JOURNAL REVIEW

Epidemiology, prevention and control of road traffic accidents

Presented by :Dr saba M Mansoor Guided by :Dr Hemant Kumar

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Road Traffic Accidents2

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The Neglected Epidemic ???????3

DEFINITION ,HISTORY& INTRODUCTIONCLASSIFICATIONMAGNITUE OF THE PROBLEM RISK FACTORS GLOBAL STATUS ON ROAD SAFETYINDIA : STATUS ON ROAD SAFETYPREVENTVE MEASURES LEGAL PROVISIONS.REFERENCES 4

ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are also known as Road Traffic injuries,Motor vehicle collision,Motor vehicle accident,Automobile accident and Road traffic collision in some countries.5

Definition A Road Traffic Accident (RTA) can be defined as, an event that occurs on a way or street open to public traffic; resulting in one or more persons being injured or killed, where at least one moving vehicle is involved*. *6Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Road Accidents in India 2011. New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India; 2012.

Thus RTA is a collision between vehicles; between vehicles and pedestrians; between vehicles and animals; or between vehicles and geographical or architectural obstacles.'

Road traffic accidents are a human tragedy. They involve high human suffering and socioeconomic costs in terms of premature deaths, injuries, and loss of productivity,

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HISTORY

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Ohio City claims the first accident in 1891, engineer James Lambert was driving a gasoline-powered buggy, when he ran into a little trouble. The buggy, also carrying passenger James Swoveland, hit a tree root sticking out of the ground. Lambert lost control and the vehicle swerved and crashed into a hitching post. Both men suffered minor injuries.9http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-first-car-accident

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The first recorded fatalities by car came in 1896 . Bridget Driscoll stepped off of a London curb and struck a gas-powered Anglo-French model car driven by Arthur Edsall.

While the car had a top speed of four miles per hour, neither Edsall nor Driscoll were able to avoid the collision.

Edsall was arrested, but the death was ruled an accident and he was not prosecuted. 11http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-first-car-accident

INTRODUCTION

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Motorization has enhanced the lives of many individuals and societies, but the benefits have come with a price. 13

Road Traffic Accidents(RTAs)are Major Global Health problems and 8th leading cause of death leading to more than 1.2 million deaths and 20-50 million injuries annually*

14*WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action

RTAs in India are major but a Neglected Public Health Problem .

In 2011. 1.45 lakh people lost their lives while nearly 5 lakh people were severely injured, who were mainly males in productive age group, leading to nearly 3% loss of GDP

15http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-0218;year=2014

While the situation in many countries in now improving, India still holds the dubious distinction of being only country who faces more than 14 fatalities and 53 injuries every hour due to RTA.

16http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-0218;year=2014

In India, during last ten years the population has increased only 1.6 % per year but the, RTAs have increased at the rate of 4.6 % per year leading to RTA fatality rate from 8.2/lakh in 2000 to 10.9 in 2010.

17http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-0218;year=2014

Therefore there is urgent need to revamp the alarming Road safety situation in India and accord it the same priority as other important health issues, to prevent further loss of human life and their devastating impact on society and economy.

18http://www.ijcm.org.in/article.aspissn=0970-0218;year=2014

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTSThe Road Accidents can be classified in the following manners:Classification of Persons by Injury Severity person with fatal injury person with Grievous Injury person with minor injury person with no injury19Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue II/April-June,2014/64-68

ACCIDENT CLASSIFICATION BY VEHICLE TYPEMotorized two Wheeler accidentMotorized three wheeler accidentCar/Jeep/Van/Taxi accidentBus AccidentLight Transport Vehicle accidentHeavy Articulated Transport Vehicle accidentTractor with Trolley accidentBicycle/Pedestrian accidentAnimal/Hand Drawn Cart accident20

ACCIDENT CLASSIFICATION BY NUMBER OF VEHICLES

Single-vehicle accident Two-vehicle accident Three-vehicle accident Multiple Vehicle accident

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GLOBAL BURDEN

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Road traffic accident take the lives ofnearly1.24 millionpeople every year,and injure 2050 million more.

23 WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

More than 1.24 million people are killed in Road Accidents, every year.

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RTAs are the 8th leading cause of death globally and the leading cause of death for people aged 1529 years.

Young adults aged between 15 and 44 years account for 59% of global road traffic deaths. 77% road deaths are among men.

25WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

One child is killed in Road Accidents, every three minutes in the World. 26

3 to 4 % of Gross National Product is lost in Road Accidents.

