Evolution of TechnologyWhat’s in that cloud anyway?

A quick trip inside the internet cloud

Catherine SeoCambridge College

2007

Evolution of Techology

© copyright 2006 by Cognent Inc.

Not-so-Famous Last Words• "I think there

is a world market for maybe five computers.“~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943

What Is the Internet?• A network of networks, joining many

government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources

• The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.

Written by William F. Slater, III 1996President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

• The largest network of networks in the world.• Uses TCP/IP protocols (Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol) and packet switching.• Runs on any communications substrate.

Simply the internet it:

From Dr. Vinton Cerf, Co-Creator of TCP/IP

A Brief Summary of the Evolution of the Internet

1945

2007

Memex Conceived

1945

WWWCreated

1989

MosaicCreated

1993

A Mathematical

Theory of Communication

1948

First Vast ComputerNetwork

Envisioned1962

ARPANET1969

TCP/IPCreated

1972

InternetNamed

and Goes

TCP/IP1984Hypertext

Invented1965

Age ofeCommerce

Begins1995

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

Internet Boom & Bust2001

SiliconChip1958

Web 2.02003 –2007

Packet Switching Invented

1964

Early Developers

Vannevar Bush Claude Shannon J. C. R. Licklider

Paul Baran

Ted Nelson

Leonard Kleinrock

Lawrence RobertsSteve Crocker

Jon Postel

Vinton Cerf

Robert Kahn

Tim Berners-Lee

Mark Andreesen

Esther Dyson

Bob Metcalfe

You are here

Historical Context• Invented in the late 50’s,

Bob Taylor, JCR Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Larry Roberts, Alan Kay et al

•Big ideas: packet switching, self contained messages

• The Internet got started as the Arpanet • inherently decentralized •designed to survive atomic attack•designed to scale in a biological manner

• 1969 -The Mansfield amendment changed the focus• ARPA -> DARPA• everyone heads for the exits, including

• Bob Taylor• Alan Kay

• and the result is Xerox PARC• Taylor was hired to start a Computer Science Lab• Mission was to create an “architecture of information”

Out of the Pentagon, Into the Bean Bag Chairs

Xerox PARC was responsible for many firsts…

• PC’s• Graphical user interfaces (GUI)• Laser printing• Object oriented programming• Client/server• email• and….networking, specifically the ethernet

Meanwhile…• Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn design the

TCP protocol on top of the existing IP• IP - Internetwork Protocol - how to send packets across networks, regardless of hardware and operating system incompatibilities

•TCP - Transmission Control Protocol - how to break up logical messages into packets and put them back together at the other end on top of IP

The combination of their efforts was key…

• An elegant decentralized network interface - Ethernet

• An elegant decentralized protocol - IP• An elegant decentralized higher protocol – TCP• Together they form the foundation of the Internet• The year is 1973

Open Standards Accelerate Growth & Acceptance

• ARPANET continued to grow throughout the 70’s• Researchers and Academics began to use the network• 1976 - Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal

email message.• In 1985 the National Science Foundation launched a

program to establish access across the U.S.• In 1989 ARPANET was shut down by Defense

Communications Industry due to limited funding and support from the military

Bring on the applications• Email is the first killer app, and was

added right away• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol• POP3 - Post Office Protocol v3

• Other document transfers were invented over time:• FTP - File Transfer Protocol• NNTP (Netnews) - threaded discussions• Gopher - text search and archive• Telnet- allows a user to “log-in” to a remote computer• and many more

Now for the World Wide Web• The Internet was in common use for

scientists and academics and Unix geeks for 20+ years

• Tim Berners-Lee wanted to send formatted text with hyperlinks (1989)

• Thus was born the next higher protocol - HTTP: the Hypertext Transport Protocol

• But the new documents needed a description to be properly displayed with links - and thus we have HTML - the Hypertext Markup Language

Power to the people• 1992 - The first audio and video broadcasts take place over the "MBONE."

More than 1,000,000 hosts are part of the Internet.Let there be browsers -

HTML display applications that use HTTP

to send and receive stuff

• 1993 - Mosaic, the first graphical user interface to the WWW developed by Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois becomes available

• Later developed NETSCAPE • Traffic on the Internet expands at a 341,634% annual growth rate.

