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• Darwin’s Idea of Common DescentDarwin’s Idea of Common Descent
• Darwin’s Idea of GradualismDarwin’s Idea of Gradualism
• Darwin’s Idea of Multiplication of Darwin’s Idea of Multiplication of SpeciesSpecies
• Darwin’s Idea of Natural SelectionDarwin’s Idea of Natural Selection
Darwin’s Idea of Darwin’s Idea of COMMON DESCENTCOMMON DESCENT
• evolution = descent with modification
• All organisms are related through descent from some unknown ancestor that lived in the distant past.
• As the descendants spilled into various habitats over time, they accumulated diverse modifications (adaptations) that fit them to specific ways of life.
• The history of life is like a tree.
• The Linnean classification scheme reflected the branching genealogy of the tree of life, with organisms at the different levels related through descent from common ancestors.
The evolutionary history of organisms can be portrayed as a tree growing through time.
Genealogy of the primatesGenealogy of the primates
Darwin’s Idea ofDarwin’s Idea ofGRADUALISMGRADUALISM
• The origin of new species and adaptation are closely related processes.
• A new species would arise from an ancestral form by the gradual accumulation of adaptations to a different environment.
• e.g. Darwin’s finches ADAPTIVE RADIATION
large ground finch small tree finch woodpecker finch
Darwin’s Idea of Darwin’s Idea of MULTIPLICATION of SPECIESMULTIPLICATION of SPECIES The existence of an enormous number of
species
some species are very similar (not as distinct from each other!)
gradual changes in various characteristics as organisms became modified according to the conditions in which they lived
Darwin’s Idea of NATURAL SELECTION Darwin’s Idea of NATURAL SELECTION as the Mechanism for Evolutionas the Mechanism for Evolution
• Overproduction- All species have a tendency and the potential to increase at a geometric rate.
2. Competition- The conditions supporting life are limited. - Only a fraction of the offspring in a population will live to produce offspring, so that the number of individuals in a population remains fairly constant.
The environments of most organisms have been in constant change throughout geologic time.
3. Variation- Individuals in a population vary greatly in their characteristics.
4. Adaptation- Some variations enable individuals to produce more offspring than other individuals.
5. Natural Selection- Individuals having favorable traits will produce more offspring, and those with unfavorable traits will produce fewer offspring.
• Speciation- Given time, natural selection leads to the accumulation of changes that differentiate groups from one another, such that a new species may arise.
Industrial Melanism: Industrial Melanism: The Peppered Moth (The Peppered Moth (Biston betularia)Biston betularia)
Natural Selection Survival of the FittestOther examples:1. Insecticide resistance2. Drug resistance in bacteria
A population is the smallest unit that can evolve. Natural selection acts on individuals, but individuals do not evolve.
Natural vs. Artificial Selection
Camouflage as an example of Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptationevolutionary adaptation
Divergent evolution – from one species to several different forms; adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution – results in increased resemblance between unrelated species
Coevolution – occurs when two or more species evolve in response to each other
Biological diversity is the product of evolution.
The mechanism of modification has been natural selection working continuously over long periods of time.
At the time, Darwin did not understand the genetic basis for evolution.
Variations arise from mutation and genetic recombination.
Much of the variation observed in the individuals of a population is heritable.
Variation mostly occurs as a result of gene mutations and genetic recombination.
Evolution is the change in allele frequency within a population over time.
geneallelefrequencygene pool
Ernst Mayr
The Processes
Evolution involves populations, not Individuals
Species is a population of organisms whose members can interbreed under natural circumstances and reproduce fertile (viable) offspring
Two fundamental processes give rise to new species:
Cladogenesis: The splitting off of one species into two clades, usually because of geographical isolation, but also because of reproductive isolation.
Two kinds of species develop by cladogenesis: Sympatric Species: Those whose speciation is
the product of geographical isolation Allopatric Species: Those whose speciation is
the product of reproductive isolation of population in the same region.
Anagenesis: The replacement of an ancestral species by a daughter species over time; the ancestral species become extinct.
Cladogenesis: Time I: Genes flow freely in
region Time II: Barrier separates two
populations Time III: Mutations change
genotype and phenotype of 2 populations
Time IV: Two populations cannot interbreed even with removal of barrier
Definition: Branching of one species into two
From clade (“branch”) or group with common evolutionary ancestry.
