Environmental Assessment of Slums in Tajganj Area, · PDF file5 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF...

Cities Alliance Project Output

Environmental Assessment of Slums in Tajganj Area, Agra

Citywide Slum Upgrading Plan (CSUP) for the Heritage City of

Agra (India)

P120112

This project output was created with Cities Alliance grant funding.

CENTRE FOR URBAN AND REGIONAL EXCELLENCE, DELHI

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SLUMS IN TAJGANJ AREA, AGRA

ASSESSMENT OF 15 SLUMS IN THE PILOT PROJECT

MAY 2012

2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF SLUMS IN TAJGANJ AREA, AGRA

CONTENTS

1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................4 1.1 The study .............................................................................................................................................4 1.2 Theoretical concepts ...........................................................................................................................6

1.2.1 Environmental Assessment .........................................................................................................6 1.2.2 Important segments of an environmental assessment (EA) .......................................................7 1.2.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) ...................................................................................7 1.2.4 Application in this study ..............................................................................................................8

1.3 Boundaries for analysis .......................................................................................................................8 1.3.1 Location and regional setting ......................................................................................................8 1.3.2 Boundaries ..................................................................................................................................8

1.4 Defining important parameters of study for all slums / bastis. ..........................................................9 1.4.1 Common parameters ..................................................................................................................9 1.4.2 Additional parameters in the TTZ case .................................................................................... 10

2 The Study Area ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Situation: Existing Environmental Condition ........................................................................... 11

2.1 Present land use and land ownership .............................................................................................. 11 2.2 Demography and Socio Economics .................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Natural resource profile ................................................................................................................... 13

2.3.1 Topography .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.3.2 Soil Characteristics and geology............................................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Vegetation and fauna ............................................................................................................... 13 2.3.4 Water bodies, hydrological, canal networks and drainage ..................................................... 14 2.3.5 Flood Prone areas .................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.6 Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 14

2.4 Man- made resource profile. ........................................................................................................... 15 2.4.1 Housing .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.4.2 Industry, Trade and commerce ................................................................................................ 16 2.4.3 Physical Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 17

2.4.3.1 Water supply and drainage .............................................................................................. 17 2.4.3.2 Sewage ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.4.3.3 Solid waste management ................................................................................................. 19 2.4.3.4 Electricity .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.4.3.5 Transportation ................................................................................................................. 19 2.4.3.6 Lack of maintained open spaces and green ..................................................................... 19

2.4.4 Social Infrastructure ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.4.1 Health services ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.4.2 Education facilties ............................................................................................................ 20 2.4.4.3 Community facilities ......................................................................................................... 20

2.5 Pollution Status ................................................................................................................................ 20 2.5.1 Air Pollution ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.5.2 Water Pollution ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.5.3 Noise Pollution ......................................................................................................................... 22 2.5.4 Soil Pollution ............................................................................................................................ 22

2.6 General Health ................................................................................................................................. 22 2.7 Disaster mitigation ........................................................................................................................... 22

2.7.1 Special sustainable practices ................................................................................................... 22 2.8 Legal aspects .................................................................................................................................... 23

2.8.1 Taj Protection Mission ............................................................................................................. 23


3 Analysis and synthesis ............................................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Analysis of Primary Survey ............................................................................................................... 24

3.1.1 Criteria for Criticality matrix .................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2 Criticality matrix ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.3 Key observations : Criticality matrix ........................................................................................ 26

3.2 Projections ....................................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 Population Projections ............................................................................................................. 26 3.2.2 Projections for Infrastructure .................................................................................................. 27

3.3 Impact Analysis: Proposed projects ................................................................................................. 29 3.3.1 Proposed projects under various schemes .............................................................................. 29 3.3.2 Impact identification (proposed projects) ............................................................................... 29 3.3.3 Description of effects of the proposed projects ...................................................................... 30 3.3.4 Trans boundary effects ............................................................................................................ 33

3.4 Significant Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 33 4 Mitigation and enhancement .................................................................................................................. 34

4.1 The process towards an EMP ........................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Literature Study for Best practices : Infrastructure ........................................................................ 34

4.2.1 BP : Literature Case studies ..................................................................................................... 35 5 Conclusion : The Environmental Management Plan ............................................................................... 38

5.1 General Recommendations for the EMP ......................................................................................... 38 5.1.1 Long term project continuity ................................................................................................... 38 5.1.2 Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 38 5.1.3 Training, Operation and Management .................................................................................... 39

5.2 Technical Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 39 5.2.1 Water management ................................................................................................................. 39 5.2.2 Rain Water Harvesting ............................................................................................................. 40 5.2.3 Solid waste management ......................................................................................................... 41 5.2.4 Transportation ......................................................................................................................... 42 5.2.5 Open spaces ............................................................................................................................. 42 5.2.6 Preservation of general environment ...................................................................................... 43

5.2.6.1 Air environment ............................................................................................................... 43 5.2.7 Miscellaneous .......................................................................................................................... 43

5.3 In a nutshell ..................................................................................................................................... 44 5.4 The way forward .............................................................................................................................. 46

5.4.1 Landuse and pressure on land resource .................................................................................. 46 5.4.2 Housing improvement ............................................................................................................. 46 5.4.3 Heritage and Tourism ............................................................................................................... 47 5.4.4 Urban design, Architecture and Aesthetics ............................................................................. 47

6 References ............................................................................................................................................... 48 Annexure 1 :Standards ............................................................................................................. 49 NAAQS Standards ..................................................................................................................... 49 NAAQS Standards ..................................................................................................................... 49 Suggested vegetation type from the Manual: ......................................................................... 50 Annexure 2 : CRITICALITY MATRIX ........................................................................................... 52 Annexure 3 : Focused Literature Study for Best practices ...................................................... 57 Water management studies .................................................................................................... 57 Solid waste management studies ............................................................................................ 59


1 Introduction

1.1 The study

Slums are often the neglected backyards of the city. An effort must be made to improve these areas and network them with the city. Slum Upgrading consists of physical, social, economic, organizational and environmental improvements undertaken cooperatively and locally among citizens, community groups, businesses and local authorities.

Aim and objectives: The aim of the study is to conduct an environmental assessment of slum upgrading plans in selected 15 slums of Agra. The objectives are to:

Evaluate the current environmental status of the project slums.

Assess the environmental impact of proposed upgrading projects.

Suggest measures for mitigating negative environmental impacts and upgrading present environmental status.

The sub objectives of the study are to:

a. Review the existing environmental conditions of selected ward and slums for all environmental aspects such as natural resources, air, water, drainage and hygiene.

b. Review the plans developed for upgrading of slums/ward for their environmental implications. c. Develop an environmental baseline as per the conducted study. d. Identify significant environmental impacts of development projects. e. Identify indicators for future evaluation of slum upgrading. f. Study best practices for proposals or environmental upgradation in slums. g. Recommendations for improving existing conditions of selected areas.

Rationale for the study Agra : Efforts towards building a better city Agra comes under category B with population over million plus city and contributes to the tourist influx at a national level being a world-class architectural heritage site. It is also one of the 7 cities of Uttar Pradesh that were selected under JNNURM and RAY. The city has severe infrastructure issues particularly due to high floating population. The CDP of Agra, 2006, had the vision to make Agra a green city with higher quality of life for residents. Owing to sudden growth in tourism in the last two decades, there has been an alarming increasing in the number of slums and urban sprawl. Hence many efforts have been made to improve the outlook of the city and quality of life in general. Cross cutting Agra Programme (CAP) Agra Nagar Nigam (ANN) and District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) in Agra have been implementing several state slum development initiatives. ANN has also been implementing a Citywide Slum Upgrading Project (CSUP) for inclusive and participatory slum development since 2006 in partnership with the Centre for Urban and Regional Excellence (CURE), a development NGO, and with the financial and technical assistance of Cities Alliance, Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). CURE and the Slum Upgradation of slums in Tajganj Area


Since 2006, CURE has undertaken the task of upgrading various slums. The NGO has applied various community action plans, designed heritage walks, implemented the DEWATS system and this scheme is being proposed as a prototype for in situ slum upgradation for bastis in Agra. This study is an environmental assessment of a cluster of 15 slums in Tajganj area as listed below.

The site is next to important cultural and ecological zones. Though efforts are made to improve the infrastructure, more detailed study is required to preserve the built environment such that it retains the original experience to the monument. In addition to the heritage and urban design component of built environment, it is important to assist the people attain better quality of life.

Approach to the study The environmental assessment would focus on reviewing the proposed plans for slums in Tajganj area under CSUP. The preliminary assessment of existing environmental status of the stated slums would help in identifying the key issues of the area and also prioritize focus action areas. Bearing the potentials and constraints of each slum in mind, the prepared plans would be reviewed on the following key aspects:

a. Natural resource profile and resources depletion – topography, climate, hydrology (quality and quantity), soil, vegetation and other resources.

b. Physical infrastructure, social infrastructure and transportation

c. Pollution status - hazards and public health

d. Legal and socio-economic issues

Methodology

Area in acre from TSSurvey Population (2011)

Hazzu Pura 8.37 2202

Diwan Ji Ka Mohalla 17.1 1058

Teli Pada 5.48 2329

Kolhai, Tajganj 6.5 1748

Patiram Ki Bagichi 7.31 644

Teela Sayeed Nagar 12.76 1306

Bilochpura 12.7 (check) 1999

Paak Tola 5.4 1471

Navada 5.21 819

Asad Gali 8.41 1495

Taj Khema Basti 2.71 258

Dalhai 3.53 871

Gudhai 1.64 1166

Shekh Bulaki 6.44 389

Natha Nagar 12.26 382

TOTAL 115.82

18137


A reconnaissance survey and background study was conducted for understanding present status of environment. The detailed description of environmental parameters was used bearing in mind the parameters needed at present and those which may be needed in future. Certain legal issues pertaining to air pollution and water pollution were looked into. With the help of detailed household survey data, data available through primary survey and secondary sources, a checklist was formulated for assessing the slums and therefore develop a baseline. Critical environmental parameters derived from reconnaissance survey and secondary data analysis were listed and assessed based on the criteria evolved for slum upgradation. This helped in identifying environmental focus area in each slum. Best practices were also studied, both in research and practical application to understand application to study area. Finally, suggestions were made for mitigating harmful impact. An approach followed for Environmental assessment (EA), which will evolve through the project, is discussed in the figure along side.

Scope and limitation The environmental assessments include assessment of the economic, social, political, and cultural crisis within the human space, beside the ecological crisis between humans and the natural systems. Many aspects have been covered only briefly (for example projections, technical aspects like variation in slope, soil pollution etc) due to paucity of time and lack of data with concerned agencies. These require in depth survey and separate field investigations, some of which are beyond the scope of study at present. Such studies may be conducted in due course of time and assessed simultaneously for improving this study. Some aspects beyond the scope of this study at present are Energy Auditing, socio- political assessment and socio-cultural assessments. It is worth to mention that there are several data gaps of preliminary analysis, which may be resolved by secondary data collection or site surveys, questionnaires for which will be provided as and when required. Evaluating the proposals and beyond: Environmental Assessment

1.2 Theoretical concepts

1.2.1 Environmental Assessment

According to the 1995 Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, environment is defined as: “the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences; surroundings; the air, water, minerals, organisms and all other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time; the social and cultural forces that shape the life of a person or population.” Before undertaking a development activity an assessment of its possible impacts is made beforehand to ensure minimum environmental degradation. Hence an Environmental assessment is conducted. An environmental assessment is a study required to establish all the impacts either positive or negative about one particular project. In order to be accurate, these must have vast spatial and temporal scope and must include short term and long term impacts. Environmental assessment examines the potential for adverse environmental, economic, social, health and heritage effects from the construction, operation and, where required, decommissioning stage of a project.1 The Directives on Environmental Assessment aim to provide a high level of protection of the environment and to contribute to the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation of projects, plans and programmes with a view to reduce their environmental impact.2 The release of an Environmental Assessment results in either a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The Environmental Assessment includes a brief discussion of the purpose and need of the proposal and of the environmental impacts of the proposed actions and

1 http://www.bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/2008/sp/env/default.aspx?hash=13

2 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/home.htm


ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGMENT

Site Remediation

Waste Management

Groundwater Modeling

EIAPolicy &

Compliance Assessment

Natural Resource Management

Vegetation Mapping

alternatives, as well as a listing of agencies and stakeholders consulted. The action agency must approve an EA before it is made available to the public. It usually consists of a technical evaluation, an economic impact and social results that the project will bring. The environmental assessment thus helps to:

Identify possible environmental effects.

Propose measurements to mitigate adverse effects. In general studies need a significant amount of primary and secondary environmental data. The primary data are those which need to be collected in the field to define the status of environment (like air quality data, water quality data etc.). The secondary data are those data which have been collected over the years and can be used to understand the existing environmental scenario of the study area.

1.2.2 Important segments of an environmental assessment (EA)

In practice Environmental assessments (EA)3 cover Baseline study, impact prediction, nature of proposal and its characteristics, significant components of EA are Situation analysis and resource profile studies Baseline analysis: A comparison of project-induced environmental changes with the expected environmental changes without proposed project is assessed through baseline analysis. The quality of the baseline analysis establishes the viability of the appraisal of the impacts. In India, data is collected on both project engineering and environmental aspects. Impact prediction: Once collecting the relevant environmental information, consequences of the project are outlined. The prediction analysis should forecast the nature and significance of the expected impacts, or explain why no significant impacts are anticipated. Impact mitigation measures: In an EIA, mitigation measures are proposed to avoid or reduce environmental and social impacts. Many techniques may be applied for further research or recording the impacts accurately. In addition to this Environmental assessment an Environmental Management plan may be prepared for a project.

1.2.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

By definition an EMP is “The process of allocating natural and artificial resources so as to make optimum use of the environment in satisfying basic human needs at the minimum, and more if possible, on a sustainable basis (jolly, 1978)” Environmental Management represents the management of various activities – including environmental planning, conservation of environmental status evaluation-legislation-administration and focuses more on - implementation and monitoring, auditing and real world planning.