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For males aged 15-44, road traffic injuries rank second (behind HIV/AIDS) leading cause of premature death and ill health worldwide .WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

28WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

Over90%ofroadtrafficdeathsandinjuriesoccurinlow- incomeandmiddle-incomecountries,whichhaveonly48%oftheworldsregisteredvehicles.

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WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

There are large disparities in road traffic death rates between regions. The risk of dying as a result of a road traffic injury is highest in the African Region (24.1 per 100000 population), and lowest in the European Region (10.3 per 100000).

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WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTSDEATHS ( PER 100,000)

Death rate due to Road Traffic accidents is highest in Namibia (53.4/ 100,000) followed by Swaziland (48.2/100,000) ,while it is lowest in Maldives (2.4/100,000) Malta (3.1/100,000) and Japan (3.8/100,000).

India ranks 77 with a death rate of 18.7/ 100,000)31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate

Half of the worlds road traffic deaths occur among motorcyclists (23%), pedestrians (22%) and cyclists (5%) i.e. "vulnerable road users" with 31% of deaths among car occupants and the remaining 19% among unspecified road users32

Inadditiontothegrief andsufferingtheycause,road trafficcrashesresult in considerableeconomic losses to victims, their families, nations as a whole, costing most countries 24%oftheirgross nationalproduct33

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate

Further, roadtraffic accidents arepredictedtoresultinthedeathofaround1.9millionpeople annually by 2020, and by 2030 willbecome the fifth leading cause of deathunless urgent action is taken.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_rate

As of now, only15%ofcountrieshavecomprehensivelawsrelatingtofivekey risk over-speeding,drinkinganddriving,andthenon-useofhelmets,seat-beltsandchildrestraints.

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WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

The world can prevent 5 million deaths and 50 million serious injuries by 2020 by scaling up investment in road safety, at global, regional and national levels36

INDIN SCENARIO37

India has one of the largest road networks in the world, of 3.314 million kilometers, consisting of National Highways, Expressways , State Highways etc. About 65 per cent of freight and 86.7 per cent passenger traffic is carried by the roads38

http://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/136033520/?formInput=%5C%22national%20highway%5C%22

INDIAN SCENARIO According to official statistics, during the year 2011, there were around 5 lakh road accidents, which resulted in deaths of 142,485 people (85% M,15%F) while 511,394 people were injured. Uttar Pradesh,Maharashtra, and Tamilnadu contributed to maximum number of cases. These numbers translate into 1 road accident every minute and 1 road accident death every four minutes (NCRB- 2012)

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Number of road accidents and number of persons Involved: 2002 to 2011

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National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. J Orthop Traumatol Rehabil 2013;6:1-6

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2011P*

Number of persons killed per ten thousand vehicles during 1970-201144

KARNATAKA SCENARIODuring 2013 there have been 42107 RTAs across the state claiming the 9510 lives,which included 8145 men and 1345 women.Besised 10850 men and 2805 were seriously injured.

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http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/61594-karnataka-road-accidents-claim-9510-lives-in-2013

Pedestrians, bicyclists and two-wheelers, who comprise the most vulnerable group, accounted for 40% of all fatalities.

The loss to the Indian economy due to Road Traffic Accidents in 2012 was estimated at 3% of GDP46

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898451/

ROAD ACCIDENT DEATHS BY VARIOUS MODES OF TRANSPORT DURING 2012

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This is attributable partly to an increase in the number of vehicles on the road, and partly to the absence of a coordinated official policy to control the problem.48

For instance while the population of India increased by 17.64 percent over the past ten years, the number of licensed vehicles increased by 132 percent over the same period.49

In the United States, which has close to 300 million people and more than 250 million vehicles, the number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles is 1.6, while in India this number, known as the road fatality rate, is as high as 14.

With just 1% of the world's vehicles, India manages to account for 10% of its road fatalities.

