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ETAP PowerStation 4.0

User Guide

Copyright 2001 Operation Technology, Inc.

All Rights Reserved This manual has copyrights by Operation Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of Operation Technology, Inc. The Licensee may copy portions of this documentation only for the exclusive use of Licensee. Any reproduction shall include the copyright notice. This exception does not allow copies to be made for other persons or entities, whether or not sold. Under this law, copying includes translating into another language. Certain names and/or logos used in this document may constitute trademarks, service marks, or trade names of Operation Technology, Inc. or other entities. • Access, Excel, ODBC, SQL Server, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows

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Chapter 10

AC-DC Elements

Editors are available for each element type in the one-line diagram and in the underground raceway system. Except for the element IDs, bus connections, and status, all other data that appear in the editors are considered engineering properties.

One-Line Diagram Element Editors Each element available on the One-Line Diagram Toolbar has a customized editor. This chapter addresses the AC-DC element editors.

AC-DC Elements UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) Charger Inverter

Operation Technology, Inc. 10-1 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

AC-DC Elements UPS

10.1 UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) The properties associated with UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supply) of the electrical system can be entered in this editor. A UPS consists of two AC terminals (input & output) and one DC terminal. The DC terminal is located on the side and can be connected to a DC bus (node).

The UPS Editor contains the following nine pages of information. • Info Page • Rating Page • Loading Page • SC Imp Page • Duty Cycle Page • Harmonic Page • Reliability Page • Remarks Page • Comment Page

10.1.1 Info Page Within the Info page, specify the UPS ID, connected Bus, In/Out of Service, Equipment FDR Tag, Name, Description, Data Type, load Priority, Configuration Status, AC Connections, and Demand Factor.


AC-DC Elements UPS

Info

ID Enter a unique alphanumeric ID with a maximum of 25 characters. PowerStation automatically assigns a unique ID to each UPS. The default IDs consist of the word Ups plus an integer, starting with the number one and increasing as the number of UPS increases. The default ID (UPS) for UPS elements can be changed from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the Project View.

In Bus and DC Bus These are the IDs of the connecting buses for the UPS. If the terminal is not connected to any bus, a blank entry will be shown for the bus ID. To connect or reconnect a UPS to a bus, select a bus from the list box. The one-line diagram will be updated to show the new connection after you click on OK. Note that you can connect the terminals of the UPS to AC & DC buses that reside in the same view where it resides, or you can connect to buses that reside in other views by connecting the external and internal pins of the composite networks. You cannot connect to buses that reside in the Dumpster. If a UPS is connected to a bus through a number of protective devices, reconnection of the UPS to a new bus in this editor will reconnect the last existing protective device to the new bus, as shown below where Ups1 is reconnected from Bus10 to Bus4.

Next to the bus ID, PowerStation displays the nominal kV in AC terminal buses and nominal V in DC terminal buses for your convenience.

In/Out of Service Operating conditions of a UPS can be selected by choosing either the In Service or Out of Service option. The properties of an Out of Service UPS can be edited like an In Service UPS; however, an Out of Service UPS will not be included in any system studies. When Continuity Check is activated, an Out of Service UPS automatically becomes dimmed in the one-line diagram. Note that the In/Out of Service option is an engineering property and is independent of the configuration status. Therefore, you can set a UPS to be In Service for the Base Data and Out of Service in Revision Data.


AC-DC Elements UPS Configuration Select the operating status of the UPS(s) for the selected configuration status from the list box. Options for operating status include: • Continuous Continuously operating load • Intermittent Intermittently operating load • Spare Spare load (no short-circuit contribution) Depending on the demand factor specified for each operating status, the actual loading of the UPS is determined for load flow studies. Note that status is not a part of the UPS engineering properties. For this reason, the name of the configuration status is shown, indicating the UPS status under the specific configuration, i.e., you can have a different operating status under each configuration. In the following example, status of a UPS is shown to be Continuous under Normal configuration and Spare under Emergency configuration.

Equipment

FDR Tag Enter the feeder tag in this field, up to 25 alphanumeric characters.

Name Enter equipment name, up to 50 alphanumeric characters.

Description Enter equipment description, up to 100 alphanumeric characters.

Data Type This field provides a convenient way to track data entry. Select one of the data types (such as estimate, typical, vendor, final, etc.) from the list box. As the data is updated, this field can be changed to reflect the source of the latest data. There are a total of 10 load types and you can change their name from the Project menu under Settings and Data Type.

Priority Select the load priority of this UPS from the list box. This field can be used for load priority, operating priority, load shedding priority, etc. Ten different priorities are provided to select from. Priority names can be changed from the Project menu under Settings and Load Priority.

AC Connection

3-Phase For this release of PowerStation, the connection type for the AC input is set to 3-Phase.


AC-DC Elements UPS 1-Phase For this release of PowerStation, there is no output form the UPS model. Therefore, the connection pin on the output side is disabled.

Demand Factor Modify the demand factors for Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare status in the provided entry fields. The Demand factor is the amount of time the UPS is actually operating. The Demand factor affects the calculation of UPS loads for different loading categories. Load kW = Rated kW * % Loading * Demand Factor The Demand factors for Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare status have a range from 0% to 100%. Since demand factors are a part of engineering properties, PowerStation uses the same factors for all configurations.