Fig. Environmental Management Plans

Source: “Environmental Management” ( V. Kulkarni and T.V. Ramachandra)

Environmental Management Plan (EMP), risk assessment report and disaster management plan (if hazardous substances are involved in the project), rehabilitation plan (if displacement of people is anticipated) are prepared to suggest remedial measures. EMP in particular should entail - Pollution prevention, Waste minimization, End-of-pipe treatment, Mitigation measures and Protection of the sensitive receptors (MoEF, 2001b). In general EMP must be supplied with the work plan, time schedule, place and cost of implementing the mentioned measures.

3 R.Paliwal, 2006


COMPONENTS OF EMP Figu

re :

App

lication of Environmental Management tools.

1.2.4 Application in this study

Some key areas for evaluating proposal are being explained in further detail as follows: The parameters and indicators are detailed in section 2,3 of this report.

1.3 Boundaries for analysis

1.3.1 Location and regional setting

This study is conducted for upgradation of 15 slums in Tajganj area at Agra. Some of these settlements date back to eighteenth century. For example kulhai is recorded in the “Agra and its Environs” Map of 1893.

1.3.2 Boundaries

This project covers a spatial extent of the 15 slums in the Tajganj area namely - Asadgali, Biloochpura, Dalhai, Diwan ji ka mohalla, Gudhai, Hajjupura, Kulhai, Natha Nagar, Navada, Paaktola, Pati Ram ki bagichi, Sheikh Bulakhi, Taj Khema, Sayeed Nagar and Telipada. Although the study area may have varying spatial and temporal boundaries during the year, activity mapping and its implications are beyond the scope of this study at present. These may be looked in detail if trans-boundary effects are observed to be large. Within each slum we have looked at changes over time and administrative / spatial boundaries in the form of ward and spatial extent. Ecological changes and others that may be induced due to improvement projects have been considered in lesser detail at present.

“Agra and its Environs” Map of

1893


The study area : The Taj Mahal is maked in yellow while location of slums is depicted in red

Source : Google earth

The study area has the vital cultural-heritage site, the Taj Mahal, to the north. It is surrounded by many ecologically important zones: River Yamuna, Taj protected forest and Shajahan Park within a radius of 1 to 3 km as depicted in the map. Hence it is worthy to note that any environmental degradation caused to this area may adversely impact the delicate balance of its surroundings and Tourism, which is the main driving force in this area. Also the improvement projects will not only benefit the people of the concerned bastis but the overall environment at large.

1.4 Defining important parameters of study for all slums / bastis.

Environment Management Plan does not only deal with cosmetic treatment but with the root cause of the environmental issues. In this case the basic amenities are minimal and efforts are made for their improvement. It is already clear from past slum redevelopment projects that providing infrastructure is not enough. The holistic approach would include training people and making sure that they can operate and maintain their area in an effective manner. Hence there are two levels at which analysis has been done:

1. Based on current schemes and proposals for the study area which will be done in the following segment.

2. Based on situation analysis and areas untouched so far. These have been stated along with the situation analysis for ease of understanding in this report.

1.4.1 Common parameters

Common parameters for detailed study for EA are stated in situation analysis segment. In addition to above mentioned observations we must understand that infrastructural facilities are generally population based. Hence we must correctly forecast future developments so that the infrastructure provisions cater to increased population. It is of equal importance to design according to the environmental carrying capacity to avoid failure of the proposed schemes. One must bear in mind that cluster redevelopment is found to be more successful than plot to plot basis redevelopment. These are generally impacted by location and accessibility, land use and land prices, capacity of surrounding Roads, infrastructure capacities, facilities and open spaces available in the environs, size of the plot, people’s willingness, population and characteristics Income group of the existing people


Parameters studied and their evaluation on site is depicted in the following table. For detail of parameters please see annexure 2 PARAMETER Slum 1 Slum 2

General

1 Basic (Age of slum, size, ownership status)

Infrastructure

2 Water body on site (based on type of waste ,formation of algae, mosquito)

3 Ground water extraction (based on depth of boring , rate of extraction, no. of tubewells)

4 Drinking water (Quality, no. of hours, connection type)

5 Vegetation (Type, Survival rate, number)

6 Observed impact on vegetation (y/n)

7 Transport route / Access (kutcha/Pucca, as per Standard, frequency of trip)

8 Waste disposal (Segregation, collection system, disposal system, Reuse)

9 Sanitation (Community / HH Toilets/Open defecation , Maintenance level, disposal system)

10 Electricity and Other infrastructure

Socio Economic and other

11 General (Wages paid, Livelihood days , Age)

12 Working hours(no. of hours)

13 Literates (%)

14 Registered migrants (%)

15 Health (nearest facility in Km)

16 Education(nearest facility in Km)

17 Shelter (structure quality, no. of persons per room, d.u. size )

18 Housing (ventilation , light,No of storeys)

1.4.2 Additional parameters in the TTZ case

Parameters for effectiveness of in situ redevelopment

The study area is a part of the immediate surroundings of a world heritage site – the Taj Mahal. Hence certain special controls are applicable to areas under TTZ in terms of norms and standards for air pollution, building byelaws for restricted construction and there may be some restrictions on the land ownership. These parameters must be looked into in greater detail.

Activity profile

Since the condition of infrastructure is poor and decisions are being made to improve the situation, it is worthwhile to study stress caused on the bastis in study area during special occasions around the year like the Ur, Muharram,Taj Mahautsav or other fairs/ festivals. Such activities increase footfall in communities hence must be accounted for in the infrastructure calculations.


2 The Study Area This study focuses on aspects that have a direct and day to day connection with people living in the selected bastis. Hence the Environmental assessment parameters are modified as per site conditions.

Situation: Existing Environmental Condition

Description of existing environmental degradation and hazards is important to this study before analyzing the impacts of proposed projects.

2.1 Present land use and land ownership

The present and proposed land use of the study area is residential with medium density as per Master Plan of Agra 2021. But master plans are prepared as an indicative tool for suggesting direction of development. Hence this document suggests the broad land use of an area.

A detailed primary survey establishes that the bastis generally have residential land use in the internal streets and mixed land use at major junctions or periphery. Surrounding land use to most bastis is residential with the exception of Tajkhema which has industrial / other surrounding land use. All the 15 slums are in the core of the city. They have residential area surrounding them except for Taj khema, which has hotels, and small industries around it and Hajjupura, Biloochpura with the hotel on one side. Six of the 15 slums are along the Nallah while two slums are along the major spine roads. As per the census data, all slums are located on private land and are more than 20 years old. As a general observation most land is private ownership or the owners have lease papers for state owned land.

The study area is shown residential in the proposed master plan for Agra,2021

Source : Agra Nagar Nigam


From EA point of view it is important to note that:

Some community lands are encroached upon for example in Hajjupura. Their extent must be clearly identified and these lands must be protected as these not only act as important public spaces but also grounds of environmental action. It is these spaces which may have focused environmental action plans like reuse of waste materials, roof top vegetation or training for environmental improvement etc.

Land sub division and land use conversion must be regulated to avoid further environmental degradation arising out of increased pressure on land and overcrowding.

2.2 Demography and Socio Economics

The total population of the study area is 18137 persons. The average household size 2011 data is 6.7 persons with Natha Nagar basti having maximum HH size (7.3)and Dalhai having the minimum size at 6 persons per HH. Most slums have a high OBC population(average 62.7%,highest in Diwan ji ka mohalla at 97 %)

Source : Primary survey(2011)

Note : Areas are from Total station Survey . The UDPFI standard for cities with population from 10 to 50 lakh(metro city)

is 125-175 people per hectare(ppha). If 125 is considered to be the city density, as a thumb rule The city density has to

be multiplied by a factor of 4 to get net residential density ( Residential area in city is 50% of gross density(thus multiple

by 2) and out of this 50% reserved for residential , only 50-60% is net residential area , the rest is for services(again

multiply by 2). Thus the standard comes out to be 125 X4 = 500ppha

As per the NBO data most households earn above Rs.3000/- per month. An average of 57% persons are employed . Hence the number of dependants is as high as 43%.

Name of the slum

Area in acre

Pop. (2011)

no of HH

Avg size of HH

Gen. SC OBC Density Comparison with UDPFI

HH /Ha ppha

Norm is 500 ppha

Hazzu Pura 12.7 5.2 2202 337 6.5 0.2 0.0 0.8 65.3 426.4 within std. value Diwan Ji Ka Mohalla 6.5 2.6

1058 160 6.6 0.0 0.0 1.0 60.8 402.2 within std. value

Teli Pada 12.2 5.0 2329 350 6.7 0.1 0.1 0.9 70.5 469.4 within std. value Kolhai, Tajganj 12.7 5.1

1748 266 6.6 0.2 0.1 0.7 51.8 340.1 within std. value

Patiram Ki Bagichi 2.71 1.1

644 96 6.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 87.5 587.2

more than min.(500ppha)

Teela Sayeed Nagar 6.44 2.6

1306 202 6.5 0.0 0.0 1.0

77.5 501.1 more than min.(500ppha)

Bilochpura 17.1 6.9 1999 307 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 44.4 288.9 within std. value Paak Tola 8.41 3.4 1471 217 6.8 0.3 0.2 0.5 63.8 432.2 within std. value Navada 5.4 2.2 819 114 7.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 52.2 374.8 within std. value Asad Gali 8.37 3.4 1495 220 6.8 0.0 0.6 0.4 64.9 441.4 within std. value Taj Khema Basti 1.64 0.7

258 40 6.5 0.1 0.2 0.7 60.3 388.7 within std. value

Dalhai 5.48 2.2 871 144 6.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 64.9 392.8 within std. value Gudhai 7.31 3.0 1166 161 7.2 0.5 0.0 0.5 54.4 394.2 within std. value Shekh Bulaki 3.53 1.4 389 59 6.6 0.3 0.5 0.2 41.3 272.3 within std. value Natha Nagar 5.21 2.1 382 52 7.3 0.2 0.0 0.8 24.7 181.2 least density 115.82 46.9

Overall average 59 393 within std. value


2.3 Natural resource profile

The study of natural resources helps in understanding the essence of any area. The natural system possesses self-regulating mechanisms, which are composed of a complex web of positive and negative feedback systems operating within the context of the carrying, regeneration, and assimilation capacity of the respective systems (Mebratu D.,1998) and these may co exist with human settlements thriving on them. The data for natural resources is available at District level. Hence the information available for the bastis is at a broad level. The Total Station Survey (TSS) provides detail of contours / elevation levels of land for each basti.

2.3.1 Topography

The slope of land in Agra is less than 10 meters per kilometer4. High variation in terrain is observed in most bastis. The total station survey reveals that the contours vary from 94.5 m to 107.5 m, that is , there is a variation of 13m in the topography. The drainage pattern has been mostly followed in the bastis and there are areas with sheet flow as shown in the map.

2.3.2 Soil Characteristics and geology

Various sources quote the soil type of Agra district as follows:

Agra has Dumat or loam soil in varying shades5.

The tract in Agra comprises the Yamuna-Utangan alluvium. Agra District is covered by Pleistocene to subrecent alluvial deposits of the rivers of the Indo Gangetic system which have traversed this area. Kankar , brick and pottery clays are the useful mineral deposits commonly obtainable from the tract occupied by the alluvium. 6

Soil type is Aquents – fluvents.7 Aquents are the wet entisols in soil taxonomy.They support vegetation that tolerates permanent or periodic wetness. They are used mostly as pasture, cropland, forest, or wildlife habitat.Such soils are good for construction up to three storeys with a normal masonary / RCC structure Fluvents are the more or less freely drained Entisols that formed in recent water-deposited sediments on flood plains, fans, and deltas along rivers and small streams throughout the country.

2.3.3 Vegetation and fauna

As per the District Gazetteer -Indigenous vegetation includes neem, ber, babul, peepal. The most common trees observed on site are neem, bamboor, babool ,gular, kakraunda, andi, peepal, shahtoosh, guava and mango. Other plants include daagar,

4 District Planning Map series Agra : Relief and slope map

5 District Census Handbook , Agra, 1961

6 Uttar Pradesh Gazatteer- Agra (Page 12),New Government Press, Lucknow, 1965

7 District Planning Map series Agra : Soils.


gainda, gulab, lahsoda, sarson, bela and gudail. Vegetation is sparse in most bastis. The trees are generally planted by large land owners in the open court (few in number). Many small households innovatively reuse plastic cans as planters or plant in pots. But one can feel the missing green even in most public areas. Birds and animals are not found in great numbers due to lack of ground cover and sparseness of vegetation. Most domestic animals include goats, cow, bull and hen. Pigeons are common among birds and some slum dwellers still show some interest in the age old game of “kabootarbazi” which involves training of pigeons.

2.3.4 Water bodies, hydrological, canal networks and drainage

Most slums exist alongside a nallah (Taj East drain). The ground water level in 1965 was 8 feet below ground level (bgl), and is 280 to 300 feet bgl today. This is an alarming decline and careful planning intervention is required in this area. The Taj East drain passes through 8 among the 15 bastis under the study. As per the Total station survey (TSS), the slope of land is generally toward the drain. Hence it must have been a drainage channel which has been converted to a mere drain over the years. This drain has mostly sewage water from households. Its pollution status at various points in the study area must be studied to provide for an efficient proposal. Many children tend to fall into the drain accidentally causing their demise. Since people depend mostly on ground water sources a large number of wells line the study area. Most of these wells are now defunct. Detailed drainage study has been attached in annexures.

2.3.5 Flood Prone areas

13 slums were prone to flooding for upto 15 days during rains as per census records. The drains overflow because of many reasons like silting, dumping of solid waste, over flow in rainy season and inadequacy in the drainage system.

