ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)...

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

FOR THE COMPOSTING PLANT OF THE LAHORE COMPOST LTD.

JUNE 2008

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ESIA of Lahore Compost

Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 ii

Executive Summary

The Lahore Compost (Private) Limited (LCL), part of the Saif Group of Companies, is operating a composting plant utilizing organic component of the municipal solid waste collected and transported to the Mehmood Booti landfill site, Bund Road, Lahore. Currently LCL is operating at 300 tons per day (TPD) of municipal solid waste (MSW) and intends to expand the processing up to 1,000 TPD.

The present Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been carried out to assess the possible environmental and social impacts due to the expansion of the processing of MSW from 300 TPD to 1,000 TPD, and to propose appropriate mitigation measures to address these impacts. This document presents the ESIA report.

Statutory Requirement

The proposed expansion of the composting project meets the regulatory requirements as laid down in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. In addition, the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of the plant are in full compliance with the Punjab Solid Waste Management guidelines, World Bank Environmental guidelines and standard best practices in the industry.

Plant Overview

The LCL plant site is located within the premises of the Mehmood Booti (MB) landfill site, where the 300 TPD composting plant has been operational since 2006. The proposed expansion of LCL is taking place within the existing boundaries of the current production facility of LCL. The infrastructure facilities at the site in terms of accessibility and electrical power supply are adequate. There is no human habitation within the LCL site or its close proximity, thus the issue of population displacement or resettlement does not exist.

The aerobic composting process will be used at the proposed LCL facility. The aerobic composting consists of a controlled biological process and mechanical screening thereafter. The biological process is the most critical component of aerobic composting process. Composting is a process involving bio-chemical conversion of organic matter into humus (Lignoproteins) by mesophillic and thermophillic organisms. A composting process seeks to harness the natural forces of decomposition to secure the conversion of organic waste into organic manure.


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 iii

Potential Impacts and Mitigation

The environmental and social impacts likely to be encountered during the construction phase of the project include dust and noise emissions caused by the operation of construction machinery and vehicles, soil and water contamination caused by the inappropriate disposal of waste effluents, and the safety hazards for the nearby population caused by the vehicle operation and construction activities. These adverse impacts will be addressed by incorporating sound house keeping practices, such as water sprinkling to suppress dust emissions, avoiding repair and maintenance of vehicles and equipment at the site, providing the used oils to recycling contractors, and fencing the project site, and disallowing any unauthorized access to the construction site.

The key potential impacts during the plant operation include offensive odor, soil and water contamination caused by leachate produced during the composting operation, and gaseous emissions discharged during the plant operation. These impacts will be addressed through appropriate mitigation measures included in the project design. These include capturing leachate in concrete-lined channels and tanks, and ensuring effective aeration for ensuring aerobic decomposing of the MSW. The standard operating procedures devised for the plant will also ensure that these impacts remain within the acceptable limits. Sound occupational health and safety procedures will also be enforced during the plant operation.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

LCL has adopted an environmental and social management plan as well as an emission reduction and monitoring plan to mitigate any possible environmental and social impacts on the stakeholders due to the existing and expanded composting facility. The SOPs and emission reduction monitoring plan clearly outline the procedures for environmental and social protection in full harmony with the local regulations and international best practice.

Capacity building and a periodic training program for the employees has also been developed to ensure that EMP is implemented in its true spirits.

Environmental and social Management Cost

The estimated budget for environmental and social management includes Rs 910,000 for the construction phase, Rs 640,000 as one-time cost during the operation phase and Rs 1,100,000 as annual recurring cost. The yearly recurring cost can be enhanced by 10 percent every year to cover inflation and prices escalation.


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 iv

List of Abbreviations

BOT Built Operate and Transfer CDGL City District Government Lahore cm Centimeter ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESA Environmental and Social Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPD Environmental Protection Department GHG Green house gases HSE Health, safety and environment LCL Lahore Compost (Pvt) Ltd. mm Millimeter MSW Municipal Solid Waste MB Mehmood Booti NCS National Conservation Strategy NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO Non-Government Organization PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection Council SOP Standard Operating Procedures SDPI Sustainable Development Police Institute SGIA Social and Gender Impact Assessment SOP Standard operating procedure SWM Solid Waste Management TPD Tons per Day WB World Bank IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

(World Conservation Union) WWF World Wide Fund for Nature


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 v

Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................................................... ii

List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................ iv

1 Introduction............................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background and Project Justification ................................................ 1

1.2 Statutory Requirement ....................................................................... 2

1.3 Project Overview................................................................................ 2

1.4 Study Objectives ................................................................................ 3

1.5 Document Structure ........................................................................... 3

2 Regulatory Review .................................................................................... 5

2.1 Statutory Requirements of Pakistan ................................................... 5

2.2 WB Safeguard Policies ...................................................................... 6

2.3 Environmental Guidelines................................................................ 10

3 Project Description ................................................................................. 13

3.1 Project Site Location ........................................................................ 13

3.2 Plant Layout ..................................................................................... 13

3.3 Plant Operation ................................................................................ 13

3.4 Plant Infrastructure........................................................................... 16

3.5 Manpower Resources ....................................................................... 19

4 Baseline, Impacts and Mitigation .......................................................... 22

4.1 Environmental Baseline ................................................................... 22

4.2 Social and Gender Information ........................................................ 23

4.3 Stakeholder Consultations................................................................ 25

4.4 Impacts Associated with Construction of Plant ............................... 27

4.5 Impacts Associated with Plant Operations....................................... 29


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 vi

5 Environmental Management Plan......................................................... 33

5.1 Purpose and Objectives of EMP ...................................................... 33

5.2 Implementation Arrangements......................................................... 33

5.3 Mitigation Plan................................................................................. 34

5.4 Environmental Monitoring............................................................... 34

5.5 Communication and Documentation ............................................... 34

5.6 Change Management........................................................................ 35

5.7 Environmental Training and Awareness Raising............................. 36

5.8 Community Participation ................................................................. 37

5.9 Women's Participation and Empowerment ...................................... 37

5.10 Occupational Health and Safety....................................................... 38

5.11 Community Health and Safety ......................................................... 41

5.12 ESIA Disclosure............................................................................... 43

5.13 Environmental Management Cost.................................................... 44

Annex A: Standard Operating Procedures

Annex B: Details of Stakeholder Consultations

Annex C: Lsit of Document Reviewed


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 vii

List of Exhibits

Exhibit 1.1: Site Location .................................................................................. 4

Exhibit 3.1: Plant Layout ................................................................................ 20

Exhibit 3.2: Plant Personnel............................................................................ 21

Exhibit 4.1: Water Quality .............................................................................. 32

Exhibit 4.2: Air Quality ................................................................................... 32

Exhibit 4.3: Noise Levels ................................................................................. 32

Exhibit 5.1: Roles and Responsibilities for Environmental Management ... 45

Exhibit 5.2: Monitoring Plan .......................................................................... 46

Exhibit 5.3: Health and Safety Management Program ................................ 47

Exhibit 5.4: Environmental Management Cost............................................. 48


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 1

1 Introduction

The Lahore Compost (Private) Limited (LCL), part of the Saif Group of Companies, is operating a composting plant utilizing organic component of the municipal solid waste collected and transported to the Mehmood Booti landfill site, Bund Road, Lahore (See Exhibit 1.1 for site location). The composting facility has been developed under the exclusive concession awarded by the City District Government Lahore (CDGL). The awarded concession required LCL to build, own, operate and transfer the compost fertilizer after twenty years from the date of award of such mandate. Of the total 320,000 square meters (m2) landfill site area, 150,000 m2 of land was allocated by the CDGL to LCL for setting up of the composting facility within the premises and adjacent to Mehmood Booti landfill. In March 2006, company inaugurated the production facility installed by M/s Menart Compost Company of Belgium. Currently LCL is operating at 300 tons per day (TPD) of municipal solid waste (MSW) and intends to expand the processing up to 1,000 TPD. The present operation of LCL utilizes approximately 60 percent of the site while the remaining 40 percent is being utilized for the expansion.

The present Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been carried out to assess the possible environmental and social impacts due to the expansion of the processing of MSW from 300 TPD to 1,000 TPD, and to propose appropriate mitigation measures to address these impacts. Green Technology Environmental Corporation undertook the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) study to scrutinize possible environmental and social impacts due to the expansion of the composting facility and develop an Environmental Management Plan aiming at offsetting the potential adverse environmental and social impacts. This document presents the ESIA report.

1.1 Background and Project Justification

Solid waste is a major environmental and health hazard in the urban areas of Pakistan. As cities’ economies are fast growing, business activity and consumption patterns are driving up solid waste quantities but primary collection of waste is sporadic and the secondary collection is poor. Despite the fact that solid waste services represent the single largest expenditure item of the total municipality budgets, less than 50 percent of the waste generated is collected; and even then it is disposed at dumpsites or roadsides since there is not a single sanitary landfill in Pakistan. These failures are highly visible and further aggravated by the rapid growth of urban waste, an effect of rapid urbanization. The Government of Punjab has identified solid waste management



(SWM) among the most critical issues in the short and medium term and approached donors for assistance in both technical assistance and investments.

There is an immediate need to design a framework and institutional mechanism to collect and dispose of solid waste in an environmentally and socially satisfactory manner using the most economical means available. Effective solutions would require not only proper collection and transport but also reduction of waste disposed off by improving the already ongoing recycling and reducing final disposal of organic waste by composting. About 6,000 ton of municipal waste is generated daily in Lahore; with a moderate estimate of over 50 percent organic content the need for final disposal could be reduced substantially by large scale composting. LCL operates the first large scale composting plant in the country with ability for further expanding composting of municipal, garden, and farm waste. The LCL facility is located within the premises of the Mehmood Booti landfill - the largest of the three managed landfills in Lahore. With the final expansion, LCL would be able to process virtually the entire amount of waste dumped daily to the Mehmood Booti landfill.

1.2 Statutory Requirement

The proposed expansion of the composting project meets the regulatory requirements as laid down in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. In addition, the standard operating procedures (SOPs) of the plant are in full compliance with the Punjab Solid Waste Management guidelines, World Bank Environmental guidelines and standard best practices in the industry. This Environmental and Social Impact assessment has been carried out adhering to the national legislation and the World Bank guidelines.

1.3 Project Overview

The CDG Lahore allocated the LCL plant site within the premises of the Mehmood Booti (MB) landfill site, where the plant has been operational since 2006. The proposed expansion of LCL is taking place within the existing boundaries of the current production facility of LCL. The infrastructure facilities at the site in terms of accessibility and electrical power supply are adequate. There is no human habitation within the LCL site or its close proximity, thus the issue of population displacement or resettlement does not exist.

LCL is currently operating a composting facility that processes 300 TPD of waste, converting it into compost. The proposed expansion of the facility will increase composting to 1,000 TPD of MSW intakes. Currently, the plant includes a tube-well and overhead storage tank (10,000 gallons), a 28,000 m2 concrete platform, leachate basins and drains at strategic locations along the concrete platform, internal access



roads, administration and other buildings. The CDG operates a weighbridge (75 tons) at the entrance of the Mehmood Booti landfill that is also used for weighing the waste intake of the Lahore compost.

The Lahore composting plant processes MSW that is transposed to the MB landfill site by the City Government Lahore. Because the intakes of the composting plant would otherwise be disposed off to the MB landfill; this composting operation is not considered as a new disposal to MB. In fact it reduces the final disposal of MSW by half. Thus from the environmental protection perspective the composting process has largely positive environmental effect by reducing the volume of final disposal; producing valuable soil conditioner; and sorting out and marketing recyclable materials.

1.4 Study Objectives

The objectives of the present ESIA study are to identify any adverse environmental or social impacts of various phases of the proposed project, to propose appropriate mitigation measures to address these negative impacts, and to propose an environmental management plan (EMP), which would provide mechanism for the implementation of above-mentioned mitigation measures.

1.5 Document Structure

Chapter 2 (Regulatory Review) discusses the legislative and regulatory aspects of the proposed project. Also discussed in the Chapter are the WB environmental and social safeguard policies relevant to the project.

Chapter 3 (Project Description) briefly describes the salient information about the proposed project.

Chapter 4 (Environmental and Social Impacts and their Mitigation) provides information on the baseline environmental and social conditions of the site, identifies the potential environmental and social impacts of the project, and proposes mitigation measures to address these adverse impacts.

Chapter 5 (Environmental Management Plan) proposes the mechanism to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation measures discussed in Chapter 4.



Exhibit 1.1: Site Location

Project location



2 Regulatory Review

This chapter discusses the prevailing legal framework for assessment of the current project and its subsequent expansion, in the context of the environment and sustainable development, and the institutions that exist in Pakistan that may influence the environmental management. Also included in the Chapter is an assessment of the project vis-à-vis the WB environmental and social safeguard policies.