10.1.2 Ratings Page In this page, you can specify the UPS ratings and select the UPS operating mode and type.

AC Rating

kW Enter the kW rating of the UPS (output power at full load). Click on the kW/MW button to choose either kW or MW units for entering and displaying output power ratings of the UPS. When the kW rating is modified, the rated power factor (including the operating load and losses for all loading categories) is recalculated in order to keep the rated kVA fixed. PowerStation limits the entry of kW/MW in such a way that the power factor cannot exceed 100% or be below 1%.

kVA Enter the rated output kVA (or MVA) of the UPS. When the kVA rating is modified, the rated kW and full load current of the UPS are recalculated.


AC-DC Elements UPS

kV Enter the rated AC output voltage of the UPS in kV.

FLA The rated AC output full load current of the UPS in amperes is displayed here.

% Eff Enter the rated efficiency of the UPS in percent. When the efficiency is modified, the full load currents for the AC input and DC sides are recalculated. Efficiency cannot exceed 100% or be below 10%. It defaults to 90%.

% PF Enter the rated power factor of the UPS output power. When the power factor is modified, the rated kW is recalculated. Power factor cannot exceed 100%. It defaults to 85%.

Input

kV Enter the rated AC input voltage of the UPS in kV. The rated AC input full load current is calculated based on this value.

FLA The rated AC input full load current of the UPS in amperes is displayed here.

DC Rating

V Enter the rated DC input voltage of the UPS in volts. The rated DC full load current is calculated based on this value.

FLA The rated DC full load current of the UPS in amperes is displayed here.

Imax Enter the maximum DC output current of the UPS in percentage of the rated DC full load current. The UPS becomes a constant current source when the DC load current exceeds the Imax in DC load flow studies. PowerStation uses Imax as the constant current source value. Imax defaults to 150%.

Operating Mode

Constant Vdc When you select this option, the rated DC voltage is used as the regulated voltage source of the UPS for DC load flow studies. With this option, the firing angle is adjusted to keep the DC voltage constant.

Fixed Firing Angle When you select this option, the DC voltage of the UPS (for DC load flow studies) is calculated using a fixed value for the firing angle (Alpha) and the input bus voltage.


AC-DC Elements UPS Vdc This field displays the DC voltage source of the UPS in volts.

Alpha Enter the fixed firing angle (Alpha) of the UPS in degrees for the calculation of the voltage source value. This field allows you to enter a value between 0 and 90 degrees, which means the UPS can only transfer power from its AC terminal to the DC terminal. The DC output voltage is proportional to cosine of alpha.

Options

Auction Diode When the Auction Diode option is selected, the UPS is treated as a DC load in the DC system, i.e., DC power can only flow into the UPS. In this case, the UPS will not provide power to the DC system for load flow or short-circuit studies.

Without the auction diode, DC power can flow in or out of the UPS.

Bypass Switch The Bypass Switch only affects AC short-circuit studies. When the Bypass Switch is selected, the UPS is treated as a shorted branch crossed between AC input and output terminals. If Bypass Switch is not selected, there is no short-circuit current contribution from the AC output side to the input side.

10.1.3 Loading Page In this page, specify the percent output loading of the UPS for all loading categories. The kW and kvar input load of the UPS based on the specified efficiency and power factor are calculated and displayed here. Also, the DC operating load and losses in kW are displayed here.


AC-DC Elements UPS

Operating Load

AC Input This area displays the updated AC input operating load of the UPS in kW/kvar or MW/Mvar when DC load flow studies are run and Update Operating Load is checked in the DC Load Flow Study Case Editor. These values will also get updated when the UPS output is connected to an AC system and AC load flow studies are run with Update Operating Load selected in the AC Load Flow Study Case Editor.

AC Output This area displays the updated AC output operating load of the UPS in kW/kvar or MW/Mvar when Update Operating Load is checked in the DC Load Flow Study Case Editor, or when the UPS output is connected to an AC system and the Update Operating Load option is selected in the AC Load Flow Study Case Editor.

DC This area displays the updated DC operating load of the UPS in kW or MW. It is updated when you run DC load flow studies and the UPS does not have an auction diode and the Update Operating Load option is checked in the DC Load Flow Study Case Editor.

Loading Category This section is used to assign a percent loading to each one of the ten loading categories for AC loading and DC loading of this UPS, i.e., each UPS can be set to have a different operating loading level for each loading category. To edit the values of the percent loading, click on any one of the edit fields under the % Loading column. Note that you can select any of these loading categories when conducting AC or DC load flow studies. To edit the loading category names, select Loading Category from the Project menu.

10.1.4 SC Imp Page Within the SC Imp page, specify the AC and DC short-circuit multiplication factors and the grounding resistance of the UPS, and view calculated AC and DC short-circuit contribution currents.


AC-DC Elements UPS

SC Contribution to AC System

Kac Enter the AC short-circuit multiplication factor in percent of the output FLA. PowerStation uses this value to calculate short-circuit current contribution from the UPS to the AC output side. The AC multiplication factor defaults to 150%.

Isc The AC short-circuit current contribution from the UPS to the output side is calculated and displayed here in amperes.

SC Contribution to DC System

Kdc Enter the DC short-circuit multiplication factor in percent of DC FLA. PowerStation uses this value to calculate short-circuit current contribution from the UPS in DC short-circuit studies. The DC multiplication factor defaults to 150%.

Isc The DC short-circuit current contribution from the UPS is calculated and displayed here in amperes.

DC Grounding

Grounded When you select the Grounded option, the UPS is grounded.

R Enter the UPS grounding resistance in ohms. For a solidly grounded UPS, enter zero for the grounding resistance.