2.3.6 Climate

As per the District Gazetteer, the district has dry climate except during monsoon. The summer is hot and there is comparatively less rainfall than surrounding districts. Rainfall: It ranges between 600 and 700 mm in the district as per the meteorological department (1989), 90% of it being received in the monsoon season. Temperature: Mean maximum temperature in summer is 42 degrees while the mean minimum in winter is 7 degrees. Humidity: Except during rainy months the air is generally very dry , particularly in summer months and in afternoons when the relative humidity is often less than 20 % Cloudiness :In the winter and summer months the skies are generally clear or lightly clouded but in the cold season, when the district is affected by passing western disturbances, cloudiness may increase for a day or two.


Wind direction: In Summer moths the winds blow from directions between South-west and North-west. In post monsoon season and winter months , the direction of winds in the mornings is same as summer months but in the afternoons northerly or north westerly winds predominate.8

2.4 Man- made resource profile.

2.4.1 Housing

As per the primary survey most slum dwellers reside in privately owned plots (varying from 95% in Asadgali to 80 % in Sayeed Nagar) while a maximum of 20% Households stay in rented plots (Sayeed Nagar.) Majority of people stay in pucca/ semi pucca houses. Generally 1-5% people stay in kucha houses with the exception of Hajjupura( 12.8% ) and Pati Ram ki bagichi (5.2%) Tile and cement are the most widely used roof covering materials. Cement and brick are the most widely favourved floor materials while brick walls are mostly constructed in all the slums. An average dwelling unit in most slums is 100 yd. There is variation in dwelling unit sizes but most of them are overcrowded. Though the average number of rooms per dwelling unit is 3, the average size of a household is 6-7. Hence the housing conditions need a careful intervention to improve the quality of life of the slum dwellers. . Most structures are double storey with few exceptions of a triple storey house.

a. General

Most houses are double storey on spinal streets and single storey in the interior streets. Most houses are pucca with blank facades but some houses retain the traditional arcaded front with thada supported on stone brackets or eaves and traditional brick. Central areas generally moderate to poor in ventilation and light although shallow courtyards are provided.

b. Unique features of houses are:

8 Gazetter Page 15


i. Thada - multi functional area. It acts as the transition space from public to private. From sitting and chatting with neighbours to tying cattle, to placing plants, making a space for waste collection. Generally kept clean by owner.

ii. Chowka - cooking area. Generally inside house. iii. Central court - provided in generally even the smallest tenement in form of a broad walkway in

centre of rooms. This is the centre for activities and also acts as the transition space between the outside and inside.

iv. Outside /Separate toilet is observed in most households where toilets are present. v. A small part of a room or court is devoted to the kitchen.

vi. Storage is done overhead in most cases. In some cases where this overhead storage is temporary or hanging loosely above, it poses threat to residents.

vii. There is a practice of building pig sty/ cattle stores below the ground storey in certain areas like Nabada. These areas are often only about 3’ high (max.), difficult to clean and sometimes animal excrete in these areas itself. Detailed study is required to assess their impact on people.

viii. Home as workplace, store, shop, and warehouse.

2.4.2 Industry, Trade and commerce

Physiography and recurring floods in and around the city contributed to inefficient cropping patterns of agriculture and so workers shifted their lively hoods to allied sectors. The dominant industry in all slums is household industry.

a. Most common industries are marble inlay work, shoe making, embroidery- zari-zardosi and needle work, eatables (gachak, namkeen), flower garlands, carpet making, cardboard box making, payal making and polishing and metal brush making. These people, especially women, get work from contractors and are generally underpaid. In addition, most work in poor light and ventilation conditions or up to late in the night to make some livelihood.

b. Many vendors, shop owners selling daily goods are observed in almost every internal street apart from commercialized spines.

c. Most of these household industries have low impact on the environment. For example there is bare minimum waste in carpet making and zari-zardosi work because of use of expensive raw material. In case of shoe making most of the leather cuttings are resold but some is disposed in the solid waste.

Environmental issues related to industry which may be quantified with a technical analysis are:

i.The main hazard comes from small unskilled metal polish or metal work units and medium scale inlay work industry. The extent of this pollution needs to be studied further to understand its impacts on water quality.


ii.Many units employ diesel generator sets due to non availability of electricity for example the inlay works. Also these units have high water demand. The impact of these industries must be quantified for better understanding of impacts.

2.4.3 Physical Infrastructure9

2.4.3.1 Water supply and drainage

The quality of water supplied mentioned in the census was average. There are no storage tanks in the area. Except for Biloochpura all slums had individual tap water supply while only four slums (Telipada, Kulhai, Gudhai and Sheikh Bulakhi) had public taps. All slums, as per the census data, had ground water extraction (Tubewell, Borewell, Handpump). Though the census records no open wells, tanks or ponds on site, defunct wells have been identified during primary survey and marked in the total station survey maps. 12 slums, with the exception of Taj Khema and Dalhai, received water supply for more than 2 hours a day. Table below shows the status of water supply sources in individual households

Total No. of HHs covered

No. of individual taps

No. of public taps

No. of tube wells / bore wells/ hand pumps

Asad Gali 250 250 0 10

Bilochpura 340 300 0 4

Dalhai 200 160 0 4

Diwan Ji Ka Mohalla 200 120 0 5

Gudhai, Tajganj 250 200 10 8

Hajju Pura 355 300 0 2

Kolhai, Tajganj 370 350 4 11

Navada 200 200 0 11

Paak Tola 100 80 0 2

Patiram Ki Bagichi 100 47 0 2

Sheikh Bulakhi 125 125 1 3

Taj Khema Basti 75 60 0 3

Teela Sayeed Nagar 250 200 0 5

Teli Pada 380 280 1 2

From primary survey , it is found that in 12 slums( except Diwanji ka Mohalla, Kolhai and Telipada) most household have water source located within their premise (ranging from 49% to77.5%) It is also noted that all bastis depend ground water extraction even after being supplied with tapped water due to average water quality. Also there is maximum ground water extraction with motored borewells in Paaktola at 66.4% of the total households while minimum extraction in Sayeed Nagar at 7.4%. It is observed that residents of Kulhai highly depend on hand pumps (79.3% of HH) while least household in Nabada depend on hand pump extraction. High number of households except Tajkhema and Sayeed Nagar do not pay the water bill to the agency (as high as 90% in Asadgali). As mentioned in the census, the primary survey established that many slums receive water supply less than 2 hours in a day. With regards to water quality, more than 50% households in Hajjupura, Paati ram ki bageechi, deewanji ka mohalla and Sayeed Nagar found it satisfactory. Majority of other slum dwellers have expressed dissatisfaction over quality of water supplied by the agency. It is also reported that in case of heavy rains, grey water seeps into 60% of HH in Diwanji ka mohalla and 58% households of Sayeed Nagar.

9 Refer primary survey conducted by CURE for detailed status of each slum in the form of tables.


i. Wells: These are the rarely used means of water extraction today. Most old wells have dried up or have been covered for safety of children or have deteriorated due to lack of maintenance.

ii. Bore depth: The present boring depth is 280'-330' below ground. It was mentioned that about ten years ago this level was 80'- 90' (data recorded by primary survey). This shows severe drop in ground water table and there is an immediate need to spread awareness about judicious use of water, not only in the study area because it is an alarming rate of depletion.

ii. Many parts of the drain are illegally encroached.

2.4.3.2 Sewage

As per census records, only 5 slums had provision for storm water drains and were connected to the city wide storm water drainage. Six slums have underground sewer lines and connection to city wide trunk sewerage system. All the slums were not connected to sewer. The basti dwellers did not have provision for pit latrines or sceptic tanks. In contrast to observations in the census, Sceptic tanks have been recorded in the site survey and it is also observed that most sceptic tanks pour out directly into the open drain or onto the street causing unhygienic conditions. Most households are now being connected to the sewer line. i. Community toilets are in poor state mostly because of both, negligence in use by users and in

maintenance by cleaners. These are generally connected to either the naali (small drain) or the main drain flowing through the settlements without any treatment causing severe environmental degradation. These toilets also have no separate area reserved for children who are commonly seen defecating alongside open drains or on the road itself.

Though community toilets are seldom functional or put to use, Hajjupura (11% ) and Navada(15.8%)have highest household using community toilets in the primary survey. Asadgali and kolhai notable problem of open defecation; 25% and 26% households follow this practice respectively.

ii. Private toilets expel waste into an adjacent open sewer (naali), which runs through the settlement. As per the primary survey, most households now have toilet facilities within the house mostly of the pour

flush or flush latrine type. Dry latrines or small pits are almost absent (For example, a maximum of 3.8% households in Deewan ji ka mohalla have small pit toilets).

iii. Open drains: Sewage drains into the open naali adjacent to the house. These drains are brick lined and vary in depth in most slums. Normally the flow of the naali is slow due to lack of water or waste dumping. The sewage stenches in such areas and they often get blocked. Sometimes scavengers or Municipal workers are paid to clean such areas with piled up waste along the road side. This contributes to unhygienic environmental conditions and the open trenches with stagnant polluted water pose risk to health of habitants (Need to study health impact.)

Most respondents in the primary survey have complained of choked drains .Manual scavenging without any safety equipment has also been observed in many slums. Except for Hajjupura and Paati ram ki bageechi more than 90% uncovered pucca drains exist in the bastis in study area.

Status of sewerage and drain system on site.


2.4.3.3 Solid waste management

5 slums had arrangement for garbage disposal by municipality while in 7 slums residents themselves managed garbage according to the census report. As per the primary survey a maximum of 25 % respondents in 2 slums have confirmed to collection of solid waste by municipal sweeper. Most slum dwellers pay a private sweeper for SW disposal. It is also noted that maximum people in all slums dump waste along the road or near an open ground. There are also some unique observations in waste dump/collection systems for example in Natha Nagar has highest percentage of waste collection system seconded by dumping in surface water bodies.

i. The sweepers work from 7-10 am in most bastis but their work is moderately satisfactory mainly because a limited number has to cater to a large population.

ii. Many families have livestock like goats, hen and cows/buffalos. There is bio degradable waste generated which is sometimes reused as a fuel by drying. Generally this waste was found lying on streets adding to the unhygienic conditions.

iii. People complained of the waste collection system. They mentioned that even if they want to segregate waste or clean their own drains, there is no space to place the waste. According to them garbage bins may not work.

iv. Pockets of land have been converted in solid waste dump sites over the years.

iv. A lot of plastic waste is seen dumped in most areas specially drains.

2.4.3.4 Electricity

In the census records, all households are provided with electrical connection i. Most households along major streets have a meter. Electricity is provided to all at Rs 3.25/- per

unit. But the residents complain of erratic supply hours and hence the dependency on gen sets. ii. The loose wires hang dangerously above many residential units .Though no cases of short circuit

or electric shock are registered or reported, the risk of the same is high in the present situation.

2.4.3.5 Transportation

Most households have cement concrete roads infront with the exception of Telipada, diwanji ka mohalla and Sayeed nagar.Majority of residents prefer shared transportation modes over private modes except bicycles. Basti dwellers in Paati ram ki bageechi, Biloochpura and diwan ji ka mohalla complained of poor connectivity with work places.

The right of way is encroached in most spinal roads. i. Concrete slab / Iron girders as bridges: Many residents have resorted to these structures as an

access above the drain without providing any safety railing. These pose threat to the persons using these bridges as slight carelessness may cause children or users to fall into the drain.

ii. There is parking of two wheelers inside small tenements in the interior streets. iii. Kulhai needs maximum attention in terms of development of transportation infrastructure.

2.4.3.6 Lack of maintained open spaces and green

There is severe lack of healthy open spaces. All possible open land is currently encroached either by tenements or dumping of waste. These areas must be considered as potential areas for creating lung spaces in the bastis.


2.4.4 Social Infrastructure

2.4.4.1 Health services

According to census data, 9 slums have urban health post and primary health centre within one to five kilometers while 13 slums have a government hospital and maternity within one to five kilometers. All the slums have a private clinic within a radius of 2 km. 5 slums have registered medical practitioners within 2 km radius. There are meager health services within the area. This in return translates to less working, therefore less earning days, due to poor health

2.4.4.2 Education facilties

As per census all the slums have anganwadis (either inside or within distance of 1 km) while 2 slums (Hajjupura and Gudhai) have Municipal Preschool within a distance of 1 kilometer. Hajjupura and Biloochpura also have private primary schools within 1km. 9 slums have Municipal primary school at 0.5 to 1 km distance from the slum. Only Sheikh Bulakhi and Gudhai have Government primary schools at 0.5 to 1 km distance from the slum. All slums except Gudhai and Nabada have private schools within or surrounding them mostly up to 1km. Telipada, Biloochpura, Nabada and Asadgali also have Municipal High Schools within 2 km. All slums except Sheikh Bulakhi have private High schools. There are no adult education centers or non formal education centers in the area as per the census.

2.4.4.3 Community facilities

4 bastis have Community halls. None of the bastis have livelihood production centre , vocational training centre,night shelter , self help groups. There is total absence of youth associations, slum dweller associations and women associations as per the census data.

2.5 Pollution Status

The types of pollution are: Air, Water, Noise and Soil.

2.5.1 Air Pollution

Ambient Air Quality for criteria pollutants – Agra 10

CPCB’s Agra Project Office is monitoring ambient air quality since year 2001 at four locations basis. The data collected is compiled for the following locations in the Taj Trapezium:

Tajmahal, Etmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh (all above three are protected monuments) and Nunhai

(industrial Area)

Observations were compared as per the revised national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) indicated that the annual general trends of the four criteria pollutants at the four stations from year 2002 to 2009 showed that SPM concentration was lower than that in year 2002, the RSPM values in general were higher wrt year 2002, where no major changes were observed for SO2 and NO2 between years 2002 to 2009. To further control air pollution, continuous monitoring has been introduced at Agra. To assist in abatement

of pollution due to vehicles The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP and NG), has also proposed a new auto fuel policy in 10 major cities including Agra.