Contd......50

MAIN CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTSOver SpeedingDrunken DrivingUsing Mobile Phones while DrivingChild RestraintNot wearing of helmets and seatbelts51

Driver fatigue, Not obeying or following traffic rules.The attitudes of the right of the might bigger vehicles toward the smaller vehicles. Overloading of transport vehicles, Poor maintenance of the vehicles.Appalling condition of the already chocked roads and encroachment .OTHER CAUSES OF RTA52

HUMAN FACTORS IN RTA

Human factor contributes significantly to increasing number of road accidents in India. Most drivers continue to be acting like maniacs in a tearing hurry and error in judgment often leads to major accidents. Reckless driving, over speeding, decline to follow traffic rules, and drunken driving are main reasons for road accident 53

DRUNKEN DRIVING

Globally, some 480,000 deaths and 20 million of people get injured by drunken driving every year. In most high-income countries about 20% of fatally injured drivers have excess alcohol in their blood, i.e., blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in excess of the legal limit.54

Contd... In contrast, studies in low- and middle-income countries like India have shown that between 33% and 69% of fatally injured drivers and between 8% and 29% of non fatally injured drivers had consumed alcohol before their crash.55

DRIVER FATIGUE

Driver fatigue is a very dangerous condition created when a person is suffering symptoms of fatigue resulting from the hypnotic effect leading to diminished driver's vigilance level.Statistics show that 20% of all the traffic accidents and up to one-quarter of fatal and serious accidents are due to drivers with a diminished vigilance level. 56

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 57

WHO: GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY- 2013

Eighty-eight countries have reduced the number of deaths on their roads but the number remains unacceptably high at 1.24 million per year.Only 28 countries, representing 449 million people (7% of the worlds population), have adequate laws that address all ve risk factors (speed, drinkun driving helmets , seat-belts and child restraints).

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Half of all road trafc deaths are among pedestrians,cyclists and motorcyclists.

However, less than 35% of low- and middle-income countries have policies in place to protect these road users.

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RTA DEATHS BY REGION The African region has the highest road traffic fatality rate injury is highest in the African Region 24 per 100 000 population) , And European Region has the lowest in the (10.3 per 100 000).60

RTA DEATHS PER 100 000 POPULATION : BY REGION

AfricanRegion

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AfricanRegion

EasternMediterranean Region

WesternPacicRegion

South-East Asia Region

Region ofthe Americas

European Region

18.521.316.118.510.324.1515102025300

RTA DEATHS BY POPULATION REGISTERED VEHICLES AND COUNTRY INCOME 62Eighty per cent of road trafc deaths occur in middle-income countries, which account for 72 % of the worlds population,but only 52% of the worlds registered vehicles.

This indicates that these countries bear a disproportionately high burden of road trafc deaths relative to their level of motorization.

Population, road traffic deaths, and registered motorized vehicles by country income status

Population, roadtrafc deaths,and registered motorized vehicles, by country income status High-income Middle-income Low-income

12 1% 12% 16% 12% 12% 8% 47% 52% 72% 80%

POPULATION ROAD TRAFFIC REGISTERED VEHICLES DEATHS

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NEW ROAD SAFETY LAWS: PROGRESS

New road safety comprehensive legislation for all ve risk factors have been passed in 28 countries but only 7% of the worlds population is covered.

Only 59 countries, covering just 39% of the worlds population (2.67 billion people), have implemented an urban speed limit of 50 km/h or less .64

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DRUNKUN DRIVING Drinking and driving increases the risk of crash, as well as the severity of resulting injuries.

The drivers are affected or impaired with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC)of 0.05 g/dl, while at a BAC level of 0.1 g/dl the crash risk is approximately ve times higher than that of someone with a BAC level of zero.66

Contd89 countries, covering 66% of the worlds population (4.55 billion people), now have a comprehensive drinkdriving law, dened as a BAC limit of 0.05 g/dl or less.

High-income countries are more likely to have a legal BAC limit of 0.05 g/dl or less (67%) than are middle- or low-income countries (49% and 21%, respectively).67

Drinkdrive laws, by country/area68

Blood alcohol concentration 0.05 g/dl

Blood alcohol concentration >0.05 g/dl

No drink-drive law/not based on blood alcohol concentration

Drink-drive law at subnational level

Alcohol consumption legally prohibited

INCREASING MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE

In European countries, head injuries contribute to approximately 75% of deaths among motorcycle users; in some low- and middle-income countries, head injuries are estimated to account for up to 88% of such fatalities.

Wearing a standard, good quality motor cycle helmet can reduce the risk of death by 40% and the risk of serious injury by over 70% .69

Contd.... 155 countries (covering 88% of the worlds population) have laws in place for for helmet; both for drivers and co-passengers.

About half of all participating countries (98) covering 77% of world population apply helmet standards , with proven effectiveness in reducing head injuries.70

INCREASING SEAT-BELT USE

Failure to use a seat-belt is a major risk factor for road trafc injuries and deaths among vehicle occupants.

Wearing a seat-belt reduces the risk of a fatal injury by 4050% for drivers and front seat occupants, and between 2575% for rear seat occupants71

Contd..Comprehensive seat-belt laws in place in hundred and 111 countries, (69% of the worlds population, 4.8 billion people) .

