Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how it's feed is managed.
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how it's feed is managed.
SHRIMPEXPERT TOPIC
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EXPERTT●PIC
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On August 6, 2012, Olmix was the sponsor of a dinner for Shrimp Vietnamese Stakeholders to discuss the
newly emerging disease early mortality in shrimp (EMS) or more descriptively, the Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS). The disease is significant to China and Southeast Asian shrimp farming coun-tries including Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. In Vietnam alone, EMS caused direct losses of over $250 million in 2011.
Prof. Donald V. Lightner, from University of Arizona, was invited as a key speaker. He is a prominent expert of aquaculture pathol-ogy, especially in penaeid shrimp diseases. He has been involved in penaeid shrimp diseases for over 40 years and currently being the
Director of the OIE reference Laboratory of Aquaculture Pathology at the University of Arizona. His current research area is on EMS disease.
The dinner was an opportunity for Vietnamese feed millers and research insti-tutes to have an open discussion with Dr. Lightner on EMS disease. On the side of this discussion, shrimp sensitivity to mycotoxins was presented including a presentation of MTX+, the Olmix answer based on activated clay with seaweeds to deal with it.
After extensive research from Dr Lightner
and his team, the causative agent of EMS remains unknown. The EMS research team at the University of Arizona is putting strong effort to determine the cause of this disease based on different approaches.
To find an answer to the common EMS threat, shrimp stakeholders should group their effort to tackle the issue. Research will be carried out to get more knowledge on the disease and try to identify the responsible microorgan-ism and/or possible toxicants in the environment that may be associated with this disease. The further step of EMS research to be carried out by the Arizona team is to find viable solutions to prevent or reduce the risk of EMS in shrimp farming.
To fully achieve program objectives, quick and strong financial support is needed.
The following companies were present at the dinner CP, Minh Phu Sea food, Proconco, Sunjin vina feed, Huy
Thuan, Skretting and Evialis. I would like to thank Dr Lightner and Mr. Loc Tran to have joined our dinner and helped me to write the article.
Production of shrimp in an indoor farming system with bioflocs
by Eric De Muylder, CreveTec, belgium
Feed management in extensive andsemi-intensive shrimp farmingsystems is not optimal to obtainthebestresults.Feedingfrequency
is limitedtofourorsixtimesperday.Thefeed isspreadoverthewholepondwhichis labor-intensive. There is an importantperiod between feeding and actual con-sumption by the shrimp, which results inleaching of important nutrients and feedquality loss. This is caused by the lowdensity of shrimp in the ponds and theshrimp can only find the fed by chemicalattraction,whichtaketime.
The feeding affects the water qualityparameters in theponds.Anoxygendrop isobservedafter feeding.Acontinuousfeedingwillresultinamorecontinuouswaterqualityand less stress for the shrimp.Often shrimpare not fed at night to avoid low oxygen,which results in important loss of potentialgrowth.
In intensive farming, the natural produc-tion of the tank is represented by bioflocs.These bioflocs directly interfere with thewater quality. Intensive farming also allowsthe mechanization of feeding without extralabor.Feedconsumptionisfacilitatedbecause
all feed pellets interact with shrimp movingaroundinthetank.
BioflocsShrimp are filter feeders and are able to
benefitfrombioflocsinthewater.In a shrimp farming system with bioflocs,
severalstrategiesarepossible.Utilizationofalowprotein feed and addition of a carbon sourceresults in very low levels of ammonia, becausetheyareassimilatedbythebioflocsandconvertedinto proteins. Typically, these systems have acarbon: nitrogen ratio of over 20. However,theconversionof ammonia andothernitrogen
sourcesandacarbonsourceintobioflocproteinrequiresalotofoxygenandresultsinabuild-upofbioflocsbecauseofpoorconversionofthosebioflocproteins into shrimpbiomass.Thenbio-flocshavetoremovedfromthesystem.
Anotherstrategyistouseanormalproteinfeed,whichcorrespondswiththeproteinrequirementofshrimp.Whenusingafeedwithaproteincontentof30percent,thecarbon:nitrogenratioisaround10.Withafeedconversionof1,5,around35percentofproteinsareconvertedintoshrimpbiomassand20 ù of the Carbon. This means that the faecesof shrimp, fed with a diet containing 38 percentproteins,willresultinacarbon:rationof10.