Allopatric speciation occurs when two populations are separated by a geographical barrier (river, mountain range)
In this example, three species of fish have evolved in separate zones
Sympatric species are those that are separated by a reproductively isolation mechanism
Speciation occurs among three populations of fish even though the different species occupy the same region
There are several ways for subspecies to become reproductively isolated
Ecological Isolation: Different populations are separated by occupy a slightly different niche
Seasonal Isolation: The breeding season of two closely related populations do not match.
Sexual Isolation: One or both sexes of a species initiate mating behavior that does not act a stimulus to the opposite sex of a closely related population
Mechanical isolation: Populations do not mate because of an incompatibility of the male and female sex organs of the individuals (extreme example: wolves and Chihuahuas)
Gamete Isolation: Incompatibility of sex cell with bodily environment
Hybrid Infertility or Sterility: Hybrids do not survive or reproduce (mules)
Micromutation: Mutations with
extensive or important phenotypic results
Example: Axolotl (species of salamander)
This salamander starts life as tadpole-like larvae, as do other salamanders
Axolotl, however, never grows up—doesn’t sprout mature legs, keeps its gills, remains aquatic existence.
Injection of a hormone enables maturity and to live on land, so that one mutation can and does create major change
Definition: Evolution and spreading out of related species into new niches
Niche: An environment in which an organism is found and its adaptive response to that environment
Generalized Adaptive Radiation: The adaptation of a species to a wide range of niches. Homo sapiens is an example.
Specialized Adaptive Radiation: The adaptation of a species to a narrow range of niches.
Absence of similar and therefore competing species
Occurrence of extensive extinction, thereby emptying an environment of competitors
Adaptive generalization of new group of related species which enable it to occupy several niches and displace species already there.
Example: Darwin’s finches on Galápagos Islands who were blown there by winds from mainland Ecuador
Niches opened up for 13 varieties with different bills, including those that feed on cactus or eat specific insects in trees
Others use twig or cactus spine to probe for insects
A vampire finch sucks blood from larger birds
Ground finches (Geospiza) who are seed and cactus eaters; Tree finches (Camarhynchus), who are insect and bud eaters Warbler finches (Certhidea) who vary by color.
Definition: Adaptation of a species to a narrow range of environmental niches
Example: Again, some species of Darwin’s finches on Galápagos Islands are examples.
Medium ground finch was nearly wiped out in the 1977 drought
Sudden change could eliminate this or others of these genera and species of finches
Example: prosimians adapt on in habitats afforded by Madagascar and are close to extinction.
Definition: Adaptation of a species to a wide range of environmental niches
Examples: Mammals spread after the disappearance of
dinosaurs 65 m.y.a. and occupied innumerable niches, from grassland (ungulates) to trees (bats)
Monkeys with a mixed diet occupied diverse arboreal (tree) habitats; they displaced the prosimians
Humans: from frozen north to tropical rainforest or desert—thanks to culture—are the most generalized primate
Definition: Slow, step-by-step changes over time Intermediate forms assume “missing
links” Darwin postulated this model Examples: From monkeys to apes; apes
to hominins (e.g. Lucy); and from early hominins to modern Homo sapiens
Fossil record does not reveal fine gradations from one lifeform to a descendant life form: no “missing links.”
Bipedalism occurred quickly as the fragmentary fossil record shows.
Reproductive advantage: do slight changes bestow this advantage?
Continuum question: at which point does a population become two species?
Sometimes, change can take place rapidly, either through oscillating selection or punctuated equilibrium
Definition: Adaptive variation around a norm rather than direction in response to environmental variation
Example: Medium and small ground finch lacked a bill strong enough to crack tough seeds
Occurrence of drought selected plants whose seeds had a tough exterior
Survival of large, longer-billed finches Smaller, shorter-billed finches returned after the
climate returned to normal, Shifting bill size and lengths reflected the
oscillation of the environmental conditions.
Definition: Species tend to remain stable over time, then, evolutionary changes occur suddenly (in terms of centuries or millennia)
Causation: Populations may become fragmented and isolated, and from there new forms arise
Small, new populations may invade a region, and through the founder effect and better adaptation, create and spread a new species
Example: Archaeopteryx (ancient bird), a dinosaur with feathers: suddenly appears and may have created a new class known as Aves (birds)
A summary of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
Pseudoscience consists of scientifically testable ideas in form that are taken on faith even after they are proven as false
(Scientific) Creationism is the belief in a literal biblical interpretation of the creation of earth in six days 6,000 to 10,000 years ago
The claim is testable, has been tested, and has been demonstrated to be false.
