ELTIS Training on Environmental Zones

Krakow 2009

Mathias Winter, TU Dresden, Verkehrsökologie, D- 01062 Dresdenmatthias.winter@tu-dresden.de

TU DRESDENLehrstuhl für

Verkehrsökologie

Environmental zones

Workflow of this part:1. Definition

2. Legal context

3. Main pollutants

4. Environmental zones

Status in Europe

Examples

Planning and assessing EZ

Lessons learnt

Environmental zones – definition of the topic

Definition

spatial (and temporal) traffic restriction measures,

entry permissible to vehicles:

Combinations of these criteria are common.

fulfilling pre-defined emission standards,

of defined age,

that belong to defined vehicle categories (weight, length),

that utilise a given loading capacity (% of max. load).

Environmental zones – definition of the topic

Intention: usually to reduce the negative environmental effects of road traffic as a main cause of urban air pollution and noise.

Display/ signage: additional sign indicting which vehicles are effected / exempted from the driving ban.

Alternative terms:

Low emission zones (LEZ) (e.g. GE; IT, SE)

Green zones, clear zones (e.g. GB, London)

(Vehicle) access restriction zones (e.g. CZ)

Environmental zones – the context

Criteria for air quality assessment in Europe and air quality limit values were defined in “air quality framework directive” (directive 99/30/EC) and its daughter directives

Directive 1999/30/EC addressing SO2, NO2 / NOX, PM10 and lead

Directive 2000/69/EC addressing CO and benzene

Directive 2002/3/EC regulates ozone concentration in ambient air.

Replacement of these directives with directive 2008/50/EC on May 21th 2008.

Environmental zones – the context

Aims of the directives:

definition of targets for air quality

reduction ore avoidance of negative impacts on health and environment

consistent assessment of air quality in the member states

to rise awareness by establishing threshold values

increase of air quality if not satisfying

Most relevant emissions in ambient air of developed countries:

PM10; PM2,5 (1); NO2, Ozone; (SO2)

Environmental zones – the context

** Die Einhaltung des absoluten AEI-Schwellenwertes von 20 µg/m³ ist rechtlich bindend. Gleichzeitig wurde ein rechtlich nicht bindendes nationales Ziel für eine prozentuale Minderung des AEI-Indikators festgelegt, das ausgehend vom Niveau der Jahre 2008-2010 einen bis zu 20%-igen Rückgang der Expositionskonzentration bis 2020 vorsieht.

* AEI - Average Exposure Indicator- to be measured for urban background und als Mittelwerte für Gebiete und Ballungsräumen des gesamten Hoheitsgebiets eines Mitgliedstaats (aus Berlin 3 Messpunkte) ermittelt. Letztendlich gibt er die durchschnittliche Exposition von PM2,5 für die Bevölkerung in Deutschland an.

component type of limit value

average for threshold concentration

[µg/m³]

tolerable number of limit value

exciedances

originally to be obeyed until

possible extension of

deadline until

35 x / a(90.41- percentile)

limit value 1 year 40 -- 2005 2011target value 1 year 25 -- 2010limit value 1 year 25 -- 2015guideline value 1 year 20 -- 2020

obligation** regarding Average Exposure Indicator (AEI)*

gliding annual

average over 3 years

20 -- 2015

18 x / a(99.8- percentile)

limit value 1 year 40 -- 2010 2015

200 2010 2015

following the new air quality directive 2008/50/EG of May 21th 2008

fine particles (PM2,5)

nitrogen dioxide NO2

limit value 1 h

Selected limit- and target values to protect human health

fine particles (PM10)

limit value 24 h 50 2005 2011

Environmental zones – the context

In case of limit value accedence's municipalities are obliged to set up:

short term action plans or

medium and long term clean air plans,

Measures described in those plans need to be adequate to reduce pollution.

The air quality directive targets all pollution sources not transport in particular!

Environmental zones – the context

Possible measures vary considerably with regard to:

effectiveness,

costs,

political feasibility,

temporal and spatial scales.