C100: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at normal feeding gift C80: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (80 %)C60: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (60 %)Water quality for C100, C80 and C60 was maintained by continuously changing water which was filtered with a protein skimmer and biofilterC60: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (60 %) and bioflocs are added to maintain water qualityC80: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (80 %) and bioflocs are added to maintain water quality
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No hollow spaces | No cross contaminationExcellent cleaning access | Filtered air inletTemperature control | Moisture control | Cleaning in Place
Geelen Counterflow Holland / USA / Argentina / China
Theexcessammoniawillthenbeconvertedintonitriteandnitratebynitrifyingbacteriapresentinthebioflocs.Butthesenitrateswillaccumulateintotheculturetanksandreducesthepossibilitytore-usethiswaterforfutureproductioncycles.This nitrification also decreases the pH, whichmakes it necessary to adjust pH regularly. Tosolvethisproblem,anewsystemwasdevelopedwithtwoadditions:ameiofauna-protectingsub-stratetofavortheconversionofbacterialbioflocintodigestiblemeiofaunaandacentralbioreactorwiththepossibilityofdenitrification.Thedenitrifi-cationcanusethecarbonpresentintheshrimpfaeces as energy source to remove nitrate andproducealkalinity.Thisway,thenitratelevelcanbecontrolled.
However, the best results were clearlyobtained in the presence of bioflocs. Therewasnodifferenceat60or80percentfeeding.Thismeansthatthepresenceofbioflocscanreducethefeedinggiftby40percentandstillresultinbettergrowth.
Agrowth trialwith vannamei andmono-don confirmed that a fast growth could beobtainedinanintensivesystem.
Based on these results a pilot scale farmwasinstalledinItaly.Thissystemisbasedonthefollowingprinciples:• Thereisnoexchangeofwaterbutremoval
ofalimitedquantityofbioflocsisnecessary• Waterisrecuperatedforthenextcycle• Control of biofloc density for optimal
bioflocsmakes it possible to grow shrimp inanindoorfarm,withoutwaterexchange.Eventhoughthisfarmingsystemismoreintensive,it doesn't not have the disadvantages thatcouldbeexpected.Onthecontrary,intensivefarmingenablesmoreefficient feeding,keep-ingtheoptimaltemperatureandoxygenlevel.The presence of bioflocs can replace thenatural production basedon an algal systemthatisfoundinopenponds.
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typical nutritional profiles of algae produced byReedMaricultureInc.
Justas itwouldbesenseless toarbitrarilysubstitute one conventional crop plant foranother (e.g. potatoes for soybeans) whenformulating a feed, the particular attributesof each alga must be carefully considered.Inaddition to theprotein/aminoacidprofile,lipid/PUFA/sterolprofile,andpigmentcontent,thereareimportantadditionalconsiderations.
The type and quantity of extracellularpolysaccharides,whichareveryabundantincer-tainalgae,caninterferewithnutrientabsorption,orconverselybeusefulbindingagentsinformingfeed pellets. The thick cell walls of microalgaesuchasChlorellacanpreventabsorptionofthenutritional valueof the cell contents. Inhibitorycompounds such as the phenolics producedby some kelps, and brominated compoundsproduced by red algae such as Laurencia, canrenderanalgawithanexcellentnutritionalanaly-sisunsuitableforuseina feed. Depending ongrowth and process-ing conditions, algaecan contain high con-centrations of traceelements that may bedetrimental.
Fur ther carefulstudy of the prop-
er ties of numer-ous algae will benecessary in ordertooptimallyexploitthe great potentialoffered by thisdiverse group oforganisms. But it isalready apparentthat algae will playan important partin the effor t tomove the formula-tion of fish feed“down the foodchain” to a moresustainablefuture.■
Referencesavailableonrequest
More inforMation:Eric C. Henry PhD, Reed Mariculture Inc.Tel: +1 408 426 5456Fax: +1 408 377 3498Email: [email protected]: www.reedmariculture.com
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Alternatives to natural food?- Maturation diets for shrimp
by Dr Sagiv Kolkovski & Judith Kolkovski, ND
In recent years, shrimp culture hasbecome one of the most importantaquaculture industries in the world.Current production levels reach over
threemilliontonnesperyear,correspondingto a market volume of over US$10 billion(FAO2008).
One of the problems with shrimp (andothercrustacean)culture isbroodstockdietsandnutrition.
