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Environmental Reform:Stormwater Quality and
Ventura CountyAnna Lantin, PE, CPESC, CPSWQ
RBF Consulting
Where does rainfall and urban stormwater go?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Drains to curb inlets then to sewer plants
2. Drains to curb inlets then to rivers/ocean
3. Soaks into the ground
4. Don’t really know
Are there stormwater quality requirements in Ventura
County?
1 2
50%50%1. Yes2. No
Agenda
Drivers: Clean Water Act and NPDES Permitting Ventura MS4 Permit - what this means to
Developers, Land Planners, and Municipalities Environmental Reform
• What’s the end game?• Approaches to environmental objectives• National Efforts on stormwater, what to expect
1969 California Porter-Cologne Act 1972 Federal CWA (start NPDES) 1990 EPA Publishes NPDES Regulations 1990 RWQCBs adopt MS4 Permits 1992 SWRCB adopts General
Construction Permit 2009 New Construction General Permit 2010 New Ventura MS4 PermitMS4 : Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System
“Brief” Clean Water Act and NPDES History
Why is Stormwater Quality a concern?
When it rains it drains! Storm Water Pollution
is a concern Enforceable regulations
EPA SWRCB / RWQCBs Other Agencies Private Citizens
• NRDC
• Baykeepers
• Other Watchdog Groups
Who Enforces These Laws?
Why Water Quality?
Urban runoff
causes surface
water pollution.
Best
management
practices;
swales, detention
basins, low
impact
development,
trash removal
devices,
sweeping
Calleguas Creek Watershed, Ventura Co.
So. CaliforniaRegional Municipal Permits
Ventura County –adopted 2010 Los Angeles County City of Long Beach Orange County (2) San Diego County San Bernardino County Riverside County (3)
Ventura County MS4 Permit Purpose
Lessen water quality impacts of development• Promote Smart Growth, Compact Development, Infill,
Redevelopment Minimize impacts on biological integrity of Natural Drainage Mimic predevelopment water balance Minimize pollutant loading through source control, LID, and
treatment control BMPs Proper design of BMPs to address pollutants of concern and to
ensure long-term adequate function
What does the MS4 Permit apply to?
All projects ≥ 1 acre disturbed area and >10,000 sf impervious area
Industrial park ≥ 10,000 sf Commercial strip mall, roadway projects ≥ 10,000 sf impervious
area Retail gasoline, restaurants, automotive service facilities ≥ 5,000
sf Parking lots 5,000 sf impervious area or 25 spaces Projects located in or directly adjacent to, or discharging directly
to ESA and ≥ 2,500 sf impervious area
What does the MS4 Permit apply to (cont’d)?
Roadway project Implement “Green Streets” Single family hillside home Redevelopment projects• Create, add, or replace 5,000 sf of impervious area• Existing single family homes are exempt unless they
create, add, or replace 10,000 sf of impervious area
Urban Runoff Treatment BMPs
Low Impact Development (LID) The permit fundamentally
changes development through use of “low impact development” (LID). All projects must capture, treat, retain and infiltrate runoff from storm events.
What if not technically feasible? Developer must prove that low impact development is
technically infeasible. A developer still must create an EIA that is at least 30%,
but financial contributions or construction to public or private offsite LID projects may be used as an offset.
The Alternative Program Projects • In the same watershed; complete construction by May 7, 2013• Approved by the Regional Board• Demonstrate a reduction of volume and load for the
subwatershed• Alternative Program Projects is critical to future development in
Ventura County.
Is this the end game?
Current permit is to lessen impacts from new development/redevelopment
Current permits are based on iterative approach Updated every 5 years Will this ultimately reduce stormwater pollution?
1 Daughton (2004)
Long-Term Strategy
Stormwater dischargers must ultimately achieve receiving water quality standards, but there are compliance problems
The true scope of the problem is unknown:• Nearly 23 million organic and inorganic substances• About 7 million of these substances are
commercially available1
Current system is not an efficient approach
Environmental Reform?
We are investing significant resources in the urbanizing fringe, but this area is not the problem
The emphasis on treatment control or LID is not the answer for the built environment: • Plumbing is wrong, grading is wrong• Costs are too high• Effectiveness is modest• And, pace of redevelopment is slow:
Consider…
About 110 million acres currently ‘developed’ in the US (5.5% of land area)
Redevelopment proceeds modestly….• ABAG estimates 22,274 acres redeveloped from
1985 to 1995• This represents 0.5% of land area in the 8 counties
sampled over the 10 year period.• And, residential areas rarely redevelop
Meanwhile, Regulatory Pressure is Increasing….
1998 - 21,749 waterbodies impaired in US. 2008, the number rose to 43,446 in US Leading Causes (US EPA):
1. Pathogens2. Mercury3. Metals4. Nutrients5. Sediment
California 1700 pollutant-waterbody impaired 60% of State drains to impaired
waterbodies
Need for Change The current regulatory system is reactive and based
on proxies to achieve water quality standards:• Best management practices (BMPs)
The system is not working • Plans to fix impairments require more program resources• Litigation taking more program resources• Municipal governments being asked to pay for programs
with no clear pathway to the ‘goal’
True Source ControlSource Control = keeping potential pollutants out of
stormwater
Operational • Focused on physically keeping potential pollutants out of
contact with rainfall and stormwater runoff through covering, berming, or cleaning
True (or Original)• Focuses on the original source of a potential pollutant or on
runoff by eliminating or significantly reducing the existence of the potential pollutant or runoff thereby negating the need to physically prevent contact between the two
True Source Control
↓ Potential Pollutants• Reduce the number potential pollutants – Green chemistry
(DTSC), Design with nature• If you make it, you take care of it (Cradle-to-cradle) – Product
stewardship (CPSC), Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) (CIWMB)
↓ Runoff• Start at the Source / Low Impact Development (LID)
Manufacture
Sale
Use
Release to urban runoff
Urban runoff discharge
Receiving water
CostsEffectiveness
True SourceControl
Source Control
Treatment
Control
True Source Control (↓Potential Pollutants)Product-based Pollutants: Conceptual
Relationships
An Example of Source Control
Brake pads are the single largest source for copper in highly urbanized watersheds in California
SB346 – Brake pad bill to minimize copper in brakepads
26
Costs / Benefits
Chollas Creek watershed – San Diego• Without brake pad copper reduction = $1.4 B• With = $10s M
Los Angeles River watershed – Los Angeles• Without brake pad copper reduction = $15 B• With = $10s M