Essential QuestionEssential Question:: What were the significant causes & What were the significant causes &

effects of America’s “new” foreign effects of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?policy from 1890 to 1914?

Reasons for U.S. ExpansionReasons for U.S. Expansion Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was

focused on settling the western focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny frontier via Manifest Destiny

Expansion by 1890s was differentExpansion by 1890s was different New forms of communication ledNew forms of communication led toto aa

sensesense ofof internationalisminternationalism LookedLooked toto gaingain moremore navalnaval bases & bases &

markets in major trade routesmarkets in major trade routes New territories were viewed as colonies, New territories were viewed as colonies,

not as future-statesnot as future-states

Reasons for U.S. ExpansionReasons for U.S. Expansion Why the new focus? Why the new focus? New marketsNew markets

The end of the Western frontier led to The end of the Western frontier led to fears about America’s future economic fears about America’s future economic opportunitiesopportunities

American industrialism made the U.S. a American industrialism made the U.S. a major exportermajor exporter

Businessmen feared nothing would be Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European nations finished left when European nations finished imperializingimperializing

World Colonial Empires, 1900World Colonial Empires, 1900U.S. Foreign Investments: U.S. Foreign Investments: 1869-19081869-1908

Reasons for U.S. ExpansionReasons for U.S. Expansion Why the new focus? Why the new focus? DarwinismDarwinism

Social Darwinism promoted white Social Darwinism promoted white superiority superiority

““White man’s burden” promoted the White man’s burden” promoted the American & European “duty to civilize” American & European “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity Christianity

By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “its first real foreign “policypolicy””

American Social DarwinismAmerican Social Darwinism

Superstition

Oppression

Ignorance

Barbarism

Vice

Civilization

Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

The US as a World PowerThe US as a World PowerThe U.S. promoted trade with Europe but avoided diplomatic conflicts (neutrality)The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin

America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American lake” & Latin America as a vast

potential market for U.S. goods

The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

The U.S. as a World Power: The U.S. as a World Power: AlaskaAlaska

Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to

annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

The U.S. as a World Power: The U.S. as a World Power: Latin Latin AmericaAmerica

Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade

U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought

raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses

In the Gilded Age, U.S. companies like United Fruit became the

largest land owners & employers in many central American nations

The U.S. as a World Power: The U.S. as a World Power: HawaiiHawaii

U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation

owners who called for U.S. annexation

In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a

republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole

“The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the

United States to pluck it.”—John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinleyunder President McKinley

Do you see any short- & long-term Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii?significance to annexing Hawaii?

The U.S. as a World Power: The U.S. as a World Power: ChinaChina

The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into

European spheres of influence

The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China

The U.S. as a World Power: The U.S. as a World Power: JapanJapanThe U.S. navy led by Commodore

Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism

But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20th Century

Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904

& gained control of Korea

The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open

Door policy, & respect Chinese independence

The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against

Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S.

The New NavyThe New Navy In order to adequately prepare for the In order to adequately prepare for the

new U.S. role in foreign policy, new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred Alfred MahanMahan pushed for a “new navy” in pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s:the 1880s: The initial focus was to create lightly-The initial focus was to create lightly-

armored, fast shipsarmored, fast ships But by the 1890s, the navy built new But by the 1890s, the navy built new

“offensive” battleships“offensive” battleships The navy improved from 12The navy improved from 12thth the world the world

in 1889 to 3in 1889 to 3rdrd in 1900 in 1900

The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland)

1st big, heavy-armor ships 1st submarines

1st smokeless-powder artillery

1st rapid-fire guns 1st torpedoes

Essential QuestionEssential Question:: What were the significant What were the significant

motivations for & results of motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?from 1890 to 1914?