2.1 Statutory Requirements of Pakistan

The development of statutory and other instruments for environmental management has steadily gained priority in Pakistan since the 1970s. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983 was the first piece of legislation designed specifically for the protection of the environment. The promulgation of this ordinance was followed, in 1984 by the establishment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, the primary government institution dealing with the environmental issues. Significant work on developing environmental policy was carried out in the late 1980s, which led to the drafting of the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) in 1992. The provincial environmental protection agencies were also established at about the same time. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were established in 1993. The enactment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, (PEPA, 1997) conferred broad-based enforcement powers to the environmental protection agencies. The publication of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2000 (IEE-EIA Regulations, 2000) provided the necessary details on the preparation, submission, and review of initial environmental examinations and environmental impact assessments.

The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and wildlife issues at the federal level. Within the ministry, the Pakistan NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the NCS.

Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak-EPA, are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak-EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. The Pak-EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to, as well as initiate legislation whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The provincial environmental protection agencies (EPAs) are the



provincial arms of the federal EPA. One of the functions delegated by the Pak-EPA to the provincial EPAs is the review and approval of environmental assessment reports.

Since LCL is a part of the Mehmood Booti Landfill site, PEPA approval of the Mehmood Booti Landfill is applicable to the LCL site as well. Composting plant is a positive environmental addition to the landfill. Because the intakes of the composting plant would be otherwise disposed off to the MB landfill; this composting operation is not considered as a new disposal to MB. In fact it reduces the final disposal of MSW by half. This Environmental and Social Impact Analysis (ESIA) has been carried out to assess the possible environmental and social impact due to the expansion of the processing of MSW from 300 TPD to 1,000 TPD.

2.2 WB Safeguard Policies

2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)

The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments.

The proposed project consists of activities which may have environmental and social consequences, including:

Deterioration of air quality,

Water contamination and consumption,

Damage to top soil, land erosion,

Public nuisance

Safety hazard.

The present ESIA has been developed in response to this OP, and addresses the above-listed potential impacts of the development projects.

Project Categorization: The Bank classifies the project it finances into one of the following four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts:

(a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA).

(b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas—including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats—are less adverse



than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA.

(c) Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project.

(d) Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

In view of the nature and small size of the proposed project, its adverse impacts on natural and human environment are not expected to be very severe and extensive. Hence, the proposed project has been classified as Category B.

2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks.

The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.

Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.

Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

The Policy defines the requirement of preparing a resettlement plan or a resettlement policy framework, in order to address the involuntary resettlement.



Since the proposed project is being established within the existing composting plant site acquired by LCL, no land acquisition is involved, nor would the project cause any kind of involuntary resettlement. Therefore the OP 4.12 will not be triggered.

2.2.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)

The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests.

As described earlier, the proposed project is being established within the existing plant site. Further, the project site is not located in or near any forest. Hence, the OP 4.36 is not triggered.

2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)

The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The WB therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions …

The project is being established within the existing plant site, as described earlier. Also, the entire MB area has been used as MSW dumping site for a long time, and the natural habitat of the area has been significantly modified. Therefore the OP 4.04 is not triggered for the proposed composting project.

2.2.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)

Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.

Other than the small quantities of common insecticides to repel mosquitoes, common flies and other disease vectors from the compost, the project does not involve usage of chemical pesticides. Hence this OP is not triggered.

2.2.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)

The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is not relevant to the project since no dams will be constructed as part of the proposed activities.

2.2.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)

This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more states. Since the proposed project does not involve any work on the international waters, this OP is not triggered.



2.2.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11)

The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policy are given below.

The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.

The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study, selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary. Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs.

Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the justification should be discussed in project documents.

This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property.

The project is being established within the existing facility, where no sites of archeological, historical, cultural or religious significance are known to exist. Therefore the OP 4.11 is not triggered.

However, in case of discovery of any sites or artifacts of historical, cultural, archeological or religious significance during the project execution, the work will be stopped at that site. The cultural property will be protected from damage, the provincial and federal archeological departments will be notified immediately, and their advice sought prior to resumption of any further construction activities in these sites.

2.2.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10)

For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:

self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;



collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and

an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region.

The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people.

No indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process – are known to exist near the project site. Therefore this OP is not triggered.

2.2.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)

Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.

The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B.

No disputed areas or territories exist near the project site, hence this OP is not triggered.

2.2.11 Disclosure of Project Document

Whenever the Bank requires an environmental assessment (EA), the proposed borrower prepares an EA report as a separate, free-standing document. The EA report is publicly available (a) after the borrower has made the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs in accordance with OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessment, and (b) after such EA report has been officially received by the Bank, but before the Bank begins formal appraisal of the project.

In line with Policy, this ESIA will be disclosed to all the stakeholders before the commencement of the proposed project.

2.3 Environmental Guidelines

2.3.1 Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures

The Federal EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for carrying out environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of



development projects. These are general guidelines that are designed to provide information on the various methods that are available for environmental assessments. There are four general guidelines (Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental Assessments; Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports; Guidelines for Public Consultation; and Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas) and nine sectoral guidelines. The relevance of the guidelines to the proposed project is briefly reviewed below.

Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and Approval of Environmental Assessments

These guidelines define the policy context and the administrative procedures that govern the environmental assessment process, from the project pre-feasibility stage to the approval of the environmental report. This ESIA is not intended to get PEPA approval of the environmental assessment of the composting plant site. Thus, the procedures for filing, review and approval of environmental assessments are not applicable to this study.

Guidelines for Public Consultation

These guidelines deal with the recommended approaches to public consultation and techniques for designing an effective program of consultation that reaches out to all major stakeholders and ensures the incorporation of their concerns in any impact assessment study. Public consultation has been conducted as part of the proposed project meeting the basic requirements of these guidelines.

Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas

The purpose of these guidelines is to help project proponents identify sensitive and critical areas in Pakistan. The sensitive and critical areas include protected ecosystems (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and game reserves), and protected archeological and cultural sites. Since the proposed project is not located in any protected ecosystem or near any protected cultural heritage, the provisions of these guidelines are not applicable to it.

Guidelines for Solid Waste Management

The provincial Government of Punjab has developed its own Municipal Solid Waste Management Guidelines 2007. The document presents guidelines for potential composting facilities in the province. LCL SOPs are in compliance with the general guidelines provided in this document. Additionally, SOPs adopts additional procedures and rules for composting based on the international experience.



2.3.2 World Bank Guidelines on Environment

The Pak-EPA recommends using the WB environmental guidelines for areas where there may be a gap in the national guidelines. The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental guidelines are listed below.

Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production

Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues

Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume II: Sectoral Guidelines.

The first two publications listed above provide general guidelines for conducting an EIA, and address the EIA practitioners themselves as well as project designers. The Sourcebook in particular has been designed with the Bank projects in mind, and is especially relevant to impact assessments of large-scale infrastructure projects. It also contains a wealth of information useful to environmentalists and project proponents. It identifies a number of areas of concern that should be addressed during impact assessment and highlights core concerns in social impact assessment and emphasizes the need to incorporate socioeconomic issues into environmental impact assessment exercises. ESIA has been conducted adhering to the operational policies and directives for environmental assessment provided in the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook.



3 Project Description

This Chapter provides salient information of the proposed project.

3.1 Project Site Location

LCL is located in Lahore - the largest city and capital of the Punjab province. The city spreads on both sides of the Ravi River. LCL composting facility is located between the Bund Road and the Ravi River, at Mehmood Booti in the north-east of the Lahore. Exhibit 1.1 shows the map of the metropolitan area of Lahore showing the location of the compost plant that is within the premises of and adjacent to the Mehmood Booti landfill site. Since there is no human habitation at the existing LCL Composting site, there will not be any issue relating to displacement of population and resettlement due to expansion of existing composting facility.

3.2 Plant Layout

The total land area of the composting plant is 150,000 m2. The present operation of LCL utilizes about 60 percent of the site while remaining 40 percent is being utilized for the expansion. The whole area is fenced with barded wires and is provided with a lighting system so that work can be carried out in two shifts. The CDG operates a weighbridge (75 tons) at the entrance of the Mehmood Booti landfill that is also used for weighing the waste intake of the Lahore compost.

Exhibit 3.1 shows the aerial view of the composting facility along with the Mehmood Booti Landfill site. As shown in Exhibit 3.1, the proposed expansion lies within the existing project boundary and within the boundary of the territory owned by the CDG Lahore.

3.3 Plant Operation

The City District Government transports the municipal solid waste on the municipality trucks to the Mehmood Booti landfill. The District Government operates a weighbridge at the entrance of the landfill site where all the incoming vehicles are weighed and recorded. The trucks directed to LCL are recorded separately in the prescribed format for recording the intakes received daily.

The aerobic composting process is being used at the LCL facility. The process is briefly described below (further details are provided in the Standard Operating Procedures – SOPs – of the LCL plant, which are provided in Annex A of this document).



Composting Process

Aerobic composting consists of a controlled biological process and mechanical screening thereafter. The biological process is the most critical component of aerobic composting process.

Composting is a process involving bio-chemical conversion of organic matter into humus (Lignoproteins) by mesophillic and thermophillic organisms. A composting process seeks to harness the natural forces of decomposition to secure the conversion of organic waste into organic manure. The following two main groups of mechanisms exist through which the organic matter is decomposed:

Anaerobic bacteria which perform their work in the absence of oxygen.

Aerobic bacteria which perform their work in the presence of oxygen.

The main characteristics of anaerobic composting are:

The process is a lengthy, extending over a period of 4 to 12 months.

It is a low temperature process and the destruction of pathogens is not fully accomplished.

The reduction process produces methane, hydrogen sulphide and others, which are major green house gases (GHGs),

Nutrients are lost.

In contracts to the above, the aerobic composting, which is used for the proposed LCL plant, is characterized by:

Rapid decomposition normally completed within 8-10 weeks.

During this period high temperatures are attained leading to speedy destruction of pathogens, insect eggs and weed seeds.

Production of GHG and foul smelling gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide is minimized.

Nutrients are fairly preserved.

In order to accelerate and control the aerobic composting a specially formulated biological inoculum is used to treat the organic waste, which is the key element in aerobic composting.

Windrow Formation

Windrow means a long heap of regular shape and cross section. Formation of windrow is very important from following angles.

Available space is optimally utilized.

Natural air flow is not obstructed

Movement of incoming and outgoing vehicles is hassle free



Turning machines have easy access to each windrow.

Leachate overflow is controlled and

Overall appearance of the yard is aesthetically improved.

Rectangular pattern for the windrows is recommended for the LCL plant. Total platform area has to be properly earmarked for a peripheral road for incoming and outgoing vehicles, day wise formation of windrows and subsequent turnings, and common area for natural drying.

Movement of incoming vehicles should be restricted to the periphery of the windrows. Movement of vehicles should be unidirectional to avoid traffic problems. Cross section of windrow may preferably be kept at 4 meter wide and 2 meter high.

Between each windrow, alleys of appropriate size must be kept for the passage of turning machines. It would be better to mark each windrow and its sections so that formation and successive turning of windrows becomes easy and streamlined.

If garbage is received in closed polythene bags, these may have to be torn open. Care may be taken to keep slaughter house, fish market, poultry waste etc. in the center core of the windrow and not allowed to scatter around or on the outer surface of the windrow lest it may attract stray dogs, pigs, birds, vultures to the area. The windrows should be properly covered with waste garden mix that contains lot of recoverable organic matter. This covering will help to:

Improve the aesthetic aspects

Drive away flies, mosquitoes and other vectors

Suppress emission of foul odor

Improve overall recovery percentage.

Turning of Windrows

Aerobic bacteria need oxygen regularly. Therefore regular turning of the windrow is required to ensure availability of oxygen. Hence turning of windrows at fixed intervals should be strictly followed. Turning should not be stopped at any cost. In case of breakdown of the turning machine, turning should be done by hiring a similar machine from the market. This is the only way by which availability of oxygen can be ensured for the aerobic microbes to survive and multiply to make the aerobic composting process fast and perfect.

Since turning is a costly operation because of the diesel consumption of the machines, there could be a natural tendency to reduce turning operation to gain economy. The improper turning will result in poor quality of end product and lesser recovery and push up unit cost of production. Cost of turning operation gets offset by improvement in quality and increase in recovery percentage.



Top and outer portion of the old windrow may be dry and slow in decomposition process. This material should go to the core of the new windrow to have speedy decomposition. If the moisture is less, water may be sprayed during turning so that moisture level is maintained uniformly. Supplementary dosage of inoculum should also be done during turning to ensure uniform mixing

Monthly time table should be prepared wherein the turning program is clearly spelt out for each windrow. By looking at the chart, one should be able to find out the heaps to be turned on a particular day.

After turning, the windrow should be properly dressed up with or without the rejects from the 2nd and 3rd screening to present an aesthetic look.

In the outer cells of windrows which contain less than one week old garbage, chances of improper composting and anaerobic conditions cannot be ruled out. This will naturally lead to generation of foul smelling gases like methane and hydrogen sulfide. So while turning any heap from the outermost periphery, methane and hydrogen sulfide may be released. It is advisable to puncture these windrows before hand, so that foul smelling gases like methane and hydrogen sulfide are slowly released. This will reduce the intensity of foul smell at the time of first turning.