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) Characterization at Agra

10

Annual report of MoEF 2010-2011


Respire-able Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) characterization study was carried out to ascertain the characterization of RSPM (with size distribution and chemical composition) for the samples collected on May 5/6, 2002. It was found that it had 84-96 % as PM

10 fraction, organic fraction was 11.10-14.54% by

concentration and inorganic as 85.45-88.90 observed at various selected locations. Further, heavy metals were also observed in higher concentration at Rambagh and Nunhai (mainly Ni and Fe). The basic finding of the study was high inorganic fraction in the samples. Taj Mahal recorded lowest concentrations for all the monitored parameters (Table below). Location Para meters

DATE (Values in µg/m3) % of RSPM

RSPM SPM PM 10 SO2 NO2 Elemental Carbon

Organic Fraction

Inorganic Fraction

Nunhai 2009 177 9.8 11.8

2010 96.68

Taj Mahal 2009

2010 0.21 11.1 88.49

25.10.2011 242 397 6 24

30.10.2011 (24 hr) 342 458 LR LR

Source : Reports from CPCB, Environmental Management Plan of Agra by ANN

Data from Annual report MoEF, UPPCB website and data provided by UPPCB office. The RSPM and SPM values are beyond permissible limits for sensitive area in the stated data. But a study of the trends in annual average concentration of SO2, No2,RSPM,SPM would help in understanding the exact status of pollution.

It is important to note that meteorological trends play an important role in air pollution studies particularly

in pollutant transport irrespective of their entry into the environment. Seasonal variation in RSPM levels

must be assessed for better evaluation. The concentrations

are maximum in winter months and lower during summer

and monsoon months. The monsoons results in large

amount of precipitation, high wind velocities and changes in

general wind direction.

2.5.2 Water Pollution

This data is presently available for Taj East drain where it meets the River Yamuna

The mixed stretch is having both septic and atrophic

conditions. In this stretch the Agra city is the biggest

contributor of pollution to the river. The water quality of river Yamuna at Agra is deteriorating because of

construction of Gokul Barrage at upstream Agra, where the water is again blocked. DESIRED AND EXISTING WATER QUALITY LEVELS AT VARIOUS SAMPLING STATION IN WATER BODIES OF UTTAR

PRADESH YEAR 2010 AS PER UUPCB

NAME OF RIVER/SAMPLING

LOCATION DESIRED

CATEGORY EXISTING

CATEGORY POLLUTION

CHARACTERISTICS

RIVER YAMUNA

18- Agra Kailashghat B E T. Coliform

19- Agra-Water works B E T. Coliform

20- Agra D/s-Taj Mahal B E T. Coliform


As per reports of UUPCB and annual report of MOEF during year 2002, the bio-chemical oxygen demand at

Agra downstream ranged between 8-42 mg/l, with annual average of 21 mg/l whereas total coli forms

varied from 4,60,000 to 24,30,00,000 Nos./100 ml. The major reason of pollution in river Yamuna is not only

discharges from domestic and industrial sources but also over-exploitation of fresh water available in the

river, which is essentially required to maintain self purification capacity of the river. In the entire stretch of

Yamuna River, the water quality, especially in terms of total coli form is not conforming with respective

designated criteria. The assessment report of groundwater quality in Agra observed that the increased abstraction has lowered the water table and increased the salinity (total dissolved solids), fluoride and lead levels in Agra region. Hence it is observed that the quality of water in River Yamuna where the Taj East drain empties is of the lowest quality. But for assessing the impact and water quality in study area detail recordings need to be made on site.

2.5.3 Noise Pollution

Though most slum dwellers have not complained about any noise pollution there could be noise level spikes at primary spines and in peak hours especially near ASI sites.

2.5.4 Soil Pollution

The soil is polluted by leaching from unlined drains, dumping of hazardous waste or leaching of waste from polluting industries directly on ground without treatment. There is no data available on this aspect for estimating the exact impact.

2.6 General Health

No major health issues are mentioned by residents on site but the records in surrounding dispensaries or hospitals must be cross checked to support site observation.

2.7 Disaster mitigation

It is common for children to fall into the open drains hence an effective strategy to tackle this issue must be formulated. There is also a total lack of any arrangement for disasters like fire or earthquake. The street are narrow, mostly lined with messed up electricity wires hanging at almost all junctions.

2.7.1 Special sustainable practices

In most urban villages or slums, people encroach upon natural systems. The study area is no exception. The undulating terrain and recorded maps of Archaeological Survey of India support that the area had a distinct natural system. In particular, the study of hydrological systems needs detailed study to trace water balance of this area which may be partially or fully revived to benefit the present users. In addition to systems at large small sustainable practices may make long term impacts. For example, reuse of materials (Like plastic cans as pots etc.) to reduce overall waste and may be looked at by detailed site survey and discussion with basti dwellers.


2.8 Legal aspects

Falling in the TTZ, the area has huge environmental restrictions which must be studied in detail to verify the status of implementation of legislations. It would also be important to note the nodal agencies and level of responsibilities shared by them for better implementation of proposals. Any major developmental activity in the notified TTZ is monitored by TTZ Pollution Authority which is under the purview of the CPCB.

2.8.1 Taj Protection Mission

In pursuance of the Honourable Supreme Court’s Order, projects for environmental protection of World

Heritage Site of Taj Mahal were initiated and funded by the Ministry. Subsequent to the acceptance by the Ministry of the Post Evaluation Report of the TTZ projects and in order to revive the scheme of TTZ, the U.P. Govt. has been intimated to formulate fresh proposals related to the strengthening of solid waste management, water management, electricity supply and distribution, road connectivity, greening and other activities which have a bearing on the environment in the TTZ area. It has been requested to ensure that the proposals to be submitted by the Govt. of U.P are in line with the EMP as suggested by NEERI, Nagpur in its report. The issues under active consideration of the Honourable Supreme Court are - industries located in Agra including foundry units; compliance of direction of the Honourable Supreme Court by the Mission Management Board; traffic management and encroachment within the 500 metre zone of the Taj Mahal; slaughter house; Agra Heritage Fund; opening of Taj Mahal in the night; unauthorized construction within 100 metre from the southern gate of the Taj Mahal; Booking window at Taj Mahal for collection of Toll Tax; Supply of gas to the industries located in Firozabad; Brick kilns located 20 km away from Taj Mahal or any other significant monument in the TTZ area including Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary; Promotion of Non-Conventional Energy Source; and Security of Taj Mahal.


3 Analysis and synthesis Environment Management Plan does not only deal with cosmetic treatment but with the root cause of the environmental issues. In this case the basic amenities are minimal and efforts are made for their improvement. It is already clear from past slum redevelopment projects that providing infrastructure is not enough. The holistic approach would include training people and making sure that they can operate and maintain their area in an effective manner. Hence there are two levels at which impact analysis may be done

Based on situation analysis and areas untouched so far. These have been stated along with the situation analysis for ease of understanding in this report. An analysis of primary survey has been provided in the segment below.

Based on current schemes and proposals for the study area which will be done in the following segment.

3.1 Analysis of Primary Survey

An analysis primary survey helps in establishing the issues of present day. This helps in not only identifying the needs of the community but helps in improved modelling of the usefulness of a proposal. A primary survey of the slums in the study area was conducted by CURE in 2011 with covering 100% households. This data bank would now help in proposing projects to be undertaken for upgradation of these slums. Following data has been analysed from the primary survey (year 2011) and NBO data (year 2008).

General: Size, density , population, size of household, ownership pattern.

Infrastructure: o Water supply o Sanitation facilities. o Drainage system o Sewerage issues o Waste disposal o Social infrastructure o Transport issues.

3.1.1 Criteria for Criticality matrix

The method followed is of a simple ranking matrix. Evaluation is be based on 4 weightage criterion.The basis for ranking was that aspects were evaluated under each parameter and the criteria for evaluation was : 1- least impact (Fair), 2- moderate, 3- maximum impact (Critical),R- Reasonable(referring to a good state of parameter ) in the slum area. Since it is an opinion survey or based on answer or respondents its results may be skewed based on personal bias in certain cases. There is also difference in the number of parameters used for each subhead. For example more than 6 questions have been answered for sanitation and transportation while only 2 querries have been answered for the ground water table parameter. Hence the matrix must not be referred purely on result of a total of numbers but in the spirit of relative criticality The summary of the result of survey is provided below. Please refer annexure for details.


3.1.2 Criticality matrix11

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR SLUMS, TAJGANJ

PARAMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sub Total AG BP DA DI GU HP KO NN NA PA PRKB SA SE TA TE

GENERAL Location ,ownership 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 - 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 47 GROUND WATER

Change in depth of boring , Amount of flooding in rainy season 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 68

WATER SUPPLY Location and source of drinking water, Pay water bill , duration of water supply, time is taken for water collection (in minutes)

10 9.5 8 10.5 10 9.5 10 11 9.5 11.5 10.5 10.5 6 7 9.5

143 ANITATION Method, Existence of

Bathroom, DISPOSAL SYSTEM, Details of septic tank

6 5 2 8.5 4 10 6 6 6 7.5 8 5.5 8 7.5 9

99 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Population catered to ,opinion, drain status, Peoples opinion on overflow during rainy season

11 9 12 9 11 12 9 9 7.5 10 8.5 9 10 10 11

148 WASTE DISPOSAL

Collection, disposal 5 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4.5 4 65

TRANSPORT Road type, status, accessibility, public transportation and other modes used

3 9.5 3 8 3 9 8.5 6.5 3 8.5 10.5 3 6.5 7 7

96 HOUSING & OTHERS

No of rooms in the dwelling unit

2.5 2 1.5 3 1.5 3 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 1 2 3 1 31.5

AG BP DA DI GU HP KO NN NA PA PRKB SA SE TA TE

OVERALL SCORE 47.5 50.5 40 52 41.5 56.5 49.5 40 42.5 53.5 54.5 43.5 47 48 50.5

CRITICALITY Min 1 (Max)

Min 3(Max) 2(Max)

No. Of reasonable parameter levels (best)

4 2 5 1 4 1 2 2 4 0 2 4 2 4 1

11

Refer Annexure 2 for detail of the matrix


3.1.3 Key observations : Criticality matrix

The critical areas have been highlighted with the respective parameter in the matrix. Overall, Hajjupura is found to be most critical basti followed by Paati ram ki bageechi and Paaktola. Dalhai and Natha Nagar are in a comparatively better position though the situation in these bastis is far from good. The most critical issues include access to basic facilities to be provided from city administration like access to good quality drinking water, connection to city sewage system etc. It is important to mention that the results of this matrix only assist in decision making. The final proposals must be made after cross checking the site conditions like slope of land, topography, funds available etc.

3.2 Projections

The predicted population level is an important input into forecasts of housing demand and thus housing land requirements. It is also important in creating local demand for goods and services and thus affects the level of local economic activity. Population assumptions underlie investment decision in schools, hospitals, roads, recreational facilities and power and water supplies. The phasing of the plan is dependent on the demand from the projected population. The techniques used for forecasting depends on

o the type of area, o the times scales, o the required level of detail and accuracy, o available data, o resources and manpower.

3.2.1 Population Projections

The main methods of forecasting used in this study are the aggregate trendline methods. These methods take time as the independent variable, that is assume that the population growth follows a set pattern. In these case the past population data is analyzed to determine the trend and the trend is then extrapolated to some future date to provide the forecast. The trend line methods may be classified according to the assumed pattern:

Linear trend

Geometric/ exponential trend Another method followed for slums with non linear growth pattern is the Logarithmic trend where different growth rates are catered to (in case of 2,3, 7 serial nos.)

Estimated Population for 2016 Projected Population

Slum Name Area from TSSurvey

2001 2008 2011 2016 2016

Acre Linear Logarithmic Exponential

Avg

1 Hazzu Pura 12.76 1357 2100 2202 2711 3483 2938 3044 2 Diwan Ji Ka

Mohalla 6.5 1789 900 1058 1149 1147 1195 1164

3 Teli Pada 12.26 800 2000 2329 3160 3840 3744 3581 4 Kolhai,

Tajganj 12.7 1765 1700 1748 1710 1707 1425 1614

5 Patiram Ki Bagichi

2.71 350 450 644 732 732 881 782

6 Teela 6.44 900 1100 1306 1461 1464 1445 1457


Sayeed Nagar

7 Bilochpura 17.1 1800 2100 1999 2190 2187 1759 2045 8 Paak Tola 8.41 889 1200 1471 1707 1704 1594 1668

9 Navada 5.4 314 700 819 1092 1091 1427 1203

10 Asad Gali 8.37 1278 1500 1495 1644 1646 1532 1607

11 Taj Khema Basti

1.64 200 250 258 293 295 390 326

12 Dalhai 5.48 456 800 871 1108 1108 1256 1157

13 Gudhai 7.31 800 1100 1166 1375 1372 1541 1429 14 Shekh

Bulaki 3.53 277 450 389 499 501 472 491

15 Natha Nagar

5.21 300 400 382 448 444 523 472

115.82 13275 16750 18137 22041

3.2.2 Projections for Infrastructure

With the increase in population, the stress on infrastructure will increase. Hence it is important to study the projected requirement. Please note that since the net available infrastructure in terms of quantity is not available for all the slums, the demand supply gap study has not been carried out. Also many projects for infrastructure development by the ANN and other bodies are under process, so the exact calculations for infrastructure gap would not give a correct picture of infrastructure status. The requirement of water was calculated on the basis of standards .The two standards are given below:


WATER SUPPLY SEWAGE GENERATED SOLID WASTE

Sr. No.