Existence of strata, such as the Grand Canyon, accumulated over 2 billion years falsifies the claim that the earth is only a few thousand years old
Presence of extinct lifeforms, from fossil fish to dinosaurs, demonstrate that other forms existed at one time but are now extinct
Presence of ancient hominins establish extinct humanlike creatures that look like us but are not us.
Both kinds of evidence are abundant
Species is unit of evolution Evolutionary change is more random
than progressive Speciation is the basic process of
evolutionary change Changes may be gradual or rapid Scientific rule: follow the evidence Evidence for evolution is overwhelming in
the form of geological strata and fossil lifeforms
Mike RiddleMike Riddle
Answers in GenesisAnswers in Genesis
Mike RiddleMike Riddle
Answers in GenesisAnswers in Genesis
A history of apemen – the track record
Two case studies1. Neandertals2. Australopithecines and Lucy
How evolution hinders critical thinking
How things change
Evolution begins with Evolution begins with the assumption that the assumption that
man has evolved from man has evolved from ape-like creaturesape-like creatures
Evolution begins with Evolution begins with the assumption that the assumption that
man has evolved from man has evolved from ape-like creaturesape-like creatures
Pick your relativePick your relativePick your relativePick your relative
The Bible teaches that The Bible teaches that God created manGod created man
The Bible teaches that The Bible teaches that God created manGod created man
So God created man in his own image, in So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and the image of God created he him; male and femalefemale
Genesis 1:27Genesis 1:27
So God created man in his own image, in So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and the image of God created he him; male and femalefemale
Genesis 1:27Genesis 1:27
“Look closely at your hand. You have five flexible fingers. Animals with five flexible fingers are called primates. Monkeys, apes, and humans are examples of primates….Primates most likely evolved from small, insect-eating rodentlike mammals that lived about 60 million years ago.”
“Look closely at your hand. You have five flexible fingers. Animals with five flexible fingers are called primates. Monkeys, apes, and humans are examples of primates….Primates most likely evolved from small, insect-eating rodentlike mammals that lived about 60 million years ago.”
Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Biology – Visualizing Biology – Visualizing Life,Life, 1998, p. 213. 1998, p. 213.Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Biology – Visualizing Biology – Visualizing Life,Life, 1998, p. 213. 1998, p. 213.
“But all researchers agree on certain basic facts. We know, for example, that humans evolved from ancestors we share with other living primates such as chimpanzees and apes.”
Miller and Levine, Miller and Levine, BiologyBiology, 2000, p. 757., 2000, p. 757.Miller and Levine, Miller and Levine, BiologyBiology, 2000, p. 757., 2000, p. 757.
Segment of human skullSegment of human skullSegment of human skullSegment of human skull
Segment of lower ape-like jawSegment of lower ape-like jawSegment of lower ape-like jawSegment of lower ape-like jaw
New York Times ran an article: New York Times ran an article: ““Darwin Theory Proved True.”Darwin Theory Proved True.”
Featured in textbooks and encyclopedias Featured in textbooks and encyclopedias In 1953 scientists studied the bonesIn 1953 scientists studied the bones
Featured in textbooks and encyclopedias Featured in textbooks and encyclopedias In 1953 scientists studied the bonesIn 1953 scientists studied the bones
A fraud (600 year old bones)A fraud (600 year old bones)
The TruthThe TruthThe TruthThe Truth
1922 fossil evidence was discovered Used to support evolution in the 1925
Scopes trial The claim: 1 million year old
intermediate link
An extinct pig’s toothAn extinct pig’s tooth
The TruthThe TruthThe TruthThe Truth
What they drewWhat they drewWhat they drewWhat they drew
What they foundWhat they foundWhat they foundWhat they found
1930s1930s1930s1930s
““Ramapithicus is ideally structured to Ramapithicus is ideally structured to be an ancestor of hominids. If he isn't, be an ancestor of hominids. If he isn't, we don't have anything else that is.”we don't have anything else that is.”
““Ramapithicus is ideally structured to Ramapithicus is ideally structured to be an ancestor of hominids. If he isn't, be an ancestor of hominids. If he isn't, we don't have anything else that is.”we don't have anything else that is.”
Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977)Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977)Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977)Time Magazine (Nov. 7, 1977)
In 1970 a baboon living in Ethiopia was discovered. Same dental structure Similar morphological features found on
Ramapithecus Ramapithecus dropped from human line
The claim: 14 million year old intermediate between ape-like creatures and The claim: 14 million year old intermediate between ape-like creatures and humanshumans
The truthThe truthThe truthThe truth
Piltdown Man ……… Hoax Nebraska Man …….. Pig Ramapithecus …….. Ape
In each case the date (age) In each case the date (age) was completely WRONG!was completely WRONG!
What about the dates?What about the dates?What about the dates?What about the dates?
NeandertalsNeandertals
Lucy and the AustralopithicinesLucy and the Australopithicines
Original Drawing of NeandertalOriginal Drawing of NeandertalOriginal Drawing of NeandertalOriginal Drawing of Neandertal
Constructed to look ape-like Brain capacity about 200 cc larger
First found near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856First found near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856 First found near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856First found near Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856
Initial construction discovered to be wrongInitial construction discovered to be wrongInitial construction discovered to be wrongInitial construction discovered to be wrong
Used jewelryUsed jewelry Used musical instrumentsUsed musical instruments Did cave paintingsDid cave paintings Capable of speechCapable of speech Buried their deadBuried their dead
Used jewelryUsed jewelry Used musical instrumentsUsed musical instruments Did cave paintingsDid cave paintings Capable of speechCapable of speech Buried their deadBuried their dead
“Most anthropologists recognize burial as a very human, and a very religious, act. But the strongest evidence that Neandertals were fully human and of our species is that at four sites Neandertals and modern humans were buried together.”
Marvin Lubenow, “Recovery of Neanderthal mtDNA: Marvin Lubenow, “Recovery of Neanderthal mtDNA: An Evaluation,” An Evaluation,” Creation Ex Nihilo Technical JournalCreation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, , 1998 p.89.1998 p.89.
Marvin Lubenow, “Recovery of Neanderthal mtDNA: Marvin Lubenow, “Recovery of Neanderthal mtDNA: An Evaluation,” An Evaluation,” Creation Ex Nihilo Technical JournalCreation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, , 1998 p.89.1998 p.89.
Lower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the Lower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the socketsocketLower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the Lower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the socketsocket
Drawing of a Neandertal fossil Drawing of a Neandertal fossil purchased at the souvenir counter at purchased at the souvenir counter at the museum in Berlin giving an ape-the museum in Berlin giving an ape-like appearancelike appearance
Drawing of a Neandertal fossil Drawing of a Neandertal fossil purchased at the souvenir counter at purchased at the souvenir counter at the museum in Berlin giving an ape-the museum in Berlin giving an ape-like appearancelike appearance
From From Buried AliveBuried Alive by Dr. Jack Cuozzo by Dr. Jack CuozzoFrom From Buried AliveBuried Alive by Dr. Jack Cuozzo by Dr. Jack Cuozzo
Flat, human Flat, human appearanceappearanceFlat, human Flat, human appearanceappearance
From From Buried AliveBuried Alive by Dr. Jack Cuozzo by Dr. Jack CuozzoFrom From Buried AliveBuried Alive by Dr. Jack Cuozzo by Dr. Jack Cuozzo
Lower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the Lower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the socketsocketLower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the Lower jaw 30 mm (over an inch) out of the socketsocket
Thick browThick browThick browThick brow
Stocky body buildStocky body buildShort extremitiesShort extremitiesStocky body buildStocky body buildShort extremitiesShort extremities
Common dates for Neandertals are 130,000 to 30,000 years ago
Neandertals existed for about 100,000 years (2,500 generations)
There should have been over 50 billion Neandertals that lived during this time!
Where are the fossils?Where are the fossils?Where are the fossils?Where are the fossils?
1111 2000200020002000
300 million300 million300 million300 million 6 billion6 billion6 billion6 billion
100 generations100 generations100 generations100 generations
1964: Neanderthals are a sub-species of humans
1997: Neanderthals are a separate species (based on mtDNA find)
““The results of mitochondrial DNA show clearly that Neandertal was not our The results of mitochondrial DNA show clearly that Neandertal was not our direct ancestor, unlike earlier hypotheses made by some direct ancestor, unlike earlier hypotheses made by some paleoanthropologists.” paleoanthropologists.”
