ExperiencesExperiencesMonitoring Global Monitoring Global

Drinking Water and Drinking Water and Sanitation targetsSanitation targets

Rolf Luyendijk

Sr. Statistics and Monitoring Specialist

Water and Sanitation

UNICEF

Fourth Meeting UNCEEA

New York, 24 - 26 June 2009

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)

Original Original scope of scope of

work of the work of the JMPJMP

Inform Inform policymakers policymakers and advocate and advocate for action at all for action at all

levelslevels

Strengthen Strengthen national capacity national capacity

for sector for sector monitoringmonitoring

Monitor trends Monitor trends and progress and progress

within the water within the water supply and supply and

sanitation sectorsanitation sector

MDG target + IndicatorsMDG target + IndicatorsMDG 7 Target 7C:MDG 7 Target 7C:

Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitationbasic sanitation

Indicators: Indicators: Proportion of population that Proportion of population that usesuses an improved an improved

drinking water sourcedrinking water source Proportion of population that Proportion of population that usesuses an improved an improved

sanitation facility sanitation facility

““Improved” means….Improved” means….

An improved drinking water source is:An improved drinking water source is:

““a source that by nature of its construction is a source that by nature of its construction is adequately protected from outside adequately protected from outside contamination in particular with fecal matter”contamination in particular with fecal matter”

An improved sanitation facility:An improved sanitation facility:

“ “ a facility that hygienically separates human a facility that hygienically separates human waste from human contact”waste from human contact”

MDG definitions of improved/unimproved

Piped into dwelling, plot or yard

Public tap/standpipe

Tube well/borehole

Protected dug well

Protected spring

Rainwater collection

Flush/pour flush to: piped sewer system septic tank pit latrine

Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine

Pit latrine with slab

Composting toiletUnprotected dug well

Unprotected spring

Cart with small tank/drum

Tanker truck

Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond, stream, canal, irrigation canal)

Bottled water*

Flush/Pour flush to elsewhere

Pit latrine without slab/open pit

Bucket

Hanging toilet/hanging latrine

Shared sanitation of any type

No facilities, bush or fieldUN

-IM

PR

OV

ED

IMP

RO

VE

D

Drinking Water Sanitation

Data sources on access to water Data sources on access to water supply and sanitationsupply and sanitation

JMP data sources are JMP data sources are nationalnational sources: sources: Nationally representative household sample surveys (DHS, Nationally representative household sample surveys (DHS,

MICS, LSMS, CWIQ, SES, WHS, HBS, H&N, RHS, MICS, LSMS, CWIQ, SES, WHS, HBS, H&N, RHS, PAPFAM, etc)PAPFAM, etc)

National censusNational census

Note: Note: JMP is not involved in primary JMP is not involved in primary data collectiondata collectioninstead….instead….JMP promotes the use of standard JMP promotes the use of standard

questions & indicators among surveysquestions & indicators among surveys

JMPJMP – data base – data base (2009)(2009)

Data for +/- 170 countriesData for +/- 170 countries Note:Note: Limited data for developed countries Limited data for developed countries

750+ results of HH surveys + Censuses from 750+ results of HH surveys + Censuses from 1985 – 20081985 – 2008

Bulk of surveys for LDCs, SSA, larger Bulk of surveys for LDCs, SSA, larger developing countriesdeveloping countries

35 - 40 new survey + census results per year35 - 40 new survey + census results per year Frequency for most developing countries one Frequency for most developing countries one

survey every three yearssurvey every three years

JMP Methodology - SummaryJMP Methodology - Summary Primarily based on user data derived from

household surveys and censuses rather than data reported by governments

Adjustments made to full historical series to ensure comparability over time and between countries

Use linear regression to extrapolate and interpolate reference years instead of using the latest household survey data

Cambodia - urban -Use of improved sanitation facilities

CSES96

CSES04

DHS00

CEN98

DHS05

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

% C

ove

rag

e

Used for estimates Estimates JMP 2008 estimate

ImprovedImproved plus shared

Shared facilities :The proportion of the population using a shared improved sanitation facility is based on the DHS05

Year Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation

1990 43% 4% 9% 44%

1995 44% 5% 11% 40%

2000 52% 5% 7% 36%

2008 63% 7% 0% 30%

Estimated coverage 2010 preliminary data

JMP - The early yearsJMP - The early years

1990 - 19971990 - 1997 Annual questionnaires to Ministries of HealthAnnual questionnaires to Ministries of Health Use of “reported” coverage data – different yearsUse of “reported” coverage data – different years

ProblemsProblems Not the right institution reportingNot the right institution reporting No standard definitions of what to reportNo standard definitions of what to report No consistency from year to yearNo consistency from year to year No inter-country comparability of dataNo inter-country comparability of data No incentive for national authorities to accurately No incentive for national authorities to accurately

reportreport Data not objectively verifiableData not objectively verifiable

User-based dataUser-based data

1997 - 20001997 - 2000 Use of household sample surveys and Use of household sample surveys and

national census data + reported datanational census data + reported data

Development of current JMP methodology Development of current JMP methodology using linear regression for estimatesusing linear regression for estimates

Introduction of “improved” drinking water Introduction of “improved” drinking water sources and sanitation facilitiessources and sanitation facilities

Exclusive use of household Exclusive use of household sample surveys + censussample surveys + census

2000 - 20022000 - 2002 Exclusive use of survey and census dataExclusive use of survey and census data

Objective “snapshot” of the situationObjective “snapshot” of the situation Nett picture of new facilities constructed and those fallen Nett picture of new facilities constructed and those fallen

in disrepairin disrepair Avoid double counting of upgraded improved facilities Avoid double counting of upgraded improved facilities

(e.g. hand pump to piped house connection(e.g. hand pump to piped house connection))

Discard reported data or administrative sourcesDiscard reported data or administrative sources Limited in scale, reliability and specificityLimited in scale, reliability and specificity

ProblemProblem Surveys and census do not use comparable Surveys and census do not use comparable

definitionsdefinitions

HarmonizationHarmonization

2002 - 20062002 - 2006 Coordination among major international data Coordination among major international data

collection mechanisms (MICS, DHS)collection mechanisms (MICS, DHS) Standard questions, response categoriesStandard questions, response categories Standard definitionsStandard definitions

Technical Advisory GroupTechnical Advisory Group Broaden sector input + support base + validation of Broaden sector input + support base + validation of

methodsmethods

MDG indicator brought in line with what is actually MDG indicator brought in line with what is actually measured: access to measured: access to “Use of” an improved “Use of” an improved source/sanitation facilitysource/sanitation facility

JMP productsJMP products Bi-ennial global updatesBi-ennial global updates UN- Reference data for monitoring the MGDsUN- Reference data for monitoring the MGDs Core questions on water supply and Core questions on water supply and

sanitation for household sample surveyssanitation for household sample surveys

The world is not on track to meet the MDG The world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation targetsanitation target

Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation, UNICEF, WHO, 2008UNICEF, WHO, 2008

Open defecation rates in Open defecation rates in East- and South-east AsiaEast- and South-east Asia

No open defecation

1% - 10%

11% - 25%

26% - 50%

51% - 77%

No or missing data

Challenges aheadChallenges aheadMethodological ChallengesMethodological Challenges Continue to develop and validate tools and instruments Continue to develop and validate tools and instruments

to measure:to measure: Sustainable accessSustainable access Water qualityWater quality Access to basic sanitationAccess to basic sanitation Appropriate hygiene - and hand washing behaviourAppropriate hygiene - and hand washing behaviour Disparities (pro-poor focus)Disparities (pro-poor focus) Gender disaggregated dataGender disaggregated data Access in peri-urban and urban slum areasAccess in peri-urban and urban slum areas

Challenges for wider sector monitoringChallenges for wider sector monitoring Strengthen sub-national monitoringStrengthen sub-national monitoring Invest in sector monitoring of the enabling environmentInvest in sector monitoring of the enabling environment

E.g. policies, HR capacity, financing mechanisms and E.g. policies, HR capacity, financing mechanisms and investments, sustainable operation & maintenance, investments, sustainable operation & maintenance, decentralization of authority, quality management etc.decentralization of authority, quality management etc.