EngineeringHistory

When did engineering begin?

Who were the first engineers?

What were the first engineering designs?

The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.

Probably occurred in Asia Minor or Africa 8000 years agoChange from nomadic life (hunter - gatherers)The Agrarian Society (agriculture)

forms the basis of civilizationcultivate plants - the need for increased food productiondomesticate animals - for food and workbuild permanent houses in community group

The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.

Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as:

Rulers - to stabilize community life land ownership

- to complete work - organize work force

- beginnings of a class societysupervisorsforemenworkers - artisans

Artisans - considered to be the first engineers

The Beginnings of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.

Early Achievements in this EraMethods of producing fire at will

Melting certain rocklike materials to produce copper and bronze tools

Development of a system of symbols for written communications

The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.

Major Engineering Projects or Inventions

Irrigation systems to promote crop growthAnimal-, water-, and wind-driven gristmillsThe wheel and axle Plow Yoke

The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.

Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization”

Clay tile material used for permanent documentation

Clay tablets unearthed which show:maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and watercity plansirrigation systemswater supply systemsroad maps (networks)

The Beginning of Engineering:6000 - 3000 B.C.

Outstanding contributions of mathematics Sexagesimal system

divided circle into 360 degrees hour into 60 minutes minute into 60 seconds

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.

Babylonian engineers:Familiar with basic arithmetic and algebra computing areas and volumes of land excavations

Number system based on 60 instead of 10Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used today

Primitive arches used in hydraulic worksBridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers

Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used again until the nineteenth century

Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.

Egyptian EngineersPyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000 years

2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops

Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout -transit and level

Irrigation systems

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Engineering in Greece:Had its origin in EgyptBetter known for the intensive development of

borrowed ideas than for creativity and inventionFamous for outstanding philosophers:Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and

Archimedes (mathematics)

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Engineering in Greece:Use of ideas was retarded because of the belief

that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.

Archimedes water screwCrossbowCatapult

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Roman Engineering Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering

knowledge from the conquered countries for use in warfare and in their public works

Superior in the application of ideas and techniquesHero’s Inventions:

Gear driven odometer on chariotSteam turbineHydraulic clockFire engine

Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.

Roman Engineering Roman road systems- subbase, compact base,

topcoat 180,000 milesAqueducts for water supply Sanitary systemsEngineering principles applies to military tactics

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries

Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise” Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the

power source (the growth of Christianity, an aversion to slaves as a primary source of power)

Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and opticsSugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the cultureChinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th CenturiesJohann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first

books printed on paperLeonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was

also an engineer, inventor and architect Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults

bridges and buildingsSketches of future engineering devices such as:

Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge

Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal Joint

Tanks

The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries

Galileo Discovers:Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weight

Earth moves around the sunTorricelli and Pascal Discovers:

hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometerBoyle Discovers:

expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure

The Revival of Science:17th and 18th Centuries

Hooke Discovers:material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion

Huygens develops spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational acceleration

Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion

developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems

The Revival of Science:17th and 18th CenturiesThe Developing Industrial AgeJames Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron

furnaces, rolling mills and other industriesHargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the

spinning and weaving machineryPieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold

a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor

Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conductionAlessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century

Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics

Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field

Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later

Henry Cort develops a method of refining ironJames Watt refines and produces an efficient steam

engineAt last good iron for machines and power plants to

operate the machinery

20th Century Technology

Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges

Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks

Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor

Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraftWallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and

chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research

20th Century Technology

Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins.

John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell Labs, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.

20th Century TechnologyTexas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers

that the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”

Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet enginesBoeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707

capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mph

Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms

20th Century Technology

And the list goes ON AND

ON AND

ON

Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution