Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
• Explain the changes that the Industrial Revolution brought to American life.
• Discuss the importance of Samuel Slater’s cotton mill.
• Describe the growth of industry in the United States after 1812.
• Identify important developments in factories and the problems that factory life caused.
Objectives
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Terms and People
• Industrial Revolution – a time period during which machines gradually took the place of many hand tools
• factory system – brought workers and machinery together in one place
• capitalist – a person who invests capital, or money, in a business to earn a profit
• Francis Cabot Lowell – an American who, with other capitalists, built a factory where spinning and weaving were done in the same building
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Terms and People (continued)
• mass production – the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects
• interchangeable parts – identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Type 1 Writing: (use page 382 if needed)
In three complete sentences describe how the Industrial Revolution changed the lives of all Americans.
Think about how it affected the following:
• Jobs and Labor Conditions• Costs of Products• Women and Children
Remember for type 1 writing prompts you need to copy down the prompt itself for credit!
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
In early America, most people worked as farmers and made the goods they needed at home.
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, many people began working in factories and buying manufactured goods.
Early Americans
Before the Industrial Revolution the vast majority of Americans were what?
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, women spun thread and wove cloth at home.
These processes were very time-consuming.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in the British textile industry in the 1700s.
A series of innovations changed the way fabric was made.
In the 1760s, the spinning jenny sped up the thread-making process.
In 1764, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, a spinning machine powered by running water rather than human energy.
To house the large machines, manufacturers built textile mills on the banks of rivers.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
What were disadvantages to building factories on riverbanks?
• In a dry season, the machines had no power.
• Most factories were far from cities, and labor was hard to find in rural areas.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Can anyone think of an example of a mill here in Berks County?
Grings Mill on the Tulpehocken (Turtle Land) Creek
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
In 1790, Arkwright built the first steam-powered textile plant.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
What advantages do you think steam-powered factories had over water-powered mills?
Factories could now be built in cities, where
young women and children
provided cheap labor.
The steam engine was a
reliable source of power.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
The new mills created a new way of working, known as what?
Instead of spinning at home as time permitted, textile workers had to begin and end work at specific hours at the factories.
Workers now had to keep up with the machines instead of working at their own pace.
factory system
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Can anyone think of an old clothing factory here in Berks County?
Vanity Fair Outlets, started as Reading Glove and Mitten Manufacturing Company in 1899
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
People who invested money (or capital) in a business in the hopes of making a profit are called what?
Capitalists
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
British mill owners turned to capitalists to get the money they needed to build spinning factories and machines.
By 1784, British workers were producing 24 times as much thread as they had in 1765.
1765 1784
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Britain forbade skilled workers to leave the country in order to keep their technology a secret.
But in 1789, an apprentice in one Arkwright’s factories did just that.
Samuel Slater memorized the plans of Arkwright’s machines and then sailed to New York.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Slater joined forces with a wealthy merchant, Moses Brown, who had rented a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
There, Slater built a spinning machine based on his memory of Arkwright’s machines.
Slater’s successful mill marked the beginning of American industrialization.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
In the U.S., industrialization began in the Northeast, where there were merchants who had the capital to build factories.
But U.S. industry did not grow significantly until the War of 1812, when Americans could no longer rely on imported goods.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
This was one of the most important developments in American industry, called mass production.
Before the 1800s, skilled craftsworkers made goods by hand, and when a part broke, they had to make a unique piece to fix the product.
But American inventor Eli Whitney devised a system of interchangeable parts in the 1790s.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Manufacturing became more efficient, and the prices of many goods dropped.
People bought more goods, and U.S. industry expanded to satisfy their needs.
U.S. Industry
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
The Lowell Mills
Beginnings • Before the War of 1812, Francis Cabot Lowell saw the latest weaving machines in England.
• Back in the U.S., Lowell built an improved version of the English machines.
A New Kind of Mill
• Lowell opened a mill in Waltham, Massachusetts, where spinning and weaving were done in the same building.
The Town of Lowell
• After Lowell’s death in 1817, his partners built more factories.
• They also built a new town to improve the lives of their workers.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
The new factories were staffed with “Lowell girls” from nearby farms, who received an education during their off-duty hours.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
What were Lowell Girls getting that most young women in American could not at that time?
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Unlike the Lowell girls, most factory workers had to tolerate harsh conditions.
• American textile mills, coal mines, and steel foundries hired children as young as 7 to work long hours in unsafe conditions.
• By 1880, more than a million children between the ages of 10 and 15 worked for pay.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Factory Conditions
Environment • Conditions in factories were appalling.
• Factories were poorly lit with little fresh air.
Injuries • Many workers were injured by machines not designed to protect them.
• Business owners provided no payments to disabled workers.
Length of Workdays
• Factory workdays lasted 12 or 14 hours.
• By 1844, workers were demanding shorter days, but they did not get them until many years later.
Closing Activity – Chapter 11 Section 1 Quiz
Directions: Choose the correct option for each of the following questions.
1.What is someone called who invests capital in a business to earn a profit?
a. Foreman
b. Manager
c. Capitalist
2.What is the system that brings workers and machinery together in one place called?
a. Factory System
b. Labor Transport System
c. Mill System
1. What is the rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects called?
a. Factory System
b. Mass Production
c. Interchangeable Parts
2. What are identical pieces that can be assembled quickly by unskilled workers called?
a. Interchangeable Parts
b. Factory System
c. Common Manufacturing
1. Who memorized plans for an entire spinning machine and smuggled them to the U. S.?
a. Lowell
b. Martin
c. Slater
1. During the Industrial Revolution labor or working conditions were often what?
a. Dangerous
b. Fun
c. Safe
1. Who worked in factories during the Industrial Revolution that are not allowed to by law today?
a. Immigrants
b. Children
c. Women
2. The term for the young women who worked in the Lowell Mills and lived in boarding houses under strict supervision is which?
a. Lowell Girls
b. Labor Ladies
c. Manufacturing Mollies
Critical Thinking Question:
The young women who worked in the Lowell Mills were kept in boarding houses with women only, strictly supervised by older women, and also encouraged to attend lectures or visit company libraries. As a result many of these women gained an education they would not have been allowed to get in a normal setting during this time period. Do you think the freedoms they gave up (giving up free time, supervised, living in women only boarding houses) was worth the education they received? State your opinion on this issue and support it in three complete sentences.
Chapter 11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution
Section Review
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