AC-DC Elements UPS

10.1.5 Duty Cycle Page Within the Duty Cycle page, specify the duty cycle category and load profile for each duty cycle. PowerStation displays the load profile for random and non-random loads for viewing and printing. The data in this page are used in battery sizing studies.

Duty Cycle This section is used to specify load profile for each one of the five duty cycle categories.

Duty Cycle Category Select a duty cycle category from the list box and view the load profile for it in this page. Each load can have up to five duty cycle categories with independent load profiles. You can name the duty cycle categories from the Project menu bar.

Load Profile To add a load to the load profile, click on either the Ins or Add button, or press the Insert key to create a row in the load profile table. Each row represents a segment of the load profile for this duty cycle. To edit the load profile, click on the button under the Active column, and this segment of load will be considered in studies. Click on the button under the Random column, and this segment of load will be treated as a random load in studies. Click on the field under the Type column and pick one of the seven types in the list box. Enter a load name, current in amperes, start time in seconds, and duration in seconds for this segment of load. After the data of a row is entered, this segment of load curve will be drawn on the Non-Random or Random window. To delete a row of data, highlight the row by clicking the number of the row, then click on the Del button or press the Delete key. Click on either the <-Print or Print-> button, and the displayed load profile curve (random & non-random) for the selected duty cycle will be printed out. Note that you can select any of the duty cycle categories when conducting battery sizing studies. To edit the loading category names, select Duty Cycle Category from the Project menu.


AC-DC Elements UPS

10.1.6 Harmonic Page Within the Harmonic page, specify the harmonic source type of the UPS and view the harmonic source waveform and frequency spectrum of the UPS.

Use Library Data Get the harmonic source data of the UPS from the Harmonic Library.

Calculate Based on Parameters Calculate the harmonic source data based on the parameters of the UPS.

Parameters Enter the parameters of the UPS for the calculation of the harmonic source data.

Harmonic Library

Library Button Click on the Library button to pick up the UPS harmonic source data including harmonic source type, device type, and manufacture/model from the library.


AC-DC Elements UPS

Type Display the UPS harmonic source type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Manufacturer Display the UPS device type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Model Display the UPS manufacturer/model picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Waveform Display the harmonic source waveform of the UPS.

Spectrum Display the harmonic frequency spectrum of the UPS.

Print Buttons Click on either of the Print buttons to print out the waveform or frequency spectrum of the UPS.


AC-DC Elements UPS

10.1.7 Reliability

Reliability Parameters

λA Active Failure Rate in number of failures per year. The Active Failure Rate is associated with the component failure mode that causes the operation of the primary protection zone around the failed component and can therefore cause the removal of other healthy components and branches from service. It should be noted that the failed component itself (and those components that are directly connected to it) could be restored to service only after repair or replacement of the failed component.

µ

The Mean Repair Rate in number of repairs per year is automatically calculated and based on MTTR (µ = 8760/MTTR).

FOR It is the Forced Outage Rate (i.e., unavailability) calculated based on MTTR, λA (FOR = MTTR/(MTTR+8760/λA).

MTTF The Mean Time To Failure in years is automatically calculated and based on λA (MTTF = 1.0/λA).

MTTR The Mean Time To Repair in hours is the expected time necessary for a crew to repair a failed component and/or restore the system to its normal operating state.

Alternative Supply

Switching Time This is the time in hours necessary to isolate a failure. It is the period of time starting from the moment a switching operation is requested until the operation is completed.


AC-DC Elements UPS Replacement

Available Check this box to enable rP

rP It is the replacement time in hours needed to replace a failed component with a spare.

Library

Library Click on the Library button to bring up the Library Quick Pick Editor for reliability data.

Interruption Cost

Load Sector Select the Load Sector name for the load. The Load Sector information is used to obtain interruption cost information from the Reliability Cost library in order to calculate Expected Interruption Costs.

10.1.8 Remarks Page

User-Defined Info These fields allow you to keep track of extra data associated with this component. The names of the User-Defined (UD) fields can be changed from the Settings option in the Project menu in the Menu bar.

UD Field 1 (Eq. Ref.) This is a number field with the default name Eq. Ref. You can change the name of this field and enter the equipment reference number or any other number here, up to five digits.


AC-DC Elements UPS

UD Field 2 (Last Maint.) This is an alphanumeric field with the default name Last Maint. You can change the name of this field and enter any extra data for this element here, up to 12 alphanumeric characters.

UD Field 3 (Next Maint.) This is an alphanumeric field with the default name Next Maint. You can change the name of this field and enter any extra data for this element here, up to 12 alphanumeric characters.

UD Field 4 (Tests Req.) This is an alphanumeric field with the default name Tests Req. You can change the name of this field and enter any extra data for this element here, up to 12 alphanumeric characters.

UD Field A5 This is an alphanumeric field with the default name UD Field A5. You can change the name of this field and enter any extra data for this element here, up to 12 alphanumeric characters.



Drawing/Diagram

One-Line Enter the name or ID of a one-line drawing or diagram associated with this element, up to 50 alphanumeric characters. An example is the manufacturer diagram or specifications for this element.

Reference Enter the name or ID of a reference drawing or document for this element, up to 50 alphanumeric characters.

Manufacturer

Name Enter the manufacturer’s name for this element here, up to 25 alphanumeric characters.

Purchasing Date Enter the date of purchase for this element here, up to 8 alphanumeric characters.