Luigi Cavalli-Sforza (Professor of genetics Stanford Luigi Cavalli-Sforza (Professor of genetics Stanford University), University), Genes, People, and Languages, Genes, People, and Languages, 2000, p. 35.2000, p. 35.Luigi Cavalli-Sforza (Professor of genetics Stanford Luigi Cavalli-Sforza (Professor of genetics Stanford University), University), Genes, People, and Languages, Genes, People, and Languages, 2000, p. 35.2000, p. 35.
1,669 modern humans were compared with one Neanderthal
How was this comparison made?How was this comparison made?How was this comparison made?How was this comparison made?
Between modern humans the range is from 1 to 24 mtDNA differences
What does this mean?What does this mean?
Neanderthal and humanNeanderthal and humanNeanderthal and humanNeanderthal and human
Human and humanHuman and humanHuman and humanHuman and human
When compared to modern humans there were 22 mtDNA substitution When compared to modern humans there were 22 mtDNA substitution differencesdifferences
When compared to modern humans there were 22 mtDNA substitution When compared to modern humans there were 22 mtDNA substitution differencesdifferences
There are a few modern humans who differ by 2 substitutions more than the Neanderthal individual
Therefore, using evolutionists logic, these Therefore, using evolutionists logic, these people are a separate species (not human)people are a separate species (not human)
Therefore, using evolutionists logic, these Therefore, using evolutionists logic, these people are a separate species (not human)people are a separate species (not human)
~ 8% of the people here tonight ~ 8% of the people here tonight are not humanare not human
Protruding brow ridge Stocky body build and short extremities Isolated population of people Lived in a cold, harsh climate 100% human
Neandertal man, Neandertal man, reconstructed from a reconstructed from a skull found in La skull found in La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Chapelle-aux-Saints, France France
Neandertal man, Neandertal man, reconstructed from a reconstructed from a skull found in La skull found in La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Chapelle-aux-Saints, France France
A Case Study in DeceptionA Case Study in Deception
Lucy and the Lucy and the AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines
What was found Did Lucy walk upright
Note: Lucy is Note: Lucy is our ancestorour ancestor
Artistic conceptionArtistic conceptionArtistic conceptionArtistic conception
Note contemplative gaze, human Note contemplative gaze, human hands and use of tools. hands and use of tools.
AustralopithecusAustralopithecusafricanusafricanus
AustralopithecusAustralopithecusafricanusafricanus
What do you notice about this picture?What do you notice about this picture?What do you notice about this picture?What do you notice about this picture?
“I wanted to get a human soul into this ape-like face, to indicate something about where he was headed.”
“I wanted to get a human soul into this ape-like face, to indicate something about where he was headed.”
John Gurche, artist, John Gurche, artist, National Geographic, National Geographic, March, March, 1996 p. 109.1996 p. 109.John Gurche, artist, John Gurche, artist, National Geographic, National Geographic, March, March, 1996 p. 109.1996 p. 109.
Lucy discovered in 1974 About 40% of the fossil was found Claimed to be 3.5 million years old Claimed bipedal (walked upright)
Long arms are identical to chimpanzees Jaws are similar to chimpanzees Upper leg bone is similar to chimpanzees Lucy’s legs were very ape-like Brain size (400-500 cc) overlaps chimpanzees Large back muscles for tree dwelling Hands similar to pygmy chimpanzee Feet were long and curved
No similarity in appearance to humansNo similarity in appearance to humans No similarity in appearance to humansNo similarity in appearance to humans
1.The rib cage2.The pelvis3.Leg and foot bones
To determine if Lucy walked upright three areas of anatomy were examinedTo determine if Lucy walked upright three areas of anatomy were examinedTo determine if Lucy walked upright three areas of anatomy were examinedTo determine if Lucy walked upright three areas of anatomy were examined
Ape ribs are conical shaped Human ribs are barrel-like
Circular barrel-likeCircular barrel-likeCircular barrel-likeCircular barrel-like
HumanHumanHumanHuman
Conical shapeConical shapeConical shapeConical shape
ApeApeApeApe
“I noticed that the ribs were more round in cross-section, more like what you see in apes. Human ribs are flatter in cross-section.But the shape of the rib cage itself was the biggest surprise of all. The human rib cage is barrel shaped, and I just couldn’t get Lucy’s ribs to fit this kind of shape.”