3.4 Plant Infrastructure

3.4.1 Composting Pad

The platform for composting at the plant site is a 28,000 m2 plain surface covered with a concrete slab. The base has layers of gravel, sand and earth (15 cm thicknesses) and a slope of about 1 percent. Water and leachate decantation basins have been built at strategic points helping any leachate or effluent from the windrow pad to flow into the effluent basin automatically. Expansion plan requires additional 30,000 m2 of composting pad as shown in Exhibit 3.1.

3.4.2 Effluent Basin

The effluent basin is situated beside the windrow pad where effluent from the composting pad is collected to be sprinkled back on the windrows to moisten the compost in dry periods. The run-off water of the compost site runs through gullies into a decantation basin leading to the water basin. This basin receives any leachate resulting from any stage of the composting process. LCL accumulates the leachate in the effluent basin and re-uses by sprinkling it back on the windrows. The amount of leachate is very minimal in dry season, so fresh water is also used for sprinkling the windrows. Virtually, there is no leachate which could contaminate the soil. During monsoon, mixed rain and leachate water can be released by gravity to the nearby city’s waste water drain by an underground pipe connected to the leachate basin with a valve.



3.4.3 Tube Well and Overhead Storage Tank

Since continuous water is required for smooth operation of the system, a tube-well with overhead storage tank (10,000 gallons) has been constructed in the plant site. Water can be used for fire protection and for irrigating the windrows.

3.4.4 Electrical Power Supply

The 11 KV electrical power line passes by the plant site along the Bund Road for convenient availability of electricity for the compost plant operations. A standby diesel generator of 110 KVA capacity is also installed at the plant, and used temporarily if electricity is required during power outage.

3.4.5 Sorting Building

The sorting building is covered with iron sheet roofing, fans and adequate arrangements for the manual labour to work and sort the waste in a comfortable and environment friendly manner. Some specifications have been foreseen for a good implementation of the sorting installation system:

enough space

manual sorting installations

screening installation

space to put the containers

possibility to remove the containers by truck or wheeled loader

possibility to feed the input hopper by wheeled loader or crane.

3.4.6 Screening Building

This building is closed on one side. The total covered area is 238 m2. The place has been designed to put a double Menart screen and enough space for the residual waste at the end of the screen. There is enough space to remove the sieved compost from under the screen and the remaining material by mechanical means.

3.4.7 Administrative Building

In addition to the above facilities, there is an office block of 450 m2 with all the facilities for the office staff. The office facility includes a plant laboratory, toilets, kitchen facilities, and a prayers room for the labour. Sufficient space has been earmarked for parking of cars, motorcycles and bi-cycles of workers in front of the office building.

3.4.8 Bagging and Storage of Compost

The material that has been treated on the windrows is brought to a conveyer system that includes final screening devises, silos and the bagging facilities. Current packaging capacity of the plant is 50 tons of compost per day. The storage area is



about 12,780 m2 with a capacity to accommodate 20 days of production. Loading area for the trucks departing from the compost plant is also provided.

3.4.9 Laboratory

The plant has an on site laboratory to conduct various tests on the windrows as required by SOPs, environment management plan and emission reduction monitoring plan.

3.4.10 Washing, Cleaning and Associated Facilities

Appropriate and adequate facilities will be provided within the plant site for the workers’ washing, bathing, toileting, cleaning, changing and associated activities. Clean drinking water will also be made available to the plant staff.

3.4.11 Composting Equipment

The equipment for complete installation of the compost plant includes both local and imported components, the latter has been provided by Menart Company of Belgium. Standard operation procedures ensuring the safety of the workers have been provided along with the equipment.

Menart Company has provided the following imported equipment:

Shredder

SPM Turner

Double TR 1850 screen with interchangeable meshes of 10×10 mm and 25×25 mm for screening the compost, with an input hopper and a feeding belt

Double TR 1850 screen with meshes of 50×50 mm to screen the waste before the arriving at the hand-sorting table.

Sorting lines MS 17

Cross conveyor

Stitching and Bagging Unit

The local/Pakistani equipment and components include the following:

Three wheeled loaders (1 telescopic)

Diesel Generating Set

WPP bags with inner liners

Tractors / Trolleys

Buildings

Roll-on weighbridge. (Operated by CDG Lahore at Mehmood Booti Landfill gate)

Water basin (with the decantation basin)

Sprinkler system including tube well and overhead storage tank



Vehicles.

3.5 Manpower Resources

The construction phase of the project would involve contracted labour, mostly consisting of masons, filters, welders, painters, electricians and general labourers. Exhibit 3.2 provides the list of the personnel needed during the plant operation:



Exhibit 3.1: Plant Layout

Screening & Bagging Waste Sorting

Composting Pad with windrows

Project Boundaries

Weigh Bridge

Proposed Expansion Area



Exhibit 3.2: Plant Personnel

Management and Administrative Staff Chief Executive 1 Secretary 1 Manager Account 1 Admin. Manager 1 Marketing Manager 1 Accounts Assistants 2 Marketing Executives 5 Driver 1 Security Guards 2 Peons / Cooks 4 Sweepers 2 Sub Total 21 Site Personnel Manager Quality Control 1 Manager Operation 2 HSE Supervisor 1 Lab Assistant 1 Shredding Operators 3 Turning Operators 3 Screening Operators 5 Sorters 2 Mechanics 4 Supervisors 2 Sorters 34 Loaders and Packers 10 Security Guards 4 Computer and Accounts Assistant 1 Cleaner 1 Tubewell operators 2 Supervisors 2 Drivers 4 Sub Total 82 Grand Total 103



4 Baseline, Impacts and Mitigation

This Chapter presents the pre-project environmental and social conditions of the project area. Also provided in the Chapter are the potential environmental as well as social impacts of the proposed project, and the associated mitigation measures to reduce if not eliminate these impacts.

4.1 Environmental Baseline

4.1.1 Site Topography

A topographic survey of the site was conducted in September 2004. The Mehmood Booti Landfill site has a total area of about 320,000 m2. Out of this total, about 150,000 square meters was allocated to LCL for setting up and operating the composting facility. Except for small mounds and depressions in the portion of the landfill area, the topography of the site used for composting facility was generally flat sloping towards the Ravi River. The recently completed dual carriage way on Bund Road is elevated, and the road surface is now about 5 meters above the level of the composting platform.

4.1.2 Water Resources

Ravi river flows at a distance of about five kilometres (km) from the project site, towards north-northeast. Though the river water quality was not tested during the present assignment, its polluted nature is well known, owing to the fact that the untreated waste effluents are discharged unchecked in it and the river does not get freshwater for most part of the year. An open sewerage drain exists in the area. No other natural surface water bodies exist in the vicinity of the project area.

The groundwater is abundantly found in the area, and five tubewells belonging to the Water and Sanitation Authority (WASA) exist in the vicinity of the LCL site.

Ground water quality of tube well operating at the plant site and a tube well located at an adjacent locality were tested (see Exhibit 4.1 for the results). All parameters have been found to be within the acceptable limits - indicating that leachate from the existing operations is not affecting the ground water quality at the LCL site and adjacent areas.

4.1.3 Air Quality

The ambient air quality tests indicate that total suspended particulates, PM10 and Carbon monoxide concentrations at the plant site and adjacent village are within acceptable limits. However, the readings along the Bund Road are higher due to the traffic and steel industry located in the area. See Exhibit 4.2 for ambient air quality monitoring results.



4.1.4 Noise

The ambient noise levels were monitored and the results at the plant site and in the close by village are within the acceptable limits. However the readings along the road are higher due to traffic and steel industry located all along the Bund road. See Exhibit 4.3 for the noise measurements in the area.

4.1.5 Biological Resources

Owing to the fact that the site for the proposed project is located within the city limits and has been used for MSW dumping for years, no significant natural vegetation or wildlife species exist in the area. The wildlife species found in the area are essentially those which have adapted to the human presence. Furthermore, no wildlife protected areas such as national parks or wildlife sanctuaries exist at or in the vicinity of the site.

4.2 Social and Gender Information

The majority of the field survey and research was focused on the people of Mehmood Booti, and those engaged in waste disposal. The scavenging groups involved in the collection of waste have also been studied/consulted. Furthermore, the investigation was conducted into the socio-economic conditions of all the communities directly or indirectly affected by the current facility.

4.2.1 Mehmood Booti: Recent History

Originally the site at Mehmood Booti was identified by the CDGL authorities for the waste-to-energy project in 1992. CDGL had been using the site for waste dumping until 1992. Around that time there was a great hue and cry from the communities living near the site due to bad odor and smoke emitted by burning of the solid waste. The residents therefore took CDGL to the court of law, whereby a court commission was formed. The recommendations of commission resulted in court decision in the favor of the CDGL that paved the way for installation of first compost plant on BOT basis in Pakistan.

The city government of Lahore acquired the site of 26 hectare from landowners under the Land Acquisition Act of 1895, which requires the payment of market rates for land, as averaged from sales over the past twelve months. The community of the Mehmood Booti area is rapidly moving towards an urban /industrial area. The local farmers rent land for small scale operations such as waste sorting, the dyeing of yarn, and small metal industries along the Bund Road.

The Mehmood Booti site is not far from central Lahore, with Bund Road providing easy access to the main city. There are several industries located near the site which have appreciated the concept of having a central facility of composting for the city of Lahore.



4.2.2 The Community at Mehmood Booti

The government authorities have not conducted any official census of the area recently (the last census in the country was conducted in 1998). However, according to some rough projection, the population of the area is about 20,000. The people living in Mehmood Booti are mostly farmers, herdsmen and laborers. More than 85 percent of the community is Muslim with the rest being Christians. The religious groups appear to co-exist in relative harmony. Many Christian women work outside their houses in order to fetch more money for their family. Generally they do household jobs like cleaning and washing of clothes, kitchens others do scavenging.

4.2.3 Housing, Utilities and Consumer Goods

Most of the families at Mehmood Booti have houses comprising three rooms, and a kitchen, latrine and verandah with a courtyard. Almost all the families have electricity. All families have a television set and some also have a radio. In addition, some families have a motorcycle, and a few also possess a car. Drinking water is obtained from the local water supply system, but many families have their own small pumping units as the groundwater is not brackish. The water supply and sewage facilities are provided in the village, however, the residents of the area are not satisfied with the services provided by the CDGL as the sewage system generally remains choked and one can see stagnant water on the streets. There are no regular sweeping and waste collection services in the area. The people are not happy with the level of municipal services in the area.

4.2.4 Employment and Income

As the agricultural based economy of Mehmood Booti is in a transitional stage from rural to urban, the farmers rent land for dumping, pasture for buffaloes, and to small scale industrial operations, as well as sell land to the small industries along Bund Road. General labour works on a daily wage basis in the construction industry and in the agricultural fields. The range of daily wages is from Rs. 150 to Rs. 300. The women working in other houses earn Rs. 500 to Rs. 3,000 per month, depending upon the nature and load of work. There is no difference in the salaries of men and women working for the Government.

The people of Mehmood Booti are farmers, small scale businessmen, and daily wage laborers in the industrial units around Bund Road. Some of the people of the area also work in Lahore as government employees or operate small scale business for their livelihood. The unemployment rate in the area is approximately 15 percent.



4.3 Stakeholder Consultations

Objectives

During the present ESIA, stakeholder consultations were carried out. The objectives of the consultations were three fold, which are described below.

To obtain an overview of the socio-economic, gender, and associated characteristics of the groups potentially affected by the existing LCL facility and planned expansion;

To obtain views of the stakeholders, and to identify and examine the potential impacts of the facility on the affected groups; and,

To make recommendations which will maximize the positive impact of the facility on women and men of the affected groups and which will specifically increase women's involvement in, and benefit from, the project.

Consultation Methodology

The stakeholder consultation is a community based process, rooted in the problems and needs of those who are faced by change due to the current plant or after its expansion. It was kept in mind while conducting this study that the objective of the consultations would be to clearly understand the community's concerns.

The background information and the proposed project details were discussed with the government officials, CDGL authorities and NGOs like WWF. Furthermore, consultations were carried out in the village of Mehmood Booti, and surrounding communities, farmers and government offices to collect the relevant information. A semi-structured questionnaire was formulated in order to collect essential socio-economic data from the community.

The list of people consulted and other related details are provided in Annex B of this document.

Outcome of Consultations

For the people of Mehmood Booti, there is some direct positive economic effect due to the establishment of a composting plant in the area. One of the most likely impacts is the creation of several jobs (e.g. construction, operation, maintenance and repair jobs etc.) to build, operate and maintain the facility. Some of these personnel do come from those presently living near the site, and others may eventually move into the area to be closer to their new work. Further, businesses in the area (such as the local market place) has benefited from the increased economic activity generated by the new employees of the facility.

The laborers and the owners of the small industrial units along Bund Road also expect some positive changes in terms of clean environment as the waste would not be lying



unattended by the roadways. In addition, local farmers of the area were happy to know about the facility, as it could prevent any mishap to their animal and human health with the contact and ingestion of dangerous wastes dumped with the domestic solid waste in the area.

When asked about the composting facility, some women wanted employment opportunities at the facility but others were indifferent to the project. A few concrete suggestions came from one female teacher who expected some development activities in the area with the establishment of the facility. The number one priority she stressed was the provision of public transportation for the area that could link the village to the main city of Lahore. Secondly, she suggested better local health facilities, along with proper water supply, and a sewerage and drainage program for the people of Mehmood Booti. Some people think that with the establishment of the facility by municipal authorities will focus their attention to provide better municipal services to the people of Mehmood Booti.

When asked about their views on the composting facility the majority of sanitary workers and scavengers indicated they would appreciate the idea of having are such plants in Lahore for possible job opportunities.

Villages within 3-6 kilometer radius of Lahore Compost were visited and interviews were conducted.

The issues discussed during the consultation with nearest village Dehara Mian Khalid highlighted the existence of previous grievance of losing the land ownership to CDGL for setting up this facility. The consultation resulted in a positive dialogue and willingness on the part of residents to use compost as fertilizer on complimentary basis to boost their agriculture output as compensation.

Two scavenger groups were also consulted who preferred to work independently to earn a daily livelihood.

Many other villages and Basic Health Unit (BHU) was also visited and details of negative and positive concerns are presented in Annex B.

There are no significant negative impacts on the local community from composting facility and its expansion within the existing boundaries of LCL at Mehmood Booti Landfill site.

The operation of the composting facility will not generate noise beyond the facility building and site. The layout of the facility is such that standby diesel electric generator , the largest generator of noise, is located behind the office building away from Bund Road, thus reducing the level of all noise audible by the road. Furthermore, the closest residence to the facility is over 500 meters away, which is likely a sufficient distance to eliminate any noise from the composting site reaching a residence. Section five of this report suggests measures to be taken by LCL to keep impact on the local



community minimal. By the recent reconstruction the Bund Road was elevated by about 4 meters above the level of the composting plant, thus protects the settlements behind the road from the otherwise minimal noise, dust, or smell of the composting plant.

4.4 Impacts Associated with Plant Construction

4.4.1 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

As described earlier, the proposed facility will be established within the existing LCL plant site, and no additional land will be acquired. Therefore the project will not cause any involuntary resettlement.

4.4.2 Dust Emissions

As the main facility had already been completed in 2006, current expansion would only involve the construction of a 30,000 m2 composting pad. Some additional dust emissions can also be generated by the construction-related vehicular traffic in and near the project site. The environmental issue related to dust emission for this expansion of the existing facility would not be significant to the people living in the area at a distance of over 100 meters from the project site.

Mitigation Measures

Water sprinkling will be carried out where required to reduce the public nuisance caused by the dust emissions.

4.4.3 Vehicle and Equipment Exhaust

Combustion exhaust from the vehicles and construction equipment may also affect the ambient air quality of the project area.

Mitigation Measures

To mitigate the above impact, all vehicles, generators and other equipment will be properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission of pollutants.

4.4.4 Noise Emissions

Although the noise generated by the construction activities is unlikely to affect the nearby population, this aspect should nonetheless be monitored to ensure that the noise levels remain within the acceptable limits.

Mitigation Measures

The vehicles and construction equipment will have appropriate and properly functioning exhaust mufflers (silencers). The noise levels will be monitored during the



construction phase. Also, contacts with the community will be maintained, in order to obtain their views and grievances, if any, in this regard. Appropriate remedial measures will be taken in case of any complaint received from the community.

4.4.5 Soil and Water Contamination

The waste effluents from the construction site can potentially contaminate the soil and surface/ground water. In addition, inappropriate disposal of waste oils/chemicals, spills during refueling, discharges during vehicle and equipment maintenance, traffic accidents and leakages from equipment and vehicles can also result in the contamination of soil and surface water at the construction site.

In addition to the compost, the LCL facility also produces inert waste – essentially the non-biodegradable waste that cannot be profitably recycled. Currently, heaps of this inert waste are lying with the LCL premises.

Mitigation Measures

The waste oils will be stored appropriately, and given away to the recycling contractors. Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations. On-site maintenance of vehicles and equipment will avoid such impacts as far as possible. In case of on-site maintenance, tarpaulin or other impermeable material will be spread on the ground to prevent contamination of soil. Regular inspections will be conducted to detect leakages in vehicles and equipment. Fuels, lubricants, and chemicals will be stored in the covered bounded areas. Appropriate arrangements, including shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials, will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.

LCL, in collaboration of CDGL, needs to explore the options to safely dispose the inert waste that exists within its facility.

4.4.6 Safety Hazard for Nearby Population

The construction activities can pose safety hazards to the nearby population and public at large. Similarly, the construction-related vehicular movement can also cause safety hazards for the community.

Mitigation Measures

Unauthorized access to the site will not be allowed. All the safety precaution will be taken during the construction activities to avoid any accidents to the workers and general public. The construction vehicles will observe safe and defensive driving practice, particularly when passing through/near the communities. Safety signage will be installed where appropriate/needed.



4.4.7 Occupational Health and Safety

The construction workers will be exposed to the occupational health and safety risks during the construction phase. These risks will be addressed by implementing the sound occupational health and safety system at the site. The system is discussed later in the document.

4.5 Impacts Associated with Plant Operations

4.5.1 Dust and Noise

Noise and dust generated within the plant vicinity is not of real concern to the local community as closest settlement is over one km away from the site. Further, a green belt has been formed in the form of two parallel rows of trees running along the Bund Road and the boundary of the plant which acts as a mitigation measure against dust, odor and noise. An elevated dual carriage way has just been constructed at the western border of the compost plant that clearly separates the plant from the populated area and prevents the community form the noise or dust of the composting plant.

These aspects will nonetheless be monitored during the plant operation on a regular basis (environmental monitoring is discussed in the next Chapter).

4.5.2 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

The aerobic composting process causes a net decrease in the GHG emissions, compared to the open dumping of the MSW. In the open dumping, mostly anaerobic decomposition of the biodegradable waste takes place, which generates large quantities of methane – a GHG. The main advantage of the aerobic composting, as described in Chapter 3, is that methane production is minimized, thus achieving an overall reduction in the GHG emissions. The SOPs (Annex A) will ensure that the aeration of the MSW during the composting process is maintained, thus minimizing the methane production.

4.5.3 Emissions of Other Gases

The gaseous emissions from the plant during the composting process may potentially affect the ambient air quality. These include gas emissions from the composting process, and exhaust emissions from vehicles, generators and other machinery.

Mitigation Measures

Adherence to SOPs would largely prevent any significant emission of hazardous gases. The ambient air quality will be periodically monitored in the vicinity of the plant to ensure that the concentration levels of the gases are within the permissible limits. Emissions associated with the plant operations are negligible and their incremental effect on the local environment is marginal. However, to keep this impact minimal, all



vehicles, generators and other equipment will be properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission of pollutants.

4.5.4 Effluents

The discharge of increased and untreated liquid effluent can impact the soil as well as the water resources and consequently humans. Similarly, leakage and spillage of oils, fuels and other chemicals (such as insecticides) stored at the site can potentially contaminate the soil and surface/ground water.

Mitigation Measures

The composting pad is adequately concreted and connected to drains to ensure that there is no seepage of effluent into the ground. The drains carrying the effluent have all been properly concreted to prevent any seepage into the ground and channel leachate into a concreted pond of 60 cubic meter capacity; and LCL re-uses leachate by sprinkling it back on the windrows. Periodic monitoring will include the discharge rate of overall wastewater, chemical analysis of different wastewater streams and groundwater sampling to ensure no seepage into the ground. Appropriate mechanism will be incorporated in the tank design to cater to overflows particularly during the monsoon rains.

Regular inspections will be conducted to detect leakages in vehicles and equipment. Fuels, lubricants, and chemicals will have drip pans and will be stored in the covered bounded areas. Appropriate arrangements, including shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials, will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.

4.5.5 Odor

The aerobic composting addresses the odor issue to a large extent, however the waste in the piling area as well as the waste undergoing composting may produce some odor. The offensive odor is likely to affect the plant staff as well as the nearby population.

Mitigation Measures

The SOP (Annex A) will be strictly followed to maintain effective aerobic conditions during composting. In addition, de-odorizing agents will be used where needed to suppress the offensive odors. Odor measurements will be carried out regularly, and use of hand-held olfactometers will be considered for this purpose.

LCL will also set up a wind sock (to determine the wind direction at the facility) at appropriate location to help in assessing the potential impact of foul smell and noise generated by the machines.

4.5.6 Insects (Disease Vectors)

The waste in the piling area as well as the waste undergoing the process of composting attracts a lot of different insects such as flies, mosquitoes and wasps which may act as



disease vectors and spread infections amongst the plant personnel and inhabitants of the surrounding communities along with having a negative impact on crops.

Mitigation Measures

It will be ensured that spraying of appropriate insecticides is employed to kill/repel the insects and reduce their threat as a nuisance to the surrounding communities as well as to their agricultural activities. The insecticides will be selected carefully, and the ones which are environment-friendly and least harmful to people will be chosen. Periodic monitoring will be carried out to ensure the insects are not adversely affecting the surrounding communities and their agricultural activities as well as to ensure.

4.5.7 Safety Hazard for Nearby Population

The plant operation and the related vehicular traffic can potentially pose safety hazard for the nearby population.

Mitigation Measures

Unauthorized access to the plant will not be allowed, and the defensive driving practices will be promoted among the project drivers.

4.5.8 Occupational Health and Safety

The plant operation will cause occupational health and safety risks to the plant staff. The occupational health and safety plan - discussed later in the document – will address these risks.

4.5.9 Disposal of Non-biodegradable Waste

Most of the non-biodegradable (inert) waste such as metals and glass are separated from MSW for recycling, however a small portion of the inert waste that cannot be recycled is generated during the overall MSW management operation. LCL should work with CDGL for the safe, sustainable and environment-friendly disposal of such wastes. Other waste disposal operations – such as Waste Busters – should be studies for this purpose.

4.5.10 Transportation of MSW to LCL Facility

The transportation of MSW from the garbage collection points in the city to the landfill site is generally an environmental hazard by itself. Generally, the MSW trucks are inappropriately covered/sealed, and the waste usually spills on the roads during the transportation. In addition, noxious odor is emitted from the MSW trucks. However, the transportation of MSW to the MB landfill site and LCL facility is the responsibility of CDGL, as described in Section 3.3, and this activity is not included in the proposed project. Hence the associated environmental hazard is also not included in the present ESIA. LCL will nonetheless work with CDGL in identifying the solution to this problem.



Exhibit 4.1: Water Quality

Parameter Units Tube well at LCL site

Tube well of the nearby

village

pH 8.1 7.8

BOD5 Mg/l 0.5 2.3

COD Mg/l 2 5

Color cu 2 53

Turbidity NTU 0.21 12.24

Exhibit 4.2: Air Quality

Date Site PM10 (µg/m3)

TSP (µg/m3)

CO (ppm)

13-May-08 Composting Area

632 679 1.7

14-May-08 Village 735 781 1.7

15-May-08 Bund Road 1,381 1,492 1.9

Exhibit 4.3: Noise Levels

Date Site Noise (dBA)

13-May-08 Composting Area 66

14-May-08 Village 63

15-May-08 Bund Road 75



5 Environmental Management Plan

This Chapter provides the environmental Management plan (EMP) for the proposed project.

5.1 Purpose and Objectives of EMP

The purpose of an EMP is not only to address the expected environmental impacts of a project, but also to enhance project benefits, and to introduce the standards of good practice to be adopted for the projects works.

The primary objectives of the EMP are to:

Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures identified for expansion phase in the ESIA (discussed in Chapter 4)

Define the responsibilities of the project participants and provide means of effective communication of environmental issues between them

Identify monitoring parameters in order to ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures

Provide a mechanism for taking timely action in the face of unanticipated environmental situations

Identify training requirements at various levels.

5.2 Implementation Arrangements

LCL will ensure carrying out construction activities in an environmentally sound manner. LCL’s construction representative will be responsible for the environmental soundness during the construction phase. LCL’s Manager Operation will be overall responsible for compliance with EMP throughout the routine operations of the plant. LCL will also appoint the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Supervisor who will be responsible for the day-to-day implementation of EMP during the construction and operation phases of the plant. The HSE Supervisor will ensure the implementation of: mitigation measures (Sections 4.4 and 4.5); environmental monitoring; environmental trainings; environmental reporting and documentation; and liaison with the community (these aspects are discussed later in the Chapter).

The HSE Supervisor will undertake most of the environmental management functions himself/herself, however certain activities, such as ambient air quality monitoring, will be outsourced to appropriate organizations/consultants.

Exhibit 5.1 tabulates the roles and responsibilities of various personnel for the environmental and social management of the project.



5.3 Mitigation Plan

The mitigation plan will be developed on the basis of the mitigation measures identified in Sections 4.4 and 4.5.

5.4 Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring is a vital component of the environmental management plan. It is a process through which the effectiveness of the environmental management plan in protecting the environment is measured. The feedback provided by the environmental monitoring is instrumental in identifying any problems and planning corrective action.