AC-DC Elements UPS

10.1.9 Comment Page Enter any extra data or comments regarding condition, maintenance, tests, or studies, associated with this element. This field can be up to 64kb with a default size of 4kb. To increase the size of this field, refer to the entries in the ETAPS.INI file.

When entering information in the page, use Ctrl+Enter to start a new paragraph. Standard keys such as Ctrl+X, Ctrl+C, and Ctrl+V can be used to cut, copy, and paste information.


AC-DC Elements VFD

10.2 VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) The properties associated with VFDs (Variable Frequency Drive) of the electrical system can be entered in this editor. The Variable Frequency Drive Editor contains the following five pages of information: • Info Page • Rating Page • Harmonic Page • Reliability Page • Remarks Page • Comment Page

10.2.1 Info Page Within the Info page, specify the VFD ID, connected bus and load IDs, In/Out of Service, Equipment FDR (feeder) Tag, Name, Description, Data Type, and load Priority.

Info

ID Enter a unique alphanumeric ID with a maximum of 25 characters. PowerStation automatically assigns a unique ID to each VFD. The assigned IDs consist of the default ID plus an integer, starting with the number one and increasing as the number of VFDs increases. The default ID (VFD) for VFD elements can be changed from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the Project View.

Input Bus and Load These are the IDs of the connecting bus and load for the VFD. If the terminal is not connected to any bus or load, a blank entry will be shown for the bus or load ID. To connect or reconnect a VFD to a bus, select a bus from the list box. The one-line diagram will be updated to show the new connection after you click on OK.


AC-DC Elements VFD

Note that you can connect the terminals of the VFD to AC buses that reside in the same view where it resides, or you can connect to buses that reside in other views by connecting the external and internal pins of the composite networks. You cannot connect to buses that are in the Dumpster. Note that the output terminal of a VFD can only be connected directly to induction motors, synchronous motors, MOVs, static loads, and lumped loads. You cannot insert any switching devices between the VFD and the connected load. If a VFD is connected to a bus through a number of protective devices, reconnection of the VFD to a new bus in this editor will reconnect the last existing protective device to the new bus, as shown below where Vfd1 is reconnected from Bus10 to Bus4.

Next to the bus ID, PowerStation displays the nominal kV for your convenience.

In/Out of Service Operating conditions of a VFD can be selected by choosing either the In Service or Out of Service option. The properties of an Out of Service UPS can be edited like an In Service VFD; however, an Out of Service VFD will not be included in any system studies. When Continuity Check is activated, an Out of Service VFD automatically becomes dimmed in the one-line diagram. Note that the In/Out of Service option is an engineering property and is independent of the configuration status. Therefore, you can set a VFD to be In Service for the Base Data and Out of Service in Revision Data.

Equipment





AC-DC Elements VFD

Data Type This field provides a convenient way to track data entry. Select one of the data types (such as estimate, typical, vendor, final, etc.) from the list box. As the data is updated, this field can be changed to reflect the source of the latest data. There are a total of ten load types and you can change their name from the Project menu under Settings and Data Type.

Priority Select the load priority of this VFD from the list box. This field can be used for load priority, operating priority, load shedding priority, etc. Ten different priorities are provided to select from. Priority names can be changed from the Project menu under Settings and Load Priority.

10.2.2 Rating Page In this page, you can specify the VFD ratings and select the VFD bypass switch.

Rating

HP/kW Enter the VFD rating in horsepower (HP) or kW. You can choose from these two options by clicking on the HP/kW button.

kV Enter the rated voltage of the VFD in kV.

% Eff Enter the efficiency of the VFD in percent. Efficiency cannot exceed 100%. PowerStation uses this value to calculate the losses of the VFD. Losses associated with VFDs are included as part of the connected load.


AC-DC Elements VFD

Bypass Switch The Bypass Switch only affects AC short-circuit studies. When Bypass Switch is selected, the VFD is treated as a shorted branch (switch) crossed between input and output terminals. If Bypass Switch is not selected, there is no short-circuit current contribution from the connected motor to the input side.

10.2.3 Harmonic Page Within the Harmonic page, specify the harmonic source type of the VFD, and display the harmonic source waveform and frequency spectrum of the UPS.

Use Library Data Get the harmonic source data of the VFD from the Harmonic Library.

Calculate Based on Parameters Calculate the harmonic source data based on the parameters of the VFD.

Parameters Enter the parameters of the VFD for the calculation of the harmonic source data.

Harmonic Library

Library Button Click on the Library button to pick up the VFD harmonic source data including harmonic source type, device type, and manufacture/model.


AC-DC Elements VFD

Type This area displays the VFD harmonic source type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Manufacturer This area displays the VFD device type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Model This area displays the VFD Manufacturer/model picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Waveform This area displays the harmonic source waveform of the VFD.

Spectrum This area displays the harmonic frequency spectrum of the VFD.

Print Buttons Click on the Print buttons to print out the waveform or frequency spectrum of the VFD.

10.2.4 Reliability Page


AC-DC Elements VFD


λA Active Failure Rate in number of failures per year. The Active Failure Rate is associated with the component failure mode that causes the operation of the primary protection zone around the failed component and can therefore cause the removal of other healthy components and branches from service. It should be noted that the failed component itself (and those components that are directly connected to it) can be restored to service only after repair or replacement of the failed component.

λP Passive Failure Rate in number of failures per year. The Passive Failure Rate is associated with a component failure mode that does not cause the operation of the primary protection zone around the failed component, and therefore, does not have an impact on the remaining healthy components and branches of the system. Repairing or replacing the failed component will restore service.

µ





Alternative Supply


Replacement



Library



AC-DC Elements VFD

10.2.5 Remarks Page










AC-DC Elements VFD

Drawing/Diagram



Manufacturer






AC-DC Elements Charger

10.3 Charger The properties associated with DC chargers of the electrical system can be entered in this editor. The Charger Editor contains the following eight pages of information: • Info Page • Rating Page • Loading Page • SC Page • Harmonic Page • Reliability Page • Remarks Page • Comment Page

10.3.1 Info Page Within the Info page, specify the charger ID, connected bus, In/Out of Service, Equipment FDR (feeder) Tag, Name, Description, Data Type, load Priority, Configuration Status, operating Type, and Demand Factor.

Info

ID Enter a unique alphanumeric ID with a maximum of 25 characters. PowerStation automatically assigns a unique ID to each charger. The default IDs consist of the word charger plus an integer, starting with the number one and increasing as the number of chargers increases. The default ID (Charger) for chargers can be changed from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the Project View.



AC Bus and DC Bus These are the IDs of the connecting buses for the charger. If the terminal is not connected to any bus, a blank entry will be shown for the bus ID. To connect or reconnect a charger to a bus, select a bus from the list box. The one-line diagram will be updated to show the new connection after you click on OK. Note that you can connect the terminals of the charger to AC & DC buses that reside in the same view where it resides, or you can connect to buses that reside in other views by connecting the external and internal pins of the composite networks. You cannot connect to buses that are in the Dumpster. If a charger is connected to a bus through a number of protective devices, reconnection of the charger to a new bus in this editor will reconnect the last existing protective device to the new bus, as shown below where Charger1 is reconnected from Bus10 to Bus4.

Next to the bus ID, PowerStation displays the nominal kV of the AC terminal bus and nominal V of the DC terminal bus for your convenience.

In/Out of Service Operating conditions of a charger can be selected by choosing either the In Service or Out of Service option. The properties of an Out of Service charger can be edited like an In Service charger; however, an Out of Service charger will not be included in any system studies. When Continuity Check is activated, an Out of Service charger automatically becomes dimmed in the one-line diagram. Note that the In/Out of Service option is an engineering property and is independent of the configuration status. Therefore, you can set a charger to be In Service for the Base Data and Out of Service in Revision Data.

Configuration Select the operating status of the charger(s) for the selected configuration status from the list box. Options for operating status include: • Continuous Continuously operating load • Intermittent Intermittently operating load • Spare Spare load (no short-circuit contribution) Depending on the demand factor specified for each operating status, the actual loading of the charger is determined for AC load flow studies.


AC-DC Elements Charger Note that status is not a part of the charger engineering properties. For this reason, the name of the configuration status is shown, indicating the charger status under the specific configuration, i.e., you can have a different operating status under each configuration. In the following example, status of a charger is shown to be Continuous under Normal configuration and Spare under Emergency configuration.

Connection

3-Phase For this release of Power Station the 3-phase connection type cannot be selected by the user, but it used by PowerStation to model the device.

1-Phase For this release of Power Station the 1-phase connection type cannot be selected by the user.

Equipment





Priority Select the load priority of this charger from the list box. This field can be used for load priority, operating priority, load shedding priority, etc. Ten different priorities are provided to select from. Priority names can be changed from the Project menu under Settings and Load Priority.

Type Select operating type as charger or converter.



Demand Factor Modify the demand factors for Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare status in the provided entry fields. Demand factor is the amount of time the charger is actually operating. Demand factors affect the calculation of the charger load. Load kW = Rated kVA * PF * % Loading * Demand Factor Load kvar = Rated kVA * RF * % Loading * Demand Factor Where the PF & RF are rated power factor and reactive factor of the charger. Demand factors for Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare status have a range from 0% to 100%. Since demand factors are a part of engineering properties, PowerStation uses the same factors for all configurations.

10.3.2 Rating Page In this page, you can specify the charger ratings and DC voltage limits, and select the charger operating mode.

AC Rating

kVA Enter the kVA rating of the charger. Click on the kVA/MVA button to choose from kVA and MVA units for entering and displaying kW/MW and kvar/Mvar data of the charger. When the value of the kVA is modified, the rated DC power, rated DC full load current, rated AC full load current and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the charger are recalculated.

kV Enter the rated AC voltage of the charger in kV. The rated AC full load current is calculated based on this value.



FLA Enter the rated AC full load current of the charger in amperes. When the rated AC full load current is modified, the rated kVA, rated efficiency and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the charger are recalculated. PowerStation limits the entry of rated AC full load current in such a way that the rated efficiency cannot exceed 100% or be below 10%.

% Eff Enter the rated efficiency of the charger in percent. When the efficiency is modified, the rated kVA, rated AC full load current, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the charger are recalculated. Efficiency cannot exceed 100% or be below 10%. It defaults to 90%.

% PF Enter the rated power factor of the charger in percent. When the power factor is modified, the rated kVA, rated AC full load current, rated firing angle, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the charger are recalculated. Power factor cannot exceed 100%. It defaults to 85%.

Alpha The rated firing angle of the charger is calculated based on the rated power factor is displayed here in degrees.

DC Rating

kW Enter the DC kW rating of the charger. When the rated kW is modified, the rated kVA, rated AC full load current, rated DC full load current, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the charger are recalculated.

