Examples of calorimetersPresent and Future

J.-B. SauvanLLR CNRS / École polytechnique

ESIPAP 2020 – 03/02/2020

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ATLAS & CMS calorimeters

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ATLAS

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The ATLAS ECAL

Sampling Pb/LAr calorimeter with innovative “accordion” geometry

Longitudinal dimension ~25 X0, 47 cm (vs 22 cm for CMS)

~170 000 channels Usage of Liquid Argon

Radiation Hard High number of electron-ion pair produced by ionization

(1 GeV deposit -> 5.106 e-) Stable vs time BUT: • Need a cryostat (90K)

• Slow time response (400 ns vs 25 ns LHC bunch crossing)

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ATLAS ECAL: accordion geometry

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Standard Liquid Argon Accordion Liquid Argon

Slow response (long integration time) Electrodes particles Long cables

To bring signal to pre-amplifiers Regroup gaps

Dead zones due to cables

Accordion geometry: fast Electrodes to incident particles

Signal read out forward & backward

No long connection No cracks (in azimuth)

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ATLAS ECAL: sampling structure

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Calorimeter response

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Segmentation

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Position resolution

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ATLAS ECAL: Performance

Stand-alone performance assessed during extensive test Beam campaigns at CERN...

Combined performance measured in-situ

Linearity of the response

(test beam)

%7.03.0%10

EEE

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CMS

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CMS ECAL

Barrel crystals

Pre-Shower

ECAL Endcaps

Endcaps (1.48<||<3), ~23 t 14648 crystals over 4 Dees (2 per endcap) Preceded by Pb/Si Pre-Shower

Barrel (||<1.48), ~67 t 61200 crystals over 36 super-modules

CMS ECAL Endcaps Dee

Homogenous calorimeter made from 75848 PbWO4 scintillating crystals

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Material: inorganic scintillator

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CMS ECAL construction

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CMS ECAL: transparency monitoring

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After laser correctionBefore laser correction

E/p with We events

Recovery of transparency interfill

Response of PbWO4 crystal change with irradiation Loss of transparency

Damage and recovery during LHC cycles tracked with a laser monitoring system

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Light collection: APD & VPT

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CMS ECAL: performance

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Stand-alone performance assessed during extensive test Beam campaigns at CERN...

JINST 2 (2007) P04004

Combined performance measured in-situ

0 Zee

(test beam)

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Dual readout calorimetry

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The DREAM principle

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DREAM prototype

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How to determine fEM

and E

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DREAM prototype results

Gaussian response

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DREAM prototype resultsLinearity of response !

Ultimately expect ~20%/EPrototype Resolution Limited by (lateral) leakage

Many other tests done (with Pb instead of Cu, with crystals, …) Would need to see what it gives in a real experiment…

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Detectors for ILC

Lots of R&D since 15 years. TDR in 2013. Lots of possible options. Ex:

3D-tracking:• High Precision vertex (Si) detector + TPC

High Granular Calorimeters• ECAL with 30 longitudinal samples• HCAL (48 long. Samples)

B-field: 3.5 T Iron yoke instrumented with Muons detection

system (Gas or scintillators)

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Silicon / Tungsten high-granularity ECAL One possible option studied inside the CALICE collaboration: Si/W sampling calorimeter

R~1.8m W absorber

Ensure compactness (~20 cm thickness), small RM

Si as active medium for 30 layers: ~2600 m² of Si, Large S/N

Extreme high granularity 108 channels (vs 105 at LHC !!!)

Barrel Module

Endcaps

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Silicon / Tungsten high-granularity ECAL

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Si/W prototypes

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Si/W: physics prototype

62 mm

200mm

360mm

360mm

• 30 layers of variable thickness Tungsten• Active silicon layers interleaved• Front end chip and readout on PCB board• Analog signals sent to DAQ• 10,000 channels

• 6x6 1x1cm2 silicon pads• Connected to PCB with

conductive glue

• PCB contains VFE electronics• 14 layers, 2.1mm thick• Analogue signals sent to DAQ © M. Anduze

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Si/W: physics prototype test beam results

Linearity of response Resolution, ~16%/E

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LHC from Run 1 to HL-LHC

s = 13 TeVLumi inst. : up to 2.5x1034 cm-2s-1,

L dt = 300-500 fb-1

<PU> : from ~25 to 60

s = 13-14 TeVLumi inst. : >= 5x1034 cm-2s-1,

L dt : 3000 fb-1

<PU> : ~140-200

s = 7-8 TeV L dt = 25 fb-1

Higgs boson discovery !

Phase IPhase II (HL-LHC, >2026)Phase 0

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Challenges: radiation damages

(Pre-Shower + ECAL+HCAL)

HCAL Endcapup to 30 kGy

Pre-Shower + ECAL Endcapat ~3: 1.5 MGy, 1016

n/cm2

3000 fb-1 Absolute Dose map in [Gy] simulated with MARS and FLUKA

Aging studies shows that Endcap Calorimetry (+Tracker) has to be replaced.

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Challenges: Pile-up

HL-LHC Nominal Parameters: 140 additional interactions per bunch crossing (every 25 ns) + out-of-time PU

• Could go up to 200 Instantaneous Peak Luminosity: 5x1034 cm-2s-1,

Challenges for Triggers (especially Level 1 !) & offline reco + computing (30xLHC)

Need to preserve “low” energy physics (125 GeV Higgs) and explore TeV scale (e.g. SUSY) in a very harsh environment !

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CMS endcap

Pre-ShowerECAL Endcap

HCAL Endcap

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HGCAL: general layout

Neutron moderator

thermal screen

CE-E (26.3 X0): Electromagnetic Calorimeter: 28 layers Si – Pb (+Cu,Cu/W)CE-H (10.7 ): Hadronic Calorimeter. 24 layers Si/Scintillators - Steel

CMS choice: High Granular Sampling Si-based Calorimeterwith 4D measurement of showers (energy, position)

(possibly 5D with timing)

Operation at -30°C via CO2 Cooling(to mitigate Si leakage current)

(*)

(*) 3x CMS tracker ! (**) one endcap: ~230 tonnes

(**)

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Si wafers and modules

6” Si Module (for test-beam):Cu/W baseplate (for CE-E),

Si wafer, “hexaboard” PCB…

Si active thickness and cell sizes varies with .(to cope with irradiation and Pile-Up)

[8” foreseen for the final detector]

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HGCAL-ECAL: cassettes

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Modules mounted on both side of 6mm Cu cooling plate (with embedded pipes). Pb (2.1mm)/SS (0.3mm) absorber on both sides

Þ Cassette (60° wide in CE-E) Cassettes connected in inner/outer periphery and then stacked to form the ECAL

HGCAL-ECAL cassette first prototype

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HGCAL-HCAL: cassettes In the hadronic part:

Cassettes are 30°wide, modules only on 1 side

8 layers of full Si 16 layers of mixed scintillator-Si Cassettes inserted into Stainless Steel mechanical structure

Mixed cassettes

Scintillator Tiles

PCBSiPM readout

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HGCAL: test beams Goals:

Performance studies: S/N, timing, energy and positions resolutions Validation of front-end electronics Comparison with simulation

Several test beams campaign (FNAL, CERN, DESY) with different number of layers / configurations and energy FNAL: 120 GeV protons, 4-32 GeV electrons/pions CERN: 125 GeV pions, 20-250 GeV electrons DESY: 1-6 GeV electrons

150GeV 250GeV e

80 GeV Electron

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HGCAL test beams setup

“Cassette” (Cu+modules) Full stack of 28 layers

Test beam at CERN (Oct’ 18): 94 modules/40 layers for Si ECAL and HCAL 40 scintillators layers (A-HCAL from CALICE)

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HGCAL test beams: some results

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HGCAL test beams: some results

Total energy deposited in all layers vs e- beam energy

DATASimulation

CERN

DATA/Sim agrees within 5%

FNAL

Energy deposited in each layerShower max moves to higher depth as expected