5.4.1 Objectives of Monitoring

The main objectives of the environmental monitoring are:

To provide a mechanism to determine whether the expansion construction and subsequent plant operation are being carried out in compliance with the EMP and environmental regulations

To identify areas where the impacts of the projects are exceeding the criteria of significance and, therefore, require corrective actions

To document the actual project impacts on physical, biological, and socioeconomic receptors, quantitatively where possible, in order to design better and more effective mitigation measures.

5.4.2 Monitoring Plan

The environmental monitoring will be carried out using simple checklists developed on the basis of the mitigation measures discussed in Sections 4.4 and 4.5. Most of the monitoring will be carried out on the basis of visual observation/verification. However, for ambient air quality, water analysis, odor and noise measurements, the appropriate equipment/system will be needed. Exhibit 5.2 provides the monitoring plan to be implemented during the project’s construction and operation phases.

5.5 Communication and Documentation

An effective mechanism to store and communicate environmental information during the project is essential requirements of the EMP. LCL will continue to meet stakeholders in case of any issue of environment and social impact for its remedy. Environmental reports will be prepared on a quarterly basis.

5.5.1 Environmental Record

Following environmental record will be maintained:



Periodic inspection reports of LCL HSE Supervisor or his designate

Incident record of all moderate and major spills. The record will include:

o Location of spill

o Estimated quantity

o Spilled material

o Restoration measures

o Photographs

o Description of any damage to vegetation, water resource, or community asset

o Corrective measures taken, if any.

Waste Tracking Register, which will records of all waste coming to the composting plant and screened inorganic waste sent to the landfill site

Survey reports, in particular, the following:

Vehicle and equipment noise data

Ambient noise survey reports

Odor level in surrounding areas

Air quality measurement in the surrounding areas

Water quality analyses data

All composting parameters as required by the ER monitoring plan.

5.5.2 Change-Record Register

A change-record register will be maintained at the site, in order to document any changes in the project design and operations. These changes will be handled through the change management mechanism discussed below, and reported to the Pak-EPA/other relevant authority, as required.

5.6 Change Management

An environmental assessment of the proposed project has been made on the basis of the project description available at the time the ESIA was prepared. However, it is possible that changes in project design may be required at the time of project implementation. This section describes the mechanism that will be put into place to manage changes that might affect the project’s environmental impacts.

5.6.1 Changes to the Operation

Potential changes in project design have been categorized as first-order, second-order, and third-order changes. These are defined below.



First-Order Change

A first-order change is one that leads to a significant departure from the project described in the ESIA and consequently requires a reassessment of the environmental impacts associated with the change. In such an instance, the environmental impacts of the proposed change will be reassessed, and the results sent to the PEPA and the parties involved in the emission reduction credit contract.

Second-Order Change

A second-order change is one that entails project activities not significantly different from those described in the ESIA, and which may result in project impacts whose overall magnitude would be similar to the assessment made in this report. In case of such changes, the environmental impact of the activity will be reassessed, additional mitigation measures specified if necessary, and the changes reported to the EPA and the parties involved in the emission reduction credit contract.

Third-Order Change

A third-order change is one that is of little consequence to the ESIA findings. This type of change does not result in impact levels exceeding those already assessed in the ESIA; rather these may be made onsite to minimize the impact of an activity. The only action required in this case will be to record the change in the change record register.

5.6.2 Changes to the EMP

Changes in project design may necessitate changes in the EMP. In this case, the following actions will be taken:

A meeting will be held within the LCL, to discuss and agree upon the proposed addition to the EMP

Based on the discussion during the meeting, a change report will be produced collectively, which will include the additional EMP clause and the reasons for its addition

A copy of the report will be sent to the parties involved in the ER contract

All relevant project personnel will be informed of the addition.

5.7 Environmental Training and Awareness Raising

Environmental training will help to ensure that the requirements of the ESIA and EMP are clearly understood and followed by all project personnel in the course of the project. LCL staff is already trained and is able to manage and take care of ESIA and EMP requirements. Refresher courses will be arranged on the need-basis.



The best systems are ineffective if personnel are not properly trained. It is observed that LCL has devised training programs in order to effectively implement a waste management system. Following steps have been taken in this regard:

Adopt policies

Establish procedures that reflect the adopted policies

Develop standard operating practices (SOPs) for the established procedures.

Formalize the SOPs in written form

Train personnel in using the SOPs

Make spot checks to verify that established procedures are being followed.

In addition to the environmental trainings, awareness-raising will also be carried out to inculcate the environmental care among the LCL staff, the CDGL staff at the MB landfill site, other CDGL staff who visit the LCL facility (such as the municipality truck drivers transporting MSW), and the nearby community.

5.8 Community Participation

It has been observed that some NGOs such as WWF are involved in training and awareness programs for the people of Mehmood Booti. LCL works closely with all the concerned groups to promote understanding of the composting facility and to create a sense of ownership amongst all the stakeholders.

Regular visits of the adjoining villagers are arranged to the plant site to explain how waste is being converted to compost through a scientific process and complementary bags are given to these villagers so that they have sense of ownership as neighbors of the plant.

Scavengers

Since Scavengers belong to the vulnerable group that is likely to be affected by LCL, they will be given maximum assistance in ensuring that they continue to work with better occupational health and safety standards. In this regard they will be allowed to recover inorganic sellable material from the plant site free of cost and are provided Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

5.9 Women's Participation and Empowerment

In order to promote women participation, LCL should further consider specific plans for all groups of communities particularly the scavenging groups and women at Mehmood Booti. Some of the strategies are listed below which could be taken into account by the LCL authorities:



Communication and consultation: It should be ensured that consultation takes place in a way that women can also participate. Special invitation may be given to them.

Selection and Recruitment: LCL should encourage employment for the maximum number of qualified women candidates at all levels of project implementation.

Community Infrastructure: LCL may also consider providing financial and technical support to the handicraft school for women at Mehmood Booti. In addition, efforts may be made to assist the Basic Health Unit through providing technical advice.

5.10 Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational health and safety impacts during the construction and operation of waste management facilities are common to other large industrial projects. The most significant occupational health and safety impacts typically associated with workers at waste management facilities occur during the operational phase and include:

Accidents and injuries ·

Chemical exposure·

Exposure to pathogens and vectors.

The health and safety plan is tabulated in Exhibit 5.3 and discussed below.

5.10.1 General Hygiene and Housekeeping

Good general hygienic condition of the facility and personnel will be maintained throughout the plant construction and operation. The appropriate washing, bathing cleaning, changing, toileting and related facilities will be established inside the LCL plant for the plant personnel. The personal protective equipment (PPE) will be made available to the staff and its usage will be promoted through trainings and awareness-raising. Clean drinking water will be made available to the plant staff. The overall housekeeping arrangements will be clearly defined and then adhered to, during the routine plant operations. These will include placement and use of waste cans/bins, usage of appropriate receptacles for electricity connections, and placement of safety signage.

5.10.2 Accidents and Injuries

Physical hazards encountered at waste management facilities are similar to those at other large industrial projects Solid waste workers are particularly prone to accidents involving trucks and other moving equipment, so traffic management systems are recommended. Accidents include slides from unstable disposal piles, cave-ins of disposal site surfaces, fires, explosions, being caught in processing equipment, and being run over by mobile equipment. Other injuries occur from heavy lifting, contact



with sharps, chemical burns, and infectious agents. Smoke, dusts, and bio-aerosols can lead to injuries to eyes, ears, and respiratory systems.

Following procedures are recommended to prevent, minimize, and control accidents and injuries at LCL:

Provide workers with appropriate protective clothing, gloves, respiratory face masks and slip-resistant shoes for waste transport workers and hard-soled safety shoes for all workers to avoid puncture wounds to the feet. For workers near loud equipment noise protection should be provided. For workers near heavy mobile equipment, buckets, cranes, and at the discharge location for collection trucks, provision of hard hats be ensured;

Provide all landfill equipment with roll-over protection;

Provide refuse collection vehicles and landfill equipment with audible reversing alarms and visible reversing lights;

Locate exhaust pipes on waste collection vehicles so that exhaust does not discharge into the breathing zone of workers on the riding steps; ·

Design collection routes to minimize, or possibly eliminate, crossing traffic that is going in the opposite direction;

Restrict access to the site such that only safety - trained personnel with protective gear are permitted to high-risk areas; the site is fenced with controlled door access that constrains unauthorized human or animal movement.

During the sorting of waste minimize contact with the waste to the extent practical;

Provide workers with communications tools, such as radios, if needed

Minimize sorting from the ground by providing conveyor belts and/or tables that facilitate sorting;

Establish engineering and material norms for special facility and stationary equipment. Ensure design requirements that minimize exposure to hazards (e.g., ventilation, air conditioning, enclosed conveyor belts, low loading and sorting heights, non- skid flooring, safety rails on stairs and walkways, spill protection and containment, noise control, dust suppression, gas alarm systems, fire alarm and control systems, and evacuation facilities).

Provide and maintain first-aid kits at appropriate places in the plant.

5.10.3 Chemical Exposure

Chemical hazards encountered at waste management facilities like composting are similar to those at other large industrial facilities, such as toxic and asphyxiating gases. However, the full composition of wastes and their potential hazards is often unknown. Even municipal solid waste (MSW) often contains hazardous chemicals, such as heavy metals from discarded batteries, lighting fixtures, paints, and inks. Additionally, waste processing can also generate nuisance and hazardous dust, including organic dust.



The following procedures are recommended to prevent, minimize, and control chemical exposure at LCL:

Control and characterize incoming waste (see waste receipt, unloading, processing and storage);

Provide adequate personnel facilities, including washing areas and areas to change clothes before and after work;

Ventilate enclosed processing areas;

Monitor breathing zone air quality in work areas at processing, transfer and disposal facilities. Direct-reading instruments that measure methane and oxygen deficiency are of primary importance; these include combustible gas indicators, flame ionization detectors, and oxygen meters. In waste handling, sorting, and composting facilities, monitoring for organic dust is needed;

Prohibit eating, smoking, and drinking except in designated areas;

Provide air filtered and air conditioned cabs for heavy mobile equipment used at landfills as necessary.

5.10.4 Pathogens and Vectors

Workers can be exposed to pathogens contained in manure and animal excreta found in MSW from the disposal of sludge, carcasses, diapers, and yard trimmings containing domestic animal waste. MSW attracts rats, flies, and other insects that can transmit diseases. Processing of MSW can also generate bio-aerosols, suspensions of particles in the air consisting partially or wholly of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, molds, and fungi. These microorganisms can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time, retaining viability or infectivity. Workers may also be exposed to endotoxins, which are produced within a microorganism and released upon destruction of the cell and which can be carried by airborne dust particles.

The following measures are recommended to prevent, minimize, and control pathogens and vectors at LCL:

Provide and require use of suitable personal protective clothing and equipment;

Provide immunization to the plant workers (e.g. for Hepatitis B and tetanus), also carry out their health monitoring;

Maintain good housekeeping in waste processing and storage areas;

Use automatic (non- manual) waste handling methods if practical;

Clean and wash with disinfectant the cabins of heavy mobile equipment used at regular intervals;

For composting, maintain aerobic conditions and proper temperatures in the windrows. Isolate workers from spore dispersing components of the composting process such as mechanical turning;



Maintain adequate temperature and retention time in biological treatment systems to achieve pathogen destruction (e.g., 55ºC for at least 3 consecutive days in most compost situations and 55ºC for 15 days in windrows);

Grade the area properly to prevent ponding (to minimize insect breeding areas);

Use integrated pest-control approaches to control vermin levels, treating infested areas, such as exposed faces and flanks with insecticide, if necessary;.

Provide and require use of dust masks or respirators under dry and dusty conditions (e.g., when compost is being turned). Charcoal-filled respirators also reduce odor perception;

Provide prompt medical attention for cuts and bruises. Cover open wounds to prevent contact with the incoming loads or feedstock.

5.11 Community Health and Safety

Community health and safety issues related to the construction and operation of waste management projects such as composting plants may include emissions from the solid wastes and construction site issues. Community health and safety impacts which occur during the operational and decommissioning phases of waste management facilities may include:

General occupational and environmental health issues associated with waste scavenging

Physical, chemical, and biological hazards

Litter

Noise

Dust and odors.

5.11.1 General Occupational and Environmental Health Issues Associated with Waste Scavenging

The presence of informal sector workers laboring in municipal or mixed waste disposal sites in search of commercially valuable materials is a common place occurrence in developing countries. The causes and dynamics are the result of complex social, cultural, labor, and economic factors that are clearly outside of the scope of this guidance document. However, the following principles should be considered in managing the occupational, health, and safety risks of informal laborers:

LCL may work with government entities in the development of simple infrastructure that can allow for the sorting of waste, helping groups of scavengers form cooperatives or other forms of micro-enterprises, or formally contracting them to provide this function. The outright displacement of scavenging workers as an occupational health and safety management strategy, without the provision of viable alternatives, should be avoided;



Allowing only registered adults on the site, excluding children and domestic animals.

Providing protective gear, such as shoes. face masks, and gloves;

Arranging the disposal layout and provide sorting facilities to improve access to recyclables while reducing their contact with other operations, thus minimizing potential hazards;

Providing water supply for washing and areas for changing clothes;

Implementing education campaigns regarding sanitation, hygiene, and care of domestic animals;

Providing a worker health surveillance program including regular vaccination and health examinations.

5.11.2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Hazards

Visitors and trespassers at waste management facilities may be subject to many of the hazards In particular, waste pickers, looking for recyclable materials and food scraps for animal feeding, often work informally at waste transfer and disposal sites, especially MSW facilities, typically living adjacent to the site in poor housing conditions, with minimal basic infrastructure for clean water and sanitation. Waste pickers may be encountering numerous risks, including contact with human fecal matter, paper that may have become saturated with toxic materials, bottles with chemical residues, metal containers with residue pesticides and solvents, needles and bandages (containing pathogenic organisms) from hospitals, and batteries containing heavy metals. Exhaust fumes of waste collection trucks traveling to and from disposal sites, dust from plant operations, and open burning of waste all contribute to potential occupational health problems.

Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control physical, chemical, and biological hazards to the community include:

Restrict access to LCL by implementing security procedures, such as:

Perimeter fencing of adequate height and suitable material (LCL has already one it);

Lockable site access gate and buildings;

Security alarms fitted to buildings and storage areas;

Review of site security measures annually or whenever a security breach is reported

Use of a site visitor register;

Immediate repair of fencing/access points if damaged;

Lighting of site during night time where necessary. As this may cause light nuisance to neighbors, the lighting installations should be selected to minimize ambient light pollution.



5.11.3 Litter

Uncollected garbage and litter spread beyond the waste management facility boundaries by wind, vermin, and vehicles can directly spread disease; attract rats, flies, and other vectors; and expose the community to hazardous substances. Scavenging birds, such as gulls and crows, commonly congregate on composting sites accepting household waste. They disturb newly tipped and partially covered waste whilst searching for food, and lead to complaints from adjoining residents and landowners about food scraps, excreta and other waste dropped away from the landfill.

This litter mostly comes from the dumping ground of Mahmood Booti under the supervision of CDGL. The authorities have not set up a control and supervision system for the scavengers. The LCL facility is so well covered that litter cannot spread to adjoining communities nor have they ever complained about it.

5.11.4 Noise

Noise is typically generated by screening, turning and packaging operations. However in the case of LCL with the nearest community 500 meters from the site, noise is not of real concern to the local community. The results obtained after monitoring suggest that these values are within normal limits.

The noise monitoring will nonetheless be carried out on regular basis as described in Section 4.5.1, and appropriate actions will be taken in case the noise levels are in excess of the prescribed limits.

5.11.5 Dust and Odors

Dust and odors from waste management facilities can be a nuisance to the neighboring community. Organic dust can also carry disease-causing microorganisms. Noise and dust generated within the plant vicinity is not of real concern to the local community as the closest community is over one km away from the site. Further, a green belt has been formed in the form of two parallel rows of trees funning along the Bund Road and the boundary of the plant which acts as a mitigation measure against dust, odor and noise.

The dust and noise monitoring will be carried out, as described in Section 4.5, and appropriate actions will be taken if the levels are found to be beyond the acceptable limits.

5.12 ESIA Disclosure

The ESIA/EMP will be published at the Bank’s InfoShop. In addition, the present report will be disclosed at local level including displaying a copy of the report at the project site, in the city district library, and a copy at the Punjab EPD library. The ESIA report will also be made available to the local communities.



5.13 Environmental Management Cost

The cost estimates for the environmental management are provided in Exhibit 5.4, and summarized below.

A. Construction Phase Budget: Rs 910,000

B. Operation Phase Budget (one time): Rs 640,000

C. Operation Phase Budget (Yearly): Rs 1,100,000.

The yearly recurring budget (item C above) can be enhanced by 10% every year to cover inflation and prices escalation.



Exhibit 5.1: Roles and Responsibilities for Environmental Management

Aspect LCL Responsibilities By Whom

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Ensure the SOPs are effectively followed

Manager Operation

Environmental staff Appoint the HSE Supervisor for the Plant.

Manager Operation

Environmental mitigation measures

Implement mitigation measures as identified in Sections 4.4 and 4.5.

HSE Supervisor

Environmental monitoring

Undertake periodic inspections and carry out field measurements, where needed.

HSE Supervisor

Environmental trainings Conducted environmental trainings and refresher courses

HSE Supervisor

Occupational health and safety

Follow the occupational health and safety plan; provide PPE to plant personnel

HSE Supervisor and Manager Operation

Reporting Ensuring that periodic environmental monitoring reports are prepared

HSE Supervisor

Corrective actions Verify that the activities are carried out comply with the EIA/EMP and identify corrective actions, if needed

HSE Supervisor

Maintenance of record Maintain monitoring data and record of all incidents of environmental significance and related corrective measures. Record all parameters as required by the emission reduction monitoring plan

HSE Supervisor

Contacts with community Maintain contacts with the nearby communities; register their grievances; and address these grievances.

HSE Supervisor



Exhibit 5.2: Monitoring Plan

Monitoring Parameter Monitoring Method Frequency By Whom

Construction Phase Dust emissions from construction activities

Visual Observation; Photographic record

Once a week HSE Supervisor

Exhaust emissions from construction machinery and equipment



PM10 and CO Ambient air quality measurements

Once in a quarter To be out sourced (managed by HSE Supervisor)

Noise emissions Noise measurement at various places within plant site


Water quality Laboratory analysis of water from groundwater well

Once a month To be out sourced (managed by HSE Supervisor)

Public grievances Grievance record register

Regularly HSE Supervisor

Operation Phase Dust emissions from vehicle/equipment operation



Exhaust emissions from construction machinery and equipment



PM10, VOCs and CO Ambient air quality measurements with the help of appropriate equipment

Once in a quarter (frequency can be adjusted according to the results of previous measurements)

To be out sourced (managed by HSE Supervisor)



Monitoring Parameter Monitoring Method Frequency By Whom

Noise emissions Noise measurement at various places within plant site

Once a week

HSE Supervisor

Water quality Laboratory analysis of water from groundwater well(s)

Once a month (frequency can be adjusted according to the results of previous measurements)

To be out sourced (managed by HSE Supervisor)

Odor Measurement with portable olfactometer

Daily (frequency can be adjusted according to the results of previous measurements)

HSE Supervisor

Public grievances Grievance record register

Regularly HSE Supervisor

Exhibit 5.3: Health and Safety Management Program

Aspect LCL Responsibility Manpower Equipment

First aid post Set up the post within the plant premises

Trained male nurse to be employed on full time basis

All necessary equipment required for this purpose

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Keep an inventory of PPE under the supervision of Manager Admn.

Periodic training from health and safety center of GoP.

Gloves, masks, gum boots and duel air filters.

Fire fighting equipments

LCL to procure all equipments

Periodic training from health and safety center of GoP.

Fire extinguishers to be certified and replaced regularly.



Exhibit 5.4: Environmental Management Cost

Description Monitoring Method Frequency Yearly Cost (Pak Rs)

A. Construction Phase PM10 and CO monitoring

Ambient air quality measurements

Once in a quarter 75,000 × 4 = 300,000

Water quality monitoring

Laboratory analysis of water from groundwater well

Once a month 5,000 × 12 = 60,000

Environmental trainings 50,000 Construction of washing, cleaning and changing facilities for workers 500,000 B. Operation Phase PM10, VOCs and CO monitoring

Ambient air quality measurements

Once in a quarter (frequency can be adjusted according to the results of previous measurements)

90,000 × 4 = 360,000

Water quality monitoring

Laboratory analysis of water from groundwater well

Once a month (frequency can be adjusted according to the results of previous measurements)

5,000 × 12 = 60,000

HSE Supervisor (annually) 40,000 × 12 = 480,000

Environmental Trainings (annually) 50,000 Procurement of Personal Protective Equipment (one time cost) 5,000 per set ×

100 = 500,000 Replenishment of Personal Protective Equipment (annually) 100,000 (20%

of the above) Procurement of Insecticides (annually) 50,000 a Procurement of noise meter (one time cost) 20,000 a Procurement of olfactometer (one time cost) 120,000 a a Indicative cost.

Summary

Construction Phase Budget: Rs 910,000

Operation Phase Budget (one time): Rs 640,000

Operation Phase Budget (Yearly): Rs 1,100,000.


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 A-1

Annex A: Standard Operating Procedure

Please see the following pages.

1

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

For

LAHORE COMPOST (Pvt) LIMITED

March 2008

2

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................2 2. COMPOSTING PROCESS ...................................................................................2 3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPOSTING PROCESS ................................3

3.1 Moisture content ..............................................................................................3 3.2 Temperature .....................................................................................................3 3.3 Proper aeration .................................................................................................3 3.4 Carbon & Nitrogen Ratio (CN Ratio)..............................................................3

4. IMPORTANCE OF CLOSE MONTTORING......................................................4 5. INCOMING GARBAGE QUALITY....................................................................4

5.1 Defining Waste Composition...........................................................................5 5.2 Carbon Nitrogen Ratio.....................................................................................5 5.3 pH Value ..........................................................................................................5 5.4 Optimum Condition .........................................................................................5 5.5 Corrective Action.............................................................................................5

6. QUANTITY OF INCOMING GARBAGE...........................................................6 6.1 Procedure .........................................................................................................6

7. TREATMENT WITH INOCULUM .....................................................................6 7.1 Treatment Procedure........................................................................................6 7.2 Application.......................................................................................................7 7.3 Symptoms Of Erratic Process ..........................................................................7 7.4 Corrective Action.............................................................................................7

8. WINDROW FORMATION...................................................................................8 9. MOISTURE LEVEL .............................................................................................8 10. LEACHATE FORMATION................................................................................9 11. TEMPERATURE ................................................................................................9 12. TURNING OF WINDROWS............................................................................10

12.1 Turning Schedule .........................................................................................10 12.2 Maturity........................................................................................................11

13. HOUSE KEEPING ............................................................................................11 14. “DO” rules .........................................................................................................12 15. “DO-NOT” Rules...............................................................................................13 Annex A: Composition of M.S.W ...........................................................................14 Annex B. Receipt of Garbage ..................................................................................15 Annex C: Monthly Calendar of Turning..................................................................16 Annex D: Data Sheet of Windrow...........................................................................17

2

1. INTRODUCTION

This Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) has been prepared for and adopted by the composting plant of the Lahore Compost Ltd (LCL). The SOP intends to ensure that LCL adopts the identified best practices in the plant, operates it through standard recommended procedures; and takes necessary corrective actions when required.

LCL is operating an aerobic composting plant at Lahore that has been purchased from and installed by the Menart Composting Company, Belgium. Since municipal solid waste (MSW) in Lahore is heterogeneous a screening drum (MTR 1850) installed to screen the waste before composting with additional possibility for hand-sorting of recyclables in a sorting belt.

Aerobic composting consists of a controlled biological process and mechanical screening thereafter. The biological process is the most critical component of aerobic composting process. Hence it is to be properly understood and regularly monitored to derive maximum benefits from the composting process. The main objective of this SOP is to enable LCL to get optimum results. The whole plant’s staff in general and the windrow management team in particular should study and follow this SOP religiously. The team leader should ensure that the team members entrusted with the responsibility of windrow management follows the recommended procedures. For windrow management, a team consisting of a windrow supervisor, two assistants, and the operators of turning equipment is suggested. The windrow supervisor should have scientific aptitude to understand the basics of microbiology and should have commitment and capacity to follow the SOP wholly. He is the most critical player in the whole process and his mistakes can lead to irreparable losses in the project outcomes.

2. COMPOSTING PROCESS

Composting is a process involving bio-chemical conversion of organic matter into humus (Lignoproteins) by mesophillic and thermophillic organisms. A composting process seeks to harness the natural forces of decomposition to secure the conversion of organic waste into organic manure.There are two main groups of organisms which decompose organic matter.

a. Anaerobic bacteria which perform their work in the absence of oxygen.

b. Aerobic bacteria which perform their work in the presence of oxygen.

The main characteristics of anaerobic composting are:

1. The process is a lengthy one extending over a period of 4 to 12 months.

2. It is a low temperature process and the destruction of pathogens is not fully accomplished.

3. The gaseous products of reduction like methane, hydrogen sulphide etc produce offensive odors.

4. Nutrients are lost.

3

Aerobic composting is characterized by:

1. Rapid decomposition normally completed within 8-10 weeks.

2. During this period high temperatures are attained leading to speedy destruction of pathogens, insect eggs and weed seeds.

3. Production of foul smelling gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide is minimized.

4. Nutrients are fairly preserved.

In order to accelerate and control the aerobic composting a specially formulated biological inoculum is used to treat the organic waste, which is the key element in aerobic composting.

3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPOSTING PROCESS

The following factors affect the rate of successful composting.

3.1 Moisture content

Moisture content of the waste should be between 50-55%. Lesser moisture will lead to mortality of microbes. Whereas more moisture will lead to anaerobic conditions making the inoculated microbes ineffective in the process of composting and emission of green house gases with foul smell.

3.2 Temperature

Thanks to the exothermic biological activities of aerobic bacteria temperature rise to 65-70°C within a couple of days. This temperature has to be maintained throughout the biological cycle.

3.3 Proper aeration

Since aerobic bacteria are used in the biological process, proper aeration is required to ensure availability of oxygen is very important. Regular turning of the heaps will provide adequate aeration.

3.4 Carbon & Nitrogen Ratio (CN Ratio)

CN Ratio should be maintained below 50 for speedy composting. If it is high, the decomposition process will be slow. If CN Ratio is very high, Nitrogenous material like cow-dung may have to be added to bring down CN Ratio to the desired level. At the end of biological process, CN Ratio should come down below 15,

4

4. IMPORTANCE OF CLOSE MONTTORING

Mechanical screening follows the biological process. The screening system will, be screening whatever is fed on the basis of size and specific gravity. The texture and quality of the end product as well as recovery percentage solely depend on competition and perfection of the biological process. Hence, it is very important to closely monitor the biological process, so as to have maximum output of desired quality. Screening system will not be able to correct and cover up omissions in the biological process to improve recovery process and quality. Hence biological process is the critical element in this technology, and has to be clearly understood, closely monitored and optimally controlled. Properly trained and fully devoted team should be engaged for windrow management. Success of the project wholly depends upon perfect windrow management.

Biological activity is a batch process. Hence micro level monitoring of each batch is very essential to find out abnormality if any and to take remedial action soon on observation. In this case each day’s arrival is to be considered as a batch. Such batch should be given a code for reference. It would be better to use date and month to form the reference code for easy recognition. For example, the batch formed on 1St January may be christened as JAN-1. The most important format in this SOP is for keeping the case history of each hatch from date of arrival through biological cycle till first screening. This format is annexed at ‘D’

The following factors are to be closely monitored: • Quality and quantity of incoming garbage

• Treatment with innoculam

• Windrow formation

• Moisture level

• Leachate formation

• Temperature timely turning

• Maturity house keeping

5. INCOMING GARBAGE QUALITY

The composition of incoming garbage is very important. If organic fraction in the incoming garbage is less, naturally recovery of the end product will also be very less. Hence, quality of incoming garbage will have to be periodically inspected and monitored. Garbage coming from different sources will be different in composition. It should be ensured that garbage generated from vegetable markets, fish markets, fruit markets etc which is very rich in organic content should be brought to the project site regularly. Initial survey of the collection methods, routes of transportation, and location specific characteristics should be done and mapped. This data should be updated periodically every year. Composition of garbage at different localities could also be analyzed so that qualitative grading can be done for various collection points.

5

5.1 Defining Waste Composition Collect a representative sample of garbage not less than 200 kg total in a sampling day about 10 kilograms from each randomly selected incoming truckloads and spread the sample on the floor.

Sort the garbage manually into different component like wet vegetable and food waste, garden pruning, hard wooden material, dry leaves, fibrous material, paper, plastic, rubber, glass, metal, and other non-degradable items.

Weigh each component separately and calculate the percentage brake down.

Initially, the exercise should be done one selected day in every month for one year to obtain data for seasonality, and thereafter one sampling day in every Quarter (e.g. March, June, September, December) to confirm whether there is any change in the composition which was recorded earlier. Efforts should be made to locate such sources from where good quality garbage is receivable and such sources should be fully tapped.

5.2 Carbon Nitrogen Ratio Another important factor to be seen is the CN ratio. If the incoming garbage contains more of dry leaves, straw, etc, heavy dose of cow dung or any Nitrogen rich organic waste will have to be applied to make the CN Ratio to the desired level. Otherwise, the biological cycle may take longer time than anticipated.

5.3 pH Value The pH value of the degradable fractions should also be ascertained. It should be in the range 6 to 8; otherwise biological activity will be considerably slowed down. If pH is more than 8, it suggests that municipal authorities are using lime or bleaching powder at the collection/storage points. This practice should be discouraged as it detrimentally affects the biological process. They should be advised to use SANITREAT and or HERBOCEL instead, to control bad odor and flies.

5.4 Optimum Condition • CN ratio not greater than 50

• pH 6 to 8

• Organic fraction about 60 %

5.5 Corrective Action If the organic content of a truckload incoming to Mehmood Booti landfill is suspected to be low (say less than 40%), that shipment should be rejected and sent direct to the MB landfill site. For improving the CN Ratio, cow dung or poultry manure etc can be added, depending upon availability and affordability. Quantity to be added will have to be worked out through trials at site. If quantity of leaves, wheat/paddy straw, etc are more and separable without much cost and effort, they should be separated and shredded and soaked in Cow dung slurry for at least 48 hours and thereafter mix with the rest of organic waste while forming windrows.

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6. QUANTITY OF INCOMING GARBAGE

Proper assessment of quantity of incoming garbage is very important from two angles.

• To estimate adequate dosage of biological inoculums for treatment and

• To estimate and monitor overall recovery percentage of the end product.

6.1 Procedure The CDG Lahore operates a weighbridge at the entrance of the MB landfill site where all the incoming vehicles are weighed and recorded. Trucks directed to LCL should be recorded separately in the format at Annexure B for recording the intakes received daily.

7. TREATMENT WITH INOCULUM

Incoming garbage may have native microbes which might have started decaying process. They could be of anaerobic and aerobic varieties. In order to have an end product of desired quality and also to accelerate the process of decomposition, inoculation with selected strains of effective microbes might be very essential. Otherwise the decomposition process will be erratic creating problems for the operation. Purpose of biological treatment could be summarized as below:

• To accelerate biological process • To ensure optimum decomposition. • To make the end product of desirable quality. • To suppress the activities of anaerobic microbes to minimize production of

offensive odors. • To ensure exothermic biological activity to destroy pathogenic organism. • To reduce loss of nutrients • To avoid propagation of insects and disease carrying vectors.

The biological inoculums which are a mixture of effective strains of microbes (fungi and bacteria identified to be responsible for natural decomposition process) should be applied. These microbes are isolated and cultured in our microbiological laboratory with utmost care. Since the biological process has to be completed within a limited time period owing to practical limitation on the space available for composting windrows, utmost importance has to be given to biological treatment with proper dosage to have maximum recovery of an optimum quality end product. Any laxity in application and dosage could lead to losses which may become noticeable only after mechanical screening is over. At that stage no corrective step is possible. Hence, treatment of incoming garbage should be done religiously using correct dosage to derive optimum benefits.

7.1 Treatment Procedure Preparation of Slurry The biological inoculums are in a powder form. For better spread, it should be mixed with water to form slurry. pH of the water should be 7 ± 0.5. Quantity of water to be used will depend upon the moisture level of the incoming garbage. During rains, the incoming garbage may be very wet as visible from dripping of water. During summer,

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the incoming garbage may be very dry. The following table indicates the quantity of water to I used during different seasons.

period Quantity of water for 1kg of inoculums not less than

Winter 50 liters Summer 30 liters Monsoon 20 liters

Dosage 1 kg of inoculums should be used to treat 1 MT of incoming organic garbage. The dosage has to be made into 3 splits.

• 500 grams per MT of incoming garbage on the day of arrival. • 300 grams per MT fresh garbage at the time of second turning • 200 grams per MT of fresh garbage at the time of packing the end product.

The culture to be used for mixing in the 3rd split will be different from the culture to be used for 1 & 2 splits and is called as DFBC-01 (Enricher). At the time of packing the final product, assessment of dosage based on the quantity of fresh garbage may be practically impossible. Hence, it is recommended to use 1 kg of the culture (Enricher), per MT of finished product at the time of packing. This culture consists of effective microbes capable of biological Nitrogen Fixation and Phosphate Solubilisation and improves the efficacy of the end product manifold.

7.2 Application The slurry may be prepared in 200 ltr capacity drums kept near the area where the garbage is accepted daily or it slurry could be prepared every day for the day’s usage. After the slurry is made depending upon dosage, the same may be sprayed on to the garbage at the sorter drum area. This will ensure uniform mixing at the time of windrow formation. For the 2 split also the application should be done during the turning operation so that the slurry spreads and reaches even the inner core of the windrows. Record of culture consumption should be maintained in the format annexed hereto.

7.3 Symptoms Of Erratic Process Inadequate dosage and improper application method will result in following symptoms.

• No or slow rise in temperature inside the heap • Excessive flies around the heap and • Unbearable foul smell.

7.4 Corrective Action Above symptoms clearly indicate under dosage and non-uniform mixing. Corrective action should be taken immediately as below.

• Break open the defective windrow • Inoculate with supplementary dosage © 300 gms per M.T • Adjust moisture level to 50% • Remake the windrow • Clean the area around the windrow

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• Sprinkle ‘Sanitreat’ over the windrow using a duster to suppress bad odor quickly.

8. WINDROW FORMATION

Windrow means a long heap of regular shape and cross section. Formation of windrow is very important from following angles.

• Available space is optimally utilized. • Natural air flow is not obstructed • Movement of incoming and outgoing vehicles is hassle free • Turning machines have easy access to each windrow. • Leachate overflow is controlled and • Overall appearance of the yard is aesthetically improved.

Rectangular pattern for the windrows is recommended for the LCL. Total platform area has to be properly earmarked for a peripheral road for incoming and outgoing vehicles, day wise formation of windrows and subsequent turnings, and common area for natural drying. Movement of incoming vehicles should be restricted to the periphery of the windrows. Movement of vehicles should be unidirectional to avoid traffic problems. Cross section of windrow may preferably be kept at 4 meter wide and 2 meter high.

Between each windrow, alleys of must be kept for the passage of turning machines. It would be better to mark each windrow and its sections so that formation and successive turning of windrows becomes easy and streamlined.

If garbage is received in closed polythene bags, it may have to be torn open. Care may be taken to keep slaughter house, fish market, poultry waste etc. in the center core of the windrow and not allowed to scatter around or on the outer surface of the windrow lest it may attract stray dogs, pigs, birds, vultures to the area. The windrows should be properly covered with waste garden mix that contains lot of recoverable organic matter. This covering will help to,

• Improve the look aesthetically • Drive away flies, birds etc • Suppress emission of foul odor • Improve overall recovery percentage

9. MOISTURE LEVEL

Since the biological process is carried out by microbes, availability of moisture is essential. If the moisture level is very low microbes may not survive and delay the composting process. Hence moisture level may be monitored continuously for speedy decomposition and better output and quality of the end product. Ideal level of moisture will be around 50%. By taking a handful of degradable waste from the windrows, one could feel the level of moisture through wetness. If wetness is not felt, spray water to increase moisture. On pressing, if water oozes out, the material has excessive moisture level. In such case, water spraying should be stopped. During summer, daily spraying may be needed. However, excessive spraying should not be practiced as it would create environmental problems. Leachate from the windrow may

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also be sprayed back on the windrows; fresh water should be used after all leachate consumed.

10. LEACHATE FORMATION

During the initial days of decomposition, inherent moisture in the organic components especially fruits, vegetables and animal waste starts oozing out in the form of leachate. Although the leachate contains nutrients, its overflow will create environmental pollution. Hence, it should be collected and used in the windrows so that on one side environmental nuisance is reduced and on the other side valuable nutrients are preserved.

The composting pad is adequately concreted and connected to drains to ensure that there is no seepage of effluent into the ground. The drains carrying the leachate have all been properly concreted to prevent any seepage into the ground and channel leachate into a concreted pond of 60 cubic meter capacity. LCL may re-use leachate by sprinkling it back on the windrows.

Tips

• If leachate formation is excessive due to wetness of garbage during monsoon, reduce the quantity of water being used for preparing slurry

• During rains, the windrow may be covered with tarpaulins/Plastic sheets • If feasible, erect a temporary monsoon shed in such a way that turning

vehicles are not obstructed, during operation • Run off during monsoon may be contaminated with leachate. Hence it should

be treated and discharged through a proper drainage system

11. TEMPERATURE

Due to the biological activity of aerobic bacteria, part of the organic carbon converted to carbon dioxide. This chemical activity is exothermic and hence lot of heat is generated. The heat thus generated has to be preserved inside the heap. Destruction of pathogens and weed seeds are very important to get an acceptable quality of the end product. This could be possible only by maintaining the temperature inside the heap for a long time. Hence, measurement and management of temperature should also be given utmost importance in the windrow management operation.

The temperature has to be maintained between 65-70°C. Temperature of every heap should be measured every day at 25 different locations. The temperature starts to rise from 2nd day of windrow formation and on 4th day it should reach around 60°C. If this is not happening it could be due to following reasons:

• Inadequate dosage of inoculums culture • Improper mixing • Inadequate moisture level

Depending upon the cause, corrective action may be taken immediately. In successive windrows after 1st 2nd and 3rd turning, temperature should rise and get stabilized at 65-70°C on the 3rd day of turning. Corrective action should be taken in case of temperature not rising to this level.

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Dial type temperature meter with a probe long enough to reach deep into the windrow should be used. As the probe may not be strong enough to pierce and penetrate the heap to the desired depth, a hole may be made into the windrow where the temperature is to be measured with the help of a pointed pipe, and the probe be inserted.