Currently, most, if not all, hatcheriesaroundtheworldusefreshorfrozen,unproc-essedmarineorganismsasfooditems.Theseincludesquid,variousmolluscs(mussels,oys-tersorclams),marinepolychates,crustaceanssuchasshrimp(Peixotoetal.,2004;Prestonetal.,2004,Comanetal.,2006)andArtemiabiomass(Anhetal.,2008,Gandyetal.,2007).Thesefeedsareusuallytoppedupwithnutri-tionaladditivessuchasvitamins,mineralsandfattyacids(Hoaetal.,2009).
Maturationdietsbasedonthecombination
of freshand frozenmarineorganismsusuallyresultsinhighreproductiveperformancesforboth domesticated and wild caught brood-stockshrimp.
However, this practice is far from ideal,exposingtheculturedanimalstoseveralmajorissues-
Biosecurity: Freshand frozen foodorgan-ismscan,potentially,becometransferringvec-torfordifferentpathogensanddiseases.Thisismore sowhencrustaceans arebeenused(Coman et al., 2006). Although, recognisedfortheircontributiontothematurationproc-ess through supplementing maturation hor-mones and other nutrients, the importationofcrustaceanssuchasArtemiawasbannedinseveralcountriesinanattempttoreducetheriskofdiseasetransfer.
Similarly, in many countries the use ofshrimp heads or shrimp meal in maturationdietswasbanned..Itisnotknownifnon-crus-taceanorganismscantransmitshrimpvirusessuch as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)and yellow head virus (YHV) or others butduetotheirorigin,postharvestmethodsandstorage,theyareallpronetobecomeavectorforotherpathogens.
Nutritional profile: Due to the fact thatfresh/frozen foodorganismsarebeencaughtin the wild, their nutritional profile varied.Season, location, life cycle, pre and postharvesting methods can and will affect theirnutritional profile. This inconsistency in thequality and nutritional profile makes it hardto standardise protocols even within thesamecompany.Differentcountriesandevenregions within a country will have differentaccesstofresh/frozenfoodorganismsandwill
used them differently resulting in high fluc-tuation in FCRs and performances betweenfarmers, regions and countries culturing thesamespecies.
Waterquality: Inmanycaseshighwaterflow is needed following feeding of fresh/frozen foodorganisms. Inmanycasesdaily(orevenfewtimesduringtheday)siphon-ing is essential to keep goodwater qualityand tank hygiene. This is obviously labour-intensive task that might also affect thebroodanimals.
Domestication: It is commonly acceptedthatwildbroodstockshrimpneeds fresh/fro-zen food organisms. For example, Conan etal.,2006 raised thehypotheseiswhether theremoval of crustacean component from thematurationdietfordomesticatedP.monodonbroodstock has contributed to the brood-stocklowperformances.
Consideringthecostofbroodstock(espe-cially ‘SPF’), these are serious risks and inmany cases resulting in high mortality and/orreducedproductivity, leadingtosignificantfinancialloss.
Untilnow,shrimpbroodstockfedmatura-tion-formulateddiet,pelletedorextrudeddidnotmatchtheperformancesofanimalsfedonfresh/frozenfood(Woutersetal.,2002.Bragaetal.,2010).Formulateddiets tendtobreakdown due to the unique feeding behaviourof the animals, resulting in polluted waterandveryhighFCR.Moreover,palatabilityandingestionratesareusuallylow.Evenusingthesame foodorganismsasdrymeals in formu-
3
table 1: Comparison between traditional (control) fresh/frozen food and formulated semi-moist diet
treatment Days %Mort/day avg. Sr/day total spawns egg/Femalenauplii/Female % Hatch total nauplii
Control 124 0.09 3.34% 602 179,364 154,364 86 92,860,000
34 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
lated diets didn’t result in similar performances as when fresh/frozen organisms were given.
Recently, a new maturation diet (NutraFeed®) for crustaceans that can completely replace the use of fresh/frozen feed was developed. The diet is semi-moist (around 30-35% moist) and manufactured as short pellets at any length and diameter needed. The diet is stable in the water for 24 hours and will not break down when the shrimp is holding and chewing it.
NutraFeed® diets are based solely on dry meals without any fresh or frozen products. They are certified as pathogen free (all ingre-dients pass Gamma radiation) with a shelf life of six months (refrigerated) or 12 months (frozen). To boost the hormonal cycle, herbal extracts (NutraGreen® products) are incor-porated into the diets. These are 100 percent natural additives aimed at improving brood-stock performance including; enhancing egg and larvae quality, sperm mortality, vitellogen-esis, as well as immune system and digestive system support.