Ideally, an optimal combination of short and long term actions should be implemented, aiming at both the short term reduction of overall air pollutant emissions and the long term improvement of air quality in areas where limit values are exceeded.

Environmental zones – the context

Low Emission Zones

Categories of possible measures in the transport sector:

measures to reduce IMT demand,

traffic management measures

infrastructure measures

vehicle-related measures

awareness rising and education

Environmental zones – the context

Traffic restrictions can be rather effective measures.

Their temporal and spatial extent can be defined by the municipalities by means of the set up clean air plans.

Legal framework and responsibilities vary considerably within the EU member states.

Environmental zones – status and future developments

Most current environmental zones target PM10.

Further key pollutants to be covered:

PM 2,5 (target value 2010,limit value 2015)

nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (limit value 2010)

ozone

(sulphur dioxide (SO2))

noise !!!

Key pollutants & environmental and health effects

Environmental zones – excursus urban key pollutants

Road accidents (only Germany) 5.800 killed people in 2006

2. Transport related noise (only Germany) ca. 20.000 premature deaths

1. Diesel particles (only Germany) 8.000 - 17.000 cardiopulmonary 1.100 - 2.200 lung cancer---------------------------------------------- 9.000 – 19.000 premature deaths (9 years of lifetime per affected person lost)

Particles

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

Particles:

sum parameter,

complex physico-chemical mixture,

consists of primary emitted and secondary formulated particles (main share)

Air quality limit values and today's emission limits concern mass of particles.

Health effects correlate with surface and particle number!

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

Health effects correlate with surface are and particle number!

[Atmospheric Environment, Volume 12, Withbby K.]

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

Particles:

shorten life expectancy and

increase the number of premature deaths,

increase hospital admission and

increase emergency room visits.

Particularly dangerous is the fine fraction, that includes particles with a diameter up to 2.5 μm (PM2.5), as it penetrates more deeply into the lungs.

Both fine and ultrafine particles contribute to the observed health effects.

Pathways for health effects depend on structure, chemical composition and particle size.

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

diesel particle 100 nm

[A. Mayer; TTM Technik Thermische Maschinen, CH]

Durchmesserin

[mm]

Sinkgeschwin-digkeit in

[mm/s]

Oberflächepro Einheits-

gewicht

Anzahl proEinheitsge-

wicht

Sandkorn grob 1

Alveole (Lungen-bläschen)

0,1

TSP/ Schwebestaub 0,075 100

Haar (feinstes)PM10

0,01 3 1 1

Bronchiole PM5 0,006

Zelle (kleinste) PM1 0,001 0,035 10 1‘000

Licht untere Sicht-barkeitsgrenze)

0,000‘4

Dieselpartikel(mittlere Größe)

0,000‘1 0,000‘86 100 1‘000‘000

Virus 0,000‘01

Gasmolekül (groß) 0,000‘001

Diameter

Hair (thin)PM10

Diesel particle(average size)

Sink rate in

Surface per mass unit

Number per mass unit

hair 10 μm

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

sources of particle formulation

transformation of gaseous emissions

transport

industrial processes

agriculture/ mining

volcanic activity

combustion processeswind

sea spray biogenic sources

natural background

natural sources anthropogenic sources

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

transport related particles

fuel combustion/thermal processes

abrasion resuspension

secondary primary ash particles

sooth particles

condensates

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

transport exhaust emissions 42%(share diesel 95%)

transport abrasion and resuspension 38%

industry and power plants 5%heating and

solvents 6%

other sources 10%

Share of particle sources at a road side gauging station

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

transport related PM10 – emissionsincluding abrasion and resuspension

city

35% - 55%

rest

street

50% - 85%

rest

spatial reference

country

17% - 32%

rest

Excursus urban key pollutants - particles

>100.000

725.000 years of life lost [Health report WHO 2002]

Premature death in Europe due to fine particles:

Nitrogen dioxide

Excursus urban key pollutants – nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide

sources:

high temperature processes (fuel combustion)

catalytic reactions (diesel oxidation catalyst, catalytic coated DPT)

near ground ozone depletion

main source is road transport

NO2 is a strong irritant for all mucosa's and tissues (e.g. lung)

rising share in diesel exhaust gas emissions (OC, DPT)

no separate emissions limit value (included in NOx)

rising concentration in ambient air

Excursus urban key pollutants – nitrogen dioxide

Associated effect categories:

NO, NO2: Human toxicity, eutrophication, photochemical oxidant formation, acidification N2O: greenhouse effect, stratospheric ozone depletion

Indicator

Ecological danger

Contribution of transport

Target distance

Tendency of

immissions

Primary location of effects and reductions

Critical immission limit value

NOx +++ +++ ++ local, regional, global 30 µg/m3 *

NO ++ +++ ++ local, regional -

NO2 +++ +++ +++ local, regional 40g/m3 **

N2O +++ ++ ++ global -

* limit value aiming at protection of the vegetation according to directive 1999/30/EC, valid from 07-19-2001

** annual average value according to directive 1999/30/EC, valid from 01-01-2010

+++ very large ++ large + average

Assessment of nitrogen dioxide

New limit value to be abode by 2010!

Environmental zones – NO2 emission factors HDV and buses

Vehicle emission factors NO2 [IFEU etc.]

NO2-eission factors HDV

Euro IEURO II EURO III EURO IV

EURO IV DPF

EURO V DPF

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

NO

2-ei

ssio

ns

[g

/km

]

NO2-emission factors city buses

Euro I

EURO II

EURO II DPF

EURO III

EURO IVEURO V DPF

EURO IV DPF

EURO III DPF

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

NO

2-em

iss

ion

fa

kto

rs [

g/k

m]

typ of vehicle/ emission badge HDVemission standard/exhaust treatment Euro I EURO II EURO III EURO IV EURO IV DPF EURO V DPT

NO2 [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] 0,4 0,6 0,55 0,4 2,55 0,28

type of vehicle/ emission badge city busesemission standard/ exhaust treatment Euro I EURO II EURO II DPT EURO III EURO III DPT EURO IV EURO IV DPT EURO V DPT

NO2 [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] 0,65 0,92 2,28 0,75 4,25 0,57 2,83 0,3

Environmental zones – NO2 emission factors passenger cars

Vehicle emission factors NO2 [IFEU etc.]

NO2 Emissionsfaktoren für Diesel Pkw

<EURO I Euro I EURO II

EURO IIIEURO IV

EURO IV CDPF

EURO 5

EURO 6

0,000

0,050

0,100

0,150

0,200

0,250

NO

2 in

g/k

m

NO2-Emissionsfaktoren Otto-Pkw

<EURO I Euro I

EURO II EURO IIIEURO IV

0,000

0,050

0,100

0,150

0,200

0,250

NO

2 in

g/k

m

passenger cars gasoline<EURO I Euro I EURO II EURO III EURO IV

mean [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] 0,045 0,034 0,010 0,003 0,001

Emission badge passenger cars diesel Emission standard <EURO I Euro I EURO II EURO III EURO IV EURO IV CDPF EURO 5 EURO 6

mean [g/km NO2 Äquivalent] 0,110 0,105 0,110 0,159 0,140 0,195 0,100 0,020

Environmental zones

Environmental zones – restriction criteria

Restricting criteria used in praxis:

demands on the age of the vehicle combined with a weight limits (Stockholm, SE)

demands on utilization of loading capacity for vehicles with a weight over a special limit (Amsterdam, DK)

vehicles with a weight (or length) over a special limit (Copenhagen, DK)

Source: http://213.131.156.10/xpo/bilagor/20030509053222.pdf

reduced accessibility for traffic (closure of streets for traffic (pedestrian zones), limited entry points to a certain area) (Sucaeva, RO; London, UK)

access control to defined area during a special time of the day (Madrid, ES)

emission level of the vehicle ((particle) emission badge) (Berlin, GE)

Environmental zones – current status in Europe

[http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/ ]

Environmental zones – current status in Europe

typ of restriction country example townsnumber of towns start date

1 weight (7,5t) Austria motorway (Tyrol) 1 20072 weight (3,5t) Czech Republic Praha 1 2008

3 weight (3,5t) DenmarkAalborg, Frederiksberg, Arhus, Copenhagen... 5 2008 - 2010

4 weight (3,5t) NetherlandsAmsterdam, Eindhoven, Maastricht, Rotterdam ... 19 as from 2007

5 weight (3,5t) Norway Bergen, Oslo, Trondheim 3 as from 2010

6 weight (3,5t) SwedenStockholm, Malmö, Gothenburg, Lund, 4 2007

7 weight (3,5t/5t) United Kingdom London, Norwich 2 2008

8 Emissions badge GermanyBerlin, Bochum, Cologne, Hannover, Munich,... 39 as from 2008

9 Emissions badge ItalyBozen, Veneto, Piemonte, Lombardia, Emilia-Romagna 6 2007

total number 80

Low Emission Zones in Europe

Example Berlin

Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

Source: http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/luftqualitaet/de/luftreinhalteplan/umweltzone_allgemeines.shtml#topgenauere Karten: http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/luftqualitaet/de/luftreinhalteplan/download/Umweltzone_Beikarten_1-10_druck.pdf

Method: (particle) emission badge Introduction: January 1st 2008 Affected area: 88 km2 Inhabitants: 1’000’000 (3.4 Mio.)

Affected vehicle: all vehicles Restriction: appropriate emission badge (2009 r,j,g) (2010 green)

Authorisation: emission badge

Exceptions for vehicles (1 a) with: service vehicle (German law) approved exhaust control special bodywork, low milage handicapped people

Control system: police fine/ towing vehicles out of zone

Information: brochures, media, internet

Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

Germany: standardised government regulations for driving bans

four emission standard classes (marking by according badges)

(particle) emission badge

Emission group 1 2 3 4

badge/ sticker no badge

Euro 2 or Euro 3 or Euro 4 or

Euro 1 + DPT

Euro 2 + DPT Euro 3 + DPT

requirements for gasoline vehicles

without controled catalyst

with controlled catalyst (Euro 1 or

better)

requirements for diesel vehicles

Euro 1 or worse

Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

Results: reduction of traffic volume?

Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

passenger cars

duty vehicles (HDV+LDV)

LEZ

LEZ

veh

icle

s w

ith

em

issi

on

bad

ge

Results: no significant reduction of traffic volume no shifts of traffic avoidance of traffic (whole city) changes in vehicle fleet?

Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

passenger cars duty vehicles (HDV+LDV)

vehicles without emission badge

Results: no significant reduction of traffic volume no shifts of traffic avoidance of traffic (whole city) significant changes in vehicle fleet

Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

Results: no significant reduction of traffic volume no shifts of traffic avoidance of traffic (whole city) significant changes in vehicle fleet changes in vehicle exhaust gas emissions

diesel particles

-24%

NOx

-14%

Environmental zones – example Berlin, GE

Results:

no significant reduction of traffic volume

no shifts of traffic

avoidance of traffic (whole city)

significant changes in vehicle fleet

changes in vehicle exhaust gas emissions

improvements of air quality

PM10

annual average -3%

local PM emissions 8%

-4 days of limit value exceedance NOx

annual average -10% NO2

no reductions (probably increase)

Example Copenhagen

Environmental zones – example Copenhagen, DK

Source:http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/wcm/ERMES/Canali/trasporti/logistica_merci/pubblicazione_44_2005_quadreni_vol7/City_Ports_vol7_ingl.pdf

Method: % of utilised maximum loading capacity Area: inner city centre 1km2

Inhabitants: 6’000 (1’153’615)Costs: 27’000 EuroAffected vehicle: HDV >2.5 t (3500 per day)Restriction: (loading and unloading)Monday – Friday 8 pm – 12 pmMin. 60% utilised loading capacity

Authorisation: green City Goods certificationControl system, fines: police parking fine 510 DKR withdraw of certificateInformation:newsletter to transport association, letter to inhabitants, magazine article, meetings, internet, information plate at perking meters…