12. TURNING OF WINDROWS

Aerobic bacteria need oxygen regularly. Regular turning of the windrow is required to ensure availability of oxygen. Hence turning of windrows at fixed intervals should be strictly followed. Turning should not be stopped at any cost. In case of breakdown of the turning machine, turning should be done by hiring a similar machine from the market. This is the only way by which availability of oxygen can be ensured for the aerobic microbes to survive and multiply to make the aerobic composting process fast and perfect.

Since turning is a costly operation because of the diesel consumption of the machines, there could be a natural tendency to reduce turning operation to gain economy. The improper turning will result in poor quality of end product and lesser recovery and push up unit cost of production. Cost of turning operation gets offset by improvement in quality and increase in recovery percentage.

Top and outer portion of the old windrow may be dry and slow in decomposition process. This material should go to the core of the new windrow to have speedy decomposition. If the moisture is less, water may be sprayed during turning so that moisture level is maintained uniformly. Supplementary dosage of inoculum should also be done during turning to ensure uniform mixing

Monthly time table should be prepared wherein the turning program is clearly spelt out for each windrow. By coking at the chart, one should be able to find out the heaps to be turned on a particular day.

After turning, the windrow should be properly dressed up with or without the rejects from the 2nd and 3rd screening to present an aesthetic look.

In the outer cells of windrows which contain less than one week old garbage, chances of improper composting and anaerobic conditions cannot be ruled out. This will naturally lead to generation of foul smelling gases like Methane and Hydrogen Suiphide. So while turning any heap from the outermost periphery, Methane and Hydrogen Sulphide may get released. It is advisable to puncture these windrows before hand, so that foul smelling gas like Methane and Hydrogen Suiphide get slowly released. This will reduce the intensity of foul smelling gases at the time of first turning.

12.1 Turning Schedule Following schedule is recommended during normal conditions.

• 1st turning - 4th day of windrow formation • 2nd turning - 5th day after 1st turning • 3rd turning - 6th day after 2nd turning • 4th turning - 7th day after 3rd turning • Spreading - 6th day after 4th turning. • Screening - Next day after spreading and drying

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Extreme winter conditions may slow down the process initially. In such case, first turning may be postponed by 2-3 days and thereafter turning may be done after every week based on the schedule.

12.2 Maturity The end product has to be fully matured and biologically stabilized to give better results in the filed. Hence maturity should be checked by adopting Starch Iodine test. Maturity of the decomposing garbage will have to be ensured before taking up for mechanical screening. The main indication of maturity is Carbon Nitrogen Ratio (CNR). If CNR is brought down to the range of 10- 15, it could be fairly assumed that the material is biologically stabilized and matured. If immature garbage is taken up for screening, recovery will be reduced and quality of end product will be poor. Besides, end product after packing will keep on generating heat at yard or intermediate storage due to continuation of biological process and imperfect bio stabilization,.

13. HOUSE KEEPING

Since the composting aims at reducing environmental pollution, operation should be streamlined to avoid/reduce pollution effect on the surroundings. Hence, LCL should maintain good house keeping practices. Attention to following areas will help in better house keeping

a) Control of bad odor — Bad odor is due to green house gas emissions. It not only pollutes the atmosphere but also discredit the whole effort at the project site. Foul smelling gases emit when anaerobic pockets are created in the windrows. Proper treatment with adequate dosage of inoculums, regular turning of the windrows for proper aeration, maintenance of optimal moisture level; and control of leachate formation can avoid spread of unbearable and offensive odors. If the bad odor is beyond limits, the defective windrows should be broken and treated with supplementary dosage and after proper aeration, it should be reformed into a windrow.

b) Nuisance of flies and birds — Presence of flies and birds also present a bad look for the site. Improper windrow management especially with reference to the windrow formation invites flies. Slaughter house waste, rotten organic waste, presence of leachate and contaminated stagnant water will also promote presence of flies. Once flies are observed abnormally, immediate action should be taken to improve the sanitary level of the site. The cause should be Studied and corrective action taken to remove the cause. ‘Herbocel’ should be sprayed twice a day to drive away flies.

c) Overall Cleanliness —The LCL premises should be maintained clean and neat. Plastic packets getting sorted in the first and second screening should not be scattered all over the area. Even if it may not fetch remunerative prices, all plastic should be sorted out and kept aside in proper bundles.

d) Dusting — Dust is another disturbing element. Abnormal dust production indicates defective site operation. Dusting should be controlled wherever possible, by plugging leakages. The premises, especially the plant floor should be cleaned daily by sweeping.

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14. “DO” rules

1. Implement and maintain SOP faithfully

2. Monitor yard operation diligently

3. Survey the raw material source area periodically

4. Select MSW rich in organic matter

5. Keep a regular watch on the quality of MSW

6. Always use fresh slurry

7. Test the water sample for pH and salinity regularly.

8. Always follow safe measures

9. Enforce traffic rules strictly for incoming vehicles

1O. Keep dump yard area neat and clean

11. Develop and maintain good rapport with Municipal Corporation at all levels

12. Keep records for all observations in the prescribed formats.

13. Collect and re-use Leachate

14. Take corrective actions without delay.

15. Develop and maintain the greenbelt adjacent to the LCL

16. Dispose process rejects into Mehmood Booty landfill

l7. Harness maximum resource recovery

l8. Apply correct dosage inoculums

19. Turn the windrows as per schedule.

20. Reject out rightly, hospital/industrial/hazardous waste

2l. Always mask slaughter house/fish/chicken waste with regular garbage

22. Use SANITREAT, HEBOCEL for regular sanitization of the premises.

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15. “DO-NOT” Rules

1. Create conditions for pathogens to develop

2. Allow pigs and birds in dump-yard.

3. Allow rag-pickers inside the premises

4. Heaps/windrows to become compact

5. Work in dump-yard without mask, hand-gloves, gumboot and cap

6. Touch electric fittings with wet hand

7. Allow to smoke in the dump-yard

8. Use saline/hard water for spraying

9. Use old slur in treatment

10. Spray excess water on the heap

11. Keep dead animal/slaughter house/fish/chicken waste in open

12. Accept industrial/hospital/hazardous waste with garbage.

13. Litter plastics within the premises.

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Annex A: Composition of M.S.W

S.No. _____________ Date: _______________

Collection Point ______________ Vehicle No.

______________

A. Sample Weight Weight in Kg 1 Garbage with container 2 Weight of container 3 Weight of garbage (1-2) B. Composition Content Weight Percentage 1 Easily degradable organic components* 2 Straw, bagasse, Banana Leaves 3 Wooden materials* 4 Plastic bags/sachets/bottles 5 Stones/pebbles 6 Clothes/rags 7 Metals 8 Rubber/Leather 9 Glass/Ceramics 10 Sand 11 Silt 12 Others (specify) Remark: Quality - 1. Very Good, 2. Average If 1 + 2 > SD% - very good If 1 + 2 > 60 - 800/c average If 1 + 2 <60% - poor 3. Poor * Vegetable/fruit/food/slaughter house/fish/chicken/waste, leaves ** Mat/Basket/Tree prunings/twigs ______________________ _____________________ Yard Supervisor Project in-charge

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Annex B. Receipt of Garbage

Date: __________ Vehicle No. Name of

Driver

Collection

Point

Time Volume Weight Quality Unloaded at

In Out

Yard Supervisor Project In-charge

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Annex C: Monthly Calendar of Turning

Month ___________

Turning

Date Fresh

Windrow

1st 2nd 3rd 4th Spreading Screening

A1 A4-B4 B8-C8 C3-D3 D5-E5 E4 E3

A2 A5-B5 B1-C1 C4-D4 D6-E6 E5 E4

A3 A6-B6 B2-C2 C5-D5 D7-E7 E6 E5

A4 A7-B7 B3-C3 C6-D6 D8-E8 E7 E6

A5 A8-B8 B4-C4 C7-D7 D1-E1 E8 E7

A6 A1-B1 B5-C5 C8-D8 D2-E2 E9 E8

A7 A2-B2 B6-C6 C1-D1 D3-E3 E2 E1

A8 A3-B3 B7-C7 C2-D2 D4-E4 E3 E2

A1 A4-B4 B8-C8 C3-D3 D5-E5 E4 E3

A2 A5-B5 B1-C1 C4-D4 D6-E6 E5 E4

Yard Supervisor

Project In-charge

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Annexure D

Annex D: Data Sheet of Windrow

1. Date of formation 2. Quantity received 3. General quality 4. Culture used 5. Water used 6. Dimensions of windrow - Length — Base width — Height 7. Location S. Temperature record —

2 day --- ----- 3rd day 4th day

General observations before next turning: - Moisture — dry/wet/too wet - Odor - negligible/bearable/unbearable - Leachate — less/normal/excessive - Color change - Any abnormality - Corrective action to be taken 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________

9. First turning - schedule date Actual date Reason for delay New location Culture added Water used Dimensions - Length — Base width — Height Temperature

2 day 4th day 6th day

General observations before next turning:- - Moisture — dry/wet/too wet - Odor - Leachate - Color change - Any abnormality - Corrective action to be taken

10. Second turning - schedule date Actual date Reason for delay New location Culture added

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Water used Dimensions - Length — Base width — Height Temperature

2 day 4’ day 6th Day

General observations before next turning:- - Moisture — dry/wet/too wet - Odor - Leachate - Color change Any abnormality - Corrective action to be taken

11. Third turning - schedule date Actual date Reason for delay New location Culture added Water used Dimensions Length — Base width Height Temperature

2 day 4 day 6 day

General observations before next turning:- - Moisture — dry/wet/too wet - Odor Leachate - Color change - Any abnormality - Corrective action to be taken

12. Fourth turning - schedule date Actual date Reason for delay New location Culture added Water used Dimensions - Length — Base width — Height Temperature

2Iid day 4th day 6th day


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 B-1

Annex B: Stakeholder Consultation Details

Organization Consulted Type Contact Persons

Dhera Shah Din Village Action Committee

Village welfare Organization Haji Ashfaq and members of committee

AA Nursery Sanda Village Business Organization Jawad Ahmad

Village Crole Village Action Committee Mohammad Qader and other notables of the village.

Crole Basic Health Unit (BHU)

Local Health Institute Dr.Farooq

Dera Mian Khalid Local Residents Ijaz Khalid and other members of the community.

Sidra High School Local School Ms.Shahida Parveen and school staff.

Stakeholder Concerns and Mitigation Measures

Stakeholder Comments and Mitigation measure

Dehra Mian Khalid Complains of smell, smoke and plastic bags flying on their agriculture soil. This problem is due to Dumping ground of CDGL and nothing to do with LCL. Issue can be solved if CDGL can sprinkle water on daily basis.

Dhera Shah Din Village Action Committee

They complain of smoke coming from the steel furnace industries around the site. The Environment Protection Department (EPD) should take appropriate measures.


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 B-2

Stakeholder Comments and Mitigation measure

Village Crole Being the neighbours of LCL want compost produced by the plant at the concessional rate. The management of LCL has agreed.

Crole Basic Health Unit (BHU) They want LCL to contribute in purchase of some medicines. LCL has agreed.

List of people interviewed

1. Mr. Rafiq Jatoi, District Officer Planning of solid waste of CDGL. 2. Afzal Ahmed, Assistant Chief (Environment), P&D Department Lahore. 3. Dr. Tufail Saddiqui District Officer Operations of solid waste of CDGL. 4. Dr. Abdul Bah, Pathologist, Bari Labs Lahore. 5. Mr. Nasrullah Khan, Executive District Officer of CDGL. 6. Hamad Naqi Khan, Director Environment of WWF - Pakistan 7. Mr. Tahir Ahmed, Professor, Agriculture University Faisalabad. 8. Mr. Khan Muhammad, Local Resident. 9. Mr. Ghulam Rasool, Local Resident. 10. Local women. 11. Mrs. Nasreen Kasur, Teacher Govt. Primary School Mehmood Booti 12. Mian Akhalq Ahmad, Town Nazim. 13. Mr. Shaukat Raza, Magistrate Local TMO.


Lahore Compost ESA - Ver 06.doc; 6/3/2008 C-1

Annex C: List of Documents Consulted

1. Environment Impact Assessment of Mehmood Booti Solid Waste Dumping site, Lahore; NES Pak, Lahore 2004

2. Decision of the Lahore High Court, Lahore 2003 3. Punjab Urban Environment Project (PUEP), by Scott and FurPhy Pvt, Ltd. in

association of the National Engineering Services Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd., 1993. 4. Social Impact Assessment, a recent prospectus by Canadian Environmental

Assessment Research Center (CEARC), 1985. 5. Punjab Development Statistics (2007), Punjab Bureau of Statistics. 6. Feasibility Study for Sanitary Landfill with Optimized Gas Extraction in Lahore by

SWECO (1994) for CDGL. 7. Guidelines on Hospital Waste Management by Pro Plan Ass. (PVT.) LTD. 8. Industrial Research Service, EIP, IR-Report No.592, Lahore Chambers of

Commerce 9. Solid Waste Management Guidelines, GoPunjab, 2007

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