Initially these natural herbal additives were developed as natural hormonal replacements for woman during IVF treatments and during menopause period.
Large experiment To compare the performances of the
maturation diet against traditional fresh/frozen food organism, a large experiment was con-ducted independently by one of the biggest shrimp producers in the world. The results (see Table 1) showed significant performance improvements when the broodstock fed on NutraFeed® semi-moist diet.
Moreover, using the semi-moist diet also proved to be cost effective compared to traditional diets. Two hundred white shrimp L. vannamei were fed control diet (squid, polychates and nutritional booster) or NutraFeed® SM diet. The broodstock were kept in identical tanks and under the same environmental conditions. Growth, mortali-ties, spawning events, fecundity, hatching rates and number of nauplii were determined over 124 days.
The diet was also used with domesti-cated P. monodon broodstock in Australia with remarkable results. This is a significant achievement since it is known that P. mono-don are particularly picky with their diet and feeding them solely on formulated diet used to be challenging, not to mention, achieving similar or better performances.
Currently the diet is been used in sev-eral commercial hatcheries in Thailand, India and Malaysia and the company is up-scaling the production.
References
Anh, N. T. N., Hoa, N. V., Van Stappen, G., and Sorgeloos, P. 2008. Effect of different supplemental feeds on proximate composition and Artemia biomass production in salt ponds. Aquaculture, 286, 217-225.
Braga, A. L., Nakayama, C. L., Martins, J. G., Colares, E. P., and Wasielesky, W. Jr. 2010. Spermatophore quality of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata) broodstock fed with different maturation diets. Aquaculture, 307, 44-48.
Coman, G. J., Arnold, S. J., Callaghan, T. R., and Preston, N. P. 2006. Effect of two maturation diet combinations on reproductive performance of domesticated Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 263, 75-83.
Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Peixoto, S., Coman, F.E., Crocos, P.J., Preston, N.P., 2006. Reproductive performance of reciprocally crossed wild-caught and tank reared Penaeus monodon broodstock. Aquaculture 252, 372–384.
Gandy, R. L., Samocha, T. M., Masser, M. P., Fox, J. M., Ali, S. A. M., Gatlin III, D. M., and Speed, M. 2007. The effect of unilateral eyestalk ablation and diet on the reproductive performance of wild-caught Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives, 1891) using a closed recirculating maturation system. Aquac. Res. 38, 580–587.
Hoa, N. D., Wouters, R., Wille, R., Thanh, V., Dong, T. K., Hao, N. V., and Sorgeloos, P. 2009. A fresh-food maturation diet with an adequate HUFA composition for broodstock nutrition studies in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798). Aquaculture, 297, 116-121.
Peixoto, S., Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Crocos, P.J., Preston, N.P., 2005. Histological examination of final oocyte maturation and atresia in wild and domesticated Penaeus monodon broodstock. Aquac. Res. 36, 666–673.
Preston, N.P., Crocos, P.J., Keys, S.J, Coman, G.J., Koenig, R., 2004. Comparative growth of selected and non-selected Kuruma shrimp Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus in commercial farm ponds. Aquaculture 231, 73–82.
About the authors Dr Sagiv Kolkovski is the Principal
scientist, marine aquaculture, at the Department of Fisheries, western Australia. He is also the R&D director at Nutrakol Pty Ltd. Judith Kolkovski, ND is a nutritionist and herbalist and the general manager of Nutrakol Pty Ltd. Nutrakol Pty Ltd is specialized in devel-oping and manufacturing nutritional and natural health solutions for aquaculture.
EXPERT T●PIC
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Nutra-Kol is a vibrant Australian company focusing on the nutrition and health of aquatic organisms. Nutra-
Kol products include feed additives and natural health solutions for the aquaculture industry.
These products are the result of a unique combination of expertise in marine biology and naturopathy. Nutra-
Kol products are scientifi cally designed and tested in collaboration with commercial hatcheries, research and
development centres, universities and fi sh farmers.
The products are based on natural ingredients with the majority of them produced in Australia. Nutra-Kol is
Western Australia based, supplying worldwide.‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for broodstock and larvae‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for broodstock and larvae‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for broodstock and larvae