To God’s ears…• 1995 - NSFNET reverts back to a research project,

leaving the Internet in commercial hands. The Web now comprises the bulk of Internet traffic. The Vatican launches www.vatican.va.

• James Gosling and a team of programmers at Sun Microsystems release an Internet programming language called Java, which radically alters the way applications and information can be retrieved,displayed, and used over the Internet.

Grow, growing, grooooooowing…• Users in

almost 200 countries around the world are now connected to the Internet.

Technology Trends

Computing power

will double in

power and

halve in price

every 18 months

Moore’s Law

Price of Price of ComputingComputing

Internet Growth Trends• 1977: 111 hosts on Internet• 1981: 213 hosts• 1983: 562 hosts• 1984: 1,000 hosts• 1986: 5,000 hosts• 1987: 10,000 hosts• 1989: 100,000 hosts• 1992: 1,000,000 hosts• 2001: 150 – 175 million hosts• 2002: over 200 million hosts• By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the

Internet

March 2001

>Over 115 Million Hosts(As of Jan. 2001)

>Over 407 Million Users(As of Nov. 2000)

>218 of 246 Countries(As of Jan. 2000)

>About 100 TB of Data

>31 Million Domain Names

Dr. Vint Cerf presents in Chicago/March 2001

Digital Photo March 2001 by William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

By September 2002

Netsizer.com – from Telcordia

The Internet Reached TwoImportant Milestones:

Not-so-famous last words…

•"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.“

~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943

Feed the Web First• Given the choice of open or closed systems,

consumers show a fierce enthusiasm for open architectures. They choose the open again and again because an open system has more potential upside than a closed one. There are more sources from which to recruit members and more nodes with which to intersect.

~ Kevin Kelly New Rules for the New Economy10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World

Web 2.0• second generation of Web-based services • Communication tools• Collaborative technologies• Social networking sites

• "Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them.“

~ Tim O’Reilly

Social Enviornments• Wikipedia

• The biggest multilingual free-content encyclopedia on the Internet. Over two million articles and still growing.

• Blog• user-generated website where entries are made in

journal style (WEB LOG)• Flickr

• photo sharing website and web services suite, and an online community platform, uses tags

Social Enviornments• My Space

• social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music and videos

• 106 million accounts as of September 8, 2006• 230,000 new registrations per day

• Flickr• photo sharing website and web services suite, and an online community

platform, uses tags• Craig’s List

• centralized network of online urban communities, featuring free classified advertisements (with jobs, housing, personals, for sale/barter/wanted, services, community, gigs and resumes categories) and forums sorted by various topics

• over 5 billion page views per month to 10 million unique visitors • 34th place overall among web sites world wide• 8th place overall among web sites in the United States

Social Enviornments• YouTube

• popular free video sharing website which lets users upload, view, and share video clips – purchased in Nov 2006 by google for $1.65 Billion in google stock

• Judson Laipply• Evolution of Dance clip, which is the #1 Most Viewed All

Time Video, #1 Top Favorites Video and #4 Most Discussed Video on YouTube.com

• amassed over 10 millions views in under two weeks • was featured on CNN, MSN, E!, USA Today, Good Morning

America, The Today Show, AOL, and Google• As of January 29, 2007, the number of views on

YouTube.com hit 40 million.

Social Enviornments• Del.icio.us

• a social bookmarking web service for storing, sharing, and discovering web bookmarks.

• ePortfolios• a web-based information management system that

uses electronic media and services built and maintained by the learner used, in part, to demonstrate competence, store research materials and reflect on learning.

What is a WIKI?• About WIKIs

• website that allows the visitors themselves to easily add, remove, and otherwise edit and change available content, typically without the need for registration.

• ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for mass collaborative authoring

• Each new machine or technique, in a sense, changes all existing machines and techniques, by permitting us to put them together into new combinations. The number of possible combinations rises exponentially as the number of new machines or techniques rises arithmetically. Indeed, each new combination may, itself, be regarded as a new super-machine.~ Alvin Toffler, Future Shock, 1970

• Since we have no choice but to be swept along by [this] vast technological surge, we might as well learn to surf.~ Michael SouleConservation for the 21st Century, 1989

And now…• how to harness this expansive resource

Questions?

World Wide Web