V Enter the rated DC voltage of the charger in volts. The rated DC full load current is calculated.

FLA Enter the rated DC full load current of the charger in amperes. When the rated DC full load current is modified, the rated DC kW, rated kVA, rated AC full load current, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the charger are recalculated.

Imax Enter the maximum DC output current of the charger in percentage of the rated DC full load current. The charger becomes a constant current source when DC load current exceeds the Imax in DC load flow study. PowerStation uses Imax as the constant current source value. Imax defaults to 150%.

Operating Mode

Constant Voltage When you select this option, a constant voltage is used as the voltage source value of the charger in DC load flow studies. The constant voltage Vdc is calculated as follows: Select Float: Vdc = V * %Vfloat / 100 • Select Equalize: Vdc = V * %Veq / 100


AC-DC Elements Charger Fixed Firing Angle When you select this radio button, the voltage source value of the charger in DC load flow studies is calculated using a fixed firing angle (Alpha) and the input bus voltage.

DC Voltage

Vdc Displays the voltage source value of the charger in volts.

Max Limit When Equalize is selected, the Max. Limit Equalize voltage threshold of the charger in percent or volts can be entered. PowerStation limits the entry of Vequalize in such a way that Vequalize cannot exceed the Max. Limit threshold. When Float is selected, the Max. Limit Float voltage threshold of the charger in percent or volts can be entered. PowerStation limits the entry of Vfloat in such a way that Vfloat cannot exceed the Max. Limit threshold.

Min Limit When Equalize is selected, the Min. Limit Equalize voltage threshold of the charger in percent or volts can be entered. PowerStation limits the entry of Vequalize in such a way that Vequalize cannot be less than the Min. Limit threshold. When Float is selected, the Min. Limit Float voltage threshold of the charger in percent or volts can be entered. PowerStation limits the entry of Vfloat in such a way that Vfloat cannot be less than the Min. Limit threshold.

10.3.3 Loading Page In this page, specify loading percent of the charger for all loading categories, and view updated AC and DC operating load from DC load flow studies.



Loading Category

Loading Category This section is used to assign a percent loading to each one of the ten loading categories for the loading of this charger, i.e., each charger can be set to have a different operating loading level for each loading category. To edit the values of the percent loading, click on any one of the edit fields under the % Loading column. Note that you can select any of these loading categories when conducting AC load flow studies. To edit the loading category names, select Loading Category from the Project menu.

Operating Load

AC Updated AC operating load of the charger in kW/kvar or MW/Mvar is displayed here when Update Operating Load is checked in the DC Load Flow Study Case Editor.

DC Updated DC operating load of the charger in kW or MW is displayed here when Update Operating Load is checked in the DC Load Flow Study Case Editor.

10.3.4 SC Page Within the SC page, select the charger short-circuit model, specify AC system short-circuit capacity and impedance of the charger, and the grounding data.

SC Contribution to DC System

Fixed SC Contribution When you select the Fixed SC Contribution option, the charger is treated as an ideal constant current source (K * FLAdc / 100) in DC short-circuit studies.



Based on AC System Z When you select the Based on AC System Z option, the charger is treated as a constant voltage source in DC short-circuit studies.

K Enter the short-circuit multiplication factor in percent. PowerStation uses this value to calculate the constant current source value for DC short-circuit studies. The multiplication factor defaults to 150%.

Isc (k*FLAdc) The constant current source (short-circuit contribution) of the charger is calculated and displayed here in amperes.

AC System Z

MVAsc When you enter the AC system short-circuit capacity of the charger in MVA, the system short-circuit impedance, including %R and %X in 100MVA base, are calculated.

X/R Enter the X/R ratio of the system short-circuit impedance for calculation of the %R and %X.

% R Enter the resistance R of the system short-circuit impedance in percent (100 MVA base). When R is modified, the X/R ratio of the system short-circuit impedance is recalculated.

% X Enter the reactance X of the system short-circuit impedance in percent (100MVA base). When X is modified, the X/R ratio of the system short-circuit impedance and the system short-circuit capacity are recalculated.

DC Grounding

Grounded When you select the Grounded option, the charger is grounded.

Rg Enter the grounding resistance of the charger in ohms.



10.3.5 Harmonic Page Within the Harmonic page, specify the harmonic source type of the charger and view the harmonic source waveform and frequency spectrum of the charger.

Use Library Data Get harmonic source data of the charger from the Harmonic Library.

Calculate Based on Parameters Calculate the harmonic source data based on the parameters of the charger.

Parameters Enter the parameters of the charger for calculation of the harmonic source data.

Harmonic Library

Library Button Click on the Library button to pick up the charger harmonic source data including harmonic source type, device type, and manufacture/model.



Type This area displays the charger harmonic source type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Manufacturer This area displays the charger device type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Model This area displays the charger manufacturer/model picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Waveform Displays the harmonic source waveform of the charger.

Spectrum Displays the harmonic frequency spectrum of the charger.

Print Buttons Click on the Print buttons to print out the waveform or frequency spectrum of the charger.



λA Active Failure Rate in number of failures per year. The Active Failure Rate is associated with the component failure mode that causes the operation of the primary protection zone around the failed component and can therefore cause the removal of other healthy components and branches from service. It should be noted that the failed component itself (and those components that are directly connected to it) can be restored to service only after repair or replacement of the failed component.



µ


FOR The Forced Outage Rate (i.e., unavailability) calculated based on MTTR, λA (FOR = MTTR/(MTTR+8760/λA).