Example London

Environmental zones – example London, UK

Source: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/lez/german.aspx

Method: Restriction by vehicle emission levels Affected area: most of Greater London (>1500 km2)

Affected vehicle:HDV, buses, coaches, LDV, vans, minibuses

Restriction: 2008 EURO III, 2012 EURO IV 2010 vans, minibuses EURO III

Authorisation: registration in vehicle register

Charge for non compliant vehicles: £200/day (HGV, buses, coaches) £100/day (vans and minibuses)

Enforcement (Penalty Charge):£1,000 (HDV, buses & coaches)£500 (LDVs & minibuses)

Control system: camera detection and checks against register

Environmental zones – example London, UK

Source: Transport for London, Steve Kearns

Planning and assessing environmental zones

Environmental zones – fundamentals

Tautology of transport ecology: pragmatically approach to assess transport related emissions combination of transport related key factors result shows e.g. mass of emissionx per time unit specifies 4 (5) main fields of action to reduce transport’s environmental effects

technical measures

spatial planning

awareness risingand publicity

prise signals

technologyavoidance of traffic

Main factors influencing transport emissions: number of emitting individuals number of motorised trips per individual and time unit trips’ length (factor three) the vehicles’ capacity utilisation (factor four) (specific) emissions per vehicle kilometer  

Environmental zones – determining factors

The efficiency of environmental zones is mainly defined by:

their spatial extend,

their positioning in the transport network

number, mileage and emission level of effected vehicles,

number and type of exceptions,

applied control and enforcement and

accompanying measures.

Environmental zones – implementation steps

Steps to ensure successful implementation

Environmental zones – the first step

Assess real pollutant immission levels and compare to limit values

screening

identification of probable hot spots (all sources)

gauging

preliminary measuring method (fast interim results)

standardised measuring method (time reference, sample preparation, dilution, position, used equipment)

modelling (emissions, immissions, defined scenarios and time horizons)

define / check:

target area

responsible authorities and stakeholders

existing and coming target and limit values

climatic and geographic conditions

data availability and need of research

Environmental zones – the second step

Identify the share of local and regional / supra-regional emission sources

Include all regional and local sources:

stationary (industry, private households, power plants, construction …)

linear/ non-stationary (road transport, off-road transport, agriculture …)

natural sources (sea salt, dust)

Include pollutant entry from distant sources (trajectory)

differentiate spatially (rural, urban, roadside, district)

differentiate by components (NOx, NO2, PM10, PM2,5, BC …. )

Environmental zones – the third step

Quantify the share of transport related sources

composition and mileage of the local fleet

share of vehicle categories

transit traffic

differentiate to road categories

real driving differs from test procedures

deficits in real life data availability (emission factors,

traffic situation, fleet, road surface, resuspension)

emission factors

include exhaust emissions, resuspension and abrasion

vehicle categories

exhaust gas treatment system

traffic situation

consider emission trends and future fleet/ fuel development

Environmental zones – the third step

Vergleich von Emissionsfaktoren auf der Grundlage empirisch ermittelter Verkehrssituationen mit Emissionsfaktoren, welche durch verschiedene Programme bestimmt wurden

(für 108 untersuchte Dresdner Straßenabschnitte)

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

M essw ertnum m er

HC

- E

FA

[g

/km

]

gemessen

ISIS

Mobilev

tracing

Comparison of real emission factors (read squares) based on vehicle tracing and program based standard emission factors of MOBILEV (green triangles) and ISIS (blue squares).

Environmental zones – the fourth step

Analyse the current situation

key factors to include are:

structure, capacity and utilisation of the road network,

current traffic relations (wells, destinations and inter-relations),

traffic volumes,

traffic flow,

status and potentials of alternatives to IMT (walking, cycling, PT, car sharing …)

legal situation and responsibilities

Based on this data:

develop possible scenarios (restricting criteria, spatial extend, positioning …)

anticipate dynamic effects and avoiding reactions (shift of destinations, circumnavigation …)

utilise optimisation potentials (TL setting, coordination …)

implement / prepare supportive measures (PT, park and ride, parking management …..)

