergency exits free of any obstacles. To remove presently any material spilt on floors and escalators. If this is not possible the spillage area must be correctly labeled and protected.

To remove and sharp corners or edges present either as a result of the building or the equipment and furniture.

To close any permanent or temporary floor openings. To replace any barriers or guards when removed. To place the manual equipment and hand tools in safe place and out of the way.

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