The The Spanish-American Spanish-American

WarWar

Causes of the Spanish-Causes of the Spanish-American WarAmerican War

U.S. presidents from U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley Jefferson to McKinley saw the benefits for the saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba U.S. of gaining Cuba

The Spanish-American The Spanish-American War to assist Cuba’s War to assist Cuba’s independence was independence was the most popular war the most popular war since the American since the American RevolutionRevolution

Causes of the Spanish-Causes of the Spanish-American WarAmerican War

By the 1860s, the only remaining By the 1860s, the only remaining piecespieces ofof thethe Spanish Empire were Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & PhilippinesCuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines JosJoséé Mart Martíí led Cubans in revolt led Cubans in revolt

against Spain in 1895 against Spain in 1895 Spanish General Weyler used a Spanish General Weyler used a

reconcentration policyreconcentration policy (torture & (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence try to end the Cuban independence movementmovement

Evidence of Spanish Mistreatment of Evidence of Spanish Mistreatment of Cubans Cubans

General Weyler’s Reconcentration General Weyler’s Reconcentration PolicyPolicy

American Involvement American Involvement Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both

remained neutral regarding Cuban remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until:independence until: Newspapers used sensationalist “Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow yellow

journalismjournalism” which boosted U.S. ” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cubasympathy for Cuba

In 1898, the In 1898, the USS Maine, USS Maine, sent to protect sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba,U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in exploded in Havana harborHavana harbor

Pulitzer’s Pulitzer’s The WorldThe World & &Hearst’s Hearst’s New York JournalNew York Journal

The The Spanish-AmericanSpanish-American War War In April 1898, Congress declared war In April 1898, Congress declared war

on Spain, but added the on Spain, but added the Teller Teller AmendmentAmendment to the war declaration to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cubaannex Cuba

The war led to patriotic outburst:The war led to patriotic outburst: Ex-Confederates served & symbolicallyEx-Confederates served & symbolically

unitedunited NorthNorth && South South Women & African-Americans volunteered Women & African-Americans volunteered

in mass numbersin mass numbers

“Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we.But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

Spanish-American War was fought in Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines

Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba

The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from

disease, only 379 died in battle)

“What a splendid little war.”—John Hay, Secretary of State

under President McKinley

Results of Spanish-American Results of Spanish-American WarWar

U.S. & Spain signed the U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis on Dec 10, 1898: on Dec 10, 1898: Cuba gained independenceCuba gained independence U.S.U.S. gainedgained PuertoPuerto RicoRico && GuamGuam What to do with the Philippines? The What to do with the Philippines? The

U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippinesthe U.S. annexed the Philippines

War in the PhilippinesWar in the Philippines

Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence grant independence

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla-style led a guerilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years: rebellion that lasted 3 years: Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000 Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000

& 200,000 native lives& 200,000 native lives TheThe U.S.U.S. resortedresorted toto Weyler-style Weyler-style

brutality: torture, starvation, rapebrutality: torture, starvation, rape

The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule

War in the PhilippinesWar in the Philippines McKinley appointed William Taft to McKinley appointed William Taft to

the the Philippine CommissionPhilippine Commission:: Built schools, roads, & bridgesBuilt schools, roads, & bridges Improved taxes & sanitationImproved taxes & sanitation Created local governments that honored Created local governments that honored

Filipino cultureFilipino culture Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end

to the fightingto the fighting The Philippines was granted The Philippines was granted

independence on July 4, 1946independence on July 4, 1946

The “American Empire” in 1900The “American Empire” in 1900How should the new lands in the new

“empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting?

Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed

governors & granted U.S. citizenship

The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba

could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time

Our Our Sphere Sphere

of of InfluencInfluenc

ee

ConclusionsConclusions::The USA as a The USA as a

New World Power New World Power

Impact of Spanish-American Impact of Spanish-American WarWar

Just as the Depression of 1893 led to Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy:U.S. foreign policy: The U.S. gained overseas territories & The U.S. gained overseas territories &

was recognized as a legitimate “world was recognized as a legitimate “world power”power”

Increased the power of the American Increased the power of the American presidentpresident