Alternative Supply


Replacement



Library


Interruption Cost

Load Sector Select the Load Sector name for the load. The Load Sector information is used to obtain interruption cost information from the Reliability Cost library in order to calculate Expected Interruption Costs.



10.3.7 Remarks Page











Drawing/Diagram



Manufacturer






AC-DC Elements Inverter

10.4 Inverter The properties associated with inverters of the electrical system can be entered in this editor. The DC Inverter Editor contains the following eight pages of information: • Info Page • Rating Page • Loading Page • Duty Cycle Page • Harmonic Page • Reliability Page • Remarks Page • Comment Page

10.4.1 Info Page Within the Info page, specify the ID, connected buses, In/Out of Service, Equipment FDR (feeder) Tag, Name, Description, Data Type, Load Priority, and Status.

Info

ID Enter a unique alphanumeric ID with a maximum of 25 characters. PowerStation automatically assigns a unique ID to each inverter. The default IDs consist of the word Inv plus an integer, starting with the number one and increasing as the number of inverters increases. The default ID (Inv) for inverters can be changed from the Defaults menu in the menu bar or from the Project View.



DC Bus and AC Bus These are the IDs of the connecting buses for the inverter. If the terminal is not connected to any bus, a blank entry will be shown for the bus ID. To connect or reconnect an inverter to a bus, select a bus from the list box. The one-line diagram will be updated to show the new connection after you click on OK. Note that you can connect the terminals of the inverter to AC & DC buses that reside in the same view where it resides, or you can connect to buses that reside in other views by connecting the external and internal pins of the composite networks. You cannot connect to buses that are in the Dumpster. If an inverter is connected to a bus through a number of protective devices, reconnection of the inverter to a new bus in this editor will reconnect the last existing protective device to the new bus, as shown below where Inv1 is reconnected from DCBus10 to DCBus4.

Next to the bus ID, PowerStation displays the nominal voltage of DC terminal buses and nominal kV of AC terminal bus for your convenience.

In/Out of Service Operating conditions of an inverter can be selected by choosing either the In Service or Out of Service option. The properties of an Out of Service inverter can be edited like an In Service inverter; however, an Out of Service inverter will not be included in any system studies. When Continuity Check is activated, an Out of Service inverter automatically becomes dimmed in the one-line diagram. Note that the In/Out of Service option is an engineering property and is independent of the configuration status. Therefore, you can set an inverter to be In Service for the Base Data and Out of Service in Revision Data.

Configuration Select the operating status of the inverter for the selected configuration status from the list box. Options for operating status include: • Continuous Continuously operating load • Intermittent Intermittently operating load • Spare Spare load (no short-circuit contribution) Depending on the demand factor specified for each operating status, the actual loading of the inverter is determined for DC load flow studies.


AC-DC Elements Inverter Note that status is not a part of the inverter engineering properties. For this reason, the name of the configuration status is shown, indicating the inverter status under the specific configuration, i.e., you can have a different operating status under each configuration. In the following example, status of an inverter is shown to be Continuous under Normal configuration and Spare under Emergency configuration.

Equipment





Priority Select the load priority of this inverter from the list box. This field can be used for load priority, operating priority, load shedding priority, etc. Ten different priorities are provided to select from. Priority names can be changed from the Project menu under Settings and Load Priority.

Output Connection

Phase Select the phase connection type of the inverter from the list box. If a single phase connection is set in the AC terminal, the connection pin on the AC side is disabled.

Demand Factor Modify the demand factors for Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare status in the provided entry fields. Demand factor is the amount of time the inverter is actually operating. Demand factor affects the following calculations: Operating kW = Rated kW * % Loading * Demand Factor


AC-DC Elements Inverter Demand factors for Continuous, Intermittent, and Spare status have a range from 0% to 100%. Since demand factors are a part of engineering properties, PowerStation uses the same factors for all configurations.

10.4.2 Rating Page In this page, you can specify the inverter ratings, select the AC Output Voltage model, and display the AC short-circuit current of the inverter.

DC Rating

kW Enter the kW rating of the inverter. Click on the kW/MW button to choose between kW and MW units for entering rated DC power and displaying data for the inverter. When kW rating is modified, the rated AC kVA, rated DC full load current, rated AC full load current, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the inverter are recalculated.

FLA Enter the rated DC full load current of the inverter in amperes. When the rated DC full load current is modified, the rated DC power, rated efficiency, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the inverter are recalculated. PowerStation limits the entry of rated DC full load current in such a way that the rated efficiency cannot exceed 100% or be below 10%.

Imax Enter the maximum DC input current of the inverter in percentage of the rated DC full load current. Imax defaults to 150%.

Eff Enter the rated efficiency of the inverter in percent. When the efficiency is modified, the rated DC power, rated DC full load current, and the DC operating load and losses for all loading categories of the inverter are recalculated. Efficiency cannot exceed 100% or be below 10%. It defaults to 90%.



V Enter the rated DC voltage of the inverter in volts. The rated DC full load current is calculated from this value.

Vmax Enter the maximum DC voltage of the inverter in percent of the rated voltage. It defaults to 110%.

Vmin Enter the minimum DC voltage of the inverter in percent of the rated voltage. It defaults to 90%.

AC Rating

kVA Enter the rated AC kVA of the inverter. When the rated AC kVA is modified, the rated AC full load current, rated DC power, rated DC full load current, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the inverter are recalculated.