Peter Schmid (paleontologist at the Anthropological Institute Peter Schmid (paleontologist at the Anthropological Institute in Zurich) Quoted from in Zurich) Quoted from Origins reconsidered: In Search of Origins reconsidered: In Search of What Makes Us Human What Makes Us Human by Richard Leakey and Roger Lewinby Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin
Peter Schmid (paleontologist at the Anthropological Institute Peter Schmid (paleontologist at the Anthropological Institute in Zurich) Quoted from in Zurich) Quoted from Origins reconsidered: In Search of Origins reconsidered: In Search of What Makes Us Human What Makes Us Human by Richard Leakey and Roger Lewinby Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin
“In Lucy’s case, her ribs are conical, like those found in apes.”
Brad Harrub (Ph.D. Anatomy and Neurobiology) Brad Harrub (Ph.D. Anatomy and Neurobiology) and Bert Thompson (Ph.D. Microbiology), and Bert Thompson (Ph.D. Microbiology), The The Truth About Human OriginsTruth About Human Origins, 2003, p. 47., 2003, p. 47.
Brad Harrub (Ph.D. Anatomy and Neurobiology) Brad Harrub (Ph.D. Anatomy and Neurobiology) and Bert Thompson (Ph.D. Microbiology), and Bert Thompson (Ph.D. Microbiology), The The Truth About Human OriginsTruth About Human Origins, 2003, p. 47., 2003, p. 47.
ChimpChimpChimpChimp
HumanHumanHumanHuman
“The fact that the anterior portion of the iliac blade faces laterally in humans but not in chimpanzees is obvious. The marked resemblance of AL 288-1 (Lucy) to the chimpanzee is equally obvious…It suggests to us that the mechanism of lateral pelvic balance during bipedalism was closer to that in apes than in humans.”
“The fact that the anterior portion of the iliac blade faces laterally in humans but not in chimpanzees is obvious. The marked resemblance of AL 288-1 (Lucy) to the chimpanzee is equally obvious…It suggests to us that the mechanism of lateral pelvic balance during bipedalism was closer to that in apes than in humans.”
J. Stern & R. Sussman, J. Stern & R. Sussman, American Journal ofAmerican Journal ofPhysical AnthropologyPhysical Anthropology, 1983, pp. 291 & 292., 1983, pp. 291 & 292.J. Stern & R. Sussman, J. Stern & R. Sussman, American Journal ofAmerican Journal ofPhysical AnthropologyPhysical Anthropology, 1983, pp. 291 & 292., 1983, pp. 291 & 292.
PBS Nova SeriesPBS Nova Series; In Search of Human Origins; In Search of Human Originsepisode one 1994episode one 1994 (Dr. Owen Lovejoy) (Dr. Owen Lovejoy)
PBS Nova SeriesPBS Nova Series; In Search of Human Origins; In Search of Human Originsepisode one 1994episode one 1994 (Dr. Owen Lovejoy) (Dr. Owen Lovejoy)
Lucy’s pelvis is “wrong” Lucy’s pelvis is “wrong” because it is very ape-likebecause it is very ape-likeLucy’s pelvis is “wrong” Lucy’s pelvis is “wrong”
because it is very ape-likebecause it is very ape-like
PBS Nova SeriesPBS Nova Series; In Search of Human Origins; In Search of Human Originsepisode one 1994episode one 1994 (Dr. Owen Lovejoy) (Dr. Owen Lovejoy)
PBS Nova SeriesPBS Nova Series; In Search of Human Origins; In Search of Human Originsepisode one 1994episode one 1994 (Dr. Owen Lovejoy) (Dr. Owen Lovejoy)
1515°° carrying carrying angle (valgus)angle (valgus)
Human = 9Human = 9°°Gorilla = 0Gorilla = 0°°Chimp = 0Chimp = 0°°
1515°° carrying carrying angle (valgus)angle (valgus)
Human = 9Human = 9°°Gorilla = 0Gorilla = 0°°Chimp = 0Chimp = 0°°
Orangutan = 9Orangutan = 9°°Spider monkey = 9Spider monkey = 9°°
•http://www.slideshare.net/PaulVMcDowell/speciation-and-http://www.slideshare.net/PaulVMcDowell/speciation-and-evolutionevolution
•http://www.slideshare.net/whittumjd/facts-about-apemen
•http://www.slideshare.net/chuckiecalsado/darwins-theory-of-evolution-4857892