Slum Name Projected Population 2016

Case A- Minimum Domestic Water Supply (70 lpcd)

Case B - Maximum Domestic Water Supply (135 lpcd)

Case C - Domestic Water Supply (150 lpcd)

Case A Case B Municipal Solid Waste Generated

MLD MLD MLD MLD MLD (Tonne/day)

1 Hazzu Pura 3044 0.21 0.41 0.46 0.17 0.33 1.52

2 Diwan Ji Ka Mohalla

1164 0.08 0.16 0.17 0.07 0.13 0.58

3 Teli Pada 3581 0.25 0.48 0.54 0.20 0.39 1.79

4 Kolhai, Tajganj

1614 0.11 0.22 0.24 0.09 0.17 0.81

5 Patiram Ki Bagichi

782 0.05 0.11 0.12 0.04 0.08 0.39

6 Teela Sayeed Nagar

1457 0.10 0.20 0.22 0.08 0.16 0.73

7 Bilochpura 2045 0.14 0.28 0.31 0.11 0.22 1.02

8 Paak Tola 1668 0.12 0.23 0.25 0.09 0.18 0.83

9 Navada 1203 0.08 0.16 0.18 0.07 0.13 0.60

10 Asad Gali 1607 0.11 0.22 0.24 0.09 0.17 0.80

11 Taj Khema Basti

326 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.16

12 Dalhai 1157 0.08 0.16 0.17 0.06 0.12 0.58

13 Gudhai 1429 0.10 0.19 0.21 0.08 0.15 0.71

14 Shekh Bulaki 491 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.25

15 Natha Nagar 472 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.24

TOTAL 22041 2 MLD 3 MLD 3 MLD 1 MLD 2 MLD 11 tonnes /day Based on UDPFI - the standard for

Domestic Water Supply (Minimum) for Large town is 135 lpcd which can be reduced to 70 lpcd. The study area being a slum, as is observed in most case studies,, the water requirements would reduce per person.

Based on UDPFI - the standard for Domestic Water Supply (Desirable) for Large town is 150 - 200 lpcd Considering the socio economic profile of the place, this scenario is best avoided.

Considering that sewage generated is 80% of water supplied, the water supply at 150 lpcd is best avoided.

Based on UDPFI - the standard large & metro cities is 0.5kg/person/day


3.3 Impact Analysis: Proposed

projects

3.3.1 Proposed projects under

various schemes

Different agencies are actively involved in improving infrastructure at city level. Some of the ongoing projects have been listed in the table alongside. The source : Master Plan for Agra The current schemes considered for analysis are:

Physical Infrastructure o Improvement of internal roads and raising levels o Improvement near drains, culverts, covering drains, Household toilets o Solid Waste Management – providing dustbins o Improvement of water supply – installation of handpump o Revival of traditional water systems o Vegetation

Social Infrastructure o Building Community centers, shed in graveyard etc

Strengthening communities o Improvement of livelihood through non polluting activities. o Creating awareness and developing sensitivity towards environment.

3.3.2 Impact identification (proposed projects)

Urban and Environmental Infrastructure projects have direct social and environmental impacts. While the ultimate benefits, such as improved health and quality of life of urban residents at large, outweigh the associated costs, the process of commercializing the sector’s development will create new social and environmental challenges for the local government and communities. The major social issues arising from such a process are impact on employment, affordability of services to the poor, -subsidies, and access of the poor to improved services. On the environmental issues, the challenge is to ensure that the subproject sponsors will not be pursuing commercial returns at the expense on environmental degradation.12 For a technical analysis, following steps must be undertaken Impact identification and prediction guidance (Including examples of methods)

12

ADB Report an recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on Three Proposed Loans to HUDCO, ICICI Limited and IDCL for the Urban and Environmental Infrastructure facility Project and Technical assistance grant to India, November 1999, Page 25


3.3.3 Description of effects of the proposed projects

Some predictable impacts of the projects may be as follows:

Proposal Actions affecting environmental resources and values

Limitations/ damage / risks13 Benefits

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Improvement of system

Installation of handpump. Wastage or over use in case of full availability.

-do- Improved Aesthetics Improved balance in ecosystem. Helps replenish ground water table though to a limited extent.

Faulty site selection may cause handpump to be non functional .

Laying water pipeline (Piped municipal water supply)

Faulty design may Increase in treatment costs and problems.

Increase in sewage production may cause Environmental Pollution

water and sewer pipes close to each other may cause contamination

Rain water Harvesting

Roof top

Revival of traditional water systems

In depth study required

URBAN SEWERAGE / SANITATION/ DRAINAGE PROJECTS

Improvement near drains, culverts, covering drains, Household toilets

Faulty design may cause Contamination of environment / flooding Sunlight helps in self cleansing of drains.

Health & Hygiene, better quality of life(QOL), Safety of children

Covering of drain may cause anaerobic degradation – foul smell and cleaning will become cumbersome if people encroach area.

Overflow Hazards Water quality impairment

13

Some impacts have been listed in the section 5 of this report in direct relation to mitigation measures and making the environmental management plan to avoid re-writing.


Operations Gas production may damage to sewer system and danger to workers.

Sewage collection system

Separate collection pipe for waste water and storm water

Sewage treatment

DEWATS Floating Reed beds, cascading system

• A constructed wetland option may require large area requirement • Design criteria are yet to be developed for different types of wastewater treatment in different climatic conditions

low maintenance without technical energy inputs, affordable prices due to locally available materials, flexible treatment capacity ranging between 1- 1000 m3 per day, reliable, long lasting and tolerant towards inflow fluctuation

TRANSPORTATION

Road layout Improvement of internal roads and raising levels.

1.May increase pressure on land for use conversion

1.Ease of people 2.Improved Aesthetics 3.Boost Tourism 4.Easy maintenance of roads 5.Saving on repair and maintenance of vehicles

2.May increase in Air Pollution

3.Parking problems

4. Increase in runoff if new road surface is impervious as water which was initially percolating into the ground will now run-off.

5. Loss of pedestrian character

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Collection system Providing dustbins. Uprooting and reselling of bins. Best practices may help in income generation. 1.Health & Hygiene, better QOL 2. Improved Aesthetics and boost tourism 3.Prevent soil pollution 4. Some community land may become available for useful practice.

Solid waste reuse primary segregation by community and composting (Vermicomposting) Secondary disposal to landfill site.

Productive utilization of waste material, vermicompost is excellent in manure

Vegetation Landscaping along main 1.Better aesthetics and quality of life(QOL)


streets/ drain 3.Prevent soil pollution 4. Improved Aesthetics

Social Infrastructure

Building Health centres, , schools, Community centers, shed in graveyard etc.

Strengthening communities (local action)

Improvement of livelihood through non polluting activities.

NA Boosts confidence of the community and faith in the project. Creates a sense of ownership for the success of an EMP Community

participation for environmental management

Creating awareness and developing sensitivity towards environment

NA

Participatory inclusion.

Enhancing livelihood opportunities by training and micro-credit for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises

NA

Note : A study must be undertaken for characterizing impact dimensions (e.g.. intensity, duration, frequency, Reversibility, direct, indirect, and cumulative) .


3.3.4 Trans boundary effects

Explicit consideration of transboundary effects is important as our project would be only a small part of a large system. Environmental threats do not respect borders. Pollution can have detrimental effects on the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, aquifers, farmland, the weather and biodiversity. Specific pollution threats include acid rain, radioactive contamination, etc. For example to improve the quality of drain water – its source and all areas it passes through before entering each basti must be considered for holistic improvement. SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS : The predominant vulnerability of the slums under study must be identified (using matrix, sample given in annexure 2) Beyond vulnerability relating to elevation and natural drainage of the slums, the exact extent of vulnerability correlates primarily to the specific nature of development and history of intervention on various environmental issues. The other important indicators are the nature of housing and health issues, Success of community managed sanitation systems and Transportation issues There is a close link between urban systems of water, housing, sanitation, energy, transport, health and overall environmental improvement. The efforts by Government agencies to help the residents of the bastis are given in Annexure 3

3.4 Significant Impacts

Sensitive and significant environmental components and processes most likely to be affected must be studied. As per the Baseline study and primary survey, infrastructure and related components are observed to be the key component to be studied in detail From the survey analysis following conclusions may be drawn:

In situ solution is best possible in these slums as land is privately owned.

Most residents are dependent on borewell and handpumps for drinking water supply. As the boring depths are going lower, the rate of depletion of ground water is high in all slums. This Calls for high attention to the rain water harvesting methods and creating general awareness among the residents.

Slum dwellers may spend as long as 40 minutes to collect water from various sources. There is a huge scope for improvement to make lives of residents easier and better.

90% of the study area is flooded from 15-30 days in monsoons causing discomfort and mostly damage to private goods. A well defined drainage system is another basic amenity that must be provided for a better quality of life.

The area has problem of open defecation. Even in areas with pucca drains, a better drainage system need to be worked out to avoid hazards like children falling into the drain, foul smell and unhygienic conditions.

The occupancy rates are high. Awareness must be generated to explain its negative effects on health and hygiene. At the same time , there is a need to refer to DCR and check scope for improving condition of living (light ventilation and area per person)


4 Mitigation and enhancement To decrease adverse impacts on environment, mitigation efforts must be undertaken. These may be directed to prevent, ameliorate, rehabilitate, restore, compensate, enhance or provide local benefits.

4.1 The process towards an EMP

Mitigation of significant effects This requires consideration and documentation of mitigation measures when potentially significant effects have been identified. For example to design an effective sewerage system

1. The toilets must be used for the designated purpose and discharge points of septic tanks must not be near water supply pipes.

2. Sludge disposal from septic tanks must be carefully worked out and implemented to avoid environmental degradation.

3. Grey water generating areas must have impervious flooring.

Feasibility and effectiveness This study requires consideration of feasibility, effectiveness and consequences of methods for selected practice for each issue. It depends on people’s perception, funding available, time lapse, availability of labor and other management issues. Effectiveness and general requirements: These are linked to proposal characteristics. It may involve significance determination, monitoring (e.g. Mitigation effectiveness) and legal requirements (eg compliance and enforcement).

Integration Provisions to integrate individual measures into an action plan. It is here that a vision for the Environmental management Plan is formulated (EMP)

4.2 Literature Study for Best practices : Infrastructure 14

Eco‐efficient and Sustainable Infrastructure should minimize resource use and ecological impacts throughout the life cycle, preserve ecosystem integrity, not aggravate adverse global phenomena as climate change and ozone depletion, deliver economically viable goods and services, maximize long‐run economic growth for the benefit of all, be financially viable, managed and operated in a sustainable way. It should be socially inclusive and contribute to reducing poverty. It should be appropriate for all the stages of development and context, acceptable and supported by the general population.

Best practices provide example of typical methods to tackle identified issues. Case studies or literature studies may be done to appreciate best method applied worldwide to solve the problem. Each proposal is looked at in detail and case studies are selected based on some common parameters between present proposal and the best practice. Later all selected best practices are evaluated for suggested applicable practice for present situation. Detailed literature studies for each component have been attached in annexure 3 for further reference.

14

Various publications by CEPT,Ahmedabad


4.2.1 BP : Literature Case studies

PROGRAM,COUNTRY

DOMAIN ISSUES /CHALLENGES METHOD / ACTIONS BENEFITS /OUTPUT /LEARNING

Best Practices for Municipal Solid Waste Management in South Asia (Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and India)

Urban infrastructure - Solid Waste Management

limited financial resources, how to maximize the 3Rs, how to increase collection efficiency within limited budgets; how to safely dispose of waste at landfill sites in a cost-efficient manner; and how to finance such waste management improvements and take advantage of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) schemes , Increasing citizen participation , low-cost highly effective solutions

Innovative approaches include (but are not limited to) community-based primary waste collection schemes and the use of films to create SWM awareness in India, small transfer stations in China, 'garbage banks' in Thailand, waste picker associations in the Philippines, or banning plastic bags for packaging in Dhaka which are emerging practices that may be adapted throughout the region.

New knowledge product (and its dissemination) assessing and highlighting best practices in SWM for city officials in selected South Asian countries; including regional and international case studies highlighting relevant success stories in SWM

Proposed time frame :September 2009 - July 2010

specially designed waste bins, compactors, trucks, and transfer stations,which are being adapted to improve collection efficiencies

Source of information : 40124-reg-spr-09.pdf

The publication will analyze and present successful experiences in the following areas of municipal SWM: segregation, primary and secondary waste collection and transportation, treatment including composting, final disposal such as landfilling, formalization of informal waste collectors, public awareness,community-based approaches,

Participatory workshops will be held in each of the countries (four national workshops) to engage key stakeholders to gather information on successful and emerging SWM experiences that cover the spectrum of issues identified above, and obtain feedback on initial project findings


UNDP World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – South Asia : Ahmedabad Parivartan

basic infrastructure services, including water and sanitation, in an affordable and sustainable way

Slums do not have : basic municipal services - water, sanitation, waste collection, storm drainage, street lighting, paved footpaths, roads for emergency access ; schools and clinics within easy reach, safe areas for children to play, places for community to meet and socialise

recognize that the community are the client or market and that the community are also the main actors in the program, services should only be provided when there is a clear demand for them , improve urban management and through forging of partnerships with the wider civil society of the city flexible and adaptable program leaving room for change in the institutional, social and technical approaches to respond to experience and changing circumstances during the course of the program

the city’s finances have been turned around to provide a firm base for sustaining investments and services. improved urban management and through forging of partnerships with the wider civil society of the city , offers a range of services with realistic ‘price tags’ attached

(also known as the Slum Networking Project)

In the past, investments in services for the slums and chawls were generally norms driven and limited in their coverage. Services experienced rapid deterioration leading to breakdown in many cases.

Based on designs prepared,an average of Rs 6000 per dwelling is cost of on site upgradation.Fundamentally, Parivartan industry and each community household are making a contribution of Rs 2,000 each. In addition, each household is also contributing an extra Rs 100 towards the initial maintenance cost of the services. On-site operation and future maintenance of the services will be fully managed by the community.

Given the success of the pilot project in Sanjaynagar, many slums are now participating in Parivartan. Also A number of donors have also shown an interest in Parivartan.

Sources : ActionPlan.pdf and AhmedabadBestPracticesinSlumImprovement-WUF.pdf

The SNP cannot be implemented in areas where the land is under dispute or litigation, or belongs to a private entity, other government agencies or higher levels of government.