FLA Enter the rated AC full load current of the inverter in amperes. When the rated AC full load current is modified, the rated DC power, rated AC kVA, rated DC full load current, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the inverter are recalculated.

kV Enter the rated AC voltage of the inverter in volts. The rated AC full load current is calculated.

PF Enter the rated power factor of the inverter in percent. When the power factor is modified, the rated DC power, rated DC full load current, and the operating load and losses for all loading categories of the inverter are recalculated. PowerStation limits the entry of power factor in such a way that it cannot exceed Max. PF or be below Min. PF. It defaults to 85%.

Min. PF Enter the minimum power factor in percent. It defaults to 80%.

Max. PF Enter the maximum power factor in percent. It defaults to 100%.

SC Contribution to AC System

K Enter the short-circuit multiplication factor in percent. PowerStation uses this value to calculate the short-circuit current contribution from the inverter for AC short-circuit studies. The multiplication factor defaults to 150%.

Isc The short-circuit current contribution from the inverter (Isc = K * FLAac / 100) is calculated and displayed here in amperes.



AC Output Voltage

Regulate Vac When you select the Regulate Vac option, the AC output voltage can be regulated to a value other than the rated AC voltage of the inverter. The regulated voltage is calculated as follows: Vac = kV * % Adjustment / 100 in kV otherwise, the AC output voltage is regulated at the rated value.

% Enter the percentage value (% Adjustment) for the calculation of the regulated AC output voltage Vac.

Vac The regulated AC output voltage of the inverter is calculated and displayed here in kV.

10.4.3 Loading Page In this page, specify the loading percent of the inverter for all loading categories, and view updated DC and AC operating load from AC load flow studies.

Loading Category

Loading Category This section is used to assign a percent loading to each one of the ten loading categories for the loading of this inverter, i.e., each inverter can be set to have a different operating loading level for each loading category. To edit the values of the percent loading, click on any one of the edit fields under the % Loading column. Note that you can select any of these loading categories when conducting AC load flow studies. To edit the loading category names, select Loading Category from the Project menu.



Operating Load

AC This area displays the updated AC operating load of the inverter in kW/kvar or MW/Mvar when the Update Operating Load is checked in the AC Load Flow Study Case Editor.

DC This area displays the updated DC operating load of the inverter in kW or MW when Update Operating Load is checked in the AC Load Flow Study Case Editor.

10.4.4 Duty Cycle Page Within the Duty Cycle page, specify the duty cycle category and load profile for each duty cycle. PowerStation displays the load profile for random and non-random loads for viewing and printing. The data in this page are used in battery sizing studies.

Duty Cycle This section is used to specify load profile for each one of the five duty cycle categories

Duty Cycle Category Select a duty cycle category from the list box and view the load profile for it in this page. Each load can have up to five duty cycle categories with independent load profiles. You can name the duty cycle categories from the Project menu bar.

Load Profile To add a load to the load profile, click on either the Ins or Add button, or press the Insert key to create a row in the load profile table. Each row represents a segment of the load profile for this duty cycle. To edit the load profile, click on the button under the Active column, and this segment of load will be considered in studies. Click on the button under the Random column, and this segment of load will be treated as a random load in studies. Click on the field under the Type column and pick one of the seven types in the list box. Enter a load name, current in amperes, start time in seconds, and duration in seconds


AC-DC Elements Inverter for this segment of load. After the data of a row is entered, this segment of load curve will be drawn on the Non-Random or Random window. To delete a row of data, highlight the row by clicking the number of the row, then click on the Del button or press the Delete key. Click on either the <-Print or Print-> button, and the displayed load profile curve (random & non-random) for the selected duty cycle will be printed out. Note that you can select any of the duty cycle categories when conducting battery sizing studies. To edit the loading category names, select Duty Cycle Category from the Project menu.

10.4.5 Harmonic Page Within the Harmonic page, specify the harmonic source type of the inverter, and view the harmonic source waveform and frequency spectrum of the inverter.

Use Library Data Get the harmonic source data of the inverter from the Harmonic Library.

Calculate Based on Parameters Calculate the harmonic source data based on the parameters of the inverter.

Voltage Regulation Parameters Enter the parameters of the inverter for the calculation of the harmonic source data.

Harmonic Library

Library Button Click on the Library button to pick up the inverter harmonic source data including harmonic source type, device type, and manufacture/model.



Type This area displays the inverter harmonic source type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Manufacturer This area displays the inverter device type picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Model This area displays the inverter Manufacturer/model picked up from the Harmonic Library.

Waveform This area displays the harmonic source waveform of the inverter.

Spectrum This area displays the harmonic frequency spectrum of the inverter.

Print Buttons Click on the Print buttons to print out the waveform or frequency spectrum of the inverter.





λA Active Failure Rate in number of failures per year. The Active Failure Rate is associated with the component failure mode that causes the operation of the primary protection zone around the failed component and can therefore cause the removal of other healthy components and branches from service. It should be noted that the failed component itself (and those components that are directly connected to it) could be restored to service only after repair or replacement of the failed component.

λP Passive Failure Rate in number of failures per year. The Passive Failure Rate is associated with a component failure mode that does not cause the operation of the primary protection zone around the failed component, and therefore, does not have an impact on the remaining healthy components and branches of the system. Repairing or replacing the failed component will restore service.

µ






AC-DC Elements Inverter Alternative Supply


Replacement



Library


10.4.7 Remarks Page











Drawing/Diagram



Manufacturer








Date post:	11-Mar-2020
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