But more needs to be done to convince political leaders and police authorities that seat-belt use can save lives, and to work to strengthen seat-belt legislation in line with best practices.72

seat-belt wearing ismandatory by law. there isno exemption for anybody,

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seat-belt wearing is mandatory by law. there is no exemption for anybody, including me. including me. Governor of Afyonkarahisar

INCREASING THE USE OF CHILD RESTRAINTS

Child restraint systems protect infants and young children from injury during a crash. Infants and children need child restraint systems that can accommodate their size and weight.

Child restraints reduce the likelihood of a fatal crash by approximately 70% among infants and between 54% and 80% among young children74

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The majority of high-income countries (88%) have child-restraint laws in place, while such laws are far less common in low- and middle-income countries (30% and 43%, respectively).

Most of the 51 European countries have enacted child restraint laws, but only one of eleven South East Asia countries has passed such a law76

USE OF MOBILE PHONEDrivers using mobile phone are four times more vulnerable than those not using a phone. The Risk is similar for both, hand held as well as hands free.

142 countries (covering 83% of world population ) have laws in place and prohibit its use while driving, while 34 countries also prohibit hands free phones.

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STATUS REPORT: INDIA

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SAFE ROAD USERPenalty/demerit point system in place - No National speed limits - Yes Local authorities can set lower limits - Yes Maximum limit urban roads 60km/h Enforcement 012 45678910

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DRUNKUN DRIVINGNational drinkdriving law - Yes BAClimitGeneral population - 0.03g/dl BAC limityoung or novice drivers - 0.03g/dl BAC limitprofessional - 0.03g/dl Random breath testing and/or Police check points - Yes Enforcement 012 45678910

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HELMET USE National motor cycle helmet law - Yes Applies to drivers and passengers - Yes Helmet standard mandated - Yes Enforcement 01 345678910 Helmet wearing rate 50% Drivers 10% Passengers81

SEAT-BELTNational seat-belt law - Yes Applies to front and rear seat occupants - Yes Enforcement 01 345678910 Seat-belt wearing rate 27%Drivers

NATIONAL CHILD RESTRAINT LAW AND USE OF MOBILE PHONES National child restraint law Enforcement -No National law on mobile phones while driving Yes Law prohibits hand-held as well as hands-free mobile phone use83

POST-CRASH CARE Emergency Room based injury surveillance Emergency system - No Access telephone number(s) - Multiple numbers Seriously injured transported by ambulance - 1149% Permanently disabled due to road trafc crash - 2% Emergency medicine training for doctors - Yes Emergency medicine training for nurses - Yes

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DATA Reported road trafc fatalities in (2010) = 133938 (85%M,15%F) Estimated GDP lost due to road trafc crashes = 3%

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DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORYOccupants 4-wheeled cars andlight vehicles (16%)

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Occupants 4-wheeled cars and light vehicles (16%)

Riders motorized2- or 3-wheelers (32%)

(32%) Cyclists (5%)

Pedestrians (9%)

Drivers/ trucks (13%)

Drivers passengersbuses (8%)

Other (17%)

PREVENTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS87

Road deaths and injuries are preventable.

A wide range of effective road safety interventions exist and a scientific system approach to road safety is essential to tackle the problem88

HUMAN FACTOR

Drunken Driving increses the RTA risk five times. Drivers need to be educated on this aspect.Issuing of the driving license should be strictly based on the minimum proficiency acquired by the learners from designated driving schools.Minimum qualifications should be fixed for different categories of drivers.

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Contd...Carry out periodic medical checkup especially vision and hearing for the drivers.

Training on first aid should be compulsory.

Indiscriminate honking to be avoided.

Educate the drivers and traveling public about traffic rules90

DRUNKEN DRIVING India has the highest number of road accidents in the world killing nearly 1,34,000 people every year. Of this 70% or over 93,800 cases are due to consumption of alcohol.

The legal limit of alcohol content in blood is 0.03% or 30mg per 100ml of blood. If a person driving a car has a BAC level of 30mg per 100 ml of blood, he or she can be booked under section 185 of the Motor Vehicle Act 91

SAFE ALCOHOL LIMITSFor an average adult male who weighs about 65 Kg ; may have beer (660 ml),whisky (60 ml) or wine (200 ml) to stay within the legal limit.

How long after a drink can you drive? It takes about one hour to process about 9.5 ml of alcohol in the body. But its always safer to drive without any sort of alcoholic influence.