Environmental zones – the fifth step

Political decision process

identify stakeholders (EU legislative, national legislative, public authorities, NGO’s, residents, lobby groups, researchers ...)

involve all stakeholders right from the beginning

design a transparent participative process (moderation, rules of interaction …)

present a clear status report (current situation, further developments)

present adequate options (good preparation, focus on the advantages)

be informed and refer to existing experiences

schedule loops and sufficient time

consider further local targets and regional specialities

Define:

type of zone, size, positioning, boundaries, fines, enforcement, regulation of exemptions, future steps (tightening, scheduling)

costs, financing, responsibilities, schedule, allocation of fines

Environmental zones – the sixth step

Awareness raising and publicity

address all stakeholders/ target groups

involve adequate multipliers

use target group specific media

act well prepared and persistent

align with decision makers right from the beginning

Societal acceptance for low emission zones strongly depends on pre-implementation publicity!

present aims and need of action traceable

refer to existing experiences

act integrative (do not segregate, use change in perspective)

focus on advantages

define affected vehicles and identifying features

Environmental zones – the seventh step

Implementation and enforcement

identify entry points and main access routs to the affected area

install signs, and control systems

equip / support enforcement (legal framework, staff, instruction / training)

install feedback to publicity

supply adequate information (native language, other languages)

internet, tourist information, city authorities, police, stakeholders, embassies

Used groups of control system:

administrative permissions

restrictions marked by road signs

physical automatic systems

pay systems

Environmental zones – the eights step

Impact assessment and adoptions

before – after comparison

consider changed framework (fuel prices, economic conditions, changes of road network / capacity, PT offer, buying incentives …)

keep differing time scale of effects / changes in mind

identify induced changes in spatial structure

observe relocation of traffic, modal shift, vehicle fleet, changed destinations

include surrounding area in your investigation

identify social exclusion

identify and learn from dynamic reactions of persons / groups concerned

Lessons learnt

Environmental zones – note!

anticipate dynamic effects (shifts of emissions, traffic, spatial structure)

design zone of sufficient spatial extent and proper position

publicity defines societal acceptance / start very early

step by step is better than nothing (size and affected vehicles)

Learn from good examples and adapt to your local framework.

base modelling on real data (traffic situation, fleet, emission factors, surface)

consider abrasion and resuspension properly

check against possible legal conflicts

Does legal situation allow this type of restrictions?

Are aimed emission reductions correspondent to the vehicles affected?

ensure access

implement supportive alternatives (PT, services, car sharing…)

exceptions

ensure strict and efficient enforcement

Environmental zones – key factors of success

Embed your environmental zone in a long term orientated overall concept including e.g.:

spatial planning,

mixed functions,

short distances,

promotion of cycling, walking, PT,

awareness rising,

push and pull measures ...

Environmental zones – main side effects

An additional effect of low emission zones is the accelerated fleet modernisation and thus a reduction of road traffic emissions.

Side effects:

possible shift of traffic and emissions to surrounding road network

possible rise of overall emissions due to:

usage of alternate routs around the zone

shift of destinations

avoidance of traffic

Environmental zones – boundaries and limitations

older vehicles cause higher emissions per km but have lower annual mileage

nearly no effect on abrasion and resuspension

transport sources for NO2, noise, PM10, NMHC might differ

fleet modernisation is a mid term effect (mileage reductions are to prefer)

additional bypasses cause increasing overall mileage

emission reductions of isolated environmental zones are usually not sufficient to meet air quality limits

Emission reductions and side effects strongly depends on spatial extent and on the regulations regarding the vehicles affected by the entry restrictions.

Not to act would be inhumane!

Further information

Links & Sources:

• Low Emission Zones in Europe http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/

• Low Emission Zones in Germany http://osiris.uba.de/Website/umweltzonen/start.htm

• Information Portal on the environmental badge in Germany http://www.umwelt-plakette.de/int_england.php?

• Department for Transport, GB http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/clearzones/

• Transport for London / Low Emission Zone http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/lez/default.aspx

Practical part of the training