The infrastructural services provided by the Parivartan Program are: Roads and paving , Water supply to individual households, Underground sewerage link for individual households, Storm water drainage , Street lighting , Solid Waste Management , Landscaping

key feature is that besides the provision of infrastructural services to the slum dwellers, Parivartan also extends to upgrading the overall quality of life of the community, once the services are in place.


Sanitation, water and hygiene programme in Faridpur,Bangladesh

demonstrate a

participatory process of delivering

environmental

infrastructure, prepare

Participatory plans and facilitate

partnerships, support

community in mobilisation and training ,

Municipalities lack financial resources and technical

capacity to provide these services.Most people in these slums depend on pond water for bathing and washing. They access tubewells for drinking

water and have no street paving in most of their streets. Neither

was there any drains or collection of solid waste. The

transport service is only restricted to three-wheel

rickshaw vans, pedaled by a driver. The access to sanitation was also mixed with very high

numbers relying on the temporary hanging latrines and defecating directly into ponds

Participatory planning : A local NGO, the Society for Urban Poor (SUP) , assisted slum

improvement committees to raise their voices. This helped the municipality to support certain activities through their budgets and play a role

as a more resourceful partner. The slum improvement committee identified

infrastructure and services that could improve the overall environment in the

settlements and reduce the risks of water- andwaste-related diseases. Project staff

prepared the design in consultation with the community, assisting with the estimates and

jointly supervising the construction. Slum improvement committees also monitored the quantities and quality of

materials used in the construction and jointly approved

payments to contractors.

Practical Action has realised that larger slums of more than 100 families need more detailed technical planning for services

ch6_sanitation_water_and_hygiene_programme_in_faridpur.pdf

directly benefited 2,500 people: improve the local environment and enhance income from the infrastructure and services , the ownership of infrastructure and agreements for its use also vary from one set of infrastructure to another, The skills enhancement for income generation is working well for both groups, The integrated model seems to be more successful, there is clear evidence that the communities have acquired the ability to organise, agree and raise their voice to the local government

January to March 2008

organise and develop participatory slum improvement plans with the municipality.This led to prioritising needs, and agreeing roles and responsibilities in the delivery and better use of infrastructure systems. Communities also identified the opportunities for income generation and employment within the delivery, operation and maintenance systems.


5 Conclusion : The Environmental Management Plan The EMP deals in roles and responsibilities of authorities and management , operation and control procedures, training and awareness procedure, emergency Plan and procedure for monitoring significant impacts on the environment. For the successful plan we need to take the all stakeholders together on board. Only technical knowledge and deskwork will never be able to solve the problems of slum. The vision for the programme /projects must be formulated for holistic improvement of the slums. Some general guidelines for providing infrastructure to slums:

Networks must be easy to maintain, repair and upgrade if need arises.

Future requirements must be considered while designing.

Avoid short term solution of problems. Income levels in most slums increases over a period of time. Hence the vision must be broad.

Design infrastructure networks for equitable services to all.

Provide flexible schemes/ ideas to enable upgrading when slum dwellers have better income/ investment options.

The primary and secondary data from authentic sources and analysis must be conducted cautiously bearing in mind the physical conditions of the site.

Standards must be carefully followed as the requirements for infrastructure are less for slum dwellers as compared to the HIG and MIG users.

Community participation helps in establishing ownership and therefore the success of the project. This prepares the community for change and increases their willingness to pay / maintain systems.

Proposals must suggest appropriate and innovative technologies with respect to site conditions. Also the cost of infrastructure must be assessed for both capital and running costs.

Since most infrastructure design is gravity based, co-ordinating the proposal with natural gradients results in economic and improved system.

5.1 General Recommendations for the EMP

5.1.1 Long term project continuity

This is vital in any development programme else benefits of the project will be short lived. 2 key features are to ensure project personnel are adequately trained and secondly, ensure that structures/ infrastructure are in place. The training of community volunteers, project staff and community organizers is an ongoing process. Refresher courses to review progress and exchange experiences, monitoring workshops to review progress are crucial. Also interdisciplinary team training is important for ensuring useful long term results.

5.1.2 Implementation

From past slum upgradation projects, following conclusions may be drawn: 1. Choosing local authority as implementation agency.

Advantages: In terms of democratic accountability, legislative authority, civic management and a vast technical pool.

Disadvantages: The communities take less initiative and expect “free of cost” services, poor results generally because of insufficient attention to detailing. There are also lesser inputs from private sector (latest technology).

2. Public Participation It is suggested that community must play the key role especially for resource mobilisation. Support may be provided to the communities through financing organisations.


It is observed that if the people contribute in the implementation process, they play a controlling role in their development and are active in planning, execution and maintenance. It must be noted that the slum dwellers would pay only for something they really need. Also mechanisms need to be in place to enable resource mobilization for an effective output within the decided time frame. Neighbourhood associations may be formed democratically for easier implementation.

3. Role of industry and private sector The entrepreneurial, management and technical skills may be utilised for the project. Since the development of the city directly influences investors to the city, the industries generally gain business chances. This is particularly applicable to the study area, being in close proximity to the Taj Mahal. Also, with better living conditions of the workforce population in slums, it benefits the industry in terms of quality of output. The “polluter pays” principle may be applied to polluting sources in the study area. Wherever possible the BOT( Build ,Operate and Transfer) model may be applied for private players in terms of strengthening the infrastructure facilities. PROJECT PHASING This scheme is a pilot project for upgrading 15 slums in the city. The phasing of proposals must be kept flexible according to experiences gained from past experience and incorporate unforeseen issues. Ideally a pilot study may take 18-24 months for surveying and technical drawing preparation. The implementation of proposals must be accomplished within a span of 3-4 years from completion of studies as the projections/proposals are generally phased for a 5 year vision.

5.1.3 Training, Operation and Management

A key objective should be to develop capacity for self reliance among the residents of slums by catalyzing the formation of community based institutions capable of ensuring proper operation and maintenance of infrastructure facilities; judicious use and safe handling of water by users etc.

A major concern would be monitoring the project to see what changes actually take shape with the increase in population of the slum. With increasing densification in the coming years, the infrastructure must be provided to cope with the population in question.

Training people and preparing them for an O &M Plan could be one of the major challenges in this project. For example training people to not let loose their cattle in the drain or solid waste dump to stray and Training children to stay away from the drains etc.

5.2 Technical Recommendations

5.2.1 Water management

At individual level following steps can be taken which can help to meet the required consumption ofwater: o Separate system for grey water and Sewage water can be made. Grey water can be primarily

treated and can be used for flushing, landscape, etc. o Water Harvesting system can be implemented which can store water and can be used for washing

utensils, flushing and other domestic purposes. Along with considering approaches to augment the capacity to meet the water demand, steps shall be taken to abate water demand as follows:

o Installation of meter system which counts amount of water consumed with imposed charges on the amount of water consumed. This will bring behavioral change and there by reduces water consumption. There will be opposition for charging on supply of water but by providing incentives on less consumption will balance the same but there is a need to inculcate habit of consuming less.

o Eliminating leakages from the supply system will also form a part of reducing water supply demand to a great extent. This can be done by including components of pressure system which will help to identify leakages and treat it.


o Use of dual flush system in toilets, use of aerated taps which induces air into the system thereby restrict water flow without affecting water pressure and thereby reduces water requirement to a great extent.

o Use of water less urinals in high traffic areas, water scarcity localities where urine reuse is possible is also an option wherein water is saved, load on waste water treatment plant is reduced and urine can be used as fertilizer.

For improving the condition of the drain it is important to record the quality of water in the slums at entry and exit points.

Also quality of ground water must be monitored

A study must be conducted to check their ground water recharging potential.

Some model of cleaning the drain at intermittent level. Stop in flow of garbage in drain – promote segregation at source. It is proposed that some kind of

mechanism to filter waste from the drain must be worked out , like providing grit / jalis at intervals etc

Common areas for laundry in smaller plot sizes – makes reuse of such water a possibility. Incentive may be given to the people using water saver/efficient technology, harvest water, reuse grey water, etc. to encourage and increase the uses and achieve reducing in water demand. Water saving practices and their potential Water usage for applications such as flushing, bathing and washing is as high as 93% of water demand in any building. Some methods to manage water use are: Monitoring water use, Use of water saving devices/ fixtures, Low flow flushing systems and Pressure reducing device etc.

5.2.2 Rain Water Harvesting

A number of dried wells or handpumps were observed during site visit and many were marked on survey map. The possibility of recharging the ground via these may be explored by the technical committee. When not to do RWH

Using storage (Surface/ subsurface) structures o If the gap between rainy days is too large, it may be uneconomical to build storage to cater to the

dry period o Open surface storage structures may not be feasible in case of high rate of evaporation

Using artificial recharge structures In general, CGWB norm suggests not to do artificial recharge if water table is less than 8 m. However one must also look at trend & future development possibilities, which may exert pressure on ground water resources and plan for recharge accordingly. In any case water table must not be less than 4 m. to avoid any water logging and damage to structure. (Refer State Ground Water Agency and Central Ground Water Board Data) Artificial recharge is not recommended for aquifers with TDS levels higher than 4000 mg/L or high levels of chemical components such as Nitrate, Fluoride, Arsenic. (Refer State Ground Water Agency and Central Ground Water Board Data). Existence of potential contamination environments such as landfill sites, industries, cemeteries in vicinity also need to be considered. Using existing site features for rainwater harvesting Existing ponds/ tanks in the development sites hold immense potential for harvesting surface run off. Traditionally these have been common water storage structures for meeting demand for irrigation and cattle. Most ponds/ tanks may have their own catchments, which can serve to arrest surface runoff from the new development if appropriate measures are taken to conserve the natural catchment. These ponds in the modern context can be used for fire fighting/ horticulture by integrating them in the landscaping. Alternatively the existing ponds/ tanks, which are often damaged or silted, can be modified to serve as recharge structures.


Detailed study for some component may be undertaken for proposals pertaining to Rain water harvesting, reviving traditional water systems, plantation schemes

i. Some forest or plantation area available in Asadgali and Nabada must be preserved and its importance made clear to residents. There must be a project identified for improving the status of open spaces and its benefits need to be spelt out to the residents.

ii. Large plot owners must be encouraged to plant in open areas. Roof top rainwater harvesting using (surface/ subsurface) Storage structures In areas having rainfall of considerable intensity, spread over a large period in a year with short dry spells rainwater harvesting from roof tops is an ideal option for augmenting water supply. Rainwater is essentially bacteriologically pure, free from organic matter and soft in nature and hence can be an ideal solution for areas where there is inadequate ground water supply and surface water resources are either lacking or insignificant. Precautions for RWH

Rainwater is generally devoid of any impurities and can ensure good quality water if certain precautions are taken. These include :

Catchments such as roofs should be accessible for regular cleaning and ensuring no dead animals etc are present on the surface.

The roof should be made of non- toxic material, have smooth, hard and dense surface which is less likely to be damaged allowing release of material into the water. Roof painting is no advisable since most paints contain toxic substances and may peel off.

All gutter ends must be fitted with a wire mesh screen and a first flush device must be installed. Most of the debris carried by the water from the rooftop like leaves, plastic bags and paper pieces can be arrested by the mesh at the terrace outlet and contamination can be prevented to a large extent by ensuring that the runoff from the first 10-20 minutes of rainfall is flushed off. Remaining contaminants like silt and blow dirt can be removed by installing appropriate filters.

No sewage or wastewater should be admitted into the system.

No wastewater from areas likely to have oil, grease, or other pollutants should be connected to the system. For runoff from parking lots and roads, grease filters etc may be necessary to prevent risk of contamination from chemical spillage.

It is important to mention that all the projects undertaken must be designed to avoid exploitation of ground water. The effects over exploitation of Ground Water Resources are as follows:

Drastic fall in water levels in some areas.

Drying up of wells / bore wells.

Enhanced use of energy.

Deterioration in ground water quality.

5.2.3 Solid waste management

For Waste Management definition used is “Reduce, Reuse or Recycle”. Sustainable waste management means less dumping in landfill and greater amount of recycling and composting. Following methods can be adopted so as to move towards sustainability:

o Collection of waste in segregated form i.e. recyclable shall be collected in separate bin; garden compost shall be collected in separate bin, separate for medical wastes. This will bring awareness of people towards waste and will help authorities to manage different type of waste separately i.e. either for recycling or composting. Waste shall be mange in such a way that after recycling material shall not go to landfill or else will not work out to be sustainable.

o Material which cannot be recycled or composted shall be dumped to landfill areas. o Landfill tax shall be imposed so that there is reduction in dumping to landfill areas. o Penalty shall be imposed on burning of waste.


o Adoption of technological advantage like generation of solid fuel from non‐recyclable paper, plastic, etc. with high calorific value than coal and which can act as an alternative source of energy.

Some site specific suggestions are:

The solid waste management plan must account for waste related to cattle and pets.

A system like collecting waste in individual polybags along with proper collection system could be a possible solution

A key feature of solid waste management strategy must be minimising use of plastic and promoting more eco friendly materials.

Possibility of generating income from waste specially household kitchen, waste from mandi (like flower mandi in Bilujpura) and biowaste must be explored. If the benefits include generation of additional income, then this must be promoted at all costs as a win-win situation to the community.

Land from large dump grounds may be reclaimed as large open space or green ( Hajjupura)

tests must be conducted at major solid waste dump sites and selected points close to drains.

Also the practice of open defecation must be discouraged through awareness drives etc

5.2.4 Transportation

Concrete slab / Iron girders as bridges : These kind of risky structures demand immediate attention and their design must be revised at the earliest. Some kind of bamboo/ mild steel railing must be provided as a safeguard.

Pavement materials : Use light coloured aggregates or ‘whitetop’ the pavements with 50 mm thick layer of cement concrete. Stabilize the pavements with porous or permeable materials such as sand, crushed bricks, broken mosaic tiles or stones where the soil is stable or the traffic load is quite low. Recycled materials such as demolished concrete (rubble), broken china and mosaic tiles could also be used.