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BREATH ALYZERS

Abreathalyzerorbreathalyser is a device for estimatingblood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample.Breath analyzers estimate BAC indirectly by measuring the amount ofalcoholin one's breath. Two breathalyzer technologies are most prevalent. Desktop analyzers generally use infraredspectrophotometerand electro chemicalfuel celltechnology, or a combination of the two.

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LEGISLATIONS 94

ROAD TRANSPORT AND SAFETY BILL- 2014.

Bill aims to "provide a framework for safer, faster, cost effective and inclusive movement of passengers and freight in the country, thus enabling the mission of Make in India" and that the enactment of the Bill is expected to save 200,000 lives in the next five years.95

http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/dinesh-mohan-road-safety-and-a-bhel-puri-act-114100901227_1.html

Contd...The Bill will pave the way for Vehicle Regulation and Road Safety Authority prescribing minimum safety standards for vehicles, roads and its users. The authority will have to maintain a National Unified Information System, thereby centralising details on vehicle registrations, driving licences, insurance, permits, penalties, accidents, etc.96

MOTOR VEHICLE AMENDMENT BILL 2014

The revised proposed bill has been passed in parliament on 18 dec 2014. First offence for drunk driving will attract "Rs.25,000 fine, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months, or with both, and a six-month license suspension. Second offence within three years will result inRs.50,000 penalty or imprisonment for up to one year or both and a one year license suspension.

97http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-motor-bill-road-safety-and-transport-bill-2014-traffic-offenders/1/382678.html

Contd Any subsequent offence shall result in the cancellation of the licence, and impounding of the vehicle which may extend for 30 days. If school bus drivers are caught driving drunk,Rs.50,000 fine will be imposed with imprisonment for three years while "immediate cancellation" of licence will take place in case of drivers in the age-group of 18 to 25 years involved in such incidences.

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Causing death of a child in certain circumstances will result in "Rs.3 lakh fine, and imprisonment for a term not less than 7 years" Violating traffic signal three times will result inRs.15,000 fine, licence cancellation for a month and a compulsory refresher training. Contd.99

Emergency medical care to victims of accidents and other emergencies

Honourable Supreme Court of India in its order dated 19 Feb 2004 has made it mendatory to all medical professionals to attend all RTA victim with out raising any objection that it is a medico-legal case requiring information to the police authorities.

Whether or not such a person is immediately in a position to make payment for screening and emergency medical treatment,

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ContdWhether or not such a person has medical insurance or is a member of any medical scheme of the person's employer or to a scheme which otherwise provides for medical reimbursement.And without raising any other unreasonable objection.

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HBLE SUPREME COURT DIRECTIVE

HAND OUT ON HBLE SUPREME COURT DIRECTIVE103

VEHICLES

Well-maintained vehicles with good breaks, lighting, tyres etc. will reduce accidents.Older vehicles and highly polluting vehicles should be phased out.Vehicles should be provided with seat belts and other necessary safety provisions (like airbags).

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CONDITION OF ROADS

Roads should be well maintained with frequent relaying of road surfaces and markings of road safety signs.Provide proper footpaths for pedestrians and pedestrian crossings at intersections.Provide separate lanes for slow-moving and fast-moving vehicles.Roads and junctions should be wide and well lit so that visibility is good

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PEDESTRIAN SAFETYMore than one fifth of the people killed on the worlds roads each year are not travelling in a car, on a motorcycle or even on a bicycle they are pedestrians.

Each year, more than 270 000 pedestrians (22% of all RTA deaths)lose their lives on the worlds roads.

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WHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action.

Contd.. Pedestrian deaths and injuries are often preventable, and proven interventions exist, yet in many locations pedestrian safety does not attract the attention it merits.

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Policy and planning reforms that support pedestrian safetyControlling vehicle speed, developingtraffic- calming measures, restricting vehicletraffic in residential areas,building Sidewalks,enforcing traffic laws, pedestrianizing citycentres, installing pedestrian signals, Pedestriansafety in roadway design are some measuresWhich can be take for pedestrian safety.108

MANAGEMENT OF ACCIDENT VICTIMS

The importance of the Golden Hour in giving adequate treatment to the accident victim in saving the injured should be highlighted to both the health personnel and the community.

Provision of medical care/first aid care facilities on highways and busy roads.

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Contd...Provision of ambulances and trained health personals in shifting and transporting the injured person to nearby hospitals for treatment.Awareness creation among all sections of the society to treat accident victims with sympathy and without fear so that the morbidity and mortality can be reduced.

