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Essential Question:
• How successful were African nations in becoming politically and economically independent?
By 1900 only 2 African Nations remained independent...
•Ethiopia
•Liberia
Roots of Independence Movement
• Desire for freedom never abandoned
• Post WW1 &WW2 movements
• American Civil Rights Movement
• Nasser & Arab Nationalism
Struggle for IndependenceStruggle for Independence
Traditional Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
Traditional Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
European Settled Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
• White Minority resisted Black Rule
• Legalized Discrimination
European Settled Colony
• Colonial Government
• Export Based Economy
• White Minority resisted Black Rule
• Legalized Discrimination
Ghana Becomes Independent• 1957
• Led by Kwame Nkrumah
• 1st Colony to Achieve Independence
• Avoids Tribal Conflicts
OAU• Nhrumah founded
the OAU--Organization of African Unity
• worked to promote African economic independence
Nkrumah & WEB de Bois work on Pan-African Movement
Rebellion in Kenya
• British colony of Kenya heavily settled by White farmers
• Took land from Kikuyu and Masai people
Mau Mau Rebellion• Mau Mau called
themselves the Land & Freedom Party
• protested for Independence
• mass arrests> concentration camps
Jomo Kenyatta
• Kikuyu leader
• arrested for “terrorism”
• imprisoned for 8 years
• became President of Kenya
• Kenya becomes strongest democracy in Africa
• Kenyatta made Kenya an economic success
• He stays in power to long = corruption & abuse
Ending Apartheid in South Africa
• African National Congress
• Political Party
• began fight against Apartheid
Apartheid
Nelson Mandela
• Leader of ANC
• arrested and jailed for 28 years
• 120 ANC leaders were jailed
The Years of Struggle
• 1960: Sharpeville Massacre > Stay at Home Campaign
• 1976: Soweto Uprising
Steve Biko
• Biko organized student protests against Apartheid
• banned person
• Smuggled his writings out
• beaten to death by police
Bishop Desmond Tutu
• Anglican minister who led international protest against Apartheid
• South Africa sanctioned
Impact of Sanctions
• Worldwide Protest against Apartheid
• Ban on Trade & Banking
• Financial Crisis in South Africa
F.W. de Klerk & Nelson Mandela
• De Klerk, white prime minister
• negotiated with Mandela
• released him from Prison
• made agreement for free elections with all South African’s allowed to vote
South Africa Avoids Bloodbath
South African Independence• 1994: first free elections
• Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa
• 1994 to present: South Africans work to create economic equality
• tribunal: trials for criminal acts under Apartheid
Problems Faced by Independent Africa
• Debt from Colonial Period• Pressure from the World Bank to
grow colonial export crop to pay off debt
• Ethnic Conflict– Such as Hutu & Tutsi in Rwanda
• War & Use of Child Soldiers
• Health Issues:– Clean water– High infant mortality rate– Aids