Total paved area of site under parking, roads, paths or any other use should not exceed 25% of the site area. Imperviousness of the site should not exceed the imperviousness factor as prescribed by the National Building Code of India, Bureau of Indian Standards, 2005; Part 9

Some of the alternatives to reduce contribution to the green house effect that can be taken up at individual level are:

o From Technological point of view use of fuel‐efficient vehicles by using better engines, start-stop technology, lighter materials, lower rolling‐resistance tyres, etc. have a much greater carbon abatement potential. One of the options to this is use of hybrid vehicles.

o Bio‐fuels have been assessed for emission levels and environmental impacts and have proved to be a sustainable alternative.

In order to encourage use of these technological advances, Authority shall provide some monetary incentive to the user for investing in sustainability. Shift from use of private transport to public transport. Following steps shall be taken by authority in order to encourage use of public transport system:

o Augmentation of number of vehicles as well as frequency of public transport system. o Use of diesel‐electric hybrid buses or conversion of all public transport buses to compressed o Natural Gas – clean fuel operated.

5.2.5 Open spaces

The proportion of open space and its built-up edges should be designed such that it ensures winter solar access and summer ventilation. Vegetation may provide as shading and promote evaporative cooling. In hot dry climates, evaporative cooling through appropriately sized wet surfaces or fountains have a desirable effect Some owners are ready to provide space for public interest. Such persons must be promoted to provide space for vegetation or other vital community activities.


A residential area needs minimum 12-20 % of area as recreational / open or green space as per the UDPFI guidelines. We could make a trade off in slum upgradation proposal but open space is an important requirement for residents. In most slums the open community space is encroached and residents are not willing to land readjustment or collective tenure options. It may be useful to explain the benefits of the same for protection of land from conversion and general environmental improvement by providing more free space on ground..

5.2.6 Preservation of general environment

5.2.6.1 Air environment

Dense urban areas tend to have higher air temperatures as compared to the surrounding low-rise rural areas because of the absorption and storage of a high percentage of radiation received by the built mass and minimised radiative heat losses from it. This gives rise to warmer air temperature in urban localities, which might reach 1-2deg.C more than that of the surrounding green areas. This phenomenon is called as the heat island effect. Principle surfaces that contribute to the heat island effect include streets, sidewalks, parking lots, and buildings. Heat island effect can be minimized by use of shading or reflective surfaces. As mentioned, hard paved surfaces are one of the major constraints of heat in land effect. In addition to causing heat island effect, hard pavements also reduce perviousness of site. Enhanced perviousness of site minimizes storm water runoff and is beneficial for localized aquifer recharge. Mitigation measures to reduce heat island effect: Planting trees, bushes, or a properly planned landscaping can help reduce the heat island effect by reducing ambient temperatures through evapotranspiration. Plant vegetation around the building to intercept solar radiation and to shade the walls and windows of buildings (with S, SW or SE exposure) to prevent heat gain. This would also help in reducing air conditioning load/use. Use light coloured, reflective roofs having an SRI (solar reflectance index) of 50% or more. The dark coloured, traditional roofing finishes have SRI varying from 5% to 20%. The fine example of higher SRI is the use of broken china mosaic, light coloured tiles as roof finish, which reflects the heat off the surface because of high solar reflectivity, and infrared emittance which prevents heat gain

5.2.7 Miscellaneous

Solar/ PV cell applications : In general, the residents were open to the idea of using solar heaters at community level facilities like Mandir,Masjid and PV street Lamps. Owing to financial constraints, most were reluctant to buy and use these appliances at household level. It is proposed that some kind of mechanism to filter waste from the drain must be worked out , like providing grit / jalis at intervals etc

Off grid options may be explored for future planning. Getting a legal connection must also be promoted in meetings or via plays or general awareness campaigns

Hanging wires must be repaired.

Focus on social services : education, health, sports, daycare, community facilities, incorporating new migrants.

Focus on economic services : technical assistance in small business , establish new community -owned enterprise, micro-financing opportunities

Making inbuilt “write on me “walls for children in hidden walls of community and promote local art on exposed walls.

Also from EA perspective it is also interesting to note that there are 805 child laborers in the area. A scheme to improve this situation must be undertaken to provide children with access to basic education and other necessary facilities. Also parallel methods of income generation must be introduced to prevent children from entering workforce in future.


15

Refer Section 3 for environmental impacts and benefits of proposed projects.

5.3 In a nutshell 15

PROPOSAL Actions affecting Environmental Resources and values

Remarks/ Improvement Measures

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Improvement of system Installation of handpump. Create awareness about quality of ground water and recharge ground water table if suitable. Ensure proper design, participatory planning and a good O& M Plan -Adequate civil works. -Design adequate disposal systems design adequate systems -Soil investigation studies and data on ground water table fluctuation, acquifers reqd -Also quality of runoff water needs to be checked for pollutants before recharging ground water source at regular intervals. Small scale recharge structures maybe used like Rain gardens, Recharge shaft / dug wells, recharge pit

Laying water pipeline (Piped municipal water supply)

Rain water Harvesting Roof top

Revival of traditional water systems

URBAN SEWERAGE / SANITATION/ DRAINAGE PROJECTS

Improvement near drains, culverts, covering drains, Household toilets

Control of connections, storm water exclusion, design a per holding capacity Explore disinfection prior to discharge. Municipal regulations and monitoring if required to control in appropriate disposal Need for effective O& M Plan

Sewage collection system

Separate collection pipe for waste water and storm water

Wastewater treatment must meet quality standards safe for human contact, use and consumption and for application to irrigated crops. Divert and recycle nutrients --Microflush toilets (1.0 L or less per flush), with holding tanks for blackwater and separate treatment of graywater --Composting of feces and separate treatment of graywater

Sewage treatment DEWATS Floating Reed beds, cascading system

Special attention must be paid to operator intervention in the following: •Adjustment of water levels •Maintenance of flow uniformity (inlet and outlet structures)


•Management of vegetation •Odor control •Maintenance of berms (walls)

TRANSPORTATION Improvement of internal roads and raising levels.

Use pervious materials an green paving options to allow percolation of runoff.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Collection system Providing dustbins. 1. Innovative design of fixtures to avoid uprooting and reselling of bins. 2. Effective O & M Plan 3.Create awareness for effective segregation at source, encourage people to keep surroundings clean. Carry out people attitude survey and design and place bins in consultation with people. Evaluate technologies carefully for local conditions.

Solid waste reuse primary segregation by community and composting (Vermicomposting) Secondary disposal to landfill site.

Selection of proper species is very important. As worms cannot live in dry conditions, maintaining soil moisture is important. They cant withstand water logging too, drainage of excess water should be properly arranged. The breeder worms should be emptied into these pits.

Vegetation Landscaping along main streets/ drain

1. Careful / Detailed study required for design. 1. Indigenous species only. 2. plant clusters which may be beneficial to community / livelihood generation but unpalatable to livestock.

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Building Health centres, , schools, Community centers, shed in graveyard etc.

Internal layouts must be flexible to accommodate future change of use.

Strengthening communities (local action)

Improvement of livelihood through non polluting activities.

It is important to build linkages with local market / industry for continuous earning.

Community participation for environmental management

Creating awareness and developing sensitivity towards environment

Participatory inclusion. Enhancing livelihood opportunities by training and micro-credit for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises


5.4 The way forward

In addition to all the above there are some key areas of focus of an EMP beyond the scope of this study:

Identification of types of parameters that may require monitoring Guidance: integration of individual measures within overall program.

Identification of links between monitoring and baseline analysis, impact prediction, significance determination, proposal characteristics, and mitigation .

Legal authority co-ordination (e.g.. enforcement. power to remedy damages. offences. penalties, responsibilities)

Identify links between proposal monitoring and adaptive environmental management / ecosystem management

Promoting livelihood via heritage, tourism, aesthetic upgradation must be a future area of research

5.4.1 Landuse and pressure on land resource

The land utilization in an area determines the character of a place. The study area falls in a highly sensitive historical setting. It is essential to consider the following

Compatibility Only land use compatible with heritage character and primarily residential areas must be promoted in this area. The area is primarily residential but there is severe lack of open spaces. Non compatible / polluting landuses must be minimized and mitigation measures must be suggested for the non compatible landuses. For eg the payal making industry or household namkeen making industry may be allowed to work from the present location only if they undertake mitigation measures. Removal of non compatible landuses may lead to imbalance or stark change in the economic profile of the area. Hence on-site mitigation measures must be considered.

Conforming / Non conforming activities A detailed assessment of level of implementation of DCR /byelaws or special rules as stated in Master Plan or other legal orders in terms of activities on site. There may be a need to provide special bylaws for this area bearing in mind the unique nature of settlement.

Pressure on land for commercialization / conversion To understand pressure on land and infrastructure we may conduct housing needs assessment:

o Population projection and per capita infrastructure available. o The rate and scale of new household formation. o The replacement rate of existing units that will have fully depreciated during the plan period. o The replacement rate of deficient units whose upgrading is not economically feasible. o The number of units required to relieve overcrowding levels at the start of the plan period. o The upgrading of deficient units existing at the start of the plan period.

5.4.2 Housing improvement

We must look into housing demand-supply gap and enery conservation through simple techniques. Also improve the living conditions like access to light and ventilation in all rooms inside a dwelling unit. Minimum air requirements for ventilation and light must be met.

Make innovative, model pucca houses for kuccha and semi pucca ones so that others are inspired to make similar reuse waste material for example overburnt brick for floor design in cement concrete etc. low cost options for building materials must be explored. Emphasize here that reuse of material is important and available on first come first served basis. Add aesthetic feel to community centre façade – outside façade to have reused material.

One large part of proposal for low cost housing improvement options.

Approaches to slum - a multi dimensional approach is necessary for the success of a slum upgradation plan. Options for land readjustment, Collective tenure must be explored.


o Scope : There is scope for in situ redevelopment in the encroached land in Hajjupura as a

sample. The gross and net densities must be calculated to make an effective infrastructure improvement plan.

o Data gap: Data is needed for occupancy ratios and basic elevations/ sections to establish daily needs and design for in situ redevelopment.

5.4.3 Heritage and Tourism

a. Heritage walk : Due to paucity of time, only two or three heritage structures were visited in select villages (Bilujpura ).There needs to be a detailed survey and spatial recording of these structures for reuse.

i. Bilujpura-There is a possibility of providing home stay experience for a day in heritage haveli (where marble inlay factory runs) in Bilujpura which also provides hidden views of the Taj Mahal. It has deewan ji ka makbara closeby, the basement of which may be used (after permission from ASI).The waste dumps in surrounding areas need to be cleaned.

iii. Paaktola- Saxena haveli area may be developed as the second home stay area. b. Numerous entrances may be conserved on the identified routes from tourism point of view.

These gates may also be used for reference when designing the new community spaces in most villages.

c. New community halls must be developed bearing in mind future tourist potential. Thus facades must incorporate traditional details.

d. Reuse of the traditional brick and stone brackets/columns: Making a Community centre from old heritage bricks (even if only as façade treatment) and stone columns or brackets must be explored. Many sites where structures are dilapidated and these tiles & brackets may be procured at lesser price were identified during the reconnaissance survey especially in Paaktola. An example of a house reusing some stone slabs and aalas, door frames is seen in Sheikh Bulakhi just before the marked tank in the map

5.4.4 Urban design, Architecture and Aesthetics

a. Built Up: Dense built up of single storey structures with narrow lanes. Fine grain and even within each slum observed.

b. Quality of Space: The residents have lesser value for public spaces though private spaces are well maintained.

c. Aesthetics: There is huge scope of improvement in this segment. Most areas are visual blights. A typical main street scene brings to mind a jungle of hanging wires in front of an aesthetic structure. The visual dismay caused by array of hanging wires along electricity posts must also be corrected for aesthetic improvement. The internal streets have better visual quality. Also there are many hidden views to the Taj Mahal from many areas in the bastis. This potential may be tapped for a good homestay experience or minor income generation activities.

d. Street Furniture: There is lack of street furniture like functional street lights and benches. Signage for way finding is almost absent. It is also observed that there need to be a regularisation of signage boards for shops or work centers inside residences.

Residents suggested that furniture liked fixed benches may be provided in public areas like the bagichi or temples/masjids as these areas are locked in the night hence the chances of misuse are lesser. The thada or outer sitting platform is an important architectural feature and also acts as interaction area for the residents. This is the most common feature irrespective of the size of


the tenement. Along with the thada another peculiar feature is the private toilet area alongside the thada on the outer most side of the house. This useful placement would make laying of services easy. e. Colour: The most common and soothing colour combinations observed are those available

in the 'kali' palette (local whitewash) likes hues of blue, green, peach, yellow and purple. These add to the unique experience and must be promoted for further use.

f. Planting local trees/ plants : Where ever possible specially in freehold areas or open plots, people must be encouraged to plant trees indigenous to Agra (Mentioned in the Gazetteer). If tenement sizes are small , then plants in pots maybe encouraged to improve visual quality of the area.

g. Reuse : Usage of building material waste like tile is observed, this may be encouraged in certain areas or selected pockets to give it a character and help maintaining the structure.

h. Art and education :Many long blank walls may provide for children's education (use as blackboard) or display of local art, paintings etc.

i. Hanging of clothes : The team may want to design some better hanging racks maybe by using metal waste or other scrap as it causes nuisance especially infront of some heritage structures.

j. New DCR : New development control rules must be framed after a public discussion to preserve whatever character of place is left as it is already on verge of extinction. A method of providing some financial assistance may also be worked out in such cases.

6 References Ritu Paliwal, “EIA practice in India and its evaluation using SWOT analysis”, TERI ,2006.

Azapagic,A.,Perdan,S. and Clift,R.,“Sustainable development in practice “, John Wiley publishers,2004.