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FIRST AID IN ROAD ACCIDENTS

Many deaths can be prevented with First-Aid if causalities are treatedimmediately.

The basic aims of first aid are To save life,To protect the casualty from getting more harm,To reduce pain and priorities of casualty treatment.

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THE GOLDEN HOUR

The first hour after the trauma is called the golden hour.. If proper first aid is given, road accident victims have a greater chance of survival and a reduction in the severity of their injuries112

THE WHO INITIATIVE 113

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN RTA PREVENTION

WHO has drawn a Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020 to guide efforts at national and local levels. Governments, international agencies, civil society organizations, and private companies from more than 110 countries have launched the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011 2020. which seeks to save 5 million lives over the 10-year period. India is also a signatory to this.

114WHO.Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020.2011. Saving millions of lives.

Contd...... Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020 was officially proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in March 2010. To achieve its goal, the Global Plan features five categories or pillars

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FIVE PILLARSPillar 1 Road safety managementPillar 2 Safer roads and mobilityPillar 3 Safer vehicles Pillar 4 Safer road usersPillar 5 Post-crash response

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ROAD SAFETY WEEK Road Safety Week is observed throughout the country every year in the month of January in order to highlight and emphasize the need for safe roads by taking up activities to promote the concep 117

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Effective community participation also plays a key role in the prevention of RTA. Everybody should be concerned and should work toward achieving a safe road travel so that road accidents should never happen again.118

ROAD SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Information of RTI is primarily collected by the Police department and sufficient information is not available from the health sector and under-reporting is a serious issue undermining the public health burden and impact of RTI119

BLOOMBERG PHILANTHROPIES GLOBAL ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMME Former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg is to donate $125m over the next five years to improve traffic conditions in ten cities of low and middle-income countries across the world.

Starting from 2015, the funds will be provided through the Bloomberg Philanthropies Global Road Safety Programme with an aim to strengthen road safety legislation.

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CONCLUSION

Enforce laws to prevent drunken driving ( 70 % of RTA deaths can be averted)Prevent over-speeding and enforce speed limits.Ensure use of helmets by two-wheeler driversEnsure use of seat belts and child restraints in carsImprove visibility, vehicle headlights and road lightings.Enforce traffic rules.

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TAKE HOME MESSAGE123

124A symbol for all: the road safety tag

The road safety tag is the new global symbol for road safety and the key visual for the Decade 2011-20 of Action for Road Safety.

Wear. Believe. Act.

REFERENCESWHO.Global status report on road safety 2013. Supporting a decade of action. WHO.STRENGTHENING ROAD SAFETY LEGISLATION 2014. A toolkit for road safety legislation workshops.WHO.Decade of Action for Road Safety 20112020.2011. Saving millions of lives.WHO.PREVENTING ROAD TRAFFIC INJURY:2004. A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE FOR EUROPE.WHO.Make walking safe:2011.A brief overview of pedestrian safety around the world.

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Pawan Deshpande, ROAD SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN INDIA: A REVIEW International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology .Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue II/April-June,2014/64-68.Narinder Mahajan, Ashok Bhardwaj, Anmol Gupta, Sunil Kumar Raina, BP Gupta. An epidemiological study on the road traffic accidents from hills of north India. Burns & Trauma, April 2014, Vol 2, Issue 2.75-79.LEGAL REFORMS TO COMBAT ROAD ACCIDENTS. LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA.GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.Report No. 234. August 2009.THE MOTOR VEHICLES (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2014 By SHRI MULLAPPALLY RAMACHANDRAN, M.P. S. Gopalakrishnan. Public Health Perspective of Road Traffic Accidents. J Family Med Prim Care. 2012 Jul-Dec; 1(2): 144150.

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http://mentalfloss.com/article/31807/when-and-where-was-first-car-accident.Singh R, Singh HK, Gupta S C, Kumar Y. Pattern, severity and circumtances of injuries sustained in road traffic accidents: A tertiary care hospital-based study. Indian J Community Med 2014;39:30-4Pawan Deshpande, ROAD SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN INDIA: A REVIEW. Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. V/Issue II/April-June,2014/64-68.Accidental deaths and suicides in India - 2012. National Crime Records Bureau. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India,Ruikar M. National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. J Orthop Traumatol Rehabil 2013;6:1-6.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_traffic-related_death_ratehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898451/127

18. Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Road Accidents in India 2011. New Delhi: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India; 2012.

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THANK YOU129