Paul,S., “Emerging Challenges in ‘Water and Sanitation’ Problems and the Need for Appropriate Human Resource Development” ,ITPI Journal 8-1 ,2011.

Marsh,W.M., “Landscape Planning Environmental Applications” ,John Wiley Publications,20

Kulkarni,V. and Ramachandra,T.V., ”Environmental management”,TERI,2006.

Sinha,S., ”Slum Eradication and urban renewal”

Reddy,A.M., “Slum networking An innovative approach to urban development”

Gutterer,B.,Sasse,L., Panzerbieter,T. and Reckerzügel,T., "Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) and Sanitation in Developing Countries: A Practical Guide" ,BORDA,2009

“Case study of Janjgir,Chhattisgarh”, Participatory Planning for Slum Upgradation, Occasional paper series –No.7 by PRIA ,2007-08.

“RAY Guidelines”, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, 2011.

“UDPFI Guidelines”, Volume 1, Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment, Government of India,1996.

“Manual on norms and standards for environment clearance of large construction projects”, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India ,2007


Annexure 1 :Standards

NAAQS Standards

NAAQS Standards


Suggested vegetation type from the Manual:



Annexure 2 : CRITICALITY MATRIX

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR SLUMS, TAJGANJ

EVALUATION SHALL BE BASED ON 3 WEIGHTAGE CRITERION BASED ON TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ASPECTS

PARAMETER TEST/ FIELD

OBSERVATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15


GENERAL

LOCATION

Along Nallah or Other Drains, Railway

Line,Major Transport Alignment ,River / Water Body Bank,

Hazardous or objectionable or Others 2 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3

OWNERSHIP

Encroached,rent/ leased, owned, expired

lease 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 4 3 4 2 4 4 0 3 3 4 3 3 3 4

ACCUMULATION OF RAINWATER

Prone to flooding

2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

WATER - SURFACE,SUBSURFACE

QUANTITY

DEPTH -CHANGE IN DEPTH OF BORING LEVEL

FROM NBO 70'(21.3m)-120'(36.57metres)

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

5 5 5 5 5 5 3 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

WATER SUPPLY

LOCATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCE

Within premises, Outside premises, Both 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1

79 % In sayeed within premise.

SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER USED

Municipal Tap or piped water supply, Bore well with Motor, Hand Pump, Open Well

3 2 1 2 3 1.5 2 3 2 3 1.5 1.5 R R 2.5

182 hhld in teli n 144 in paak tola borewell with motor, 211 in kol handpump, 97 in asad nd 69 in gudhai both

IF PIPED WATER SUPPLY IS USED AT HOME DID YOU PAY THE

For connection, paid when,user charge


CONNECTION FEES?

Pay water bill

yes / no

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3

Maximim 72.5 % hhld in tajkhe pay bill followed by 72 in sayeed… least in kulhai 4.5 n 10 in asad gali

duration of water supply

number of hours, days

1 1.5 1 1.5 1 2 1 1 1.5 1.5 3 3 2 3 2

142 hhld in Sayeed less than 1 hr water supply, 109 in hajju . Also 202 in kulhai Sayeed less than 1 hr water supply, 109 in hajju

How much time is taken for water collection (in minutes)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

106 hhld in hajju take 1 hr, 134 in teli take 40 min, very few less than 20 min

IF PIPED WATER SUPPLY IS USED AT HOME OR IN THE COMMUNITY, THEN

duration, time taken for water collection

OPINION ABOUT QUALITY OF WATER

Good, Bad, Satisfactory, Mostly

CLEANING OF WATER SOURCE / STORAGE TANK /

Frequency , deposition of Algae

10 9.5 8 10.5 10 9.5 10 11 9.5 11.5 10.5 10.5 6 7 9.5

SANITATION

TOILETS

Toilet in the house, Community toilet, Mobile toilet, Open defecation, Toilet and open defecation, Shared toilet (with families on plot/neighbours 3 2 R 1.5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 R 3 1.5 3

27.4% open defecation / combined in kulhai and 24.5 % in asadgali. Best status in sheikh bul

Existence of Bathroom

Within Premises, outside premise, comminity bath, no bathroom, use house space for bathing or temporary bathroom

R R R 3 R 3 R R R 1.5 3 1 1 3 3

237 in bp have within premise, 152 in Hp ; 185 in teli & 170 in SA have no bath, 93 in hp use a part of house...


DISPOSAL SYSTEM

[Individual septic tank-1, shared/common septic tank, Unlined/lined pit, underground sewerage, open drain]

1 1 R 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 R 2.5 2 R 1

187 respondents in BP have individual, 155 in sa have undergrnd, 113 in hajju have shared, 9 in bp have unlined

If septic tank, where does the tank overflow go?

Open Drain, street

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2

Mosty into open drain -97 % in dalhai but 18.3 % in sayeed

WATER SUPPLY FACILITY IN TOILET

All the time-1, sometime-2, mostly or No water supply

6 5 2 8.5 4 10 6 6 6 7.5 8 5.5 8 7.5 9

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

POPULATION CATERED TO ( Does your community have sewer line)

% population catered to by existing system and what do the rest of the uncatered people do 3 R 3 2 3 1.5 R R 0.5 1 R R 3 R 2

~ OPINION ----Best opinion in NN with 96.2 , worst in asad,dalhai - 0

Is your house connected to the sewer line?

same as above

3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

~ OPINION ----Best opinion IN Diwanji with 53.8 yes worst in asad, dal, gu, kul, nn, navada n sheikh with 0 %

WHAT TYPE OF DRAINAGE FACILITY IS AVAILABLE NEAR YOUR HOUSE?

Lined/ unlined, Open/Closed ,Pucca drain-1, Informal/open drain-2, Kuccha drain-3, Underground drainage -4, Soak pit-5, Surface Drainage-6] 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2.5 2 2 2 2

Maximum Pucca uncovered drains

IF PUCCA DRAIN, STATUS OF DRAIN OUTSIDE YOUR HOUSE

[Clean-1, Blocked-2, Connected to outfall-3]

3 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 3

83.8% clean in in diwan ji but mostly not connected to outfall.

DOES WASTE WATER OR RAIN WATER FLOW INTO YOUR HOUSE/FLOOD THE STREETS WHEN DRAINS OVERFLOW? Yes / No R 2 1 3 R 3 2 1 R 2 2 1 R 3 1

Best in Asd n taj where 0 % yes, worst in sa-76.6% then diwanji followed by sayeed-57.6

11 9 12 9 11 12 9 9 7.5 10 8.5 9 10 10 11

WASTE DISPOSAL


COLLECTION SYSTEM

[By Self-1, Municipal Sweeper-2, Pay a private sweeper-3, door to door collection service -4 any other specify ] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Majority by self or pay a private - 316 by self in teli, 161 in bp pay private, 41 in gu municipal

DISPOSAL SYSTEM

[Waste Collection point near premises-1, Road-2,Open ground in the settlement-3, Large Drain-4, Open ground outside the settlement-5, Outside compound on road-6, Surface drains outside house] 3 2 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2.5 2

101 respondents in teli in surface n 151 respondents in asad in waterb

SEGREGATION OR REUSE

5 4 4.5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4.5 4

ELECTRICITY

POPULATION CATERED TO

% population catered to by existing system and what do the rest of the uncatered people do

TYPE OF CONNECTION

Metered power connection, Kerosene Lamp, Candle light, Firewood, Illegal hooking to power supply, Paid connection provided by neighbour/ Contractor Or None 2 2.5 1 R 1 R 3 1 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 R

Worst in kulhai 51.5% non metered,

2 2.5 1 0 1 0 3 1 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 0

TRANSPORT

POPULATION CATERED TO

% population catered to by existing system and what do the rest of the uncatered people do

1 1.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 1 1 1 2.5 1 1 3 2.5

Maximum kutcha in sayeed 44..scope for permeable option, max cc in dalhai-90, max walk in diwanji 54 then teli -45

ROAD TYPE IN FRONT OF YOUR HOUSE

B.T. Road-1, Kuccha Road-2, C.C. Road OR only a walkway

If not motorable, is it accessible by

Yes/No R 3 R 1 R 2 2 2 R 3 3 R 2 R 1

Best cond in dalhai,gudh,nav ,


Foot/Bicycle/ sheik. worst in bilooch, paaktola

BUS STOP NEARBY

connect to your workplace

R 2.5 R 3 R 3 2.5 1 R 2.5 3 R 2 2 1.5

Best in dalhai,nav,shei, asad-100 worst in diwan (27.5)

how long does it take to reach the nearest bus stop?

2 2.5 2 1.5 2 1.5 3 2.5 2 2 2 2 1.5 2 2

Mostly half an hour except kulhai - 29 % take 40 min, nath 23 % 35 m in

3 9.5 3 8 3 9 8.5 6.5 3 8.5 10.5 3 6.5 7 7

HOUSING & OTHERS

No of rooms in the dwelling unit

Occupany and size of dwelling unit matters

2.5 2 1.5 3 1.5 3 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 1 2 3 1

worst in diwan 60 % single,n sa 52 % ; better in gu evenly spread.

TYPE OF SHELTER

Average size of household / density vis-à-vis area of d.u.

2.5 2 1.5 3 1.5 3 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 1 2 3 1


47.5 50.5 40 52 41.5 56.5 49.5 40 42.5 53.5 54.5 43.5 47 48 50.5


Annexure 3 : Focused Literature Study for Best practices 16

Water management studies

As Urban cities are prime consumers of the total water consumption it is very important to manage water storage and supply in a sustainable way.

Rain Water Harvesting a Probable Solution Technically speaking, water harvesting means capturing the rain where it falls, or capturing the run‐off in one’s own area or village or in field. The various ways of harvesting water are normally are:

o Capturing run off from local (Micro) catchments o Capturing seasonal flood water from local streams o Capturing run off from rooftops o Conserving water through watershed

management Apart from increasing the availability of water, local water harvesting systems developed by local communities and households can reduce the pressure on the state to provide all the financial resources needed for water supply. Also, involving people will give them a sense of ownership and reduce the burden on government funds. Rain Water Harvesting

These techniques can serve the following purposes:

o Provide drinking water. o Provide irrigation water. o Increase groundwater recharge. o Reduce storm water discharges, urban floods and overloading of sewage treatment plants.

Objectives of Rain Water Harvesting vis vis Groundwater Recharge:

o Restore supplies from the aquifers .depleted due to over exploitation. o Improve supplies from aquifers lacking adequate recharge. o Store excess water for use at subsequent times. o Improve physical and chemical quality of ground water. o Reduce storm water run off and soil erosion. o Increase hydrostatic pressure to prevent / stop land subsidence. o Rehabilitate the existing traditional water harvesting structures like village ponds, o Percolation tanks, tankas etc. o With minor scientific modifications and redesigning, convert the traditional water harvesting

structures into ground water recharge facilities. o Use the existing defunct wells and bore wells after cleaning and also the operational wells as

recharge structures. Expected benefits of ground water recharging

o Rise in ground water levels in wells. o Increased availability of water from wells. o Prevent decline in water levels.

16

Various publications by CEPT,Ahmedabad


o Reduction in use of energy for pumping water and consequently the costs. o Reduction in flood hazard and soil erosion. o Benefiting in the water quality


Solid waste management studies

Here are some advantages and disadvantages of the various solid waste management methods:

ON SITE DISPOSAL OPTIONS

Details Advantages Constraints

Communal pit disposal Families are responsible to manage their own waste.

No external waste workers are required

Community mobilization program can be developed into hygiene promotion program.

Distance to communal bin may cause indiscriminate disposal, waste workers require to manage pits.

Family pit disposal Families are required to manage their own waste.

No external waste workers are required.

Community mobilization can be incorporated into hygiene promotion program.

Involves considerable community mobilization, for construction, operation and maintenance of pits, and even considerable space is needed.

Communal bins A highly hygienic and sanitary management method

Final disposal well away from dwelling area.

Significant collection, transportation and human resources are required

System takes time to implement, and efficient management is essential.

Family bins Families are required for maintaining collection containers, and potentially a highly sanitary management method

In general, the no. of bins required is too large

Significant collection, transportation and human resources are required

Takes time to implement

Efficient management essential.

Communal disposal without bins System rapid to implement

It may be in line with traditional /usual practice.

Requires efficient and effective management

Full time waste workers must be employed.

OFF SITE DISPOSAL OPTIONS

Details Advantages Constraints

Land filling • A sanitary disposal method if managed properly

• A reasonably large area is required.

Incineration • Burning reduces volume of combustible waste considerably .

• No pretreatment required.

• There can be smoke or fire hazards • High capital costs. • Residue quality and disposal,


• Is appropriate In off site pits to reduce scavenging.

although bottom ash can be reused.

Composting • The process is environmentally friendly • Products are beneficial for crops. • Can reduce volume of organic waste

fraction of MSW by 25-50% • Reduces organic wastes from landfill,

which reduces the production of landfill gas and leachate

• Potential useable product, although market development is necessary for higher value materials

• Intensive management and efficient personnel are required for large scale operations.

• Treats only the organic fraction of the waste stream (Green waste only for windrow, green & kitchen for in-vessel)

• Sensitive to cross contamination by glass and plastics, therefore requires careful source segregation or further post –treatment

Recycling The process is environmentally friendly • Initial setup is expensive • Limited potential for most

emergency situations. Source : Unpublished thesis” Application of Clean Development Mechanism in Solid Waste Management and Disposal :

A Case study of Delhi”, Anuja Shukla ,S.P.A.,Delhi.

Recommendations for Modernization of Solid Waste Management Practices In Class I Cities

Ban on throwing of wastes on the streets

Storage of waste at source

Doorstep collection of waste

Sweeping of streets on all days of the year

Work norms for Sweeping of Streets

Provision of Litter bins at Public Places

Abolition of open waste storage sites and other Un-hygienic Street Bins Transportation of Waste to Synchronize with Waste Storage Facility- Dispense with manual loading of waste.

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